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Unified Theory of Bivacuum, Particles Duality, Fields &Time.

New Bivacuum Mediated Interaction,Overunity Devices, Cold Fusion & Nucleosynthesis

Alex KaivarainenUniversity of Turku, Department of physicsVesilinnantie 5, FIN-20014, Turku, Finland

H2o@karelia.ruhttp://web.petrsu.ru/~alexk/new_articles/index.html

CONTENTS

Extended SummaryAbbreviations and definitions, introduced in Unified theoryIntroduction1. New hierarchic model of Bivacuum, as a superfluid multi-dipoles structure1.1 Properties of Bivacuum dipoles - Bivacuum fermions and Bivacuum boson1.2 The basic (carrying)Virtual Pressure Waves (VPW) and Virtual spin waves(VirSW1/2 of Bivacuum1.3 Virtual Bose condensation (VirBC), as a base of Bivacuum nonlocality2. Virtual particles and antiparticles3. Three conservation rules for asymmetric Bivacuum fermions (BVFas andBivacuum bosons (BVBas4. The relation between the external and internal parameters of Bivacuum fermions.Quantum roots of Golden mean4.1 The rest mass and charge origination4.2 Quantization of the rest mass/energy and charge of sub-elementary fermions4.3 The ratio of energies at Golden mean and Dead mean conditions4.4 The solution of Dirac monopole problem, following from Unified theory5 Fusion of elementary particles as a triplets of sub-elementary fermions at Goldenmean conditions5.1 Correlation between new model of hadrons and conventional quark model of protonsand neutrons in Standard Model5.2 Possible structure of mesons, W and Z0 bosons of electroweak interaction6 Total, potential and kinetic energies of elementary de Broglie waves7. The dynamic mechanism of Corpuscle -Wave duality7.1 The dynamic mechanism of pulsing photon7.2 The correlated dynamics of pairs of sub-elementary fermions and antifermionsof the opposite and similar spins7.3 Spatial images of sub-elementary particles in [C] and [W] phase7.4 New interpretation of Shrödinger equation and general shape of wave function,describing both the external and internal dynamics of particle7.5 The mechanism of free particle propagation in space8. The nature of electrostatic, magnetic and gravitational interaction, based on Unifiedtheory8.1 Electromagnetic dipole radiation as a consequence of charge oscillation8.2 Different kind of Bivacuum dipoles symmetry perturbationby dynamics of elementary particles, as a background of fields origination8.3 The new approach to quantum gravity and antigravity8.4 The hydrodynamic mechanism of gravitational attraction and repulsion8.5 Possible nature of neutrino and antineutrino8.6 The background of energy conservation law8.7 The mechanism of electrostatic and magnetic fields origination8.8 The factors, responsible for Coulomb interaction between elementary particles

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8.9 The magnetic field origination8.10 Interpretation of the Maxwell displacement current,based on Bivacuum model8.11 New kind of current in secondary Bivacuum, additional to displacement one.Velocity of zero-point oscillation, providing the Coulomb and gravitational interactions.Physical sense of electric charge8.12 The mechanisms, increasing the refraction index of Bivacuum8.13 Application of angular momentum conservation law for evaluationof curvatures of electric and gravitational potentials8.14 Curvatures of Bivacuum domains of nonlocality, corresponding tozero-point electromagnetic and gravitational potentials of elementary particles9. Pauli Principle: How it works ?9.1 Spatial compatibility of sub-elementary fermions of the same charge and opposite spins9.2 The double turn (7200 of magnetic field, as a condition of the fermions spin statereversibility9.3. Bosons as a coherent system of sub-elementary and elementary fermions10. The Mystery of Sri Yantra Diagram11. The Link Between Maxwell’s Formalism and Unified Theory12. The Principle of least action, the Second and Third laws of Thermodynamics.New solution of Time problem12.1 The quantum roots of Principle of least action12.2 The quantum roots of 2nd and 3d laws of thermodynamics12.3 The new approach to problem of Time, as a "Time of Action"12.4 The application of new time concept for explanation of Fermat principle12.5 The quantitative evidence in proof of new theory of timeand elementary particles formation from Bivacuum dipoles12.6 Shift of the period of elementary oscillations in gravitational field12.7 The explanation of Hafele-Keating experiments12.8 Interrelation between period of the Earth rotation, its radius,free fall acceleration and tangential velocity13. The Virtual Replica (VR) of Material Objects and its Multiplication (VRM)13.1 Bivacuum perturbations, induced by dynamics of triplets and their pairedsub-elementary fermions13.2 Modulation of Virtual Pressure Waves (VPWq

and Virtual Spin Waves (VirSWq1/2

of Bivacuum by molecular translations and librations13.3 The superposition of internal and surface Virtual Replicas of the object, as the ”EtherBody"13.4 The infinitive spatial Virtual Replica Multiplication VPM(r).The ”Astral” and ”Mental” bodies, as a distant and nonlocal components of VRM(r)13.5 Contributions of different kind of internal dynamics of matterto Virtual Replica of the object14 Possible mechanism of Quantum entanglement between remote elementaryparticles via Virtual Guides of spin, momentum and energy (VirGSME14.1. The mechanism of momentum and energy transmission between similar elementaryparticles of Sender and Receiver via VirGSME14.2 The mechanism of spin/information exchange between tuned particles of Sender andReceiver via VirGSME14.3 The role of tuning force (FVPW of virtual pressure waves VPWq

of Bivacuum inentanglement14.4 Theory of superfluidity, based on hierarchic model of condensed matter14.5 The vortical filaments in superfluids as the analogs of virtual guides of Bivacuum14.6 Stimulation of vortex bundles formation in 3He-B by spinning elementary particles15 New kind of Bivacuum Mediated Interaction between macroscopic objects15.1 The stages of Bivacuum mediated interaction (BMI) activation between Sender andReceiver15.2 The examples of Bivacuum mediated interaction (BMI) between macroscopic objects15.3 The idea of superconducting nonlocal signals transmitter and detector15.4 GeoNet of CAMP based - Detectors of Water Properties, as a Supersensor ofTerrestrial and Extraterrestrial Coherent Signals16. Experimental data, confirming Unified theory (UT)

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16.1 Radiation of accelerating charges16.2 Artificial generation of unstable groups of virtual particles and antiparticles16.3 Michelson-Morley experiment, as a possible evidence for the Virtual Replica of theEarth existing16.4 The explanation of Pioneer anomaly based on fading influence of Solar system VirtualReplica on refraction index of Bivacuum16.5 The effects of virtual replica of asymmetric constructions, like pyramids, on the matter16.6 Possible physical background of Shnoll’s coherent ”Macroscopic fluctuations”16.7 Explanation of two slit experiment, as a result of interaction of particles with theirVirtual Replicas16.8 New Interpretation of Compton effect17 The experiments of N.A. Kozyrev and his group17.1 Analysis of Korotaev’s group results18 Analysis of Tiller, Dobble and Kohane data of coupling between remote watersamples19 Theory of overunity devices19.1 The source of free energy in Bivacuum19.2 Possible mechanism of high-frequency virtual pressure waves (VPWq2,3..

excitation20 Explanation of Biefeld-Brown (B-B) effect, based on Unified Theory20.1 Explanation of Podkletnov and Modanese experiments with superconducting electrodes21 Possible explanation of Searl effect21.1 The variation of weight of rotating magnets21.2 The nature of magnetic shells around the convertor22 The Bearden Motionless Electromagnetic Generator (MEG)23 The Hydrosonic or Cavitational Overunity Devices24. Possible mechanism of cold nuclear fusion (CNF) and the excessive heat effect25. The new kind of nucleosynthesis induced by impulse electron beam25.1. New model of atomic nuclei, as a microscopic Bose condensate of nucleons Cooperpairs in the volume of 3D de Broglie standing wave of these pairs25.2 Possible scenario of induced nucleosynthesis, based on Unified Theory and new modelof nucleusThe Main ConclusionsReferencesAPPENDIXI. Role of Golden Mean in Properties of AtomsI.1 The Bohr’s Model and the Alternative Duality Model of Hydrogen AtomII. Unified Theory (UT) and General Theory of RelativityII.1 The Difference and Correlation Between our Unified Theory (UT)and General Theory of RelativityII.2 The Red Shift of Photons in Unified Theory

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EXTENDED SUMMARYThe coherent physical concept of paranormal phenomena, including Kozyrev, Shnoll and

Tiller data of macroscopic remote entanglement, Biefeld-Brown, Podkletnov-Modenese,Searl, Bearden, etc. effects, related to taping of ’free’ energy of vacuum, cold fusion anddifferent brunches of parapsychology, like remote vision, telepathy, telekinesis, remotehealing, clairvoyance, etc. - is absent till now due to high complexity of correspondingtheory and its multilateral character.The mechanism of new fundamental Bivacuum mediated interaction (BMI), as a part of ourUnified theory (UT), explaining these phenomena, is proposed in this work. Presented inthis work concept of paranormal is based on my long term efforts, including creation of fewinterrelated theories:1) Unified theory of Bivacuum, rest mass and charge origination, fusion of elementaryparticles (electrons, protons, neutrons, photons, etc.) from certain number of sub-elementaryfermions and dynamic mechanism of their corpuscle-wave [C - W] duality, as a backgroundof electric, magnetic and gravitational fields (http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0207027);2) Quantitative Hierarchic theory of matter, general for liquids and solids, verified onexamples of water and ice using original computer program: Comprehensive Analyzer ofMatter Properties (pCAMP) (http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0102086);3) Hierarchic model of consciousness: from mesoscopic Bose condensation (mBC) tosynaptic reorganization (http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0003045);4) Theory of primary Virtual Replica (VR) of material objects in Bivacuum and VRMultiplication: VRM (r,t). The VR can be subdivided on the surface and the volume ones(VRsur and VRvol. Both represents a three-dimensional (3D) interference pattern ofBivacuum virtual waves VPWm

and VirSWm1/2, modulated by C W pulsation of

elementary particles and translational and librational de Broglie waves of molecules of theobject (the object waves), located correspondingly on the surface or in the volume of theobject, with basic VPWq1

and VirSWq11/2, representing reference waves

(http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0207027). The infinitive multiplication of primary VR in spacein form of 3D packets of virtual standing waves: VRM(r) may be one of the conditions ofremote entanglement between macroscopic objects;5) Theory of nonlocal Virtual Guides (VirGSME) of spin, momentum and energy,representing virtual microtubules with properties of quasi one-dimensional virtual Bosecondensate, constructed from ’head-to-tail’ polymerized Bivacuum bosons (BVB) orCooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions (BVF). The bundles of VirGSME, connecting Cooperpairs of nucleons in the coherent nuclei of Sender (S) and Receiver (S), as well as nonlocalcomponent of VRM(r,t), determined by interference of VirSWm

1/2 of (S) and (R), can beresponsible for nonlocal interaction, telekinesis, telepathy and remote healing;6) Theory of Bivacuum Mediated Interaction (BMI is a new fundamental interaction,mediated by superposition of secondary Virtual replicas of Sender and Receiver. The BMIis realized by VRM(r,t) mechanism and VirGSME bundles, connecting coherent atoms of(S) and (R). Just BMI is responsible for remote macroscopic entanglement and differentparanormal and psi-phenomena.The original Bivacuum concept, like Dirac theory of vacuum, admit the equal probability

of positive and negative energy. The Unified theory (UT) represents efforts of this author tocreate the Hierarchical picture of the World, starting from specific Bivacuum superfluidmatrix, providing the elementary particles origination and fields, excited by particlesCorpuscle Wave pulsation.Bivacuum is introduced, as a dynamic matrix of the Universe, composed from non mixingsubquantum particles and antiparticles. The subquantum particles and antiparticles areconsidered, as the minimum stable vortical structures of Bivacuum with dimensions about orless than 1019m of opposite direction of rotation (clockwise and anticlockwise) of zeromass and charge. Their spontaneous collective paired vortical excitations representBivacuum dipoles in form of strongly correlated pairs: torus(V antitorus(V, separatedby energetic gap. Three kinds of Bivacuum dipoles are named Bivacuum fermions,antifermions and Bivacuum bosons. Their torus and antitorus in primordial Bivacuum arecharacterized by the opposite mass and charge, compensating each other and makingBivacuum neutral with zero energy density. The radiuses of torus and antitorus of dipoles in

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symmetric primordial Bivacuum are equal to each other and determined by Comptonradiuses of three generation of e, mu, tau electrons. The infinitive number of Bivacuumfermions and antifermions: BVF V V i and BVF V V i and Bivacuumbosons: BVB V V i, as intermediate state between BVF and BVF formsuperfluid matrix of Bivacuum (i e,,. The correlated torus V and antitorus V ofthese triple dipoles has the opposite energy, mass, charge and magnetic moments.The symmetric primordial Bivacuum can be considered as the Universal Reference Frame

(URF), i.e. Ether, in contrast to Relative Reference Frame (RRF), used in special relativity(SR) theory. The elements of Ether - correspond to our Bivacuum dipoles. It will be shownin our work, that the result of Michelson - Morley experiment is a consequence of etherdrug by the Earth or Virtual Replica of the Earth in terms of our theory.The 1st stage of elementary particles origination is a formation of sub-elementary fermions

or antifermions. This is a result of Bivacuum fermions and antifermions (BVF symmetryshift towards the positive or negative energy, correspondingly, as a result their pairs rotationaround common axis. Due to relativistic dependencies of Bivacuum dipoles on tangentialvelocity of such rotation (v), their symmetry shift is accompanied by uncompensated massand charge origination.The 2nd stage of elementary particles formation is a fusion of triplets F F F i from sub-elementary fermions and antifermions of correspondinglepton generation (i e,,, representing the electrons, muons and protons/neutrons. Thetriplets are stabilized by three factors: a) the resonance exchange interaction of Bivacuumvirtual pressure waves (VPWq1

i with pulsing sub-elementary fermions of Comptonangular frequency: q1

i mq1i c2/; b) the Coulomb attraction between sub-elementary

fermions of the opposite charges; c) the gluons (pairs of cumulative virtual clouds in termsof our theory) exchange between sub-elementary fermions (quarks in the case of protons andneutrons).Both of stages of triplets formation - symmetry shift and fusion occur at Golden mean (GM)conditions: (v/c)2 0. 618.The fusion of elementary fermions from sub-elementary ones can be accompanied by energyrelease, determined by the value of mass defect. A stable triplets of sub-elementary fermionshave some similarity with three Borromean rings, interlocing with each other - a symbol,popular in Medieval Italy.The boson like photon in out theory 2F FS0 F F S1

is a result offusion/annihilation of two triplets: electron positron, turning two asymmetric fermionsto quasi-symmetric boson. More common way of photons origination is due to accelerationof elementary charges - triplets, following by sufficient symmetry shift in Cooper pairs:3[BVF BVF, representing secondary anchor sites for [W] phase of these triplets. Thelatter mechanism works, for example, in the process of atoms and molecules transitions fromtheir excited to the ground state. The electromagnetic field, is a result of Corpuscle - Wavepulsation of photons and their fast rotation with angular frequency (rot) in [C] phase, equalin symmetric Bivacuum to photons C W pulsation frequency. The pair ofsub-elementary fermions of photon with similar spins F F S1

determines its integervalue of spin. The clockwise or anticlockwise direction of photon rotation, as respect todirection of its propagation, corresponds to spin sign: S .It is shown, that the [corpuscle (C) wave (W)] duality of fermions is a result of

modulation of quantum beats between the asymmetric ’actual’ (torus) and ’complementary’(antitorus) states of sub-elementary fermions and antifermions by de Broglie wave (wave B)frequency of these particles. The frequency of wave B is equal to frequency of [C Wpulsations of the primary ’anchor’ Bivacuum fermion BVFanc i of unpaired F i directlyrelated to translational kinetic energy and momentum of triplets. The [C] phase of eachsub-elementary fermions of triplets F F F i exists as a mass, electric andmagnetic asymmetric dipoles. The total energy, charge and spin of particle, moving in spacewith velocity (v) is determined by the unpaired sub-elementary fermion F z

, as far thepaired ones in F Fx,y of triplets compensate each other. In the case of bosons, likephotons, propagating in space with light velocity, the contribution of the rest mass is zero orvery close to zero.The [C W] transition of fermions is a result of two stages superposition. The 1st stage isa reversible dissociation of [C] phase to Cumulative virtual cloud CVCF of subquantum

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particles and the ’anchor’ Bivacuum fermion BVFanc :

I: F C

Recoil/Antirecoil

E,H,G fields BVFanc CVCF W

i

The 2nd stage of [C W transition is a reversible dissociation of the anchor Bivacuumfermion BVFanc i V Vanci to symmetric BVF i and the anchor cumulativevirtual cloud (CVCBVFanc , with linear dimension and frequency, equal to of de Brogliewave length and frequency of particle, correspondingly:

II : BVFanc

C

i

Recoil/Antirecoil

E,H,G fields BVF CVCBVFanc

Wi

This second stage of reaction of transition of [C] phase to [W] phase determines theempirical parameters of wave B of elementary particle. The relativistic effects are providedby the increasing of symmetry shift of the primary ’anchor’ BVFanc with externaltranslational velocity of particle. The effects, accompanied emission absorption ofcumulative virtual clouds CVCF

i and CVCBVFanci on the 1st and 2nd stages of

[C W pulsation and rotation of triplets stand for origination of electric, magnetic andgravitational fields.The 1st stage of particle duality is a consequence of the rest mass influence on dynamics offermions. In the case of bosons, like photons, propagating in space with light velocity, thecontribution of the rest mass and 1st stage to process is negligible. The mechanism of photonduality is determined by the 2nd stage only. In general case the process of [C Wpulsation is accompanied by reversible conversion of rotational energy of elementaryparticles in [C] phase to their translational energy in [W] phase.It is shown, that Principle of least action is a consequence of forced combinational

resonance of elementary particles and quantized virtual pressure waves (VPWq1,2,3 i of

Bivacuum. The latter provides propagation of wave packet of particle in [W] phase betweenactivated secondary anchor sites, where the [C] phase is realized.The mechanism of microscopic and macroscopic quantum entanglement between remote

coherent particles via bundles of Virtual Guides Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i

of spin, momentum and energy is proposed also. The VirGSMEi represent quasione-dimensional Bose condensate, assembled form Cooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions[BVF BVF i or Bivacuum bosons (BVB i. The tuning of C W pulsation ofparticles, necessary for entanglement is realized under VPWq1,2,3

i action. The bundlesof Virtual Guides in superfluid Bivacuum have some similarity with vortical filaments insuperfluid liquid helium and can be activated by rotating elementary particles.It is demonstrated, that the charge and spin equilibrium oscillation in Bivacuum matrix in

form of spherical elastic waves, provide the electric and magnetic fields origination. Theseexcitations are the consequence of reversible diverging converging of CumulativeVirtual Clouds (CVC, involving the recoil antirecoil effects, accompaniedCorpuscle Wave pulsation of sub-elementary fermions/antifermions of triplets and theirfast rotation. The particle recoil antirecoil oscillation of elementary particles, responsiblefor electromagnetism and gravitation, are induced by their C W pulsation. The mostprobable velocity of these oscillation for the rest mass or zero-point conditions wherecalculated.The tendency of Bivacuum fermions and antifermions of opposite spins and charges to

formation of Cooper pairs [BVF BVF asi , decreasing the resulting Bivacuum dipolesasymmetry with decreasing the separation between particles of opposite charges, isresponsible for Coulomb attraction between particles. The Coulomb repulsion betweenparticles of similar sign of charge is also a result of Bivacuum to decrease its resultingasymmetry in space between charges by increasing the separation.The mechanism of Pauli repulsion between triplets of similar spins is shown to be aconsequence of the effect of excluded volume, tending to be occupied by two CVC at thesame time emitted by unpaired sub-elementary fermions of the same phase of C Wpulsation. The energy of Pauli repulsion is about 1/ 137 times stronger, that Coulombinteraction. The Pauli repulsion is most effective on the distances between fermions equal orless than de Broglie wave length of these particles: B h/p.The magnetic field and N or S poles origination is a result of shift of equilibrium

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[BVF BVB BVF to the left or right, correspondingly, depending on clockwise oranticlockwise rotation of triplets. The direction of fermions rotation is correlated withdirection of their propagation and sign of charge. The magnetic poles attraction or repulsion,like in the case of Coulomb interaction is also dependent on possibility of Cooper pairs ofBivacuum dipoles in space between them to assembly or disassembly. However, this processcan be independent on the internal symmetry shifts between torus and antitorus of BVF orBVF, responsible for electric field.The gravitational waves and G-field are the result of positive and negative energy virtualpressure waves excitation (VPWq

and VPWq i by the in-phase C W pulsation of

unpaired sub-elementary fermion F, counterphase with pulsation of paired onesF F i in elementary particles. These virtual pressure waves provide the attraction orrepulsion/antigravitation between pulsing remote particles, depending on the phase shift oftheir pulsation. Our gravitation theory has a common with hydrodynamic Bjerknes attractionor repulsion force between pulsing spheres. The antigravitation generated by counterphaseC W pulsation of unpaired sub-elementary fermion F in very remote objects can beresponsible for mysterious negative pressure energy or dark energy. For the other hand, thepotential positive/attraction gravitational energy of huge number of symmetric Bivacuumdipoles exists even in the absence of matter in the empty space. This energy can be providedby positive and negative virtual pressure waves, excited as a result of symmetric transitionsof tori and antitori of BVF. These transitions, compensating the energy of each other, canbe considered as zero-point oscillation of Bivacuum dipoles, in contrast to zero-pointoscillation of elementary particles at T 0, induced by their C W pulsation. Thisattraction effect of ’dark matter’, provided by these symmetric oscillation of Bivacuumdipoles, is determined by sum of the absolute values of energies of excited torus andantitorus of BVFq V Vq:

EG0 N

imV mV

ic2 N

im0i c22n 1

This gravitational energy of empty Bivacuum may be responsible for Casimir effect anddark matter effect. As far the energies of tori V jk and antitori V jk pulsation are in-phase,symmetric and opposite by sign, they compensate each other and do not violate the energyconservation law.It follows from our UT, that the pace of time for any closed system is determined by pace of

kinetic energy change of this system particles. The new approach to time problem, based onBivacuum, as the Universal Reference Frame, is more advanced than that, following fromrelativistic theory, based on Relative Reference Frames. The time of action in our formula isdependent not only on velocity of particle/object, but also on its acceleration. It works notonly for inertial systems, but also for inertialess conservative systems, which are much morecommon in Nature, than inertial. Our theory of time, as a part of Unified theory, explains thesame experiments, which where used for confirmation of special and general relativity,otherwise.The validity of Unified Theory is confirmed by logical coherence of many of its

consequences and ability to explain a lot of important conventional and unconventionalphenomena. Among the first scope are two-slit experiment, radiation of photons byaccelerated charges, Michelson - Morley, Hefele-Keating and Pound-Rebeka experiments,etc. The so-called ’paranormal’ phenomena (incompatible with conventional paradigm), likeKozyrev, Shnoll and Tiller data, remote genetic transmutations and psi phenomena,involving remote vision, remote healing, telepathy, telekinesis, etc. turns to ’normal’ in theframework of UT.The specific character of telepathic signal transmission from [S] to [R] may be provided by

modulation of VRMTS of microtubules by VRDNAS of sender’s chromosomes and vice versa inneuron ensembles, responsible for subconsciousness, imagination and consciousness. Itlooks, that in cells, including neurons, the system:

[pair of orthogonal Centrioles Chromosomes]stands for sending and receiving of specific genetic and neurons state active information viabundles of Nt,r VirGSME S Rx,y,z

i . It is a crucial stage in proposed in ourwork mechanism of Induced Remote Genetic Transmutation (RT), Induced RemoteMorphogenesis (RM) and Remote Healing (RH), discovered experimentally by Dzang(1981) and Gariaev (2001). The resonance - most effective remote informational/energy

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exchange between two living organisms or psychics is dependent on corresponding ’tuning’of their [Centrioles Chromosomes] systems and corresponding neuron ensembles. Inaccordance to our theory of elementary act of consciousness, the modulation of dynamics of[assembly disassembly] of microtubules by influence on probability of cavitationalfluctuations and corresponding gel sol transitions in the ’tuned’ nerve cells ensembles in[Receiver] by directed mental activity of [Sender] can provide telepathic contact and remoteviewing between [Sender] and [Receiver]. The mechanism of remote healing could be thesame, but the local targets in the body of patient [R] should not be necessarily the [MTs DNA] systems of nerve cells, but those in cells of the ill organs: heart, liver, etc.The telekinesis, as example of mind-matter interaction, should be accompanied by strongcollective nonequilibrium process (excitation) in the nerve system of Sender. Correspondingmomentum and kinetic energy are transmitted to ’Receiver’ or ’Target’ via multiple bundles

of Virtual Guides: Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i, connecting [MTsDNA]S,R of

[S] and [R], which can be termed a Psi- channels.We may conclude, that our UT is able to explain a lot of unconventional experimental data,

like Kozyrev, Shnoll and Tiller ones, remote genetic transmutation, remote vision,mind-matter interaction, etc. without contradictions with fundamental laws of Nature. Fordetails see: http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0103031.

Keywords: vacuum, Bivacuum, torus, antitorus, virtual Bose condensation,Bivacuum-mediated interaction (BMI), universal reference frame, nonlocality, virtualfermions and bosons, sub-elementary fermions, symmetry shift, golden mean, mass, charge,fusion of elementary particles triplets, corpuscle - wave duality, de Broglie wave,electromagnetism, gravitation, entanglement, principle of least action, tuning energy, time,virtual spin waves, virtual pressure waves, virtual guides, Pauli principle, virtual replica,quantum Psi, telepathy, telekinesis, remote genetic transmutations, remote healing, remotevision.

Abbreviations and Definitions, Introduced in Unified theory

- (V and (V are correlated actual torus and complementary antitorus (pair of ’donuts’) ofBivacuum of the opposite energy, charge and magnetic moment, formed by collectiveexcitations of non mixing subquantum particles and antiparticles of opposite angularmomentums;- (BVF V V i and (BVF V V i are virtual dipoles of three opposite poles:actual (inertial) and complementary (inertialess) mass, positive and negative charge, positiveand negative magnetic moments, separated by energetic gap, named Bivacuum fermions andBivacuum antifermions. The opposite half integer spin S 1

2 of BVF i, notated as( and , depends on direction of clockwise or anticlockwise in-phase rotation of pairs of[torus (V antitorus (V], forming them. The index: i e, , define the energy andCompton radiuses of BVF i of three electron generations;- (BVB V V i are Bivacuum bosons, representing the intermediate transition statebetween Bivacuum fermions of opposite spins: BVF BVB BVF;- |mV

|c2 and |mV |c2 are the energies of torus and antitorus of Bivacuum dipoles:

BVF j,ki and BVBj,ki ;

- (VC j,k ~ V jVk i and (VC j,k ~V jVk i are virtual clouds and anticlouds, composed fromsubquantum particles and antiparticles, correspondingly. Virtual clouds and anticloudsemission/absorption accompany the correlated transitions between different excitationenergy states (j and k of torus (V j,k i and antitorus (V j,k i of Bivacuum dipoles:BVF j,ki and BVB

j,ki ;

- VirP is virtual pressure, resulted from the process of subquantum particles densityoscillation, accompanied the virtual clouds (VC j,k emission and absorption in the process oftorus and antitorus transitions between their j and k states;- VirP j,k |VirPVirP |j,k.. ~ ||mV

| |mV ||c2 0 means the excessive virtual pressure,

being the consequence of Bivacuum dipoles asymmetry. It determines the kinetic energy ofBivacuum, which can be positive or zero;

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-VirP j,k |VirP VirP |j,k ~ ||mV | |mV

||c2 0 is a total virtual pressure. Itdetermines the potential energy of Bivacuum and always is positive;- VPWq1,2..

and VPWq1,2.. are the positive and negative virtual pressure waves, related

with oscillations of VirP j,k . The polarizations of virtual pressure waves, excited byBivacuum fermions and antifermions are opposite. In symmetric primordial Bivacuum theenergy of these oscillations compensate each other;- F and F are sub-elementary fermions and antifermions of the opposite charge (/-) andenergy. They emerge due to stable symmetry shift of the mass and charge between theactual (V and complementary (V torus of BVF dipoles, providing the rest mass andcharge origination: [mV

mV m0 and [eV eV e0 to the left or right,

correspondingly. Their stabilization and fusion to triplets, represented by electrons andprotons, is accompanied by big energy release, determined by mass defect, occur when thevelocity of rotation of Cooper pairs BVF BVF around the common axis correspondsto Golden mean: (v/c)2 0. 618;- Hidden Harmony condition means the equality of the internal and external group and phasevelocities of Bivacuum fermions and Bivacuum bosons: vgrin vgrext; vphin vphext v. It isproved that this condition is a natural background of Golden mean realization in physicalsystems: v2/c2 ext, in 0. 6180339887;- F F Fe

,p are the coherent triplets of fused sub-elementary fermions andantifermions of and generations, representing the electron/positron or proton/antiproton.In the latter case a sub-elementary fermions and antifermions corresponds to u and d quarks;- CVC and CVC are the cumulative virtual clouds of subquantum particles andantiparticles, standing for [W] phase of sub-elementary fermions and antifermions,correspondingly. The reversible quantum beats C W between asymmetric torus andantitorus of sub-elementary fermions are accompanied by [emission absorption] ofCVC. The stability of triplets of leptons and partons is determined by the resonantinteraction of sub-elementary fermions and antifermions by CVC exchange in the processof [Corpuscle Wave pulsations. The virtual pairs CVC CVC e,p,n display thegluons (bosons) properties, stabilizing the electrons, protons and neutrons;- VirBC means virtual Bose condensation of Cooper - like pairs [BVF BVF and/or[BVB with external translational momentum close to zero: p 0 and corresponding deBroglie wave length close to infinity: B h/p , providing the nonlocal properties ofhuge Bivacuum domains;- TE and TF are Tuning Energy and Tuning Force of Bivacuum, realized by means offorced resonance of basic Bivacuum pressure waves (VPWq1

with [C W pulsation ofelementary particles, driving the matter to Golden Mean conditions and slowing down(cooling) the thermal dynamics of particles, driving their mass to the rest mass value. SuchBivacuum - Matter interaction is responsible for realization of principle of Least action, 2ndand 3d laws of thermodynamics;- VirSW1/2 are the Virtual spin waves, excited as a consequence of angular momentums ofcumulative virtual clouds (CVC) of sub-elementary particles in triplets F

F F

due to angular momentum conservation law. The VirSW1/2 are highly anisotropic,depending on orientation of triplets in space and their rotational/librational dynamics, beingthe physical background of torsion field;- VirGSMEi is the nonlocal virtual spin-momentum-energy guide (quasi-1D virtualmicrotubule), formed primarily by standing VirSWS

S1/2 BVB

BVFBVF VirSWR

S1/2 of

opposite spins and induced self-assembly of Bivacuum bosons BVB i or Cooper pairs of[BVF BVF i, representing quasi one-dimensional Bose condensate. The bundles ofvirtual guides Nt,r VirGSME S Rx,y,z

i connect the remote coherent tripletsF F Fe,p, representing elementary particles, like protons and electrons in freestate or in composition of atoms or their coherent groups, providing remote nonlocalinteraction - microscopic and macroscopic ones;- (mBC means mesoscopic molecular Bose condensate in the volume of condensed matterwith dimensions, determined by the length of 3D standing de Broglie waves of molecules,related to their librations and translations;- VR means three-dimensional (3D) Virtual Replica of elementary, particles, atoms,molecules and macroscopic objects, including living organisms. The primary VR of

10

macroscopic object is a consequence of complex system of excitations of Bivacuum dipoles.It represents a superposition of Bivacuum virtual standing waves VPWm

andVirSWm

1/2, modulated by C W pulsation of elementary particles and translational andlibrational de Broglie waves of molecules of macroscopic object;- VRMir, t means the primary VR multiplication/iteration in space and time. Theinfinitive multiplication of primary VR i in space in form of 3D packets of virtual standingwaves is a result of interference of all pervading external coherent basic reference waves -Bivacuum Virtual Pressure Waves (VPWq1

) i and Virtual Spin Waves (VirSWq11/2) i with

similar kinds of modulated standing waves, like that, forming the primary VR. The latter hasa properties of the object waves in terms of holography. Consequently, the VRM can benamed Holoiteration by analogy with hologram (in Greece ’holo’ means the ’whole’ or’total’). The spatial VRM(r) may stand for remote vision of psychic. The ability of enoughcomplex system of VRM(t) to self-organization in nonequilibrium conditions, make itpossible multiplication of primary VR not only in space but as well, in time in both timedirection - positive (evolution) and negative (devolution). The feedback reaction betweenmost probable/stable VRM(t,r) and nerve system of psychic, including visual centers ofbrain, can be responsible for clairvoyance;- Psi channels are virtual beams, representing multiple correlated bundles of virtualguides Nt,r VirGSME S Rx,y,z

i , connecting coherent elementary particles ofnerve cells of [S]- psychic and [R] - target in superimposed VRMr, tS VRMr, tR.This combination of Bivacuum mediated interactions (BMI), providing the transmission ofnot only information, but as well the momentum and energy, can be responsible fortelekinesis and remote healing;- BMI is a new fundamental Bivacuum Mediated Interaction, additional to electromagnetic,gravitational, weak and strong ones. It is a result of superposition of Virtual replicas ofSender [S] and Receiver [R] in nonequilibrium state, provided by VRM(r,t) and formationof bundles Nt,r VirGSME S Rx,y,z

i between coherent atoms of [S] and [R].Just BMI is responsible for remote ultraweak nonlocal interaction between entangledsystems and so-called paranormal phenomena, which appears to be quite ’normal’ in theframework of Unified theory.**********************************************************************The abbreviations are not in alphabetic, but in logical order to make this glossary moreuseful for perception of new notions, introduced in Unified theory.

11

IntroductionThe Dirac’s equation points to equal probability of positive and negative energy (Dirac,

1947). In asymmetric Dirac’s vacuum its realm of negative energy is saturated withinfinitive number of electrons. However, it was assumed that these electrons, followingPauli principle, have not any gravitational or viscosity effects. Positrons and electron in hismodel represent the ’holes’, originated as a result of the electrons jumps in realm ofpositive energy over the energetic gap: 2m0c2. Currently it becomes clear, that theDirac type model of vacuum is not general enough to explain all known experimental data,for example, the bosons emergency. The model of Bivacuum, presented in this paper andprevious works of this author (Kaivarainen, 1995; 2000; 2004; 2005, 2006) is moreadvanced. However, it use the same starting point of equal probability of positive andnegative energy, confined in each of Bivacuum elements, named Bivacuum dipoles.

Aspden (2003) introduced in his aether theory the basic unit, named Quon, as a pair ofvirtual muons of opposite charges, i.e. [muon antimuon]. This idea has some commonwith our model of Bivacuum dipoles. Each dipole represents collective excitations ofsub-quantum particles and antiparticles, composing vortical pair: torus antitorus ofopposite energy/mass, charge and magnetic moments with three Compton radiuses,corresponding to three lepton generation: electron, muon and tauon (Kaivarainen,2004-2006).

Our notions of strongly correlated torus (V and antitorus (V of Bivacuum dipoleshave also some similarity with ’phytons’, introduced by Akimov and Shipov forexplanation of torsion field action. After Akimov (1995): "In non polarized condition,physical vacuum contains in each of its elements a phyton, which is a kind of circle shape -two wave packets, which are rotating in opposite directions, corresponding to right and leftspin. Primarily phytons are compensated, as far the sum of their angular momentums iszero. This is a reason, why the vacuum does not manifest nonzero angular momentum. But,if in the vacuum the spinning object appears, then the phytons, with axes of rotation,coinciding with that of the object, will keep the same rotation, and phytons which’rotational axes were originally in the opposite direction, will be inverted partly under theinfluence of the spinning object.

Two subclasses of Bivacuum dipoles where introduced: Bivacuum bosons (BVBS0with torus and antitorus, rotating in opposite direction and virtual Cooper pairs ofBivacuum fermions and antifermions with torus antitorus both rotating clockwise oranticlockwise, correspondingly [BVF BVFS0,1... The ability of Bivacuum dipoles toform virtual Bose condensate from the bundles of quasi one-dimensional virtualmicrotubules (single and doubled) is demonstrated in our theory. These bundles, likevortical structures in liquid 4He and 3He (superfluid turbulence), makes it possible considerBivacuum as a two component liquid with superfluid and normal properties. The superfluidmodel of vacuum, composed from pairs of fermions of opposite spins and charge wherediscussed earlier by Sinha et. al., (1976; 1976a; 1978) and also by Boldyreva and Sotina(1999).

In accordance with Planck aether hypothesis of Winterberg (2002), the vacuum is asuperfluid made up of positive and negative Planck mass particles. The Planck mass plasmamodel makes the following assumptions:

1. The ultimate building blocks are positive and negative Planck mass particles. Theinteraction obeys the laws of Newtonian mechanics, except for lex tertia, which under theassumed force law is violated during the collision between a positive and a negative Planckmass particle. These violation means that during the mutually attractive collision between apositive and a negative Planck mass particle, the momentum, not the energy, fluctuates.

12

2. A Planck mass particles of the same sign repel and those of opposite sign attract eachother, with the magnitude and range of the force equal to the Planck forceMPc

2/RP c4/Gand the Planck length RP h/MPc).

3. Space - vacuum is filled with an equal number of positive and negative Planck massparticles whereby each Planck length volume is in the average occupied by one Planckmass particle. The collision of positive and negative Plank mass particles is a source ofzitterbewegung in Winterberg model of vacuum.

In its ground state the Planck aether is a two component positive-negative masssuperfluid with a phonon - roton energy spectrum for each component. Assuming that thephonon - roton spectrum measured in superfluid helium is universal, this would mean thatin the Planck aether this spectrum has the same shape.

Rotons can be viewed as small vortex rings with the ring radius of the same order as thevortex core radius. A fluid with cavitons is in a state of negative pressure, and the same istrue for a fluid with vortex rings. In vortices the centrifugal force creates a vacuum in thevortex core, making a vortex ring to behave like a caviton.

In Winterberg model the positive and negative Plank masses are not considered as aunified mass dipoles with possibility of polarization and symmetry shift. The mechanism oforigination of mass, charge, magnetic moment and spin of elementary particles, thebackground of three lepton generation where not analyzed and proposed.

Nonetheless of some common features with models of Aspden, Akimov - Shipov’s ’and Winterberg, the concept of Bivacuum and it elements: Bivacuum bosons (BVB andfermions (BVF is more advanced. It explains the origination of mass and chargeofsub-elementary fermions, as a result of torus V and antitorus V of Bivacuum dipolessymmetry shift, the mechanism of corpuscle wave pulsation and fusion of elementaryparticles from triplets of sub-elementary fermions and antifermions. The electric, magneticand gravitational fields are shown to be a result of elastic recoil antirecoil effects andzitterbewegung, induced by these pulsation in Bivacuum matrix. In the framework of ourapproach all fundamental physical phenomena are hierarchically interrelated and unified.

David Bohm was the first one, who made an attempt to explain wholeness of theUniverse, without loosing the causality principle. Experimental discovery:”Aharonov-Bohm effect” (1950) pointing that electron is able to ”feel” the presence of amagnetic field even in a regions where the probability of field existing is zero, wasstimulating. For explanation of nonlocality Bohm introduced in 1952 the notion of quantumpotential, which pervaded all of space. But unlike gravitational and electromagnetic fields,its influence did not decrease with distance. All the particles are interrelated by verysensitive to any perturbations quantum potential. This means that signal transmissionbetween particles may occur instantaneously. The idea of quantum potential or activeinformation is close to notion of pilot wave, proposed by de Broglie at the Solvay Congressin 1927. In fact, Bohm develops the de Broglie idea of pilot wave, applying it formany-body system.

In 1957 Bohm published a book: Causality and Chance in Modern Physics. Later hecomes to conclusion, that Universe has a properties of giant, flowing hologram. Taking intoaccount its dynamic nature, he prefer to use term: holomovement. In his book: Wholenessand the Implicate Order (1980) he develops an idea that our explicated unfolded reality is aproduct of enfolded (implicated) or hidden order of existence. He consider themanifestation of all forms in the universe, as a result of enfolding and unfolding exchangebetween two orders, determined by super quantum potential.

In book, written by D. Bohm and B. Hiley (1993): ”THE UNDIVIDED UNIVERSE.An ontological interpretation of quantum theory” the electron is considered, as a particlewith well- defined position and momentum which are, however, under influence of special

13

wave (quantum potential). Elementary particle, in accordance with these authors, is asequence of incoming and outgoing waves, which are very close to each other. However,particle itself does not have a wave nature. Interference pattern in double slit experimentafter Bohm is a result of periodically ”bunched” character of quantum potential.

After Bohm, the manifestation of corpuscle - wave duality of particle is dependent onthe way, which observer interacts with a system. He claims that both of this properties arealways enfolded in particle. It is a basic difference with our model, assuming that the waveand corpuscle phase are realized alternatively with high frequency during two differentsemiperiods of sub-elementary particles, forming particles in the process of quantum beatsbetween sublevels of positive (actual) and negative (complementary) energy. Thisfrequency is amplitude and phase modulated by experimentally revealed de Broglie wave ofparticles.

The important point of Bohmian philosophy, coinciding with our concept, is thateverything in the Universe is a part of dynamic continuum. Neurophysiologist Karl Pribramdoes made the next step in the same direction as Bohm: ”The brain is a hologram enfoldedin a holographic Universe”.

The good popular description of Bohm and Pribram ideas are presented in books: ”TheBell’s theorem and the curious quest for quantum reality” (1990) by David Peat and ”TheHolographic Universe” (1992) by Michael Talbot. Such original concepts are interestingand stimulating, indeed, but should be considered as a first attempts to transform intuitiveperception of duality and quantum wholeness into clear geometrical and mathematicalmodels.

Some common features with our and Bohm-Hiley models has a Unitary QuantumTheory (UQT), proposed by Sapogin (1982). In the UQT any elementary particle is not apoint and source of field like in the ordinary quantum mechanics, but represents a wavepacket of a certain unified field (Sapogin and Boichenko, 1991). The dispersion equation ofsuch a nonlinear field turned out to be such, that the wave packet (particle) during itsmovement periodically appears and disappears, and the envelope of this process coincideswith the de Broglie wave. Numerous particles during their periodic disappearance(spreading in the Universe) and repeated appearance represent vacuum fluctuations. Thecorresponding transversal self-focusing of the wave packet is possible only in conditions ifthe refraction index of space/vacuum is dependent of particle velocity. The square of wavepacket describes the oscillating charged particle mass and energy (Sapogin, et.al., 2002),following the conventional Newton equations. The essential in UQT is the absence of theenergy and the momentum conservation laws for single particles.

In 1950 John Wheeler and Charles Misner published Geometrodynamics, a newdescription of space-time properties, based on topology. Topology is more general thanEuclidean geometry and deeper than non-Euclidean, used by Einstein in his General theoryof relativity. Topology does not deal with distances, angles and shapes. Drawn on a sheet ofstretching rubber, a circle, triangle and square are indistinguishable. A ball, pyramid and acube also can be transformed into the other. However, objects with holes in them can neverbe transformed by stretching and deforming into objects without holes. For example blackhole can be described in terms of topology. It means that massive rotating body behave as aspace-time hole. Wheeler supposed that elementary particles and antiparticles, their spins,positive and negative charges can be presented as interconnected black and white holes.Positron and electron pair correspond to such model. The energy, directed to one of thehole, goes throw the connecting tube -”handle” and reappears at the other. The connectingtube exist in another space-time than holes itself. Such a tube is undetectable in normalspace and the process of energy transmission looks as instantaneous. In conventionalspace-time two ends of tube, termed ’wormholes’ can be a vast distant apart. It gives an

14

explanation of quantum nonlocality.The same is true for introduced in our theory nonlocal Virtual spin-momentum-energy

guides (VirGSME. The mono or paired VirGSME, formed by Bivacuum bosons (BVB orCooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions, correspondingly, may connect not only particles andantiparticles, like positrons and electrons, but also the same kind of particles (electrons,protons, neutrons) with opposite spins and ’tuned’ frequency of Corpuscle Wavepulsation.

Sidharth (1998, 1999) considered elementary particle as a relativistic vortex ofCompton radius, from which he recovered its mass and quantized spin s 1

2 . Hepictured a particle as a fluid vortex steadily circulating with light velocity along a 2D ringor spherical 3D shell with radius

L 2mc 1

Inside such vortex the notions of negative energy, superluminal velocities and nonlocalityare acceptable without contradiction with conventional theory.

Bohm’s hydrodynamic formulation and substitution

Re iS 2

where R and S are real function of r and t, transforms the Schrödinger equation to

t v 0

or : St

2

2m S2 V 2

2m 2R/R Q

3

4

where: R2; v 2

2m S and Q 2

2m 2R/R

Sidharth comes to conclusion that the energy of nonlocal quantum potential (Q) isdetermined by inertial mass (m) of particle:

Q 2

2m 2R/R mc2 5

He treated also a charged Dirac fermions, as a Kerr-Newman black holes. Within theregion of Compton vortex the superluminal velocity and negative energy are possible afterSidharth. If measurements are averaged over time t~mc2/ and over space L~/mc, theimaginary part of particle’s position disappears and we are back in usual Physics (Sidharth,1998).

Barut and Bracken (1981) considered zitterbewegung - rapidly oscillating imaginarypart of particle position, leading from Dirac theory (1947), as a harmonic oscillator in theCompton wavelength region of particle. The Einstein (1971, 1982) and Shrödinger (1930)also spoke about oscillation of the electron with frequency: m0c2/h and the amplitude:max /2mc. It was demonstrated by Shrödinger, that position of free electron can bepresented as: x x , where x characterize the average position of the free electron, and its instant position, related to its oscillations. Hestness (1990) proposed, thatzitterbewegung arises from self-interaction, resulting from wave-particle duality.

This ideas are close to our explanation of elementary particles zero-point oscillations, asa recoil antirecoil vibrations, accompanied corpuscle wave pulsations. Correspondingoscillations of each particle kinetic energy, in accordance to our theory of time(Kaivarainen, 2005), is related with oscillations of instant time for this closed system. Wecame here to concept of space-time-energy discreet trinity, generated by corpuscle wave

15

duality.Serious attack on problem of quantum nonlocality was performed by Roger Penrose

(1989) with his twister theory of space-time. After Penrose, quantum phenomena cangenerate space-time. The twisters, proposed by him, are lines of infinite extent, resemblingtwisting light rays. Interception or conjunction of twistors lead to origination of particles. Insuch a way the local and nonlocal properties and particle-wave duality are interrelated intwistors geometry. The analysis of main quantum paradoxes was presented by Asher Peres(1992) and Charles Bennett et. al., (1993).

In our Unified model the local properties of sub-elementary particles are resulted fromtheir Bivacuum symmetry shift, accompanied by their uncompensated mass and chargeorigination. The nonlocal interaction of two or more particles of the same kinds (photons,electrons, protons, neutrons) in state of entanglement, are the consequence of Bivacuumgap oscillation between torus (V and antitorus (V of BVF, BVB and correspondingpulsation of radiuses of BVB or Cooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions [BVF BVF.This kind of signals are mediated by quasi one-dimensional Bose condensation ofBivacuum dipoles, assembling virtual guides (VirGSME of spin, momentum and energy,connecting these particles with close frequency and phase of [C W pulsation.

The quite different approach, using computational derivation of quantum relativisticsystems with forward-backward space-time shifts, developed by Daniel Dubois (1999), ledto some results, similar to ours (Kaivarainen, 1995, 2001, 2003, 2004). For example, thegroup and phase masses, introduced by Dubois, related to internal group and phasevelocities, has analogy with actual and complementary masses, introduced in our Unifiedtheory (UT). In both approaches, the product of these masses is equal to the particle’s restmass squared. The notion of discrete time interval, used in Dubois approach, maycorrespond to PERIOD of [C W] pulsation of sub-elementary particles in UT. Thepositive internal time interval, in accordance to our model, corresponds to forwardC W transition and the negative one to the backwardW C transition.

Puthoff (2001) developed the idea of ’vacuum engineering’, using hypothesis ofpolarizable vacuum (PV). The electric permittivity (0 and magnetic permeability (0 isinterrelated in ’primordial’ symmetric vacuum, as: 00 1/c

2. It is shown that changing ofvacuum refraction index: n c/v 1/2 , for example in gravitational or electric potentials,is accompanied by variation of lot of space-time parameters.

Fock (1964) and Puthoff (2001), explained the bending of light beam, induced bygravitation near massive bodies also by vacuum refraction change, i.e. in another way, thanGeneral theory of relativity. However, the mechanism of vacuum polarization andcorresponding refraction index changes in electric and gravitational fields remains obscure.Our Unified theory propose such mechanism (see section 8.11).

The transformation of neutron to proton and electron, in accordance to Electro - Weak(EW) theory, developed by Glashov (1961), Weinberg (1967) and Salam (1968), ismediated by negative masslessW boson. The reverse reaction in EW theory: proton neutron is mediated by positive masslessW boson. Scattering of the electron on neutrino,not accompanied by charge transferring, is mediated by third massless neutral boson Z0.

In (EW) theory the Higgs field was introduced for explanation of spontaneoussymmetry violation of intermediate vector bosons: charged W and neutral Z0 with spin 1,accompanied by origination of big mass of these particles. The EW theory needs also thequantum of Higgs field, named Higgs bosons with big mass, zero charge and integer spin.The fusion of Higgs bosons with W and Z0 particles is accompanied by increasing of theirmass up to 90 mass of protons. The experimental discovery of heavy W and Z0 particles in1983 after their separation, accompanied getting the system a big external energy, wasconsidered as a conformation of EW theory.

16

The spontaneous symmetry violation of vacuum, in accordance to Goldstone theorem,turns two virtual particles with imaginary masses (im to one real particle with mass:M1 2m and one real particle with zero mass:M2 0. However, the Higgs field andHiggs bosons are still not found. "We have eliminated most of hunting area", confirms NeilCalder from CERN recently. This author propose another explanation of mass and chargeorigination.

In conventional approach, described above, two parameters ofW particles, like chargeand mass are considered, as independent.

Thomson, Heaviside and Searl supposed that mass is an electrical phenomena. In theoryof Haisch, Rueda and Puthoff (1994), Rueda and Haish (1998) it was proposed, that theinertia is a reaction force, originating in a course of dynamic interaction between theelectromagnetic zero-point field (ZPF) of vacuum and charge of elementary particles.However, it’s not clear in this approach, how the charge itself originates.

Our Unified theory is an attempt to unify mass and charge with magnetic moment, spinand symmetry shift of sub-elementary fermions, induced by external translational-rotationalmotion (see chapter 4). This theory unifies the origination of elementary particles, their restmass and charge, electromagnetism and gravitation with particles corpuscle-wave duality,standing also for their zero-point oscillations. In accordance to formalism of our theory, therest mass and charge of elementary fermions origination are both the result of Bivacuumfermions (BVF) symmetry shift, corresponding to Golden mean conditions, i.e. equality ofthe ratio of external velocity of BVF to light velocity squared to: v/c2 0.618 . Atthis condition the asymmetric Bivacuum dipole turns to sub-elementary fermion. Theelectric, magnetic and gravitational fields are the result of huge number of Bivacuumdipoles symmetry shift oscillation, excited by recoil antirecoil dynamics, accompaniedthe corpuscle wave pulsation of sub-elementary particles, forming the elementaryparticles (chapter 8).

In our approach, the resistance of particle to acceleration (i.e. inertia force),proportional to its mass (second Newton’s law) is a consequence of resistance of frequencyof particle’s C W pulsation to change, keeping the equilibrium (tuned state) withfrequency of surrounding Bivacuum dipoles symmetry - energy oscillation. We named thisresistance to equilibrium shift between dynamics of particles and dynamics of Bivacuum -"The generalized principle of Le Chatelier’s".

In contrast to nonlocal Mach’s principle, our theory of particle - Bivacuum interactionexplains the existence of inertial mass of even single particle in empty Universe.The main goals of our work can be formulated as follows:1. Development of superfluid Bivacuum model, as the dynamic matrix of dipoles,

formed by pairs of virtual torus and antitorus of the opposite energy/mass, charge andmagnetic moments, compensating each other. The explanation of fusion of the electrons,positrons, muons, protons, neutrons and photons, as a triplets of asymmetric Bivacuumsub-elementary fermions of tree lepton generation (e,,. The external properties of suchelementary particles are still described by the existing formalism of quantum mechanicsand Maxwell equations;

2. Development of the dynamic model of wave-corpuscle duality of sub-elementaryparticles/antiparticles, composing elementary particles and antiparticles. Explanation of theentanglement, based on new theory;

3. Generalization of the Einstein’s and Dirac’s formalism for free relativistic particles,considering the correlated pairs of inertial - actual torus and inertialess - complementaryantitorus of sub-elementary fermions, forming elementary particles;

4. Finding analytical equations, unifying the internal and external parameters ofsub-elementary particles. Elucidation the conditions of triplets (elementary fermions)

17

fusion from sub-elementary fermions. Origination of the rest mass and elementary charge.Understanding the mechanisms of triplets stabilization;

5. Explanation of the absence of Dirac’s monopole in Nature;6. Understanding the nature of zero-point oscillations and recoilantirecoil effects,

accompanied the Corpuscle Wave pulsation of fermions, responsible for electric,magnetic and gravitational fields origination;

7. Unification of the Principle of least action, the time, the 2nd and 3d laws ofthermodynamics with Principle of least action and action of Bivacuum virtual pressurewaves (VPW, on the dynamics of elementary particles;

8. Elaboration a concept of Virtual Replica (VR) of any material object and its spatialmultiplication in Bivacuum, as a consequence of superposition of the reference basicBivacuum virtual pressure waves (VPWq1

and virtual spin waves (VirSWq11/2 with the

object virtual waves (VPWm and (VirSWm

1/2, modulated by de Broglie waves ofparticles (nucleons), forming this object;

9. Working out the new mechanism of Bivacuum mediated nonlocal remote interactionbetween the remote coherent microscopic and macroscopic systems via introduced Virtualguides of spin, momentum and energy VirGS,M,E and their coherent bundles;

10. Explanation of Kozyrev’s, Shnoll and Tiller experiments and mechanisms ofoverunity devices action and other phenomena, incompatible with mainstream paradigm,which may be considered as paranormal, following from our Unified theory;

11. The validation of Unified Theory, based on logical coherence of many of itsconsequences and ability to explain a lot of fundamental not only the conventional, but aswell the unconventional/paranormal experimental results, including getting the free energyfrom Bivacuum, cold fusion, etc.

1. New Hierarchical Model of Bivacuum, as a Superfluid Multi-Dipole Structure1.1. Properties of Bivacuum dipoles - Bivacuum fermions and Bivacuum bosons

The Bivacuum concept is a result of new interpretation and development of Diractheory (Dirac, 1958), pointing to equal probability of positive and negative energy inNature.

The Bivacuum is introduced, as a dynamic superfluid matrix of the Universe, composedfrom non-mixing subquantum particles of opposite polarization and three nonquantizedspin values, separated by an energy gap. The hypothetical microscopic subquantumparticles and antiparticles have a dimensions about or less than (1019 m), zero mass, spinand charge. They spontaneously self-organize in infinite number of mesoscopic pairedvortices - Bivacuum dipoles of three generations with Compton radii, corresponding toelectrons (e), muons ( and tauons (, corresponding to three different spin values. Onlysuch mesoscopic collective excitations of subquantum particles in form of pairs of rotatingfast torus and antitorus are quantized. In turn, these Bivacuum ’molecules’ compose themacroscopic superfluid ideal liquid, representing the infinitive Bivacuum matrix.

Each of two strongly correlated ’donuts’ of Bivacuum dipoles acquire the opposite masscharge and magnetic moments, compensating each other in the absence of symmetry shiftbetween them. The latter condition is valid only for symmetric primordial Bivacuum,where the influence of matter and fields on Bivacuum is negligible.

The symmetric primordial Bivacuum can be considered as the Universal ReferenceFrame (URF), i.e. Ether, in contrast to Relative Reference Frame (RRF), used in specialrelativistic (SR) theory. The elements of Ether - ethons correspond to our Bivacuumdipoles. It will be shown in our work, that the result of Michelson - Morley experiment is aconsequence of ether drug by the Earth or Virtual Replica of the Earth in terms of ourtheory.

18

The sub-elementary fermion and antifermion origination is a result of the Bivacuumdipole symmetry shift toward the torus or antitorus, correspondingly. The correlationbetween paired vortical structures in a liquid medium was theoretically proved by Kiehn(1998).

The infinite number of paired vortical structures: [torus (V antitorus (V] with thein-phase clockwise or anticlockwise rotation are named Bivacuum fermions(BVF V V)i and Bivacuum antifermions (BVF V V)i, correspondingly.Their intermediate - transition states are named Bivacuum bosons of two possiblepolarizations: (BVB V V)i and (BVB V V)i The positive and negativeenergies of torus and antitorus (EV of three lepton generations i e,,), interrelatedwith their radiuses (LV

n , are quantized as quantum harmonic oscillators of oppositeenergies:

EVn m0c2 1

2 n 012 ni n 0,1,2,3. . .

or : EVn c

LVn

i

where : LVn

m0c 12 n

L012 n

i

1.1

1.1a

where: L0 /m0ce,,

is a Compton radii of the electron of corresponding leptongeneration (i e,, and L0

e L0 L0

. The Bivacuum fermions BVF, withsmaller Compton radiuses can be located inside the bigger ones BVFe.

The absolute values of increments of torus and antitorus energies (EVi , interrelated

with increments of their radii (LVi in primordial Bivacuum (i.e. in the absence of matter

and field influence), resulting from in-phase symmetric fluctuations are equal:

EVi c

LVi 2 LV

i EVi LV

i

LVi or :

LVi

LVi 2

c EVi

SBVFi

2hc EVi LV

i EVi

EVi

1.2

1.2a

where: SBVFi LVi 2 is a square of the cross-section of torus and antitorus,

forming Bivacuum fermions (BVF and Bivacuum bosons (BVB.The virtual mass, charge and magnetic moments of torus and antitorus of BVF and

BVB are opposite and in symmetric primordial Bivacuum compensate each other in theirbasic n 0) and excited n 1,2,3. . . ) states.

The Bivacuum ’atoms’: BVF V Vi and BVB V Vi represent dipolesof three different poles - the mass (mV

|mV | m0 i, electric (e and e and magnetic

( and dipoles.The torus and antitorus (V V i of Bivacuum fermions of opposite spins BVF and

BVF are both rotating in the same direction: clockwise or anticlockwise. This determinesthe positive and negative spins (S 1/2 of Bivacuum fermions. Their opposite spinsmay compensate each other, forming virtual Cooper pairs: [BVF BVF with neutralboson properties. The rotation of adjacent BVF and BVF in Cooper pairs is side- by- sidein opposite directions, providing zero resulting spin of such pairs and ability to virtual Bosecondensation. The torus and antitorus of Bivacuum bosons BVB V Vi withresulting spin, equal to zero, are rotating in opposite directions.

The energy gap between the torus and antitorus of symmetric BVF i or BVB i is:

19

ABVF EV EV 01 2ni m0i c21 2n hc

[dVV]ni 1.3

where the characteristic distance between torus (V i and antitorus (V i of Bivacuumdipoles (gap dimension) is a quantized parameter:

[dVV]ni h

m0i c1 2n

1.4

From (1.2) and (1.2a) we can see, that at n 0, the energy gap ABVFi is decreasing till0 m0

i c2 and the spatial gap dimension [dVV]ni is increasing up to the Comptonlength 0

i h/m0i c. On the contrary, the infinitive symmetric excitation of torus and

antitorus is followed by tending the spatial gap between them to zero: [dVV]ni 0 atn . This means that the quantization of space and energy of Bivacuum elements areinterrelated and discreet.

1.2 The basic (carrying)Virtual Pressure Waves (VPWq) and

Virtual spin waves (VirSWq1/2 of Bivacuum

The emission and absorption of Virtual clouds (VCj,k i and anticlouds (VCj,k i inprimordial Bivacuum, i.e. in the absence of matter and fields or where their influence onsymmetry of Bivacuum is negligible, are the result of correlated transitions betweendifferent excitation states (j,k of torus (Vj,k i and antitoruses (Vj,k i, forming symmetricBVFi and BVB i, corresponding to three lepton generations (i e,, :

VCqi Vj Vk

i virtual cloud

VCqi Vj Vk

i virtual anticloud

1.5

1.5a

where: j k are the integer quantum numbers of torus and antitorus excitation states;q j k.

The virtual clouds: (VCq i and (VCq i exist in form of collective excitation ofsubquantum particles and antiparticles of opposite energies, correspondingly. They can beconsidered as ’drops’ of virtual Bose condensation of subquantum particles of positive andnegative energy. The angular momentums of each of (VCq i and (VCq i are the same inthe case of [BVFi and [BVFi, as ( and (, but the angular momentums of pairs(VCq VCqS1/2

i , and (VCq VCqS1/2i emitted absorbed by Bivacuum

fermions (BVF V V)i and Bivacuum antifermions (BVF V V)i, areopposite to each other and equal to S 1/2 orS 1/2 .

The spins of (VCq i and (VCq i of Bivacuum bosons BVB V Vi are oppositeto each other and their pair also has a bosonic properties with resulting spin, equal to zero:(VCq VCqS0

i .The process of [emission absorption of virtual clouds by Bivacuum fermions,

antifermions and bosons is accompanied by oscillation of virtual pressure(VirP VirP)i and excitation of pairs of positive and negative virtual pressure waves:VPWq

VPWq

S1/2;0i of corresponding energy and spin.

Only the resulting superposition of pairs of virtual pressure waves, emitted absorbedby Cooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions and antifermions BVFS1/2

BVFS1/2 S0, has a

properties of boson:

20

VPWq VPWq

S1/2i

VPWq VPWq

S1/2i

S0 1.5b

Such correlated excitations, propagating in space with light velocity, may form astanding waves.

In primordial Bivacuum the energies of opposite virtual pressure waves totallycompensate each other: VPWq

VPWq 0. However, in asymmetric secondary

Bivacuum, in presence of matter and fields, the total compensation is absent and theresulting virtual pressure is nonzero (Kaivarainen, 2005):VirP |VirP | |VirP | 0. The propagation of VPWq

VPWq

S1/2;0i in

space is accompanied by subsequent transitions of Bivacuum dipoles torus (V i andantitorus (V i of corresponding generation between different excitation states (j and k.

In accordance to our approach, virtual particles and antiparticles represent theasymmetric Bivacuum dipoles BVFas and BVBas of three electron generations(i e,, in unstable state, not corresponding to Golden mean conditions (see section 2).

For Virtual Clouds (VC and virtual pressure waves (VPWq, excited by them, the

relativistic mechanics is not valid. Consequently, the causality principle also does not workin a system (interference pattern) of VPWq

.The energies of positive and negative VPWq

and VPWq, emitted absorbed by

Bivacuum dipoles, as a result of their torus (V and antitorus (V transitions between jand k quantum states can be presented as:

EVPWq

i 0i j kV m0

i c2j k

EVPWq

i 0i j kV m0

i c2j k

1.6

1.6a

The quantized fundamental Compton frequency of VPWq is:

q0i qm0

i c2/ 1.7

where: q j k 1,2,3. . is the quantization number of VPWj,k energy;

In symmetric primordial Bivacuum the total compensation of positive and negativeVirtual Pressure Waves takes a place:

qEVPWj,k

i qEVPWj,k

i q0i 1.8

This means that the coherent excitation of VPWj,k and VPWj,k

do not violate theenergy conservation law. This is important for explanation of Bivacuum properties, as asource of ’free’ energy for overunity devices (see chapter 19).

The density oscillation of VCj,k and VCj,k and virtual particles and antiparticlesrepresent positive and negative virtual pressure waves VPWj,k

and VPWj,k . The

symmetric excitation of positive and negative energies/masses of torus and antitorus meansincreasing of primordial Bivacuum potential energy, corresponding to increasing of energygap between them (see eq. 1.3):

ABVFn EVn EVn 01 2ni m0

i c21 2n 1.8a

where quantum number: n 0,1,2,3. . . is equal to both - the actual torus (Vn and

complementary antitorus (Vn).

The symmetric transitions/beats between the excited and basic states of torus andantitorus are accompanied by virtual pressure waves excitation of corresponding frequency

21

(1.6 and 1.6a).The correlated virtual Cooper pairs of adjacent Bivacuum fermions (BVFS1/2

),rotating in opposite direction with resulting spin, equal to zero and Bosonic properties, canbe presented as:

BVFS1/2 BVFS1/2

S0 V V V VS0 1.9

Such a pairs, as well as Bivacuum bosons (BVB) in conditions of ideal equilibrium,like the Goldstone bosons, have zero mass and spin: S 0. The virtual clouds (VCq,emitted and absorbed in a course of correlated transitions of BVF BVFS0

j,k between (j)and (k) sublevels: q j k, excite the virtual pressure waves VPWq

and VPWq, carrying

the opposite angular momentums. They compensate the energy and momentums of eachother totally in primordial Bivacuum and partly in secondary Bivacuum - in presence ofmatter and fields.

Some similarity is existing between virtual Cooper pair and Falaco vertex pair. TheFalaco vertex is a topological defect in a viscous fluid, but due to its coherence it can forma long-lived metastable state in which two opposite spins are paired together. These twodimensional topological surface defects are connected by a string - one dimensionaltopological defect and form stabilized stationary state. Such an object can be also as thetopological equivalent of pair of sub-elementary fermion and sub-elementary antifermionF FS0

j,k , as a basic element of elementary particles (see chapter 5).

The nonlocal virtual spin waves VirSWj,k1/2, with properties of massless collective

Nambu-Goldstone modes, like a real spin waves, represent the oscillation of angularmomentum equilibrium of individual Bivacuum fermions or in composition of Cooper pairswith opposite spins via "flip-flop" mechanism, accompanied by origination of intermediatestates - Bivacuum bosons (BVB:

VirSWj,k1/2 ~ BVFV V BVBV V BVFV V 1.10

The VirSWj,k1/2 and VirSWj,k

1/2 are excited by VCqS1/2 and VCqS1/2

of oppositeangular momentums, S1/2 1

2 12 L0m0c and frequency, equal to VPWq

(1.7):

qVirSW1/2i qVPW

i qm0i c2/ q0

i 1.10a

The most probable basic virtual pressure waves VPWq1 and virtual spin waves

VirSWq11/2 correspond to minimum quantum number q j k 1.

The VirSWq1/2, like so-called torsion field, can serve as a carrier of the phase/spin

(angular momentum) and information - qubits, but not the energy.The Bivacuum bosons (BVB, may have two polarizations (, determined by spin

state of their actual torus (V:

BVB V V, when BVF BVF

BVB V V, when BVF BVF 1.11

1.11a

The Bose-Einstein statistics of energy distribution, valid for system of weaklyinteracting bosons (ideal gas), do not work for Bivacuum due to strong coupling of pairsBVF BVFS0 and (BVB, forming virtual Bose condensate (VirBC) with nonlocalproperties. The Bivacuum nonlocal properties can be proved, using the Virial theorem(Kaivarainen, 2004, 2005).

22

1.3 Virtual Bose condensation (VirBC), as a base of Bivacuumsuperfluid properties and nonlocality

It follows from our model of Bivacuum, that the infinite number of Cooper pairs ofBivacuum fermions BVF BVFS0

i and their intermediate states - Bivacuum bosons(BVB i, as elements of Bivacuum, have zero or very small (in presence of fields andmatter) translational momentum: pBVFBVFi pBVBi 0 and corresponding de Brogliewave length tending to infinity: VirBCi h/pBVFBVF,BVBi . It leads to origination of3D net of virtual adjacent pairs of double virtual microtubules from Cooper pairsBVF BVFS0, and (BVBS0, which may form single microtubules. The longitudinalmomentum of Bivacuum dipoles forming such virtual microfilaments and theirbundles/beams can be close to zero and corresponding de Broglie wave length exceedingthe distance between neighboring dipoles a lot of times. Consequently, the 3D system ofthese twin and single microtubules, termed Virtual Guides VirGBVF

BVF and VirGBVB,represent Bose condensate with superfluid properties. Consequently Bivacuum, like liquidhelium, can be considered as a liquid, containing two components: the described superfluidand normal, representing fraction of Bivacuum dipoles not involved in virtual guides(VirG). The radiuses of VirG are determined by the Compton radiuses of the electrons,muons and tauons. Their length is limited by decoherence effects, related to Bivacuumsymmetry shift. In highly symmetric Bivacuum the length of VirG with nonlocalproperties, connecting remote coherent elementary particles, may have the order of starsand galactics separation. However, in general case the virtual microfilaments/microtubulesof VirMT may form also a closed - ring like rotating structures with perimeter, determinedby resulting de Broglie wave length of this ring elements. The life-time of such closedstructures can be big, as far they represent standing and non dissipating systems of virtualde Broglie waves of Bivacuum dipoles.Nonlocality, as the independence of potential energy on the distance from energy

source in 3D net filaments of virtual (and real) Bose condensate, follows from applicationof the Virial theorem to systems of Cooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions BVF BVFS0and Bivacuum bosons BVB (Kaivarainen, 1995; 2004-2006).

The Virial theorem in general form is correct not only for classical, but also forquantum systems. It relates the averaged kinetic T kv

i

mivi2/2 and potential Vr

energies of particles, composing these systems:

2T kv i

mivi2 i

riV/ri 1.12

If the potential energy Vr is a homogeneous order function like:

Vr r, then n 2TkVr

1.12a

For example, for a harmonic oscillator, when T k V,we have 2. For Coulombinteraction: 1 and T V /2.

The important consequence of the Virial theorem is that, if the average kinetic energyand momentum (p of particles in a certain volume of a Bose condensate (BC) tends tozero:

T k p 2/2m 0 1.13

the interaction between particles in the volume of BC, characterized by the radius:

23

LBC /p 0, becomes nonlocal, as independent on distance between them:

Vr r 1 const at 2T k/Vr 0 1.14

Consequently, it is shown, that nonlocality, as independence of potential on the distancefrom potential source, is the inherent property of macroscopic Bose condensate. Theindividual particles (real, virtual or subquantum) in a state of Bose condensation arespatially indistinguishable due to the uncertainty principle. The Bivacuum dipolesBVF BVFS0 and (BVBS0 due to quasi one-dimensional Bose condensation aretending to self-assembly by ’head-to-tail’ principle. They compose very long virtualmicrotubules - Virtual Guides with wormhole properties. In special cases they form aclosed structures - rotating rings with radius, dependent on velocity of rotation. The 3D netof these two kind of Virtual Guides (double VirGBVFBVF and mono VirGBVB) bundlesrepresent the nonlocal and superfluid fraction of Bivacuum..

2. Virtual Particles and AntiparticlesGenerally accepted difference of virtual particles from the actual ones, is that the

former, in contrast to latter, does not follow the laws of relativistic mechanics:

m m0

1 v/c2 1/2 2.1

For actual free particle with rest mass m0 and relativistic mass (m, the formula,following from (2.1) is:

E2 p 2c2 m02c4 2.2

where E2 mc22 is the total energy squared andp m

v is the momentum of

particle.In accordance to our model of Bivacuum, virtual particles represent asymmetric

Bivacuum dipoles (BVF)as and (BVBas of three electron’s generation (i e,, inunstable state far from Golden mean conditions (see section 5). The virtual particles, likethe real sub-elementary particles, may exist in two phase: Corpuscular [C]- phase,representing correlated pairs of asymmetric torus (V and antitorus (V of two differentenergy states and Wave [W]- phase, resulting from quantum beats between these states.Corresponding transitions are accompanied by emission absorption of CumulativeVirtual Cloud (CVC or CVC, formed by subquantum particles and antiparticles. Forvirtual particles the equality (2.2) is invalid in contrast to real ones.

Virtual particles differs from real sub-elementary ones by their lower stability (shortand uncertain life-time) and inability for fusion to triplets, as far their symmetry shift,determined by their external velocity and corresponding relativistic effects are not bigenough to follow the Golden Mean condition (see section 5).

For Cumulative Virtual Clouds (CVC and excited by them periodic subquantumparticles and antiparticles density oscillation in Bivacuum - virtual pressure waves(VPWq

VPWq, the relativistic mechanics and equality (2.2) are not valid.

Consequently, the causality principle also do not works in a system of VPWq.

The [electron - proton] interaction is generally considered, as a result of virtual photonsexchange (the cumulative virtual clouds CVC exchange in terms of our theory- section13.2, when the electron and proton total energies do not change. Only the directions oftheir momentums are changed. In this case the energy of virtual photon in the equation(2.2) E 0 and:

24

E2 p 2c2 p 2c2 0 2.3

The measure of virtuality (Vir) is a measure of Dirac’s relation validity:

Vir m02c4E2p 2c2 0 2.4

In contrast to actual particles, the virtual ones have a more limited radius of action. Themore is the virtuality (Vir), the lesser is the action radius. Each of emitted virtual quantum(virtual cloud) must be absorbed by the same particle or another in a course of theirC W pulsations.

A lot of process in quantum electrodynamics can be illustrated by Feynman diagrams(Feynman, 1985). In these diagrams, actual particles are described as infinitive rays (lines)and virtual particles as stretches connecting these lines (Fig. 1).

Each peak (or angle) in Feynman diagrams means emission or absorption of quanta orparticles. The energy of each process (electromagnetic, weak, strong) is described usingcorrespondent fine structure constants.

Fig. 1. Feynman diagrams describing electron-proton scattering (interaction), mediated byvirtual photons: a) - annihilation of electron and positron by means of virtual electron evand virtual positron ev with origination of two and three actual photons : diagrams b) and c) correspondingly.

3 Three conservation rules for asymmetric Bivacuum fermions (BVFasand Bivacuum bosons (BVBas

There are three basic postulates in our theory, interrelated with each other:I. The absolute values of internal rotational kinetic energies of torus and antitorus are

equal to each other and to the half of the rest mass energy of the electrons of correspondinglepton generation, independently on the external group velocity (v, turning the symmetricBivacuum fermions (BVF to asymmetric ones:

I : 12 mV

vgrin 2 12 |mV

|vphin 2 12 m0c2 const

in

i 3.1

where the positive mV and negative mV

i2mV are the ’actual’ - inertial and

’complementary’ (imaginary) - inertialess masses of torus (V and antitorus (V; the vgrinand vphin are the internal angular group and phase velocities of subquantum particles andantiparticles, forming torus and antitorus, correspondingly. In symmetric conditions ofprimordial Bivacuum and its virtual dipoles, when the influence of matter and fields isabsent: vgrin vphin c andmV

|mV | m0.

It will be proved in section (7.1) of this paper, that the above condition means theinfinitive life-time of torus and antitorus of BVF and BVB.II. The internal magnetic moments of torus (V and antitorus (V of asymmetric

Bivacuum fermions BVFas V V and antifermions: BVFas V V], when vgrin vphin , mV

|mV | and |e | |e |, are equal to each other and to that of Bohr magneton:

25

B 0 12 |e0 |

m0c , independently on their internal vgr,phin rot and external translationalvelocity v 0 and mass and charge symmetry shifts.

In contrast to permanent magnetic moments of V and V, their actual andcomplementary massesmV

and |mV |, internal angular velocities (vgrin and vphin and electric

charges |e | and |e |, are dependent on the external and internal velocities, however, in sucha way, that they compensate each other variations:

II :| | 1

2 |e | |||mV |vgrin rot

| | 12 |e | ||

|mV | vphin rot

0 12 |e0 |

m0c const

i

3.2

This postulate reflects the condition of the invariance of magnetic moments | | andspin values (S 1

2 of torus and antitorus of Bivacuum dipoles with respect to theirinternal and external velocity, i.e. the absence of these parameters symmetry shifts;III. The equality of Coulomb attraction force between torus and antitorus V V of

primordial Bivacuum dipoles of all three lepton generations i e, , (electrons, muonsand tauons), providing uniform equilibrium electric energy distribution in Bivacuum:

III : F0i e0

2

dVV2 n

e

e02

dVV2 n

e02

dVV2 n

3.2a

where: [dVV]ni hm0i c12n

is the separation between torus and antitorus of Bivacuumthree pole dipoles (1.4) at the same state of excitation (n). A similar condition is valid aswell for opposite magnetic poles interaction; |e | |e | e0

2.The important consequences of postulate III are the following equalities:

e0m0e e0m0 e0m0 |ee ||mVmV

| const

or: e0 e0

em0e /m0

; e0 e0

em0e /m0

3.2b

This means that the toruses and antitoruses of symmetric Bivacuum dipoles ofgenerations with bigger mass: m0

206,7 m0e ; m0

3487,28 m0e have correspondingly

smaller charges.As is shown in the next section, just these conditions provide the same charge symmetry

shift of Bivacuum fermions of three generations (i e,, at the different mass symmetryshift between corresponding torus and antitorus, determined by Golden mean.

From (4.5) and (4.5a) we get, that relations, similar to 3.2b are true also for asymmetricBivacuum dipoles of different generations if they have the same external velocities (v):

e ee m0e /m0

; e ee m0e /m0

3.2c

It follows from the second postulate (II), that the resulting magnetic moment ofsub-elementary fermion or antifermion (, equal to the Bohr’s magneton, is interrelatedwith the actual spin of Bivacuum fermion or antifermion as:

| || |1/2 B 12

e0m0c S e0

m0c 3.3

where: e0/m0c is gyromagnetic ratio of Bivacuum fermion, equal to that of the electron.One may see from (3.3), that the spin of the actual torus, equal to that of the resulting

spin of Bivacuum fermion (symmetric or asymmetric), is:

26

S 12 3.4

Consequently, the permanent absolute value of spin of torus and antitorus is aconsequence of 2nd postulate.

It is assumed also in our approach, that the dependence of the actual inertial mass (mV

of torus V of asymmetric Bivacuum fermions (BVFas V V) on the externaltranslational group velocity (v) follows relativistic mechanics:

mV m0

1 v/c2 m (inertial mass) 3.5

while the complementary inertialess mass (mV of antitorus V has the sign, opposite to

that of the actual one (mV the reverse velocity dependence:

mV m0 1 v/c2 (inertialess mass) 3.6

The product of actual (inertial) and complementary (inertialess) mass is a constant,equal to the rest mass of particle squared and reflect the mass compensation principle. Itmeans, that increasing of mass/energy of the torus is compensated by in-phase decreasingof absolute values of these parameters for antitorus and vice versa:

|mV | |mV

| m02 3.7

Taking (3.7) and (3.1) into account, we get for the product of the internal group andphase velocities of positive and negative subquantum particles, forming torus and antitorus,correspondingly:

vgrin vphin c2 3.8

A similar symmetric relation is reflecting the charge compensation principle:

|e | |e | e02 3.9

The sum of the actual (positive) and the complementary (negative) total energies of (3.5and 3.6), i.e. the resulting energy of Bivacuum fermion (BVFas is equal to its doubledexternal kinetic energy, anisotropic in general case:

mV mV

c2 mVv2 2Tk m0v2

1 v/c2x,y,z

i

3.10

In asymmetric Bivacuum fermions BVFas V V i and Bivacuum antifermionsBVFas V V i the actual and complementary torus and antitorus change their place,

as well as relativistic dependence of their opposite mass and charge on the external velocityof Bivacuum dipoles (v). Similar exchange of the notions of the actual and complementarytorus and antitorus and their relativistic dependence on (v) takes a place for Bivacuumbosons of opposite polarization: BVB V V i and BVB V V i. Weassume, that the actual mass of asymmetric dipoles of Bivacuum with regular relativisticdependence is always positive (like in conventional consideration of particles andantiparticles) and the uncompensated energy of Bivacuum dipoles is determined by theabsolute value of their mass symmetry shift.

27

The resulting energy of asymmetric Bivacuum antifermion and negatively polarizedBivacuum boson, the formula (3.10) turns to shape:

mV mV

c2 mVv2 2Tk m0v2

1 v/c2x,y,z

i

where in contrast to (3.5) and (3.6), the relativistic dependences of torus and antitoruschange their place:

mV m0

1 v/c2(inertial mass)

mV m0 1 v/c2 (inertialess mass)

The fundamental Einstein equation for total energy of particle can be reformed andextended, using eqs. 3.10 and 3.7:

Etot mVc2 mc2 mV

c2 mVv2

or : Etot mVc2 m0

2

mV c2 mV

v2

or : Etot mVc2 1 v/c2 m0c2 2Tk

3.10a

3.10b

3.10c

The ratio of absolute values (3.6) to (3.5), taking into account (3.7), is:

|mV |

mV m0

2

mV 2 1 v

c2 3.11

It can easily be transformed to the important formula for resulting external energy ofBivacuum dipoles (3.10).

The opposite shift of symmetry between V and V of two Bivacuum fermions ofopposite spins occur due to relativistic effects, accompanied their rotation side-by-side as aCooper pairs BVF BVFas around the common axe. In this case the quantum beatsbetween V and V of BVF and BVF can occur in the same phase.

When the external velocity (v of the external rotation of pair BVF BVFas reachthe Golden mean (GM) condition (v2/c2 0.618, this results in origination of therest mass: m0 |mV

mV | and elementary charge: e |e e | of opposite sign for

sub-elementary fermion: BVFas F and sub-elementary antifermion BVFas

F

with spatial image of pair of truncated cone of opposite symmetry (section 4.1). Theresulting mass/energy, charge and spin of Cooper pairs [F F is zero because ofcompensation effects.

On the other hand, two adjacent asymmetric Bivacuum fermions and antifermions ofsimilar direction of rotation and similar semi-integer spins can not rotate ’side-by-side’,like in Cooper pairs: BVF BVFas, compensating each other, but only as’head-to-tail’ complexes in clockwise or anticlockwise directions:

NBVF BVFas or NBVF BVFas 3.12

In such bosonic configuration, corresponding to integer spin, the energy/ mass, charge andhalf-integer spin of the Bivacuum dipoles, are the additive values.

As far in primordial Bivacuum the average mass/energy, charge and spin should be

28

zero, it means that the number of ’head-to-tail’ pairs of Bivacuum fermions with bosonproperties is equal to similar bosonic pairs of Bivacuum antifermions: N N.

In contrast to Bivacuum fermions, which may self-assemble to the doubled virtualmicrotubules only, the Bivacuum bosons may polymerize also into the mono filaments oftwo opposite polarization (, as far it do not contradict the Pauli principle:

BVB V V i and BVB V V i 3.13

It follows from our model of elementary particles (chapter 5), that the described aboveopposite symmetry shift of paired side-by-side Bivacuum fermions, antifermions andBivacuum bosons of opposite polarization occur, as a result of their rotation around thecommon axes with tangential external velocity (v).

The ’head-to-tail’ associated Bivacuum dipoles may form the straight/linear mono anddoubled virtual microtubules, connecting "Sender" and "Receiver" (virtual filaments) (seeFig.14). Another possible configurations of Bivacuum dipoles self-assembly is their closedcirculating structures/rings with perimeter, equal de Broglie wave length of mono dipoles(BVBas or their pairs BVF BVFas. This length, equal to perimeter of circulation,determined by the tangential velocity (v) of ring rotation:

Viri 2LViri hpBVB,BVFi h

mV mV

ic hcmV

iv2 3.14

This condition corresponds to that of standing de Broglie wave of particle with massmV

i and tangential velocity (v).For single Bivacuum dipoles (BVF, BVF and BVF i, the conversion of their torus

(V or antitorus (V from complementary to the actual one, depends on the direction ofBivacuum dipoles propagation in direction, parallel to the main axes of dipoles rotation.For example, just the frontier torus (V of dipole V V as respect to direction ofdipole propagation becomes the actual.

In the opposite direction of this dipole propagation with translational velocity (v), theantitorus (V turns to the actual one. In the intermediate direction of Bivacuum dipolemotion, the probability of torus or antitorus to became actual one, is proportional to(cos , where is the angle between vectors of dipole velocity (v) and vector of itsinternal symmetry shift V V. In strong electrostatic or gravitational fields tensiongradients, the induced vector of Bivacuum dipoles polarization coincides with vector oftheir external momentum. This means that the probability of the ’frontier’ torus or antitorus’actualization’: P ~ cos 1, as far 0.

4 The relation between the external and internal parametersof Bivacuum fermions. Quantum roots of Golden mean

The important formula, unifying a lot of internal and external (translational-rotational)parameters of BVFas , taking into account that the product of internal and external phaseand group velocities is equal to light velocity squared:

vphin vgrin vphextvgrext c2 4.1

can be derived from eqs. (3.1 - 3.11):

29

mV

mV

1/2 mV

c2

m0c2 vphin

vgrin c

vgrin2

LVLV

L02

LV 2 |e ||e | e

e0

2 11 v2/c2

ext1/2

4.2

4.2a

where:

LV /mVvgrin L01 v2/c2

ext1/4 i

LV /mVvphin

L02

LV L0

1 v2/c2ext1/4

i

L0 LVLV 1/2 /m0ci Compton radius

4.3

4.3a

are the radii of torus (V, antitorus (V and the resulting radius of BVFas V V,equal to Compton radius, correspondingly.

The absolute external velocity of Bivacuum dipoles, squared, as respect to primordialBivacuum (absolute reference frame), can be expressed, using 4.2 and 4.2a, as a criteria ofparameters of torus and antitorus symmetry shift as:

v2 c2 1 mV

mV c2 1 e

2

e2 c2 1 SS x,y,z

4.4

where: S LV 2 and S LV2 are the squares of cross-sections of torus andantitorus of Bivacuum dipoles.The existence of absolute velocity in our Unified theory (anisotropic in general case)

and the Universal reference frame of Primordial Bivacuum, pertinent for Ether concept, isan important difference with Special relativity theory. The light velocity in UT, like soundvelocity in the matter, is a function of Bivacuum (primary or secondary) matrix properties.

The relativistic dependences of the actual charge e and actual mass (mV on external

absolute velocity of Bivacuum dipole, following from (4.2a) and (3.5) are:

e e0

1 v2/c21/4

mV m0

1 v/c2

4.5

4.5a

The influence of relativistic dependence of real particles charge on the resulting chargeand electric field density of Bivacuum, which is known to be electrically quasi neutralvacuum/bivacuum, is negligible for two reasons:

1. Densities of positive and negative real charges (i.e. particles and antiparticles) arevery small and approximately equal. This quasi-equilibrium of opposite charges is Lorentzinvariant;

2. The remnant uncompensated by real antiparticles charges density at any velocitiescan be compensated totally by virtual antiparticles and asymmetric Bivacuum fermions(BVF) of opposite charges.

The ratio of the actual charge to the actual inertial mass from (4.5 and 4.5a) has also therelativistic dependence:

30

emV

e0m0

1 v2/c21/4 4.6

The decreasing of this ratio with velocity increasing is weaker, than it follows from thegenerally accepted statement, that charge has no relativistic dependence in contrast to theactual massmV

. The direct experimental investigation of relativistic dependence of thisratio on the external velocity (v) may confirm the validity of our formula (4.6) and generalapproach.

From eqs. (3.10); (3.13) and (3.13a) we find for mass and charge symmetry shift:

m mV mV

mV v

c2

e e e e2e e

vc

2

4.7

4.7a

These mass and charge symmetry shifts determines the relativistic dependence of theeffective mass and charge of the fermions. In direct experiments only the actual mass (mV

and charge (e can be registered. It means that the complementary mass (mV

and chargeare hidden for observation.

The ratio of charge to mass symmetry shifts (the effective charge and mass ratio) is:

em

e2

mV e e

4.8

The mass symmetry shift can be expressed via the squared charges symmetry shift alsoin the following manner:

m mV mV

mV e2 e2

e2 4.8a

or using (3.11) this formula turns to:

e2 e2e2

v2

c2 4.9

When the mass and charge symmetry shifts of Bivacuum dipoles are small and|e | |e | 2e 2e0, we get from 4.7a for variation of charge shift:

e e e 12 e0

v2

c2 4.10

The formula, unifying the internal and external group and phase velocities ofasymmetric Bivacuum fermions (BVFas , derived from (4.2) and (4.2a), is:

vgrinc

4

1 vc

2 4.11

where: vgrext v is the external translational-rotational group velocity of BVFas .At the conditions of ”Hidden Harmony”, meaning the equality of the internal and

external rotational group and phase velocities of asymmetric Bivacuum fermions BVFas :

vgrin Vrot vgrext

tr v

vphin Vrot vphext

tr

4.12

4.12a

31

and introducing the notation:

vgrinc

2

vc

2

vgrin

vphin

vgrext

vphext 4.13

formula (4.11) turns to a simple quadratic equation:

2 1 0,

which has a few modes : 1 1 or :

1 1/2 1

or : 11 1/2 1

4.14

4.14a

4.14b

The solution of (4.14), is equal to Golden mean: v/c2 0.618. It is remarkable,that the Golden Mean, which plays so important role on different Hierarchic levels ofmatter organization: from elementary particles to galactics and even in our perception ofbeauty (i.e. our mentality), has so deep physical roots, corresponding to Hidden Harmonyconditions (4.12 and 4.12a). Our theory is the first one, elucidating these roots(Kaivarainen, 1995; 2000; 2005). This important fact points, that we are on the right track.

The overall shape of asymmetric BVFas V Viis a truncated cone (Fig.2)

with plane, parallel to the base with radiuses of torus (L and antitorus (L, defined byeq. (4.3).

4.1 The rest mass and charge originationUsing Golden Mean equation in the form (4.14b), we can see, that all the ratios (4.2 and

4.2a) at Golden Mean conditions turn to:

mV

mV

1/2 mV

m0vphin

vgrin LL |e |

|e | ee0

2

1

4.15

where the actual (e and complementary (e charges and corresponding mass at GMconditions are:

e e0/1/2; e e01/2

mV m0/; mV

m0

4.16

4.16a

using (4.16 and 4.16a) it is easy to see, that the difference between the actual andcomplementary mass at GM conditions is equal to the rest mass:

|mV | mV mV

m01/ m0e,, 4.17

This is an important result, pointing that just a symmetry shift, determined by theGolden mean conditions, is responsible for origination of the rest mass of sub-elementaryparticles of each of three generation (i e,,.The same is true for charge origination. The GM difference between actual and

complementary charges, using relation 1/ 1, determines corresponding minimumcharge of sub-elementary fermions or antifermions (at vtrext 0:

32

3/2e0 |e | |e e | |e|

where: |e ||e | e02

4.18 4.18a

The absolute values of charge symmetry shifts for electron, muon and tauon at GMconditions are the same. This result determines the equal absolute values of empirical restcharges of the electron, positron, proton and antiproton. However, the mass symmetryshifts at GM conditions, equal to the rest mass of electrons, muons and tauons are verydifferent.

The ratio of charge to mass symmetry shifts at Golden mean (GM) conditions (vtrext 0is a permanent value for all three electron generations (e, , . The different values oftheir rest mass are taken into account by postulate III and it consequences of their rest massand charge relations: e0

e0em0

e /m0; e0

e0em0

e /m0 (see 3.2c) :

|e |

|mV |

|e i |

m0e |e |

|mV |

e03/2

m0e03/2

m0,

e,,

4.19

where: mV m0/ is the actual mass of unpaired sub-elementary fermion in [C]

phase at Golden mean conditions (see next section); e0 e0e ; m0

e m0.Formula (4.19) can be considered as a background of permanent value of gyromagnetic

ratio, equal to ratio of magnetic moment of particle to its angular momentum (spin). For theelectron it is:

e02mec

4.20

A huge amount of information, pointing that Golden mean plays a crucial role inNature, extrapolating similar basic principles of matter formation on higher thanelementary particles hierarchical levels, starting from DNA level up to galactics spatialorganization, are collected and analyzed in the impressive web site of Dan Winter:http://www.soulinvitation.com/indexdw.html

4.2 Quantization of the rest mass/energy and charge of sub-elementary fermionsFormula (3.10), using (4.19), can be transformed to following shape:

n2 mV

m0

2 e

e03/2

2

v/c4

1 v/c2 4.21

Introducing the definition: v/c2 x, eq. 4.21 can be reduced to quadratic equation:

x2 n2x n2 0 4.22

The solution of this equation is:

x 12 n2 n4 4n2 4.23

It is easy to calculate, that at n 1, n2 1 and mV m0; e e03/2 we have

xn1 v/c2 0.618 .At n 2, n2 4 and mV

2m0; e 2e03/2 we havev/cn2

2 0.8284 1.339.At n 3, n2 9 and mV

3m0; e 3e03/2 we havev/cn3

2 0.9083 1.469

33

At n 4, n2 16 and mV 4m0; e 4e03/2 we have

v/cn42 0.9442 1.528

4.3 The ratio of energies at Golden mean and Dead mean conditionsThe known formula, unifying the ratio of phase and group velocity of relativistic de

Broglie wave (vph/v c2/v2 with ratio of its potential energy to kinetic one VB/Tk is:

2 vphv 1 VBTk

4.24

It is easy to see from (4.24), that at GM condition: (vph/v c2/v2 1/, the ratio:

VB/Tk 2.236 and Tk/Tk VB Tk/EB 0.309 4.25

The Golden mean (GM) conditions for sub-elementary particles, composing freeelementary particles are the result of their fast rotation at GM or Compton frequency(section 5):

0i m0

i c2/ 4.25a

Such spinning of sub-elementary particles in triplets around the common axis (Fig.2), atthe Hidden Harmony conditions, when their internal and external group and phasevelocities coincide (eq.4.12; 4.12a).

In contrast to Golden mean (4.25), we may introduce here the ”Dead mean”,corresponding to thermal equilibrium. At this conditions any system can be described bythe number of independent harmonic oscillators, unable to coupling and self-organization:

VTk

D 1; 2Tk

EBD Tk V

EBD 1 4.26

The deep natural roots of Golden mean, as a consequence of Hidden Harmonyconditions (4.12), leading from our theory, explain the universality of this number( 0.618).

It is demonstrated in our work, that any kind of selected system, able to self-assembly,self-organization and evolution: from atoms to living organisms and from galactics toUniverse - are tending to conditions of combinational resonance with virtual pressurewaves under the action Tuning Energy (TE) of Bivacuum (section 15).

The less is deviation of ratio of characteristic parameters (dynamic and spatial) ofsystem from [ Phi], the more advanced is evolution of this system. We have to keep inmind that all forms of matter are composed from hierarchic systems of de Broglie waves.

4.4 The solution of Dirac monopole problem, following from Unified theoryThe Dirac theory, searching for elementary magnetic charges g and g, symmetric to

electric ones e and e, namedmonopoles, leads to following relation between themagnetic monopole and electric charge of the same signs:

ge n2 c or: g n2

ce n

2e

where : n 1,2,3 is the integer number

4.27

where e2/c is the electromagnetic fine structure constant.It follows from this definition, that minimal magnetic charge at n 1 is as big

as g 67.7e. The mass of monopole should be huge 1016GeV. All numerous attemptsto reveal such particles experimentally has failed.

34

Our theory explains this fact in such a way: in contrast to electric and mass dipolessymmetry shifts (see 4.17 and 4.18), the symmetry violation between the internal actual | |and complementary | | magnetic charges of elementary fermions is absent because oftheir permanent values postulated (3.2). The equality of the actual (torus) andcomplementary (antitorus) magnetic moments of sub-elementary fermions andantifermions:

| | | | | | 0 4.28

independent on their external velocity, explains the absence of magnetic monopoles inNature.

The elementary magnetic charge is not a monopole, like electric one () or (-). It is adipole, formed by pair F F of triplet F F F i .

5 Fusion of elementary particles, as a triplets of sub-elementary fermionsat Golden mean conditions

At the Golden Mean (GM) conditions: v/c2 0.618, the Cooper pairs ofasymmetric Bivacuum fermions, rotating in opposite direction around the common axis ofvorticity, turns to pair of sub-elementary fermion and antifermion with ratio of radiuses oftorus and antitorus: L/L L2/L0

2 S/S0 (see eq. 4.15):

F F BVFas BVFas 5.1

of opposite charge, spin and energy with common Compton radius. The spatial image ofpair F F is two identical truncated cones of the opposite orientation of planesrotating without slip around common rotation axis (Fig.2).

Fig. 2. Model of the electron, as a triplets F Fx,y F i , resulting from fusionof third sub-elementary antifermion F to sub-elementary antifermion F with oppositespin in rotating pair F Fx,y. The velocity of rotation of unpaired sub-elementary Faround the same axis of common rotation axis of pair provide the similar rest mass m0 andabsolute charge |e |, as have the paired F and F. Three effective anchorBVF V Vanc in the vicinity of sub-elementary particles base, participate in recoileffects, accompanied their C W pulsation and modulation of Bivacuum pressure waves(VPWq

. The recoil effects of paired F Fx,y totally compensate each other and the

35

relativistic mass change of triplets is determined only by the anchor Bivacuum fermionBVF anc of the unpaired sub-elementary fermion F .

The fusion of asymmetric sub-elementary fermions and antifermions of e, and generations F BVFas

e,,(Fig.2) to triplets results in corresponding

electrons/positrons, muons/antimuons and protons/antiprotons origination

F Fx,y F ze,,p 5.2

This fusion becomes possible at the Golden mean (GM) conditions, stimulated by theresonant exchange interaction with basic (q 1) Bivacuum virtual pressure waves(VPWq1

. In the case protons it is accompanied by the energy release and gluonsorigination, equal in sum to the mass defect, as far the mass of tauons is bigger, than themass of the proton. In section 12.5 it will be proved, that stabilization of theelectron/positron triplets is possible without e-gluons exchange. The centrifugal force,generated by rotation of pair F Fx,ye can be compensated by the Coulomb attractionbetween F and F.

Similar consideration of muons with mass 0.106 GeV/c2 (about 200 times bigger, thanelectron’s) reveals that the centrifugal force, generated by fast rotation of pair F Fx,y

around common axis exceeds strongly the Coulomb attraction between sub-elementaryfermions of corresponding lepton generation F

and F. This makes the triplet

structure of electron unstable even at Golden mean conditions. The experimentallife-time of muon is 2.19703106s. The life-time of tauon with mass 1.7771 GeV/c2 iseven much shorter 2.951013 s. We suppose the reason of low stability of electron, isthat, in contrast to electron and muon, it represents just a monomeric form of asymmetricBivacuum fermion at GM conditions F BVFas

. The fusion of these

sub-elementary fermions to protons and neutrons stabilize the structure of these triplets.It was demonstrated theoretically, that the vortical structures at certain conditions

self-organizes into vortex crystals (Jin and Dubin, 2000).The fusion of triplets is accompanied by ’switching on’ the resonant exchange

interaction of CVCq1 with Bivacuum virtual pressure waves VPWq1

i of fundamentalfrequency (0 m0c2/e,, in the process of [corpuscleC waveW] transitions ofelementary particles. The triplets of elementary particles and antiparticles formation (Fig.2)is a result of fusion of third sub-elementary fermion (antifermion) F with one ofsub-elementary fermion (antifermion) of rotating pair F F of the opposite spins. Theopposite spins means that their C W pulsations are counterphase and these twosub-elementary particles are spatially compatible (see section 9). The velocity of rotation ofunpaired sub-elementary fermion F around the same axis of common rotation axis ofpair (Fig.2) provide the similar mass and charge |e |, as have the paired F and Fbecause of similar symmetry shift.

Let us analyze the rotational dynamics of unpaired F e,, V Vas in triplets

(Fig.2) just after fusion to triplet at GM conditions in the absence of the externaltranslational motion of triplet.

Its properties are the result of participation in two rotational process simultaneously:1) rotation of asymmetric F

e,, around its own axis (Fig.2) with spatial image oftruncated cone with resulting radius:

LBVFas /|mV

mV |c /m01/ c /2.236m0c L0/2.23 5.3

36

2) rolling of this truncated cone of F e,, around the another axis, common for pair of

sub-elementary particles F F (Fig.2) inside of a larger vorticity with bigger radius,equal to Compton radius:

LBVFas BVFas /|mV

mV |c /m0c L0 5.4

with Golden mean angular frequency:

,i rot

cL0

0 m0i c2

5.4a

The ratio of radius of BVFas F to radius of pairs F F at GM

conditions is equal to the ratio of potential energy (V) to kinetic energy (Tk) of relativisticde Broglie wave (wave B) at GM conditions. This ratio is the same, as in known formulafor relativistic wave B V

Tk 2 vph

vgr 1 :

LBVFas BVFas

LBVFas |mV

mV |

|mV mV

| V

Tk 2 vph

vgr 1 2,236 5.5

where the potential and kinetic energy of asymmetric Bivacuum dipoles, formingtriplets - elementary fermions are equal correspondingly to:

V 12 |mV

mV |c2

Tk 12 |mV

mV |c2 1

2 mVv2

5.5a

5.5b

This result is a good evidence in proof of our expressions for total energy ofsub-elementary particle, as a sum of internal potential and rotational kinetic energies (seesection 7, eqs. 7.1 - 7.3).The triplets of the electrons and muons of the same or opposite spin state are the result

of fusion of sub-elementary particles of e or leptons generation, correspondingly:

e F F F e,

e F F F e, 5.6

5.7

with mass, charge and spins, determined by uncompensated/unpaired sub-elementaryparticle: F e,.

5.1 Correlation between our model of hadrons andconventional quark model of protons and neutrons in Standard Model

We suppose that the proton (Z 1; S 1/2 is constructed by the same principle asthe electron (Fig.2). It is a result of fusion of pair of sub-elementary fermion andantifermion of generation F FS0

p and one unpaired sub-elementary fermionF S1/2

, accompanied by huge energy release, corresponding to mass defect:E ~ m mpc2. These three components of proton correspond to three quarks:F S1/2

p ~ q and antiquarks F S1/2p ~q.

The difference with standard quark model is that we do not need to use the notion offractional charge in our model of proton with spin S 1/2:

37

p F FS0x,y F S1/2

z

or : p ~ q qS0x,y qS1/2

z

5.9

5.9a

The charges, spins and mass/energy of sub-elementary particles and antiparticles in pairsF Fx,y

compensate each other. The resulting properties of protons (p) are determinedby unpaired/uncompensated sub-elementary particle F of heavy electronsgeneration, including the recoil effects, responsible for charge effect of proton. The mutualrecoil and charge compensation effects of two paired sub-elementary fermions is possible,if they are oriented opposite to each other and are pulsing in 2-dimensional plane (x,y) inthe the same phase.

The absence of charge in the neutron (Z 0; S 1/2 can be explained in two ways:1) as a result of complex of proton with oppositely charged sub-elementary fermion of e

- generation:

n F FS0 F Fe S1/2

or : n~ q q S0 q0 S1/2

e

or : n~ S0

Fe

5.10

5.10a

5.10b

where the neutral quark q0 S1/2

e is introduced, as a metastable complex of positivesub-elementary fermion F

with negative electron’s sub-elementary fermion F esub-elementary fermion of opposite charge Fe:

q0 S1/2

e q Fe 5.11

This means that the positive charge of unpaired heavy sub-elementary particle F inneutron (n) is compensated by the charge of the light sub-elementary fermion Fe. Incontrast to charge, the spin of unpaired F is not compensated (totally) by spin of Fe

in neutrons, because of strong mass and angular momentum difference in conditions of theFe confinement.

The 2nd possible explanation of zero charge of the neutron is such relative 3Dconfiguration of sub-elementary fermions, which provides the recoilless C W pulsationof all three sub-elementary fermions, like in Mössbauer effect (see section 8.10).

Fx F

yW FCz n F

x FyC FW

z n 5.11a

In this configuration all three sub-elementary fermions in [C] phase are oriented normal toeach other and the recoil and charge effects, accompanied C W pulsation of all threesub-elementary fermion totally compensate each other.

Different superpositions of three sub-elementary fermions, like different combinationsof three interlocing Borromean rings (symbol, popular in Medieval Italy) can beresponsible for different properties of the electrons, protons and neutrons.

The mass of - electron, equal to that of -positron is: m 17823 MeV, the mass ofthe regular electron is: me 0,5110031 MeV and the mass of electron is:m 105,65952MeV.

For the other hand, the mass of proton and neutron are correspondingly:mp 938,2803 MeV and mn 939,573 (3) MeV. They are about two times less, thanthe mass of - electron, equal, in accordance to our model, to mass of its unpaired

38

sub-elementary fermion F. This difference characterize the energy of neutral masslessgluons (exchange bosons), stabilizing the triplets of protons and neutrons. In the case ofneutrons this difference is a bit less (taking into account the mass of Fe, providing,however, much shorter life-time of isolated neutrons (918 sec.), than that of protons (1031

years).In accordance to our hadrons models, each of three quarks (sub-elementary fermions of

generation) in protons and neutrons can exist in 3 states (red, green and blue), but notsimultaneously:

1. The red state of quark/antiquark means that it is in corpuscular [C] phase;2. The green state of quark/antiquark means that it is in wave [W] phase;3. The blue state means that quark/antiquark F

is in the transition [C][W] state.The 8 different combinations of the above defined states of 3 quarks of protons and

neutrons correspond to 8 gluons colors, stabilizing the these hadrons. The triplets of quarksare stabilized by the emission absorption of cumulative virtual clouds (CVC in theprocess of quarks C W pulsation.

The known experimental values of life-times of and electrons, corresponding inaccordance to our model, to monomeric asymmetric sub-elementary fermions BVFas

,,

are equal only to 2,19 106s and 3,4 1013s, respectively. We assume here, that stabilityof monomeric sub-elementary particles/antiparticles of e, and generations, stronglyincreases, as a result of their fusion in triplets, possible at Golden mean conditions.

The well known example of weak interaction, like decay of the neutron to proton,electron and e antineutrino:

n p e e

or : q q q0 S1/2

e q q q e e

5.12

5.12a

is in accordance with our model of elementary particles and theory of neutrino (section8.4).

The sub-elementary fermion of generation in composition of proton or neutron canbe considered, as a quark and the sub-elementary antifermion, as antiquark:

F~ q and F

~ q 5.13

In the process of decay of neutron (5.12 and 5.11) the unpaired negativesub-elementary fermion Fe in (5.11) forms a complex - triplet (electron) withcomplementary virtual Cooper pair F FS0

e from the vicinal to neutron polarizedBivacuum:

Fe F FS0e e 5.14

If we accept the explanation of zero charge of neutron, as a result of total compensationof recoil dynamics in the process of correlated C W pulsation of three of itssub-elementary fermions, then decay can be considered as conversion of such specificconfiguration of neutron (5.11a) to another configuration, pertinent for proton:

F F Fn p e e 5.14a

where the configuration of proton is described by (5.9). This conversion is accompaniedby excitation of vicinal virtual electrone and its transition to the real pair [electron antineutrino] e e.

39

The energy of 8 gluons, corresponding to different superposition of[CVC CVCS0,1, emitted and absorbed with in-phase C W pulsation of pair[quark antiquark] in triplets (5.9 - 5.9b):

F FS0,1 qqS0,1 5.15

is about 50% of energy/mass of quarks and antiquarks ( sub-elementary fermions andantifermions).

These 8 gluons, responsible for strong interaction, can be presented as a followingcombinations of transitions states of sub-elementary fermions (quarks q2 and q3) andantifermion (antiquark q1, corresponding to two spin states of proton (S 1/2 ofunpaired quark.

For its spin state: Sq3 1/2 we have following 4 transition combinations of tripletstransition states, corresponding to four types of gluons:

1 C Wq1

S1/2 C Wq2S1/2 C Wq3

S1/2

2 W Cq1

S1/2 W Cq2S1/2 C Wq3

S1/2

3 C Wq1

S1/2 C Wq2S1/2 W Cq3

S1/2

4 W Cq1

S1/2 W Cq2S1/2 W Cq3

S1/2

5.16

5.16a

5.16b

5.16c

and for the opposite spin state of unpaired quark: Sq3 1/2 we have also 4 transitionstates combinations, representing another four types of gluons:

5 C Wq1

S1/2 C Wq2S1/2 C Wq3

S1/2

6 W Cq1

S1/2 W Cq2S1/2 C Wq3

S1/2

7 C Wq1

S1/2 C Wq2S1/2 W Cq3

S1/2

8 W Cq1

S1/2 W Cq2S1/2 W Cq3

S1/2

5.17

5.17a

5.17b

5.17c

One of our versions of elementary particle fusion have some similarity withthermonuclear fusion and can be as follows. The rest mass of isolated sub-elementaryfermion/antifermion before fusion of the electron or proton, is equal to the rest mass ofunstable muon or tauon, correspondingly. The 200 times decrease of muons mass is a resultof mass defect, equal to the binding energy of triplets: electrons or positrons. It is providedby origination of electronic e-gluons and release of the huge amount of excessive kinetic(thermal) energy, for example in form of high energy photons or e-neutrino beams.

In protons, as a result of fusion of three electrons/positrons, the contribution ofhadron h-gluon energy to mass defect is only about 50% of their mass. However, theabsolute hadron fusion energy yield is higher, than that of the electrons and positrons.Our hypothesis of stable electron/positron and hadron fusion from short-living and

- electrons, as a precursor of electronic and hadronic quarks, correspondingly, can beverified using special collider.

In accordance to our Unified Theory, there are two different mechanisms ofstabilization of the electron and proton structures in form of triplets of sub-elementaryfermions/antifermions of the reduced and generations, correspondingly, preventingthem from exploding under the action of self-charge:

1. Each of sub-elementary fermion/antifermion, representing asymmetric pair of torus(V and antitorus (V, as a charge, magnetic and mass dipole, is stabilized by theCoulomb, magnetic and gravitational attraction between torus and antitorus;

40

2. The stability of triplet, as a whole, is provided by the exchange of Cumulative VirtualClouds (CVC and CVC between three sub-elementary fermions/antifermions in theprocess of their C W pulsation. In the case of proton and neutron, the 8 transitionstates corresponds to 8 h-gluons of hadrons, responsible for strong interaction. In the caseof the electron or positron, the stabilization of triplets is realized by 8 lighter e-gluons. Theprocess of internal energy exchange of pairs F FS0,1

e,p with unpaired sub-elementaryfermion in triplets of hadrons is accompanied also by the energy exchange with externalBivacuum medium. It is resulted in modulation of positive and negative virtual pressurewaves [VPW VPW of Bivacuum, generating the Virtual Replica Multiplication ofnucleons (see chapter 13). The feedback reaction between Bivacuum and elementaryparticles is also existing.

5.2 Possible structure of mesons, W and Z0 bosons of electroweak interactionBy definition of Standard Model, the mesons are a family of subatomic particles (about

140) that participate in strong interactions and have masses intermediate between leptonsand baryons. When the mass of such particles, formed by quarks like baryons, exceeds themass of baryons (proton, neutron, lambda and omega), they named bosonic hadrons. It isgenerally assumed, that they are composed of a quark and an antiquark. They are bosonswith spin, equal to zero or 1 and possible charge: 0, 1 and -1.

In our approach (see 5.15) the pairs of sub-elementary fermions of or generationsF FS0,1

, qqS0,1, (see 5.6 - 5.9a), have a properties of mesons, as a neutral

[quark antiquark] pair with bosonic integer spin. However these sub-elementary fermionsare not symmetric necessarily, like F FS0,1

, of triplets. The coherent cluster of suchpairs - from one to four pairs: n q q S0,1,2,3,4 can provide the experimentallyrevealed integer spins of mesons - from zero to four.

We assume also that some of experimentally revealed charged mesons, like pions (,standing for nucleons interaction, may represent the intermediate bosonic state of spinexchange process between sub-elementary fermion and antifermion of muon generationBVBS0

z1:

F FS0,1 F BVBS0

z1 F 5.18

If pion with mass (0.140 GeV/c2, is the intermediate state between muon andantimuon, indeed, this explains the decay of pion and antipion on muon (antimuon) andmuonic neutrino (antineutrino):

BVBS0z1

5.19

The negatively charged kaon (K and antikaon (K with mass (0.494 GeV/c2 about 5times bigger than that of muon (0.106 GeV/c2, can represent a small cluster of the oddnumber of Bivacuum bosons of generation, like:

2BVB BVB BVB z1 5.19a

The neutral heavy B-zero meson (B0 with mass (5.279 GeV/c2 and eta-c meson(2.980 GeV/c2 can be a clusters of even number of Bivacuum bosons of generation ofopposite symmetry shift, compensating the opposite charges of each other in pairs.

The interrelation between muon and the electron follows from two decay reactions ofmuon and antimuon:

41

e e

e e

5.20 5.20a

In terms of our Unified theory (UT), the neutrino and antineutrino are stable carriers ofthe excessive Bivacuum dipoles mass/energy symmetry shifts - positive (e, or negative( e, see section 8.4.

The existence of heavy charged (W, W and neutral (Z0 force carriers bosons withinteger spin 0, 1, 2... and mass: 80.4; 80.4 and 91.187 GeV/c2, correspondingly,introduced in electroweak theory is confirmed experimentally. These bosons complexstructure differs strongly from that of photons. This author suggest, that the charged bosonsW, W are the ’rings’ constructed from the odd number of asymmetric Bivacuum bosonsof generation of opposite symmetry shift and charge and the neutral bosons (Z0 fromthe even number of paired Bivacuum bosons (BVB BVBas , compensating thecharges of each other. These heavy bosons belongs to class of very unstable particles,named resonances, as far their decay/disassembly is related to strong interaction. Their lifetimes / interrelated with width of resonance ( are very short ~21025 s.

The rotating around common axes BVB and BVB forming virtual microtubules has apositive and negative charge and mass symmetry shift, corresponding to Golden meancondition (v2/c2) 0.618. These dipoles interact side-by-side in the same pairs and byhead-to-tail principle when forming doubled microtubules from adjacent pairs:

n BVB BVBS0,1,.. n V V i V Vi

S0,1,.. 5.21

We suppose, that these pairs polymerize in ring structures, different from that of photonand providing the uncompensated mass of such rotating virtual rings, equal to mass of W

and Z0 bosons. The positive and negative charges in each pair BVB BVBS0,1,..

compensate each other and the resulting charge of the ’ring’ is equal to charge (e of oneexcessive unpaired BVBS0,1,..

or (BVBS0,1,.. .

It is possible to evaluate the velocity of bosonic ’ring’ rotation, taking its mass, equalto:MW 80.4 GeV/c2 and the ring radius, equal to Compton radius of neutron:Ln /mnc, the region of electroweak interaction action. Then using the obtained earlierformula (3.14) for de Broglie radius of Bivacuum dipoles circulation, we get the conditionfor bosonic ’ring’ (LVirW

:

LVirW cMWv2

mnc Ln 5.22

where the mass of neutron mn 0.940 GeV/c2.From this formula we may get the velocity of ’ring’ rotation:

v c mnMW

1/2 c 0.1081 5.23

The corresponding velocity for Z0 boson is very close to that. We may see, that rotationof these ring - shape bosons is nonrelativistic. However, it becomes equal to light velocity,at the assumption, that radius of heavy bosons is determined by their Compton radius.

Otherwise, the heavy bosons and other resonances can be considered as theintermediate - gluonic state, when the asymmetric Bivacuum boson and antiboson with zerocharge, but opposite polarization, exchange their cumulative virtual clouds, beingsimultaneously in the wave [W] phase. In this case the equality (5.21) turns to:

42

n BVB BVBS0,1,.. CW

n CVC CVCS0,1,.. 5.24

The proposed approach to analysis of hadrons and mesons intrinsic features can bedeveloped further to explain the general roots of all know elementary particles, taking intoaccount their duality of sub-elementary fermions of all three generation and combination oftheir different states. It looks that it is possible to do without strong contradictions withStandard model. However our theory explains the origination of mass of elementaryparticles without Higgs field and corresponding bosons, not detected experimentally.

6 Total, potential and kinetic energies of elementary de Broglie wavesThe total energy of sub-elementary particles of triplets of the electrons or protons

F FS0 F S1/2e,p we can present in three modes, as a sum of total potential

Vtot and kinetic Ttot energies, including the internal and external contributions:

Etot Vtot Ttot 12 mV

mVc2 1

2 mV mV

c2

Etot mVc2 1

2 mV2c2 v2 1

2 mVv2

Etot 2Tkv/c2 12 mV

c21 R2 12 mV

v2

6.1

6.1a

6.1b

where: R m0/mV 1 v/c2 is the dimensionless relativistic factor; v is the

external translational - rotational velocity of particle;mV and mV

are the absolute massesof torus and antitorus of dipoles.

One may see, that Etot m0c2 at v 0 and mV m0.

Taking into account that the kinetic and potential energies of dipoles are defined by(5.5b and 5.5a):

Ttot 12 mV

mVc2 1

2 mVv2 6.1c

TtotW 12 mV

mVc2 TtotC 1

2 mVv2 and c2 vgrvph, where vgr v, then dividing the

left and right parts of (6.1 and 6.1a) by 12 mV

v2, we get:

2 c2

v2 1 2 vphvgr 1 mV mV

c2

mVv2 mV

mV

mV mV

6.2

Comparing formula (6.2) with known relation for relativistic de Broglie wave for ratioof its potential and kinetic energy (Grawford, 1973), we get the confirmation of ourdefinitions of potential and kinetic energies of elementary particle in (6.1):

2 vphvgr 1 VtotTtot

mV mV

c2

mV mV

c2 6.3

In Golden mean conditions, necessary for triplet fusion, the ratioVtot/Ttot 1/ 2.236.

In the case of symmetric primordial Bivacuum fermions BVF BVF] and bosonsBVB the absolute values of their energy/masses of their torus and antitorus are equal:mV

c2 mVc2 m0c2 1

2 n (eq.1.1). This means that their kinetic energy is zero andtotal energy is determined by the value of potential energy:

43

Etot Vtot 12 mV

mVc2 1

2 m0c21 2n 6.3a

It is a half of the energy gap between torus and antitorus of Bivacuum dipoles (eq.1.3).The bigger is the potential energy of Bivacuum, the bigger is frequency of virtual pressurewaves (VPWq1

. It will be shown in chapters 14 and 19 of this paper, that the forcedresonance of VPWq1

with corpuscleC waveW pulsation of elementary particlesaccelerate them and is a source of energy for overunity devices. The idea, that the potentialenergy of vacuum, as a sum of absolute values of its positive and negative energies, can beused as a source of ’free’ energy for overunity devices was discussed also by Frolov (2003)and much earlier by Gustav Naan (1964).

In general case the total potential (Vtot and kinetic (Ttot energies of sub-elementaryfermions and their increments can be presented as:

VtotW 12 mV

mV c2 Vtot

C 12 mV

2c2 v2 12

cLVtot

Vtot ;

Vtot mVc2 Ttot 1

2cLVtot

LVtotLVtot

VpLVtotLVtot

6.4

6.4a

where: the characteristic velocity of potential energy, squared, is related to the groupvelocity of particle (v, as vp2 c22 v2/c2 and the characteristic curvature of potentialenergy of elementary particles is:

LVtot mV

mV c L0

at vtotc

2 6.4b

The total kinetic energy of unpaired sub-elementary fermion of triplets includes theinternal vortical dynamics and external translational one, which determines their de Brogliewave length, (B 2LText :

Ttot 12 |mV

mV |c2 1

2 mVv2 1

2cLTtot

Ttot ;

Ttot Ttot 1 R2

R2vv Tk

LTtotLTtot

6.5

6.5a

where the characteristic curvature of kinetic energy of sub-elementary particles intriplets is:

LTtot mV

mV c L0

at vtotc

2 6.5b

It is important to note, that in compositions of triplets F FS0 F S1/2e,p

the minimum values of total potential and kinetic energies and the maximum values of theircharacteristic curvatures correspond to that, determined by Golden mean conditions (seeeqs. 5.3 and 5.4). In our formulas above it is reflected by corresponding inequalities. Inaccordance to our theory, the Golden mean conditions determine a threshold for tripletsfusion from sub-elementary fermions.

The increment of total energy of elementary particle is a sum of total potential andkinetic energies increments:

Etot Vtot Ttot VtotLVtotLVtot

TtotLTtotLTtot

6.6

In the process of corpuscle-wave pulsation C W (section 7) at the permanent

44

velocity v const, the total energy is also permanent and it its increment is zero:Etot 0. This means that the oscillation of potential and kinetic energy in (6.6),accompanied C W pulsation should be opposite by value and compensating eachother:

VtotLVtotLVtot

CW Ttot

LTtotLTtot

6.6a

The well known Dirac equation for energy of a free relativistic particle, following alsofrom Einstein relativistic formula (3.5), can be easily derived from (6.1a), multiplying itsleft and right part on mV

c2 and using introduced mass compensation principle (3.7):

Etot2 mVc22 m0c22 mV

2v2c2 6.6b

where: m02 mV

mV and the actual inertial mass of torus of unpaired

sub-elementary fermion in triplets is equal to regular mass of particle: mV m0.

Dividing the left and right parts of (6.6b) tomVc2, we may present the total energy of

an elementary de Broglie wave, as a difference between doubled kinetic energy,representing the Maupertuis function (2Tk and Lagrange function ( Tk V)contributions, in contrast to sum of total potential and kinetic energies (6.1):

Etot mVc2 mV

mVc4/v2

m0mV

m0c2rotin mV

v2

Etot V Tk Rm0c2rotin 1

2 mVv2 1

2 mVv2

Etot 2Tk , where V Tk Rm0c2rotin

Etot mVc2 hCW R m00

2L02rotin h2

mVB2

6.7

6.7a

6.8

6.8a

6.8b

where: R 1 v/c2 is relativistic factor, dependent on the external translationalvelocity v of sub-elementary fermion in composition of triplet; mV

m0/R m is theactual inertial mass of sub-elementary fermion; the external translational de Broglie wavelength is: B h

mV vand CW is the resulting frequency of corpuscle - wave pulsation (see

next section).We can easily transform formula (6.8) to a mode, including the internal rotational

parameters of sub-elementary fermion, necessary for the rest mass and charge origination:

Etot R m002L0

2rotin mV

mVc2 tr 6.9

where: L0 /m0c is the Compton radius of sub-elementary particle; 0 m0c2/ isthe angular Compton frequency of sub-elementary fermion rotation around the commonaxis in a triplet (Fig.2).

For potential energy of a sub-elementary fermion, we get from (6.8), taking intoaccount, that mV

v2 trext 2Tk and Etot V Tk :

V Etot 12 mV

v2 Rm0c2rotin 1

2 mVv2 tr 6.9a

The difference between potential and kinetic energies, as analog of Lagrange function,from (4.9a) is:

45

V Tk Vtot 12 mV

v2 tr Rm0c2rotin 6.9b

It follows from (6.9 - 6.9b), that at vtrext c, the total relativistic factor, involving boththe external and internal translational - rotational dynamics of sub-elementary fermions intriplets: R 1 vtr/c2 0 and the rest mass contribution to total energy ofsub-elementary particle also tends to zero: Rm0c2rot

in 0. Consequently, the totalpotential and kinetic energies tend to equality Vtot Ttot, and the Lagrangian to zero. Thisis a conditions for harmonic oscillations of the photon, propagating in unperturbedBivacuum.

The important formula for doubled external kinetic energy (Maupertuis function) can bederived from (4.8), taking into account that the relativistic relation between the actual andrest mass ismV

m0/R :

2Tk mVv2 mV

c2 Rm0c2 m0c2

R 12 R2 or :

2Tk m0c2

R 1 R1 R 1 RmVc2 m0c2

6.10

6.10a

This formula is a background of the introduced in section 9 notion of Tuning energy ofBivacuum Virtual Pressure Waves (VPW.

From the formula (3.6), describing dependence of inertialess massmV of antitorus (V

on the external velocity of Bivacuum dipole or unpaired sub-elementary fermion in tripletsmV m0 1 v/c2 , we get:

mVc22 m0c22 m0

2v2c2 6.11

The difference between 6.6b and 6.11 can be easily transformed to product of kineticand potential energies of asymmetric Bivacuum dipole (see 5.5a and 5.5b):

mVc22 mV

c22 mV 2 m0

2v2c2

mVc2 mV

c2mVc2 mV

c2 mV 2 m0

2v2c2

TkV 14 mV

2 m02v2c2

6.12 6.12a

6.12b

We got the new important formula, expressing the product of kinetic and potentialenergy of asymmetric Bivacuum dipole or unpaired sub-elementary fermion in triplets(TkV via its actual inertial mV

, the rest mass (m0 and external velocity (v. As far thekinetic energy of asymmetric dipole like the unpaired sub-elementary fermion of triplet isTk mV

v2/2, the potential energy from 6.12b can be calculated from the known empiricaldata:

V 12 mV

m02/mV

c2 6.13

Our expressions (6.1 - 6.13) are more general, than the conventional ones, as far theytake into account the properties of both poles (actual and complementary) of Bivacuumdipoles and subdivide the total energy of particle to the internal and external or to kineticand potential ones.

46

7. The dynamic mechanism of corpuscle-wave dualityIt is generally accepted, that the manifestation of corpuscle - wave duality of a particle

is dependent on the way in which the observer interacts with a system. However, themechanism of duality, as a background of quantum physics, is still obscure.

It follows from our theory, that the [corpuscle (C) wave (W)] duality representsmodulation of the internal (hidden) quantum beats frequency between the asymmetric’actual’ (torus) and ’complementary’ (antitorus) states of sub-elementary fermions orantifermions by the external - empirical de Broglie wave frequency of these particles, equalto beats frequency of the ’anchor’ Bivacuum fermion (Kaivarainen, 2005). The [C] phaseof each sub-elementary fermions of triplets F F F i of elementary particles,like electrons and protons, exists as a mass and an electric and magnetic asymmetric dipole.The total energy, charge and spin of fermion, moving in space with velocity (v) isdetermined by the unpaired sub-elementary fermion Fz, as far the energy, charge, spinof paired ones in F Fx,y of triplets compensate each other.

The [C W] transition of each of sub-elementary fermions in triplets is a result of twostages superposition.The 1st stage of transition is a reversible dissociation of charged sub-elementary

fermion in [C] phase FCe to charged Cumulative Virtual Cloud CVCF

eeancof

subquantum particles and the ’anchor’ Bivacuum fermion with internal frequency in i(eq. 7.4c):

I: FCe Recoil/Antirecoil BVFanc

C

eanc

CVCFeeanc

i 7.1

where notations e, eanc and eCVC e eanc mean, correspondingly, the total charge,the anchor charge and their difference, equal to charge of CVC. Between theuncompensated charge and uncompensated mass of Bivacuum dipoles the direct correlationis existing (eq.4.6).The 2nd stage of [C W transition is a reversible dissociation of the anchor

Bivacuum fermion BVFanc i V Vanci to symmetric and neutral BVF i and theanchor cumulative virtual cloud (CVCBVFanc , with charge eanc and frequency (Bext tr,equal to the empirical frequency of de Broglie wave of particle (eq. 7.4):

II : BVFanc

C

eanc

Recoil/Antirecoil

BVF0 CVCBVFanceanc

W

i 7.2

The 2nd stage takes a place if BVFanc i is asymmetric only in the case of nonzeroexternal translational - rotational velocity of particle. The beats frequency of BVFanc e,p isequal to that of the empirical de Broglie wave frequency: B /mV

LB2 . The higher isthe external kinetic energy of fermion, the higher is frequency B. The frequency of the 2ststage oscillations modulates the internal frequency of C W pulsation:in i R 0

i R m0

i c2/, related to contribution of the rest mass energy to the totalenergy of the de Broglie wave (Kaivarainen, http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0103031).

The C W pulsations of unpaired sub-elementary fermion F , of triplets of theelectrons or protons F F F e,p are in counterphase with the in-phasepulsation of paired sub-elementary fermion and antifermion, modulating Bivacuum virtualpressure waves (VPW :

47

F FWe,p CVC

CVC F FCe,p 7.3

The basic frequency of C W pulsation of particle in the state of rest, correspondingto Golden mean conditions, vin/c2 0,618 , is equal to that of the 1st stage frequency(5.1) at zero external translational velocity (vtrext 0; R 1. This frequency is the sameas the basic Bivacuum virtual pressure waves (VPWq1

and virtual spin waves(VirSWq1

S1/2 frequency (1.7 and 1.10a): q1 m0c2/i.The empirical parameters of de Broglie wave of elementary particle are determined by

asymmetry of the torus and antitorus of the anchor Bivacuum fermionBVFanc e,p V Vance,p (Fig.2) and the frequency of its reversible dissociation tosymmetric BVF i and the anchor cumulative virtual cloud (CVCanc stage (II) ofduality mechanism (7.2). The dimensions of CVCanc , i.e. the Wave phase of BVFanc e,p

are determined by the empirical de Broglie wave length and can be much bigger thandimension of the anchor Bivacuum fermion in Corpuscular phase, close to Compton length.

The total energy, charge and spin of triplets - fermions, moving in space with externaltranslational velocity (vtrext) is determined by the unpaired sub-elementary fermion Fz, asfar the paired ones in F Fx,y of triplets compensate each other. From (6.9; 6.9a and6.9b) it is easy to get:

Etot mVc2 CW R0rot

in Bext tr Rm0c2rotin mV

vtr2 ext

Etot mVc2 2Tk Rm00

2L02rotin h2

mVB2

Etot V Tk Rm0c2rotin 1

2 mVvtr2 1

2 mVvtr2

or : Etot mVc2 V Tk 1

2 mV mV

c2 12 mV

mVc2

7.4

7.4a

7.4b

7.4c

where: R 1 v/c2 is the relativistic factor; v vtrext is the external translationalgroup velocity; B h/mV

v 2LB is the external translational de Broglie wave length;the actual inertial mass ismV

m m0/R; L0i /m0

i c is a Compton radius of theelementary particle.

It follows from our approach, that the fundamental phenomenon of corpuscle waveduality (Fig.3) is a result of modulation of the primary - carrying frequency of the internalC Win pulsation of individual sub-elementary fermions (1st stage):

in i R0i R 1 v/c2 m0

i c2/ 7.4d

by the frequency of the external empirical de Broglie wave of triplet:Bext mV

vext2 / 2vext/LB, equal to angular frequency of C Wanc pulsation of theanchor Bivacuum fermion BVFanc i (2nd stage).

The contribution of this external translational dynamics to the total one is determinedby asymmetry of the anchor BVFanc i V Vanci of particle, i.e. by second terms in(7.4) and (7.4a):

48

2Tk B tr h2

mVB2 tr

mV mV

c2 tr

mVv2 tr mV

B2LB2 rot pB2mV

7.5

7.5a

This contribution is increasing with particle acceleration and tending to light velocity.At v c, and R 0 :

2Tk mVv2 tr

ext mVc2 Etot V Tk

or V Tk 12 mV

c2 12 CW

7.5b

7.5c

For example, the equality of the averaged potential and kinetic energies ofsub-elementary fermions and antifermions should take a place for photon (fig.4).

The 1st stage of particle duality (7.1) is a consequence of the rest mass influence onpropagation of fermions. In the case of bosons, like photons, propagating with lightvelocity, the contribution of the rest mass and 1st stage to process is negligible as it followsfrom eq.(7.4). The mechanism of photon duality is determined by the 2nd stage only (7.2),determined by dynamics of the anchor Bivacuum fermion. In general case the process of[C W pulsation is accompanied by reversible conversion of rotational energy ofelementary particles in [C] phase to their translational energy in [W] phase (see section7.1).

The double kinetic energy of sub-elementary particle can be expressed viaelectromagnetic fine structure constant e2/c, electric charge squared, frequency ofC W pulsation CW mV

c2/ and de Broglie wave length, equal to that ofcumulative virtual cloud CVC : LB LCVC /mV

v :

2Tk 2c2

mVc2LCVC2 1

e2

LCVC2c

CW 1

e2

LCVC2 Lres 7.6

where the resulting curvature of de Broglie wave is: Lres cCW .

In contrast to external translational contribution of triplets, the internalrotational-translational contribution of individual unpaired sub-elementary fermions,described by the Lagrange function, is tending to zero at the same conditions:

V Tk R0rotin in Rm00L0

2rotin 0 at v c 7.6a

as far at v c, the R 1 v/c2 0.For a regular nonrelativistic electron the carrier frequency is

in R0e ~1021s1 Bext. However, for relativistic case at v c, the situation is

opposite: Bext in at in 0.

49

Fig.3. Dynamic model of [C W pulsation of triplets of sub-elementaryfermions/antifermions (the reduced by fusion to triplets and electrons composing,correspondingly, electron and proton F F F e,p . The pulsation of the pairF F, modulating virtual pressure waves of Bivacuum (VPW and VPW, is

counterphase to pulsation of unpaired sub-elementary fermion/antifermion F .

The properties of the anchor Bivacuum fermion BVFanc where analyzed (Kaivarainen,2005), at three conditions:

1. The external translational velocity (v is zero;2. The external translational velocity corresponds to Golden mean (v c1/2;3. The relativistic case, when v c.Under nonrelativistic conditions (v c, the de Broglie wave (modulation) frequency

is low: 2B tr in R0. However, in relativistic case (v ~c, the modulationfrequency of the ’anchor’ (BVFanc ), equal to that of de Broglie wave, can be higher, thanthe internal one : 2B tr in.

The paired sub-elementary fermion and antifermion of F FS0 also have the’anchor’ Bivacuum fermion and antifermion (BVFanc ), similar to that of unpaired.However, the opposite energies of their C W pulsation compensate each other inaccordance with proposed model.

If we proceed from the assumption that the total energy of the corpuscular and wavephase of each sub-elementary fermion do not change in the process of C W pulsationof sub-elementary fermions EtotC W 0 in the inertial system (v const), then, from (4.6and 4.6a) we get, that the oscillations of potential and kinetic energy should be oppositeand compensating each other:

EtotC W Vtot Ttot 0

or : VtotLVtotLVtot

CW Ttot

LTtotLTtot

7.7

7.7a

50

Let us analyze what happens with contributions of the Lagrange function and doubledkinetic energy (Maupertuis function) to the permanent total energy of particle in theprocess of C W pulsation in the rest state condition. When the external translationalvelocity of particle is zero (v 0 const and R 1) and symmetry shift ofsub-elementary fermions in [C] phase is determined only by the relative rotation of thepaired F

F around common axes with internal rotational-translational velocity,determined by Golden Mean (vin/c)2 0.618. For the opposite counterphaseincrements pulsation of the Lagrange function and doubled kinetic energy we get:

Rm0c2rotin RmV

mVc2 R m00

2L02

2Ttot h2

mVB2

mVCVC2 LCVC2 1

e2LCVC2

cCW

C W 2Ttot

p02

m0

7.8

7.8a

7.8b

where LCVC L0 /m0c is a radius cumulative virtual cloud with charge, squared:e2 ee; CW mV

c2/ is the resulting frequency of C W pulsation; p0 m0c.The decreasing of to zero ( 0 as a result of C W transition, due

equalizing of torus and antitorus energies and masses: mV mV

m0, is accompanied bythe Cumulative Virtual Cloud (CVC emission and increasing of its energy from zero tomV

CVC2 LCVC2 1

e2

LCVC2c

CW .The linear dimension of [C] phase of the triplets is determined by their Compton radius.

For the Wave phase, the configuration of triplets may change and they ’jump’ from theCorpuscular spatial state to another one in form of Cumulative Virtual Cloud (CVC. Wenamed this jumping process from the one Bivacuum fermion to another as the ’Kangarooeffect’. These C W pulsation in the process of particle propagation in space occurwithout dissipation in superfluid matrix of Bivacuum in the absence of external fields ormatter.

The linear dimension of the Wave phase of the electron in nonrelativistic condition0 vtrext c B h/mV

vtrext can be much bigger, than that [C] phase, determined byCompton length of particle: 0 h/m0c (B 0.

The counterphase oscillations of momentum (p and dimensions (x in the process of[C W pulsation of elementary particles (fig.3) is reflected by the uncertainty principle:

p x /2 7.9

The decreasing of momentum uncertainty p 0 in the Wave [W] phase isaccompanied by the increasing of the effective de Broglie wave length: x B and viceverse.

Taking the differential of de Broglie wave length, it is easy to get:

B h/ptrext B

B pp 7.9a

In conditions, when B B we have p p. The de Broglie wave lengthcharacterize the dimension of cumulative virtual cloud, positive for particles or negative forantiparticles (CVC in their [W] phase and momentum p mV

vtrext characterize thecorpuscular [C] phase.

The other presentation of uncertainty principle reflects the counterphase oscillation ofthe kinetic energy and time for free particle in process of [C W pulsation:

51

Tk t /2 7.10

This kind of counterphase energy-time pulsation is in accordance with our theory oftime (section 7.1).

The wave function for de Broglie wave of particle, moving in direction x with certainmomentum:

p mVvtrext /LB k 7.10a

is described by the wave function in conventional mode:

x, t Cexp ipx Et Cexp i x

LBBt 7.11

where: C is a permanent complex number.The module of the wave function squared: ||2 CC const is independent

on x. This means that the probability to find a particle with permanent p is equal in anyspace volume (or it can be localized everywhere). This contradicts the experimental data.

The Quantum Mechanics solve this contradiction assuming the idea of Shrödinger, thatparticle represents the ’wave packet’ with big number of de Broglie waves with differentp k, localized in a small interval p. The amplitude of all this number of de Brogliewaves in the packet with spatial dimension x B add to each other because of closephase. For the other hand, at the x B they damper out each other because of phasedifference.

The wave packet model can be explained, using our eq.7.4 for nonrelativistic particles:v c and R 1 v/c2 ~ 1. For this case, the carrying internal frequency of C Wpulsation (5.4c) is much higher, than the external translational de Broglie wave modulationfrequency (7.5): in Bext. The wave packet, consequently, in this case, is formed by thewaves, generated by the internal C Win dynamics, corresponding to zitterbewegung(Shrödinger, 1930). However, the wave packet concept itself do not explain the mechanismof C W duality.

Our dynamic corpuscle - wave C W duality theory suggests another possibleexplanation of the uncertainty principle realization, as a counterphase pulsation ofmomentum and position, energy and time, described above by eqs. 7.9 and 7.9a. TheC W transition is accompanied by conversion of real mass to virtual one, presented bycumulative virtual cloud CVC. As far the energies of both phase C and W are equal, itmakes possible to apply the relativistic mechanics to both of them.

7.1 The dynamic model of pulsing photonThe model of a photon with integer spin (boson), resulting from fusion (annihilation) of

pairs of triplets: electron positron (see Fig.2), are presented by Fig.4:

F FS0 F FS1

F FS0 7.11a

Two side pairs represent a Cooper pairs with zero spin. The central pair F FS1have the uncompensated integer spin and energy (Eph hph. This structure determines theproperties of photon.

Usually the photon originate, as a result of excitation and fusion of three pairs ofasymmetric Bivacuum fermions and antifermions - one of secondary anchor site of photon(7.46), in the process of transition of the excited state of atom or molecule to the groundstate.

52

There are two possible ways to make the rotation of adjacent sub-elementary fermionand sub-elementary antifermion compatible. One of them is interaction ’side-by-side’, likein the 1st and 3d pairs of (7.11a). In such a case of Cooper pairs, they are rotating inopposite directions and their angular momenta (spins) compensate each other, turning theresulting spin of such a pair to zero. The resulting energy and charge of such a pair ofsub-elementary particle and antiparticle is also zero, because their symmetry shifts withrespect to Bivacuum is exactly opposite, compensating each other.

The other way of compatibility is interaction ’head-to-tail’, like in a central pair ofsub-elementary fermions of 7.11a. In this configuration they rotate in the same directionand the sum of their spins is: s 1. The energy of this pair is a sum of the absolutevalues of the energies of sub-elementary fermion and antifermion, as far their resultingsymmetry shift is a sum of the symmetry shifts of each of them.

In such a case, pertinent for photon, its total energy is interrelated with photonfrequency (ph) can be presented as:

Eph hph mV mV

c2FFF |mV

|mV c2

FFF

or : Eph hph mV c2

FFF |mV

|c2 FFF 2 mV

c2FF

F

7.12

7.12a

In accordance to our theory (see eqs. 7.4 and 7.4a), the rest mass contribution to energyof sub-elementary fermion Rm0c2 FF

F and that of sub-elementary antifermion

Rm0c2c2FFF in symmetric pairs are tending to zero: R 1 vtr/c2 0, when

the external translational group velocity of the whole particle is tending to light velocityv c. At these conditions the masses/energies of complementary torus of sub-elementaryfermion mV

c2FFF m0 1 vtr/c2 and that of complementary sub-elementary

antifermion: mV c2

FFF m0 1 vtr/c2 are also close to zero; ph Eph/h is the

photon frequency, equal to frequency of quantum beats between the actual states ofasymmetric pair of F and F in photon.

The energy of photon in Corpuscular phase is a sum of energy of tori of asymmetricsub-elementary fermion and antifermion. Equal to this energy, the energy of the Wavephase EphW is determined by the energy of two corresponding cumulative virtual cloudsCVC CVC :

EphW CVC CVC hph hcph

;

EphC EphW hph mphc2 2mV c2

2m0L002

1 LphC rotc

2

7.13

7.13a

where: L0 /m0c; 0 m0c2/ are the Compton radius and angle frequency; LphCis the radius of photon rotation in corpuscular phase (fig.4); rot is the angle frequency ofphoton rotation around the direction of its propagation;

mph mV |mV

| 2mV 2|mV

| hph/c2 hcph

7.14

is the effective mass of photon; ph c/ph is the photon wave length.The energy of photon can be presented as a sum of potential V mV

|mV |c2 and

53

kinetic Tk mV |mV

|c2 energies of uncompensated central pair of sub-elementaryfermions:

EphC mphc2 V Tk mV |mV

|c2 mV |mV

|c2 7.14a

We suppose that potential energy of photon or elementary fermion, like electron orproton stands for electric component of photon and kinetic - for its magnetic field energy.

The mechanism of photon duality is determined by the 2nd stage only (7.2), determinedby dynamics of the anchor Bivacuum fermion. In general case the process of [C Wpulsation is accompanied by reversible conversion of rotational energy of elementaryparticles in [C] phase (eq.7.13a) to their translational energy in [W] phase (eq.7.13).

It follows from our model (fig.4), that the minimum value of the photon effective massand energy, necessary for splitting of photon to electron positron pair in strong fields isequal to the sum of absolute values of rest mass/energy of central pair of sub-elementaryfermion and antifermion: EphC 2m0c2 with positive or negative integer spins (1 :F FS1 or sub-elementary antifermions F FS1. This consequence of ourmodel is in accordance with available experimental data.

Fig.4 Model of photon 2F FS0 F FS1

, as result of fusion of electronand positron-like triplets F F F of sub-elementary fermions , presented onFig.2. The resulting symmetry shift of such structure is equal to zero, providing the absenceor very close to zero rest mass of photon and its propagation in primordial Bivacuum withlight velocity or very close to it in the asymmetric secondary Bivacuum.

We may see, that it has axially symmetric configurations in respect to the directions ofrotation and propagation, which are normal to each other. These configurations periodicallychange in the process of sub-elementary fermions and antifermions correlatedCorpuscle Wave pulsations in composition of photon (Fig.4). The volume of sextet ofsub-elementary fermions in Corpuscular [C] phase is equal to volume, occupied by 6asymmetric pairs of torus (V and antitorus (V with geometry of truncated cones andbases: SV LV2 ; SV LV2 (Korn and Korn, 1968):

VC 6d LV2 LVLV LV2 7.15

where the radiuses of Compton bases LV and LV and their squares SV and SV of theelectron’s torus and antitorus can be calculated, using eqs. 4.3 and 4.3a.d is the height of truncated cone (eq.1.4);

54

[dVV]ni h

m0i c1 2n

7.15a

We can see, that at n 0 the spatial gap dimension [dVV]ni is increasing up to theCompton length 0

i h/m0i c 2 /m0c.

For the simple case, when the radiuses of torus of sub-elementary fermion and antitorusin paired sub-elementary antifermion in photons are close: LV LV L0

e , and n 0 the7.15 turns to:

VC0 18 d L02 362/m0c3 7.15b

The volume of Wave phase of photon in general case is much bigger, than that [C]phase. It can be evaluated as a 3D standing wave:

VW 38 ph

3 38

cph

3 7.16

The energy density in [C] phase is much higher, than that of [W] phase as far thevolume is much less and the energies are equal:

C ECVC

mV

vgr2

18 d L02

8 hph3 ph3

EWVW

W 7.17

The expanded Wave phase in contrast to compact Corpuscular phase represents a bignumber (NBVF of Bivacuum fermions and antifermions in the volume of wave [W] phaseVW with resulting symmetry shift and uncompensated energy:

c2

mph

0

mV mV

WdmV mphcgr2 C hc2/phph

2 W hph 7.18

For photon in primordial symmetric Bivacuum its group and phase velocities are equal:vgr vph c. This means that the average kinetic and potential energies are also equal:Tk Vp. In the process of C W pulsation the rotational-translational local kineticenergy of photon: m00L0

2 m0 vgrvph in C phase turns to non-local symmetry shift ofBivacuum dipoles in volume of W phase.

The clockwise and counter clockwise rotation of photons in [C] phase around the z-axis(fig.2) stands for two possible polarizations of photon.

The asymmetric pair [actual torus (V) complementary antitorus (V)] ofsub-elementary fermion has a spatial image of truncated cone (Fig.3 and Fig.4). Usingvector analysis, the energy of Cumulative Virtual Cloud (CVC, equal to energy ofquantum beats between the torus and antitorus, can be expressed via internal group andphase velocity fields of sub-quantum particles and antiparticles, composing torus andantitorus: v and v, with radiuses L and L:

ECVC EW n CW n V V 1

2 rot vrot v 7.18a

where: n is the unit-vector, common for both: torus and antitorus of sub-elementaryfermion (F; CW 2ph n V

V is a frequency of quantum beats betweenactual and complementary states of F.

It is assumed here, that all of subquantum particles/antiparticles, forming actual and

55

complementary torus and antitorus of [C] phase of sub-elementary fermion have the sameangular frequency: V and V , correspondingly.7.2 The correlated dynamics of pairs of sub-elementary fermions and antifermions

of the opposite and similar spinsWe define the energy, as the ability of system to perform a work. In this definition the

energy of asymmetric Bivacuum fermions and antifermions is always positive,independently of sign of symmetry shift between the mass and charge of torus V andantitorus V, if they are spatially separated.

If the adjacent asymmetric Bivacuum fermions and antifermions of the opposite spins(i.e. rotating in opposite direction), contacting with each other ’side-by-side’, form Cooperpairs BVF BVFas, are pulsing in the same phase between the actual andcomplementary states, their energy, charge and spin compensate each other.

On the other hand, if the adjacent asymmetric Bivacuum fermion and antifermion of thesame spin (i.e. direction of rotation) form ’head-to-tail’ complexes, they are spatiallycompatible only in the case if their pulsation are not in-phase. It will be shown in section 9,that Pauli repulsion between fermions of the same spin due to superposition of theircumulative virtual clouds CVC and CVC is absent, if their emission absorption in theprocess of C W pulsation are counter-phase. It is true also for pair of sub-elementaryfermion and antifermion F FS1

, like in photon (Fig.4). In case of this configurationand dynamics the total spin and energy of pair is a sum of spins and absolute energies ofF and F eqs.(7.13-7.13b).

7.3 Spatial images of sub-elementary particles in [C] and [W] phaseThe spatial images of torus V and antitorus V of asymmetric sub-elementary

fermion in [C] phase, reflecting the energy distribution of the actual and complementarystates of sub-elementary fermions, can be analyzed in terms of wave numbers. For this endwe analyze the basic equations for actual and complementary energy of Bivacuumfermions, squared, leading from (3.5 and 3.6):

EV 2 mV c2

2 m0c22 mV

v2c2

EV 2 mV c2

2 m0c22 m0v2c2

7.19

7.19a

These equations can be transformed to following combinations of wave numberssquared:

for actual torus V : mV c

2

mV v

2 m0 c

2

for complementary antitorus V : mV c

2 m0 v

2 m0 c

2

7.20

7.20a

The spatial image of energy distribution of the actual torus [V], defined by equation(7.20), is described by equilateral hyperbola (Fig.5a):

V : X2 Y2 a2 7.21

where: X kV tot mV c/; Y mV v/; a m0c/

The spatial image of complementary antitorus [V (7.20a) corresponds to circle (Fig.5b), described by equation:

56

V : X2 Y2 R2 7.22

where: X kV tot mV c/; Y k0kin m0v/.The radius of complementary circle: R k0 m0c/ is equal to the axis length of

equilateral hyperbola: R a of actual [V state. In fact this circle is a spatial image of thecomplementary torus of asymmetric BVF sub-elementary particle or antiparticle (F).A spatial image of sub-elementary fermion F in corpuscular [C] phase is a

correlated asymmetric pair: [actual torus complementary antitorus] with radiuses of theircross sections, defined, correspondingly, as (L and (L:

L mV vgrin

iand L

mV vphin

i

the resulting Compton radius of vorticity of F is : L0 L L1/2 m0c

i 7.23

where: mV and mV are actual (inertial) and complementary (inertialess) effective massof torus and antitorus of sub-elementary particle, correspondingly; m0 mVmV1/2 is therest mass of sub-elementary particle; vgrin and vphin are the internal group and phasevelocities, characterizing collective motion (circulation) of subquantum particles andantiparticles, forming actual vortex and complementary torus (Fig.5 a, b).

Fig. 5a. Equilateral hyperbola, describing the energy distribution for the actual toruscorpuscular [V of sub-elementary fermion (positive energy region) and sub-elementaryantifermion (negative energy region). This asymmetrically excited torus is responsible alsofor inertial mass (mV

, the internal actual magnetic moment (in and actual electric chargecomponent (e of sub-elementary fermion (Kaivarainen, 2001a; 2004);Fig. 5b. Circle, describing the energy distribution for the complementary state [Vofantitorus of sub-elementary fermion. This state is responsible for inertialess mass (mV

, theinternal complementary magnetic moment (in and complementary component (e ofelementary charge. Such antitorus is general for Bivacuum fermions (BVF

) and Bivacuumbosons (BVB.

The [Wave] phase of sub-elementary fermions in form of cumulative virtual cloud(CVC) is a result of quantum beats between the actual and complementary torus andantitorus of [Corpuscular] phase of elementary wave B. Consequently, the spatial image ofCVC energy distribution can be considered as a geometric difference between energeticsurfaces of the actual [V and complementary [V states of Fig 5a and Fig.5b.

57

After subtraction of left and right parts of (7.20 and 7.20a) and some reorganization, weget the energetic spatial image of the Wave phase or CVC, as a geometricaldifference of equilateral hyperbolaand circle:

mV2

m02 mV2

m02

c2

v2 mV2

m02

c2

v2 1 7.24

This equation in dimensionless form describes the parted (two-cavity) hyperboloid(Fig.6):

x2

a2 y2

b2 z2

c2 1 7.25

The c is a real semi-axe; a and b the imaginary ones.A spatial image of the wave [W] phase (Fig.6), in form of cumulative virtual cloud

(CVC) of subquantum particles, is a parted hyperboloid (Kaivarainen, 2001a).

Fig. 6. The parted (two-cavity) hyperboloid is a spatial image of twin cumulative virtualcloud [CVC and CVC, corresponding to [Wave] phase of sub-elementary fermion(positive cavity) and sub-elementary antifermion (negative cavity). It may characterize alsothe twofold CVC and CVC of positive and negative energy, corresponding to [W] phaseof pair (sub-elementary fermion sub-elementary antifermion) pairs F F, as ageneral symmetric part of the triplets of electron, positron, photon, proton and neutron (seeFigs. 2 and 3).

For the external observer, the primordial Bivacuum looks like a isotropic system of 3Ddouble cells (Bivacuum fermions) with shape of pair of donuts of positive and negativeenergy, separated by energetic gap (see eq.1.4). There are three kinds of like virtual dipoleswith three Compton radiuses, corresponding to the rest mass of three electron’s generation:i e,,and the external group velocity, equal to zero (vgrext v 0. The absence oftranslational dynamics of Bivacuum dipoles provide their zero external momentum and theconditions of virtual Bose condensation, related directly to Bivacuum nonlocal properties(section 1.3). The dimensions of Bivacuum dipoles (radius of two donuts and gap betweenthem) are pulsing in a course of virtual clouds (VC emission absorption.

The following reversible energy oscillations of the positive actual torus (V andnegative complementary antitorus (V, accompanied the [Corpuscle Wave] transitionsof asymmetric sub-elementary fermions of elementary particles.

58

Fig. 7. The in-phase oscillation of the total energy E1 E0 of the actual state (upper fig.)

and the symmetry oscillation [|T V |C |T V |W of the complementary state (down)during C W transitions of [vortex torus] dipole of sub-elementary particles.

7.4 New interpretation of Shrödinger equation and general shape of wave function,describing both the external and internal dynamics of elementary particle

The stationary Shrödinger equation can be easily derived from universal forhomogeneous medium wave equation:

2r, t 1v2r, tt2

0 7.26

where r, t is the wave amplitude (scalar), depending distance from source (r) andtime (t) in the process of its propagation with permanent velocity (v). One of possible formof time and space dependent wave function is like (7.11):

r, t Cexp i xLBBt Cexp i xLB

expiBt 7.26a

In the case of harmonic dependence of the wave amplitude on time with anglefrequency , it can be presented as:

r, t rexpit 7.27

Putting 7.27 to 7.26, we get the following equation.

2m,er k2m,er 0 7.28

where k is a wave number (k /v 2/vT 2/ 1/L.The conversion of (7.28) to form describing corpuscle-wave duality can be done using

de Broglie relations:

k p/ 2/LB; LB /pk2 p2/2 2/LB

2 1/B2 7.29 7.29a

in stationary conditions, when the total energy of de Broglie wave, equal to sum of itsexternal kinetic (Tk and potential (V energies, is time-independent, like in standingwaves, for example:

59

E Tk V p2

2m V const

or : p2 2mE V

7.30

7.30a

The de Broglie wave number squared from 7.29a and 7.30a is

k2 2m/E V 7.31

Combining 7.31 with 7.28, we get the stationary Shrödinger equation:

2r 2m/E Vr 0 7.32

It has solutions for continuous wave function, existing as eigenfunctions only at certaindiscreet eigenvalues of energy (En). It was shown by Shrödinger, that spectra of theseenergies of the electron in potential electric field (V) describes correctly the absorptionspectra of hydrogen atoms.

The time-dependent form of Shrödinger equation includes the time and space dependentwave function, like (7.26a):

r, t rexpiEt/ Cexp i xLBexpiBt 7.33

The corresponding equation can be presented as:

ir, tt

2m 2 V r, t 7.34

The inertial mass in 7.34, in accordance to our Unified theory, is equal to the actualmass of unpaired/uncompensated sub-elementary fermion of elementary particle:m mV

.The properties of stationary wave function r and time-dependent r, t should be

the same, i.e. they are continuous, single-valued and finitesimal. The product of wavefunction with its complex conjugate function, characterize the density of probability ofparticle location in this point of space at certain time moment:

r, tr, t |r, t|2 7.35

In solutions of Shrödinger equation the certain eigenvalues of energy (En correspondsto eigenfunctions (n, describing anchor sites (primary and secondary) of elementaryparticles in their corpuscular [C] phase.

It follows from our theory of wave-corpuscle duality, that de Broglie wave length(B 2LB and its frequency (B, as a crucial parameters of wave function (7.33), aredetermined by properties of the anchor Bivacuum fermions of uncompensatedsub-elementary fermions of the electron or proton or bosons, like photon.

From eqs.7.4, 7.4a and 7.5 we can see, that the external de Broglie wave frequency(Bext and wave number (kB of particle can be expressed via internal (0

in, total (CWfrequencies and corresponding energies as:

Bext 1mV

mVancext c2 tr CW R0

in

or : kB 1LB

cmV

mV

mV1/2 c

mV

mV Rm0tr

1/2

7.36

7.37

where relativistic factor: R 1 v/c2 is dependent on the external translationalgroup velocity (v); mV

m0/R; mV Rm0.

60

At v c, the R 0, the rest mass contribution decreases and Bext CW andkB mV

c/.The mass and charge symmetry shifts of asymmetric Bivacuum fermions and

antifermions are interrelated (eqs. 4.7- 4.8):

mV mV

mV mV

vc

2

e e e mV

e2mV

e e v

c2 e2e e

7.38

7.38a

where the actual charge (e, in accordance to eq.4.5, has the following relativisticdependence on the external velocity of Bivacuum dipoles:

e e0

1 v2/c21/4 7.38b

The complementary charge (e can be calculated from the earlier obtained relation (eq.4.18a): |ee | e0

2.Using the relations above, we may present the dimensionless coefficient of wave

function (C) in (7.33), as a maximum symmetry shift of the anchor Bivacuum fermion,reduced to the rest mass (m0 and rest charge (e0):

Cm mV / 2m0 mV

mV/ 2m0

mV

2m0

vc

2

Ce e/ 2 e0 e e/ 2 e0 vc

2 e2/ 2 e0e e

7.39

7.39a

We assume here, that as far the complementary mass and charge are undetectabledirectly and we may consider them as imaginary ones: imV

and ie. Consequently, using7.36; 7.37 and 7.39, we may present the wave function (7.33) and its complex conjugate interms of Bivacuum dipoles symmetry shifts for understanding the mechanism of particleinternal dynamics and its propagation in space:

r, t Cexp i xLBexpiBt; r, t C exp i xLB

expiBt

r, t mV imV

2m0exp i x

c mV

mV

imV1/2 exp i 1

mV

imVc2 trt

r, t mV iRm0

2m0exp i x

c mV

mV

iRm01/2 exp i 1mV

iRm0c2 trt

r, t mV imV

2m0exp i x

c mV

mV

imV1/2 exp i 1

mV

imVc2 trt

r, t mV iRm0

2m0exp i x

c mV

mV

iRm01/2 exp i 1mV

iRm0c2 trt

7.40

7.40a

7.40b

7.41

7.41a

From 7.40b and 7.41a it follows, that at v c and R 0 these wave functions turn tothat, describing photons with effective massmV

/c2; and frequency 1 mV

c2 tr.

r, t r, tph mV

2m0exp i x

mV

c exp i 1mV

c2 trt 7.42

where: mVc2 hph is the photon energy.

The product of the conventional forms of complex conjugate wave functions (7.40)

61

gives the space and time independent pre-exponential coefficient squared: |r, t|2 CC const.

From product of 7.40b and 7.41a we get the new general formula for density ofprobability of particle in [C] phase location, dependent on space and time |r, t|2:

|r, t|2 r, tr, t

mV 2 mV

2

2m02 exp i 2 x

LCexp i 2CWt

7.43

where the resulting frequency of C W pulsation of uncompensated sub-elementaryfermions: CW mV

c2/ and LC /mVc is the characteristic dimension of elementary

particle in [C] phase.The resulting energy of this state is characterized by the length of hypotenuse of

triangle with adjacent cathetus squared:

EVVRe s mVV

c2 mV 2 mV

2 c2 7.44

It is important to point out, that in state of rest, when the external translational velocityof elementary particle is zero (v 0), the real and complementary mass are equal to therest mass: mV

mV m0, the external de Broglie wave length tends to infinity

(B 2LB and its frequency to zero (B 0, the wave function, described byconventional expression (7.26a) becomes equal to coefficient C. This coefficient itself, as a

square root of pre-exponential factor C mV 2mV

2

2m02 at these conditions is equal to

C 1. The corresponding density of probability describing only the external properties ofparticle C2 1 is a permanent value, independent on space and time.

However, the general expression of density of probability (7.43) of particle location inselected point of space-time, when its external translational velocity is equal to zero(vext 0), following from our theory, turns to:

|r, t|2 exp i 2 xL0

expi20t 7.45

where the Compton wave length and frequency of particle are equal, correspondingly,to:

L0 c0

m0c and 0

m0c2

7.45a

We can see, that the general expression of density probability of particle in [C] phaselocation (7.45), in contrast to conventional, the permanent one, is oscillating due to internalC Win pulsation of sub-elementary fermions, rotating around common axes, aspresented in Fig.1 and Fig.3. At fixed coordinate (x), the probability of particle in [C]phase location is dependent on time, i.e. phase of pulsation. At fixed time (t) thisprobability is dependent on coordinate of particle in [C] phase.

7.5 The mechanism of free particle propagation in spaceThe propagation of elementary particles, like triplets-fermions F F F e,p

or sextets - bosons 2F FS0 F FS1

ph throw the ’empty’ Bivacuum orthrow perturbed Bivacuum in the volume of condensed matter, transparent for theseparticles, can be considered as a two stage process:Stage I: It corresponds to elementary particle state, when the unpaired/uncompensated

62

sub-elementary fermions F e,p or F FS1ph are in [C] phase and compensated

each other in pairs F F are in [W] phase. This stage is accompanied by excitation ofelastic waves in Bivacuum matrix, representing reversible Bivacuum dipoles symmetryshifts, provided by the external translational momentum of uncompensated sub-elementaryfermions in [C] phase. The stage I stands for kinetic energy and momentum transmission tobig number of secondary anchor sites of elementary particle in matrix, using Bivacuumnonlocal properties. At the same stage the wave [W] phase of symmetric pairsF FS0 simultaneously transfer the potential energy to the secondary anchor sites.The properties and locations of the anchor sites corresponds to particle’s eigenfunctionsand corpuscular eigen states dependent on de Broglie wave length of the particle. Themechanism of the instant momentum and energy transmission, responsible for anchor sitescan be realized via bundles of Virtual Guides (see section 14).

The eigenfunctions, characterizing anchor sites are alternative, i.e. incompatible witheach other - orthogonal. It means, that only one of many may be occupied by CumulativeVirtual Cloud (CVC) of particle in the process of its propagation throw Bivacuum (stageII).

The energy and charge conservation law demands, that in the absence of external fields,the resulting energy of all activated anchor sites should be zero. It is possible, if we assumethat all secondary anchor sites (AS) are composed from two or three pairs of conjugatedand correlated Cooper pairs of asymmetric Bivacuum fermions with energy, spin andcharge compensating each other:

AS N

3BVF BVF

n 7.46

The opposite asymmetry of Bivacuum fermions and antifermions, forming virtualCooper pairs, is provided by their rotation around common basic axis. Such anchor sites areproper for absorption of Cumulative Virtual Clouds (CVC of the electrons, positrons andphotons in their [W] phase.Stage II: Corresponds to particle state, when the unpaired/uncompensated

sub-elementary fermions F e,p or F FS1ph are in expanded [W] phase,

representing cumulative virtual cloud (CVC, modulated by de Broglie wave of particles,determined by properties of its primary anchor site. The symmetric pairs F F on thisstage II are in the compact [C] phase.

The jumps of the triplets (fermions) or sextet (photons) with group velocity of wavepacket to one of prepared in previous stage I secondary anchor sites occur on this stage.The properties of secondary anchor site can change after complex formation with particle,however without violation of energy conservation and energy dissipation.

The most probable distance of such ’jump’ is determined by de Broglie wave length ofparticle (B h/p, equal to that of cumulative virtual cloud (CVC of uncompensatedsub-elementary fermions and the most probable direction of jump coincide with particlemomentum in its [C] phase. However the new location of particle, as only one of manypossible, is not rigidly predetermined and the ’jumps’ can be considered as the stochasticprocess. The described mechanism of elementary particles propagation in space can benamed "the kangaroo effect".The principle of superposition in quantum mechanics has the same formal expression as

the waves superposition in classical mechanics:

r, t c1r, t1 c2r, t2 . . . .cnr, tn 7.47

63

where: cn are arbitrary complex numbers; r, tn is wave function, describing differentand alternative/orthogonal n states of quantum system. In accordance to our theory thesequantum states correspond to multiple secondary anchor sites of moving in space particle.

However, in contrast to state/wave superposition of classical systems, in quantumsystem any state is not the result of ’mixing’ of other states, but always the alternative ororthogonal, i.e. only one state of many allowed can be realized. It is so-called collapsing ofthe wave function.

Our description of the ’anchor’ sites is in accordance with interpretation of wavefunction as a cohomological measure of quantum vorticity by Kiehn (1989, 1998). An exactcomplex mapping of the wave function has been found, which, when followed by aseparation into real and imaginary parts, transforms the two dimensional Schrödingerequation for a charged particle interacting with an electromagnetic field into two partialdifferential systems. The first partial differential system is exactly the evolutionaryequation for the vorticity of a compressible, viscous two dimensional Navie-Stokes fluid.The second system is related to the Beltrami equation defining a minimal surface in termsof the kinetic and potential energy. The absolute square of the wave function is exactly thevorticity distribution in a fluid. This distribution corresponds to distribution of secondaryanchor sites in our model of particle propagation (7.46 and 7.47). This interpretation of thewave function offers an alternative to the Copenhagen dogma.

8. The nature of electrostatic, magnetic and gravitational interaction,based on Unified theory

8.1 Electromagnetic dipole radiation as a consequence ofcharge oscillation

The [emission absorption of photons in a course of elementary fermions - triplets F FS0 F

S1/2e, vibrations can be described by known mechanism of the

electric dipole radiation (EH, induced by charge acceleration (a), following from Maxwellequations (Berestetsky, et. al.,1989):

EH 2e2

3c3 a2 8.1

The resulting frequency of C W pulsation of each of three sub-elementary fermionsin triplets is a sum of internal frequency contribution (R0

in and the external frequency(B of de Broglie wave from (7.4):

CW R0in B

i 8.2

where: R 1 v/c2 is relativistic factor.The acceleration can be related only with external translational dynamics which

determines the empirical de Broglie wave parameters of particles. Acceleration is a resultof alternating change of the charge deviation from the position of equilibrium:Bt Bt 0 sin Bt with de Broglie wave frequency of triplets: B /mVLB2 ,where LB /mVv. It is accompanied by oscillation of the instant de Broglie wave length(Bt .

The acceleration of charge in the process of C W pulsation of the anchor BVFanc canbe expressed as:

a B2Bt 8.3

64

a B2 Bt 0 sin Bt 8.4

where: Bt 2LBt is the instant de Broglie wave length of the particle and 0 h/m0c isthe Compton length of triplet.

The intensity of dipole radiation of pulsing BVFanc from 8.2 and 8.4 is:

EM 23c3 B

4 dEt 2 8.5

where the oscillating electric dipole moment is: dEt eBt 0.Consequently, in accordance with our model of duality, the EM dipole radiation is due

to modulation of the frequency of C W pulsation of three sub-elementary fermions ofthe electron or proton by C Wanc frequency of anchor Bivacuum fermions BVFanc ,related to thermal vibrations of elementary particles. These vibrations are are accompaniedby creation of secondary anchor sites (AS), described in previous section (eq.7.46). Whenthe accelerations and final kinetic energy of elementary charges are big enough for resonantinteraction with basic Bivacuum virtual pressure waves [VPW VPWq1, the AS fromvirtual excitations transform to photons (Fig.4 of this paper).

The electromagnetic field, is a result of correlated Corpuscle - Wave pulsation of groupof such transformed photons and their fast rotation in opposite directions with anglevelocity (rot), equal to C W pulsation frequency of sub-elementary fermions andantifermions, forming photons. The superposition of clockwise or anticlockwise directionof photon’s rotation as respect to direction of their propagation, determines theirpolarization.

8.2 Different kind of Bivacuum dipoles symmetry perturbationby dynamics of elementary particles, as a background of fields origination

In the process of [C W] pulsation of sub-elementary particles in triplets F F F e,p the reversibility of [local (internal) distant (external)]symmetry compensation effects stand for the energy conservation law. The local symmetryeffects pertinent for the [C] phase of particles. They are confined in the volume ofsub-elementary fermions and stabilized by the Coulomb, magnetic and gravitationalattraction between opposite charges and mass of asymmetric torus and antitorus of sub -elementary fermions. The attraction forces between two sub-elementary fermions in pairsF F are balanced by centrifugal force of their axial rotation around common axes.The axis of triplet rotation is strictly related, in accordance to our model, with its spin anddirection of translational propagation. It is supposed, that like magnetic field force lines,this rotation follows the right hand screw rule and is responsible for magnetic fieldorigination. The total energy of triplet, the angular frequency of its rotation and the velocityof its translational propagation in space are interrelated (see eqs. 6.8 and 6.8b).

The [C W transitions of unpaired/uncompensated F e,p of elementary particlesare accompanied by the diverging effects - translational and rotational (angular),accompanied by distant elastic deformation of Bivacuum matrix, shifting the correspondingsymmetry (charge and spin equilibrium) of Bivacuum dipoles.

The reverse W C transition represents the converging effect. The latter isaccompanied by getting back the energy, diverged in previous phase and restoration of theunpaired sub-elementary fermion and the whole triplet local/enfolded asymmetricproperties.

The divergence convergence of mass/energy, charge and spin equilibrium shifts insurrounding medium of Bivacuum dipoles (BVF and BVF in form of spherical elastic

65

waves, are induced by C W pulsations of triplets and accompanied recoil antirecoileffects. These effects are generated by unpaired positive sub-elementary fermion F oftriplets F F F e,p . They are opposite for particles and antiparticles.

Corresponding charge symmetry shifts between torus and antitorus of Bivacuum dipolesare dependent on distance R from pulsing triplets, as ( r /R). The induced by suchmechanism attraction and assembly of Bivacuum dipoles can be accompanied by formationof Cooper pairs BVF

BVF in space between remote F and F of differenttriplets. The attraction between elementary particles of opposite charges is a result ofBivacuum tendency to minimize the uncompensated symmetry shift and charge density byformation of Cooper pairs from BVF

. This compensation effect is increasing with withdecreasing the separation between charges R 0. The corresponding ordering of Cooperpairs, like bundles of virtual microfilaments stands for electrostatic field and its ’force linesorigination. The Coulomb repulsion between similar charges is consequence of decreasingthe resulting Bivacuum asymmetry of the same sign (positive or negative) in space betweenthem by increasing the separation between these charges R .

The electrostatic field tension, produced by charged particles, is proportional to theirkinetic energy (Tk

Fe,p ). It can be expressed via gradients of charge symmetry shift ofBivacuum dipoles of surrounding medium, interrelated also mass symmetry shift and theexternal kinetic energy of dipoles:

EE grad |e e |BVF grad |mV mV

|cBVF2 ~ TkFe,p

TkFe,p 1

2 |mV mV

|c2 12 mV

v2

8.5a

where: e2/c is electromagnetic fine structure constant.The validity of 8.5a will be presented in the next section.The direction of fast rotation of pairs of sub-elementary fermion and antifermion

F F of triplets F F F e,p of opposite charges - clockwise oranticlockwise and unpaired F is dependent on direction of triplets propagation. Therotational motion is pertinent for [C] phase of F F and is absent for their [W] phase.Consequently, their C W pulsation, counterphase to pulsation of F should inducethe oscillation of spin equilibrium shift between Bivacuum fermions and antifermions ofclockwise and anticlockwise rotation BVF BVB BVF to the left or right. The signof shift is dependent on direction of triplets propagation.

The shift of spin equilibrium in Bivacuum is accompanied by disassembly of Cooperpairs:

nBVF BVF nBVF nBVF 8.5a

In the absence of magnetic field the densities of Bivacuum fermions and antifermionsare equal to each other n n n and all of them compensate each other spins.

Let’s assume, that the increasing of BVF density (n and corresponding decreasing ofBVF density (n corresponds to the North (N) magnetic pole formation. The opposite tothat, Bivacuum dipoles densities shifts stands for South (S) pole formation, i.e. when n isincreasing and n decreasing:

N pole: n nS pole: n n

8.5b

66

The attraction between opposite poles N and S reflects the tendency of BVF and BVFof the excessive density to form stable Cooper pairs, equalizing the symmetry shift betweendensities of Bivacuum dipoles of opposite spins:

attraction: nBVFN nBVFS

For the other hand, the repulsion between similar magnetic poles is a consequence ofPauli principle of spatial incompatibility of two fermions (real or virtual) of the same spins(see section 9):

repulsion: nBVFN nBVFN

repulsion: nBVFS nBVFS 8.5c

The magnetic attraction and repulsion between Bivacuum dipoles is most effective,when n n and is increasing with their densities.Consequently, just the equilibrium shift between Bivacuum fermions and antifermions

of opposite spins, depending on direction of current and rotation of triplets, stands for thepole and intensity of curled magnetic field origination around current.

The thermal motion of conducting electrons in metals or ions in plasma became moreordered in electric current, increasing correspondingly the magnetic cumulative effects dueto increasing of probability and number of triplets, rotating in the same plane and direction.The bigger is velocity and kinetic energy of triplets, the faster is their rotation and biggermagnetic field tension, excited by this rotation:

H grad KBVFBVF r /RKBVFBVF ~ TkFe,p

TkFe,p 1

2 |mV mV

|c2 12 mV

v2 12 mV

T2 LT2

8.5d

The pulsation of potential energy of sub-elementary fermions, in contrast to that ofkinetic one, is determined by the sum of absolute energies of their torus and antitorus:V 1

2 mV mV

c2. Consequently, the amplitude of this kind of energy pulsation isindependent on the charge of fermion.

The potential energy oscillation of each of paired sub-elementary fermions F Fof triplets have similar but opposite effect on excitation of (V and (V of surroundingBVF V V, equal to unpaired one by absolute value.

The excitation of positive and negative virtual pressure waves (VPWq and VPWq

bythe recoil antirecoil effects, accompanied the C W pulsation of potential energy ofsub-elementary fermions of elementary particles is a background of gravitational field inaccordance to our theory, independently on charge. The influence of the in-phaserecoil/antirecoil effects of pulsing F F on the probability of excitation of positiveand negative virtual pressure waves (VPW and VPW in Bivacuum by torus (V andantitorus (V of Bivacuum dipoles BVF V V is equal by absolute value toincrement. It is determined by corresponding potential energy oscillation of unpaired F of triplets.It is possible to present the given above explanation of the Coulomb, magnetic and

gravitational fields nature in more formal way. The total energies of [C W] and[W C] transitions of particles we present using general formula (6.1): Etot Vtot Ttot.However, here we take into account the diverging converging effects, accompanied[C W] transitions and reversible transformation of the internal - local (Loc)gravitational, Coulomb and magnetic potentials to the external - distant (Dis) Bivacuum

67

perturbation, stimulated by these transitions. For the end of energy conservation it isassumed, that the local and distant energy increments are opposite by sign and compensateeach other. The distant diverging converging effects, in contrast to localemission absorption of CVC, can be described in terms of recoil (Rec) antirecoil(ARec) effects.

The [C W] transition, accompanied by three kinds of diverging effects, can bedescribed as:

ECW mVc2 Vtot EGRec

Loc EGRecDist

Ttot EERecLoc EERec

Dist tr

EHRecLoc EHRec

Dist rot

8.6

8.6a

8.6b

In the process of the reverse [W C] converging transition the unpairedsub-elementary fermion F of triplet F FS0 F S1/2

gets back thediverged in previous phase antirecoil energy due to elastic properties of Bivacuum, turningits symmetry shift from the distant to local one of opposite energy:

EWC mVc2 Vtot EGARec

Loc EGARecDist

Ttot EEARecLoc EEARec

Dist tr

EHARecLoc EHARec

Dist rot

8.7

8.7a

8.7b

where:

VtotW 12 mV

mV c2 Vtot

C 12 mV

c2 2 v/c2

is a total potential energy of each sub-elementary fermion of triplet (6.4) in the wave andcorpuscular phase, non equal to zero at v 0;

TtotW 12 mV

mV c2 Ttot

C 12 mV

v2

is its total kinetic energy, equal to zero at the external velocity vext 0 (6.5).The reversible conversions of the localized potential energy VGRec, ARec

Loc to thedistant one VGRec,ARec

Dist , accompanied the recoil antirecoil effects, induced by[C W pulsation of unpaired sub-elementary fermion of triplets at vext 0, i.e. when itsmass symmetry shift is equal to the rest mass, can be evaluated quantitatively. Theincrement of these oscillation are equal to difference of potential energies of F S1/2

,corresponding to Golden mean conditions vin/c

2 0.618, and energy of symmetricBivacuum fermion with zero mass symmetry shift V0 1

2 mV mV

0c2 m0c2 :

V F S1/2

VPW VC V0 1

2 mV mV

c2 m0c2 0.118 m0c2 8.7c

where: mV m0/ 1.618m0; mV

m0 0.618m0.The conversions between local and distant Bivacuum perturbations, related to potential

energy oscillation, are mediated by Virtual Pressure Waves (VPW and VPW.Pulsations of unpaired F S1/2

are interrelated with those of paired onesF F. The latter excite the positive VPW and negative VPW spherical virtualpressure waves, propagating in space with light velocity and energy:

68

VFFVPWVPW

VVPW |VVPW | 0.236 m0c2 8.7d

The pulsation of potential energy 8.7c and 8.7d of unpaired and paired sub-elementaryfermions are counterphase.

They are a consequence of transitions of torus V and antitorus V of surroundingBivacuum dipoles BVF V V between the excited and ground states. Theincreasing of particle external translational velocity is accompanied by its relativistic mass(mV

and potential energy increasing.The EERec, Arec

Loc EERec, ARecDist in 8.6 8.7b are the local and distant electrostatic

potential oscillations, equal to each other.The EHRec,Arec

Loc EHRec,ARecDist are the local and distant magnetic potentials

oscillations, equal to each other.These [local distant] reversible interconversions, exciting the electric and magnetic

fields, are the result of C W pulsations and emission absorption of CVC ofsub-elementary fermions of triplets, determined by increments of translational androtational momentum of CVC, correspondingly.

The residual momentum, kinetic energy and charge of the anchor Bivacuum fermionafter emission of CVC by unpaired/uncompensated sub-elementary fermion in the restconditions (vext 0 is equal to zero: T0 1

2 mV mV

0c2 0 in contrast to the restpotential energy V0 m0c2 (8.7c):

T F S1/2

CVC TC T0 TC TW 8.7e

Let us consider in more detail the interconversions of the internal - local and theexternal - distant gravitational, Coulomb and magnetic interactions of charged elementaryfermions, like electron or proton.

8.3 The new approach to quantum gravity and antigravityThe unified right parts of eqs. (8.6) and (8.7), describing the excitation of gravitational

waves, represented by small part of potential energy of positive and negative virtualpressure waves (VPW and VPW with frequency, equal to frequency C Wpulsation of unpaired sub-elementary fermions, equal to frequency of recoil antirecoilvibrations. These waves excitation is a result of corresponding oscillation of potentialenergy of unpaired F e,p of triplets F F F e,p , correlated with similarvibrations of paired F F:

V totCW Vtot VGCLoc VGW

Dist Vtot 8.8

where: VGCLoc VC V0Loc; VGWDis VW V0

Dis are the local anddistant increments of part of potential energy oscillation in [C] and [W] phase ofsub-elementary fermions of elementary particles, determined by reversiblerecoil antirecoil effects.

The general formula for fluctuation of total potential energy, accompanied theC W pulsation of unpaired sub-elementary fermion, can be presented in similar way as8.7c:

69

V F S1/2

VPW VC V0 1

2 mV mV

c2 m0c2

12cLV cL0

c2

1LV 1L0

12m0c2

R 2 v/c2 m0c2

8.8a

8.8b

8.8c

where the curvature, characterizing potential energy of asymmetric sub-elementaryfermion is defined as: LV /mV

mV c and the L0 /m0c is a curvature,

characterizing the potential energy of symmetric Bivacuum fermion, equal to Comptonradius.

Taking into account, that 1 v/c2 R2 we easily get from 8.8c the followingexpression for the total amplitude of sub-elementary fermion potential energy oscillation:

V F S1/2

VPW 1

2m0c2

R R2 2R 1 8.8d

This potential energy increment of Virtual pressure waves, generated by elementaryparticle pulsation, turns to zero, when the solution of quadratic equation is zero:R2 2R 1 0. It is easy to see, that this happens at R 1, i.e. when the elementaryparticle is in rest state condition: v 0.

The more detailed presentation of 8.8 is:

V totCW 1

2 mV mV

c2 rrG mVmV

LV G m0

2

L0

Loc

12

m0i

MPl

2mV

mV c2 m0

i

MPl

2m0c2

Dist 8.9

The local internal gravitational interaction between the opposite mass poles of themass-dipoles of unpaired sub-elementary fermions (antifermions) F S1/2

turnsreversibly to the external distant one. The corresponding dynamic equilibrium between thediverging and converging flows of potential energy, following C W pulsation andcorresponding recoil antirecoil effects can be described as:

VGFF rr G |mV

mV |

LV G m0

2

L0 FF

LocRecoil

Antirecoil

CW

WC r

r mV c22 v2/c2 im0c2

FFDist 8.10

where: LV /mV mV

c is a characteristic curvature of potential energy (4.4b);MPl

2 c/G is a Plank mass; rr is ratio of unitary vector to distance from particle;

m02 mV

mV is a rest mass squared; i m0

i

MPl

2is the introduced earlier

dimensionless gravitational fine structure constant (Kaivarainen, 1995-2005). For theelectron e 1.739 1045 and e m0

e

MPl 0.41 1022.

The effective velocity of particle’s recoil antirecoil process, responsible forexcitation of gravitational waves squared vG

2 eff, can be introduced from the right part of(8.10) as

mV c22 v2/c2 mV

mV c2 mV

vG2 eff

in form:

70

vG2 eff c22 v2/c2 8.10a

This effective recoil velocity, providing excitation of gravitational waves (VPW andVPWG is decreasing up to vG

2 effmin c2 at v c, like in the case of photons or

neutrino, and increasing up two times vG2 eff

max 2 c2 at v 0, i.e. in primordialBivacuum dipoles.

At the Golden mean conditions, when (v2/c2 0.618 , we get from (8.10a) thereduced value of characteristic gravitational velocity of zero-point oscillation, ofelementary particles in state of rest:

vG2 eff

c2 1.382

In triplets F F F e,p the contribution of symmetric pair F Fpulsation to gravitation field energy is the additive function of energies of their cumulativevirtual clouds energies: CVC

F and CVCF :

VGFFF rr G |mV

mV |

LV FF

Loc CW

WC r

r i 12 mV

c22 v2/c2 m0c2FF

Dist

or : VGFFF i CVCF CVC

F iCVCF ~

or : VGFFF VPWq VPWq

GFF VPWq

VPWq GF

8.10ab

where: mV c22 v2/c2 mV

mV c2

The excitation of the external - distant spherical virtual pressure waves of positive andnegative energy: VPWq

and VPWq is a result of pair of torus and antitorus energy beats,

accompanied C W counterphase pulsation of unpaired F e,p and pairedsub-elementary fermions F FS0 with equal by absolute values energy.

It is important to note, that the energy of introduced gravitational field does not dependon charge of triplet, determined by unpaired sub-elementary fermion of triplets F FS0 F S1/2

, in contrast to electrostatic and magnetic field.It follows from our approach, that the gravitational energy is pertinent even for ’empty’

primordial Bivacuum in the absence of matter and fields or when their influence isnegligible. This phenomena can be responsible for the attraction effect of ’cold darkmatter’ of the Universe. The primordial Bivacuum dipoles are symmetric and their absolutemass/energies, charges and magnetic moments are equal:

mV mV

m0

The in-phase fluctuations of torus and antitorus of equal and opposite energy,compensating each other, can be presented as:

EGFF rr

imV mV

ic2 rr

im0c21 2n

or : EGFF rr

i01 2n ~ VPWq VPWq

G

8.11

8.11a

Consequently, the cold dark matter phenomena can be a consequence of simultaneousexcitation of huge number of Bivacuum dipoles, symmetric as respect to positive andnegative energy, in virtual domains of nonlocality (see section 1.3). The energy,proportional to V ~ mV

mV c2 considered in our theory as the potential one of

71

Bivacuum dipoles, in contrast to kinetic one: Tk ~ mV mV

c2. The bigger is quantumnumber of Bivacuum dipoles excitation (n), the higher is frequency of virtual pressurewaves VPWq

VPWq G, responsible for gravitational field.

From the proposed here mechanism of gravitation and similar values of mV in the left

and right parts of eq. (8.10) follows the equality of gravitational and inertial mass. Theinertia itself can be defined, as a resistance to additional symmetry shift between the actualand complementary masses/energy of sub-elementary fermions (mV

andmV of

elementary particles and surrounding Bivacuum dipoles, accompanied positive andnegative particles acceleration. Consequently, the inertia follows from generalized LeChatelier’s Principle, which this author formulate, as a resistance of any system, containingsub-elementary fermions of elementary particles in state of dynamic equilibrium, toadditional symmetry shift, accompanied particles acceleration.

8.4 The hydrodynamic mechanism of gravitational attraction and repulsionIn accordance to our hypothesis (Kaivarainen, 1995; 2000; 2005), the mechanism of

gravitational attraction and repulsion is similar to Bjerknes attraction/repulsion betweenpulsing spheres in liquid medium of Bivacuum. The dependence of Bjerknes force ondistance between centers of pulsing objects is quadratic: FBj ~ 1/r2:

FG FBj 1r2 GR1

2R22v2 cos 8.12

where G is density of liquid, i.e. virtual density of secondary Bivacuum. It isdetermined by Bivacuum dipoles (BVF and BVB symmetry shift; R1 and R2 radiuses ofpulsing/gravitating spheres; v is velocity of spheres surface oscillation (i.e. velocity ofVPWq

, excited by C W pulsation of elementary particles, which can be assumed to beequal to light velocity: v c); is a phase shift between pulsation of spheres or system ofcoherent elementary particles.

It is important to note, that on the big enough distances the attraction may turn torepulsion. The latter effect, depending on the phase shift of coherent C W pulsation ofinteracting remote triplets (, can explain the revealed acceleration of the Universeexpansion. The corresponding antigravitation energy or negative pressure energy (darkenergy), is about 70% of the total Universe energy.

The possibility of artificial phase shift of C W pulsation of coherent elementaryparticles of any object may (for example by magnetic field) may change its gravitationalattraction to repulsion and vice versa. The volume and radius of pulsing spheres (R1 andR2 in such approach is determined by sum of volume of hadrons, composing gravitatingsystems in solid, liquid, gas or plasma state. The gravitational attraction or repulsion is aresult of increasing or decreasing of virtual pressure of subquantum particles betweeninteracting systems as respect to its value outside them. This model can serve as abackground for new quantum gravity theory.

The effective radiuses of gravitating objects R1 and R2 can be calculated from theeffective volumes of the objects:

V1,2 43 R1,2

3 N1,243 Lp,n

3 8.12a

where: N1,2 M1,2/mp,n is the number of protons and neutrons in gravitating bodieswith massM1 andM2; mp,n is the mass of proton and neutron; Lp,n /mp,nc is theCompton radius of proton and neutron.

From (8.12a) we get for effective radiuses:

72

R1,2 M1,2mp,n

1/3Lp,n

M1,2mp,n

1/3 mp,nc 8.12b

Putting this to (8.12) we get for gravitational interaction between two macroscopicobjects, each of them formed by atoms with coherently pulsing protons and neutrons:

FG 1r2 Bv

M1M22/3

mp,n4/3

mp,n

4 1c2 8.13

Equalizing this formula with Newton’s one: FGN 1r2 GM1M2, we get the expression

for gravitational constant:

G G

3 M1M2

2/c2

3 mp,n16

8.14

The condition of gravitational constant permanency from (8.14), is the anticipated fromour theory interrelation between the mass of gravitating bodies 3 M1M2 and the virtualdensity G of secondary Bivacuum, determined by Bivacuum fermions symmetry shift andexcitation in gravitational field:

G const, ifG

3 M1M2 const 8.14a

where, taking into account (8.10):

3 M1M2 ~ G 12

m0MPl

2mV

mV

34 LV

3 23

m0MPl

2mV

2 v2/c2

LV3 8.15

assuming, that the radius/curvature of Bivacuum fermion, characterizing it s potentialenergy, is:

LV mV

mV c 8.16

we get for reduced gravitational density:

G 23

13

m0MPl

2mV

mV 4c3 8.16a

we may see from (8.16) that the bigger is potential energy of Bivacuum:V 1

2 mV mV

c2 the bigger is gravitational density and corresponding interaction.

8.5 Possible nature of neutrino and antineutrinoFollowing from our approach to elementary particles formation (chapter 5), the neutrino

(antineutrino) of three lepton generation i e,, can be considered, as a stable neutralfermion, formed by pair of asymmetric charged Bivacuum fermion (antifermion) andasymmetric Bivacuum antiboson (boson) of zero spin and opposite energy and charge(BVB i V V, compensating that ofBVFS1/2 V

V or BVFS1/2 V V i:

73

i ~BVFBVBi

i ~BVFBVBi

8.16b

8.16c

These two Bivacuum dipoles are rotating as respect to each other ’side-by-side’principle.

Their relativistic mass/energy and charge symmetry shifts are close to Golden meanconditions:

|mV mV |BVFi c2 m0

i c2

|mV mV |BVBi c2 m0

i c2

8.17

8.17a

This asymmetric pair is rotating around main common axes with Golden Mean angularfrequency and tangential velocity squared: v2 c2, providing corresponding symmetryshift and frequency of C W pulsation of each of BVF

S1/2 BVBi pairs (eq.5.4a):

,i rot

cL0

0 m0i c2

CWi 8.18

The rotating Cooper pairs (neutrinos) propagate in direction parallel to rotation axis,with light velocity or very close to that, like the photons, because of their quasi-idealsymmetry as respect to Bivacuum. The in-phase C W beats between the actual andcomplementary states of these Bivacuum dipoles BVF

S1/2 BVBi almost totallycompensate each other energy/mass and charge. The latter means that this pair interact withmatter as a the neutral particle.

The spin/spirality of neutrino is positive and that of antineutrino - negative. Thestability of elementary particles is provided in general case by the resonant energyexchange interaction of their sub-elementary particles with basic Bivacuum virtualpressures waves of corresponding generation:

VPW VPWq1i 8.18a

in the process of particles C W pulsation. The internal Coulomb attraction betweenopposite charges of BVF

S1/2 and BVBi of neutrino also stabilize their structure, like inthe case of photons (see section 12.3).

The frequency of beats between asymmetric and symmetric states of pairsBVF

S1/2 BVBi, equal to neutrino frequency, is determined by slight difference inthe energy of sub-elementary fermion (BVFS1/2 i and sub-elementary antiboson (BVB i

in pairs. This energy difference for each lepton generation is defined by gravitationalpotential of corresponding electron generation:

,i CW

BVFS1/2

CWBVBi

EBVFS1/2i EBVBi

i

m0i /c2

8.19

where the gravitational fine structure constant is different for each lepton generation:

i m0i

MPl

2 8.19a

where: m0i / mV

e,, are the actual mass of the electrons or positrons of three

generation at Golden mean conditions, participating in a weak interaction, following by

74

corresponding neutrino and antineutrino emission.The mass/energy of each of three generation of neutrino can be estimated from (8.19

and 8.19a) as:

m,i

,i

c2 1m0

i 3

MPl2 1.618

m0i 3

MPl2 8.19b

Corresponding mass evaluations fit the currently existing ones in form of inequalities,i.e. mass of the electron neutrino is less than 1108 Ge/c2, mass of muon neutrino is lessthan 0.0002 Ge/c2 and mass of the tau neutrino - less, than 0.02 Ge/c2. Good description ofneutrino properties could be found at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino.

It is important to mention, that in accordance of our formula for total energy ofrelativistic particle (7.4) at v c, the relativistic factor R 1 v/c2 0, its totalenergy is determined by its kinetic energy. For neutrino in general case:

E, mVc2 Rm0c2rot

in mVvtr2 ext mV

vtr2 ext 2Tk 8.19c

The spatially delocalized asymmetry and spin of neutrino and antineutrino compensatesthe local mass/energy asymmetry and the angular momentum, accompanied the originationof positrons or electrons of three generation in different reactions of weak interaction. Thiscompensating energy and spin asymmetry/shift is assumed to be positive for electrons andnegative for positrons of all three generation the triplets for e and generations F F F e, and monomeric F for tauons.Neutrino oscillation between different lepton flavor (electron, muon, or tau) follows

from experimental data. For example, the solution of the solar neutrino problem, as a majordiscrepancy between measurements of the neutrinos flowing through the Earth andtheoretical models of the solar interior needs the neutrino oscillation. The probability ofmeasuring a particular flavor for a neutrino varies periodically as it propagates. Inaccordance to our model of neutrino these interconversions can be a result of simultaneousreversible excitation of pair i ~BVF

BVBe from it ground state with minimumenergy of torus and antitorus to their certain excited states, corresponding to muon and tauneutrinos BVF

BVB,. Consequently, the neutrino oscillation between different

generations can be a result of absorbtion or emission by one type of neutrino the highfrequency pair of standing Bivacuum virtual pressure waves (8.18a) of correspondinggeneration VPW VPWq1

, . These neutrino oscillations:

e

do not violate the energy conservation due to compensation of positive and negativeBivacuum energies (see eq. 1.8 from section 1.2 and the next section).

8.6 The background of energy conservation lawThe law of energy conservation for elementary particles, as a sum of their kinetic and

potential energies in wave and corpuscular phase can be reformulated in terms of ourUnified theory. The additivity of different forms of energy means the additivity ofBivacuum dipoles torus and antitorus energy difference (i.e. forms of kinetic energy) andsum of their absolute values (forms of potential energy). These energy conservationquantum roots are illustrated for one sub-elementary particle case by eqs.(6.1 and 6.1a).

The reversible conversion of the localized asymmetry of sub-elementary fermions ofelementary particles to spatially delocalized asymmetry in huge number of Bivacuumdipoles around these particles in the process of their C W pulsation, is a general

75

phenomena. This idea of dynamic equilibrium between diverging energy, charge andangular momentum (spin) in the process of C W transition, responsible for fieldsorigination, and converging process of matter formation:W C, can be formulated asfollows:

The total sum of local (corpuscular) and non-local (wave/field) kinetic and potential energies,

responsible for Matter and Bivacuum interconversions and interaction is zero:

1Z

Pkc2 mV mV

mV

mV

kW

1Z P j mV

v2 mVc22 v2

c2 j

C 0 8.20

where: Z

Pk

P j is the total partition function, i.e. sum of probabilities of allpossible transitions of energy in the Universe, including interconversions of fields andmatter.

In the process of C W pulsation we have following transitions of kinetic energy:

Tk mV mV

c2 mV

v2 8.20a

and following transitions of potential energy:

V mV mV

c2 mV

c22 v2

c2 j 8.20b

mV andmV

are the actual and complementary mass of torus (V and antitorus (V ofeach Bivacuum dipoles and elementary particle in the Universe.

Such matter - fields energy interconversions in the Universe, as consequence ofproposed in this work duality mechanism, can be considered, as a background for theenergy conservation law.

8.7 The mechanism of electrostatic and magnetic field originationIt is demonstrated, that the charge symmetry and spin equilibrium shift oscillation in

Bivacuum matrix in form of spherical elastic waves, provide the electric and magneticfields origination. These excitations are the consequence of reversiblediverging converging of Cumulative Virtual Clouds (CVC, accompanied theCorpuscle Wave pulsation of sub-elementary fermions/antifermions of triplets andtheir fast rotation. The tendency of asymmetric Bivacuum fermions and antifermions ofopposite spins and charge shifts to formation of Cooper pairs [BVF BVF isresponsible for Coulomb attraction and the Pauli and electric repulsion between Bivacuumdipoles of similar spins and charge shift stands for Coulomb repulsion. Consequently, theelectric field formation is a result of internal shift of charge equilibrium in each Bivacuumdipole.

The magnetic field and N or S poles origination is a result of shift of equilibrium[BVF BVB BVF to the left or right, correspondingly, depending on clockwise oranticlockwise rotation of triplets, correlated with direction of their propagation and charge.The magnetic poles attraction or repulsion is also dependent on possibility of Cooper pairsof Bivacuum dipoles assembly or disassembly. However, this process is independent oninternal symmetry shifts of Bivacuum dipoles, responsible for electric field.

76

Let us consider the origination of electrostatic and magnetic field in more formalizedway. The unified right parts of eqs. (8.6 - 8.6b) can be subdivided to translational(electrostatic) and rotational (magnetic) contributions, determined by correspondingdegrees of freedom of Cumulative Virtual Cloud (CVCtr,rot :

T totCW Ttot EECLoc EEWDist

tr EHCLoc EHWDist

rot 8.21

where the most probable total kinetic energy of particle can be expressed via its masssymmetry shift mV

mV or actual inertial mass (mV

) and external velocity (v:

Ttot 12 mV

mV c2 1

2 mV v2 8.21a

Formula (8.21) reflects the fluctuations of the most probable total kinetic energy,accompanied C W pulsation of unpaired sub-elementary fermion, responsible forlinear - electrostatic and curled - magnetic fields origination. In more detailed form the eq.(8.21) can be presented as:

T totCW 1

2 mV mV

c2 |ee |LT

Loc e2

c mV mV

c2tr

Dist

KH| |LT

Loc

KH0

2

c mV mV

c2rot

Dist

8.22

8.23a

The Loc Dist oscillation of electrostatic translational contributions, in-phase withC W pulsation and recoil antirecoil effects energetically compensate each other.Taking into account the obtained relation between mass and charge symmetry shifts (4.8a):mV

mV mV

e2e2

e2they can be described as:

|ee |LT

Loc CW

WC mV

c2 e2 e2e2 tr

Dist 8.24

where: LT /mV mV

c is a characteristic curvature of kinetic energy (6.5b);|ee | e0

2 is a rest charge squared; e2/c is the well known dimensionlesselectromagnetic fine structure constant.

The right part of (8.24) taking into account that: e2 e2 e ee echaracterizes the electric dipole moment of triplet, equal to that of unpaired sub-elementaryfermion F .

The local internal Coulomb interaction between opposite and asymmetric charges oftorus and antitorus of unpaired sub-elementary fermions (antifermions) F S1/2

turnreversibly to the external electric field due to elastic diverging converging effects,induced by C W pulsation of F S1/2

.

8.8 The factors, responsible for Coulomb interaction between elementary particlesThere are three factors, which determines the attraction or repulsion between opposite

or similar elementary charges, correspondingly. They are provided bydiverging converging effects, including the recoil antirecoil effects, induced by

[C W pulsation and emission absorption of positive or negative cumulative virtualclouds CVC or CVC of the unpaired sub-elementary fermion F S1/2

of triplets.These factors are listed below:1. The opposite or similar Bivacuum dipoles charge symmetry shifts, providing their

77

attraction or repulsion, correspondingly;2. Assembly or disassembly of Bivacuum fermions and antifermions of opposite or

similar charge symmetry shifts, correspondingly;3. The different conditions for standing waves formation by virtual pressure waves of

the opposite ( and or similar ( and by sign energy:

VPW VPW - standing waves

VPW VPW - no standing waves

These virtual pressure waves are excited by corresponding cumulative virtual clouds -opposite or similar by the energy and angular momentum:

CVC CVC or CVC CVC

The 1st factor is a basic one. The asymmetry of torus (V and antitorus (V ofBivacuum dipoles means their ability to beats, accompanied by emissionabsorption ofVirtual Clouds (VC of the opposite or similar energy. The attraction between oppositecharges is a consequence of exchange interaction between Bivacuum fermions (BVFwith opposite by sign VC VC , following by decreasing of the resulting symmetryshift of Bivacuum. The less is separation between real charged particles, the more issymmetry shift of BVF in space between them and more effective is the exchangeinteraction, stimulating the attraction between opposite charges. The attraction decreaseswith distance between charges (R) as (r/R), where r is radius vector between charges.

The repulsion between similar charges is also due to superposition of VC of similarsign decreases with distance increasing between charges. Both of these processes are theconsequence of energy conservation law, formulated as eq. 8.20, involving tendency of theBivacuum symmetry increments to zero.The 2nd factor - the assembly of Bivacuum dipoles of opposite charge is a consequence

of the 1st one as a result of exchange of VC between BVF and BVF of opposite chargeand their assembly in virtual Cooper pairs:

BVF V VS1/2 BVF V VS1/2 8.25

induced by the unpaired sub-elementary fermions of triplets of opposite charge. Theflip-flop spin exchange also is possible in these Cooper pairs.

The linear polymerization of such pairs by "head to tail" principle is possible in spacebetween F S1/2

of triplets of opposite charges, like. electron and positron.Such virtual microtubules, composed from Cooper pairsBVF BVF are

responsible for the ’force lines’ origination between the opposite distant charges.In space between similar charge the probability of virtual Cooper pairs (8.25)

disassembly increases due to repulsion between similar charges of Bivacuum fermions ofthe same charge symmetry shift. This effect also decreases with distance (R) betweencharges as (r/R), where r is unitary radius vector.The 3d factor is determined by interaction of positive and negative subquantum

particles density oscillation, representing virtual pressure waves: VPW and VPW isdirectly interrelated with 2nd one. Its effect on attraction or repulsion of charges also canbe explained in terms of tending of system: Charges Bivacuum to minimum symmetryshift and energy density in space between charges in accordance to energy conservationlaw in form of eq. 8.20.

78

8.9 The magnetic field originationThe oscillation of magnetic dipole radiation contribution in the process of [C W

pulsations of sub-elementary fermions between local and distant modes do notaccompanied by magnetic moments symmetry change, but only by the oscillation ofseparation between torus and antitorus of BVF : LT /mV

mV c and rotational

energy of CVC emitted absorbed in the process of [C W pulsation.It can be described as:

KHi| |LT C

Loc CW

WC KHi

02

c mV mV

c2W

Dis

or : KHi| |LT C

Loc CW

WC KHi

02

c mVT2 LT

2

W

Dis

8.26

8.26a

where: 02

c is the magnetic fine structure constant, introduced in our theory. Themagnetic conversion coefficient KH we find from the equality of the electrostatic andmagnetic energy contributions, determined by recoilantirecoil effects:

EE Trec 12e2

c mV mV

c2 12 KH

i 02

c mVT2 LT

2 EH 8.27

These equality is a consequence of equal probability of energy distribution betweentranslational (electrostatic) and rotational (magnetic) independent degrees of freedom of anunpaired sub-elementary fermion and its cumulative virtual cloud (CVC in conditions ofzero-point oscillation. This becomes evident for the limiting case of photon in vacuum. Thesum of these two contributions is equal to

EH EE mV vres2 mV

Lphph2 8.28

where vres is a resulting recoilantirecoil vibration velocity; Lph ph/2 is a radius ofphoton gyration; ph is the angle frequency of gyration.

From the above conditions it follows, that:

KH0

2

c KHe0

2

4m02c3 e0

2

c 8.29

where 02 | | 1

2 e0m0c

2 is the Bohr magneton.The introduced magnetic conversion coefficient can be obtained from 8.29 as:

KHe,p m0

e,pc/2

2 2

L0e,p

2

8.30

where L0e,p /m0

e,pc is the Compton radius of the electron or proton.Origination of magnetic field can be a result of dynamic equilibrium shift between

Bivacuum fermions and Bivacuum antifermions to the left or right, corresponding to theNorth or South poles:

BVFS1/2 BVBS0

BVF S1/2 8.31

accompanied by corresponding shift of equilibrium between Bivacuum bosons ofopposite polarization:

79

BVB V VS0 V V BVB S0 8.32

and clockwise or anticlockwise circulation in the plane, normal to direction of chargedparticles propagation in the current and dependent on this direction and sign of charge.

We assume, that the leftward shift of the equilibrium (8.31) corresponds to North (Nmagnetic pole formation and the rightward - to South S pole. The attraction betweenopposite magnetic poles is determined by tendency of Bivacuum fermions of opposite spinsto formation of virtual Cooper pairs (8.25).

In contrast to linear Virtual microtubules, formed by Cooper pairs of Bivacuumfermions, responsible for electrostatic interaction, the magnetic field is determined bysystem of closed/axial system of virtual microtubules around the direction of current,formed by Bivacuum dipoles: BVFS1/2

and BVFS1/2 and difference between positive

(VirP) and negative (VirP virtual pressure because of mass and charge symmetry shiftsin these dipoles and difference in their density:

VirPR rR |VirPVirP | ~ r

R nBVFS1/2 nBVFS1/2

or : VirP ~ rR |nVC nVC | r

R n VC nn VC

8.32a

where: r is the unitary vector; R is a distance from electric current to certain ’ring’ ofBivacuum dipoles; n and n are the densities of BVFS1/2

and BVFS1/2 ; VC and VC

are positive and negative virtual clouds, emitted absorbed in the process of transitionsbetween asymmetric and symmetric states of BVFS1/2

and BVFS1/2 , correspondingly;

KBVFBVF BVFS1/2

BVFS1/2 n

n is the equilibrium constant (see eq. 8.33).

The magnetic field origination is related to asymmetric properties of unpairedsub-elementary fermion F S1/2

of moving triplets F FS0 F S1/2 and

fast rotation of uncompensated CVC and pairs of charge and magnetic dipolesF FS0 in plane, normal to directed motion of triplets, i.e. current. This statement isin accordance with empirical fact, that the magnetic field can be exited only by the electriccurrent: j n evj, i.e. directed motion of the charged particles.

The resulting effect of rotation of uncompensated cumulative virtual clouds (CVC ofmany of the electrons of current in plane, normal to current direction and axis ofF S1/2

and paired CVC rotation is determined by the hand screw rule and induce

the circular structure formation around j in Bivacuum. These axisymmetric closedstructures are the result of assembly of Bivacuum dipoles of opposite spins in Cooper pairs.If these dipoles have opposite charges, the probability of Cooper pairs formation increases.The rotation velocity of these axial structures, formed by Cooper pairs, representing theforce lines of magnetic field is due to symmetry shift between mass and charge of torus andantitorus of BVF BVF in accordance with (4.2 and 4.2a). This asymmetry ofdipoles is dependent on the distance (R) from current as ( r /R).

The unpaired sub-elementary fermions and antifermions of the opposite charges inelementary particles have the opposite influence on symmetry shift between torus andantitorus, interrelated with their opposite influence on the direction of theBVFS1/2

BVBS0 BVFS1/2

equilibrium shift.The equilibrium constant between Bivacuum fermions of opposite spins, characterizing

their uncompensated magnetic moment, we introduce, using (3.11), as function of theexternal translational velocity of BVF:

80

KBVFBVF BVFS1/2

BVFS1/2 n

n exp mV

mV

mV

exp v2

c2 exp T2LT2

c2

8.33

The Bivacuum dipoles with equilibrium constants KBVFBVF of the same values, havethe axial distribution with respect to the current vector (j of charges. The conversion ofBivacuum fermions or Bivacuum antifermions to Bivacuum bosons (BVB V Vwith different probabilities (P and P:

BVFS1/2 P

BVB V V

BVFS1/2 P

BVB V V

may provide an increasing or decreasing of the equilibrium constant KBVFBVF . Thecorresponding sign of probability difference: P P P is dependent on the direction ofcurrent, related in-turn with direction of paired sub-elementary fermions F FS0 anduncompensated CVC circulation of unpaired sub-elementary fermion of triplet.The magnetic field tension can be presented as a gradient of the constant of equilibrium:

H gradKBVFBVF r /RKBVFBVF 8.34

The chaotic thermal velocity of the ’free’ conductivity electrons in metals and ions atroom temperature is very high even in the absence of current, and followsMaxwell-Boltzmann distribution:

vT kTmV

~107 cm/s 8.35

It proves, that not the acceleration, but the ordering of the electrons translational androtational dynamics in space, provided by current, is a main reason of the curled magneticfield excitation. In contrast to conventional view, the electric current itself is not a primary,but only a secondary reason of magnetic field origination, as the charges translational androtational dynamics ordering or ’vectorization factor’.

8.10 Interpretation of the Maxwell displacement current,based on Bivacuum model

The magnetic field origination in Bivacuum can be analyzed also from moreconventional point of view.

Let us analyze the 1st Maxwell equation, interrelating the circulation of vector ofmagnetic field tension H along the closed contour L with the conduction current (j) anddisplacement current jd 1

4EBVFt through the surface, limited by L :

LHdl 4

c S j 1

4EBVFt ds 8.36

where (s is the element of surface, limited with contour (l.The existence of the displacement current: jd 1

4Et is in accordance with our model

of Bivacuum the result of oscillating virtual dipoles (BVF and BVB continuum.In condition of primordial Bivacuum of the ideal virtual dipoles symmetry (i.e. in the

81

absence of matter and fields) the charges of torus and antitorus totally compensate eachother. However, even in primordial symmetric Bivacuum the oscillations of distancebetween torus and antitorus of Bivacuum dipoles, following energy gap oscillation, isresponsible for displacement current. This alternating current generates correspondingdisplacement magnetic field:

Hd 4c S

14EBVFt ds 8.36a

Corresponding virtual dipole oscillations are the consequence of the in-phase transitionsof V and V between the excited and ground states, compensating each other. Thesetransitions are accompanied by spontaneous emission and absorption of positive andnegative virtual pressure waves: VPW and VPW. The excitation of such transitions andVPWq1,2,3

for example by pulsing electric field, like one, accompanied discharge incondensers, should influence on gravitational effects (see paragraph 8.3) and interaction ofBivacuum with pulsing elementary particles.

The displacement current and corresponding displacement magnetic field can beenhanced as result of feedback reaction by presence of pulsing particles and their thermalfluctuations.8.11 New kind of current in secondary Bivacuum, additional to displacement one.

Velocity of zero-point oscillation, providing the Coulomb and gravitational interactions.Physical sense of electric charge

This additional current is a consequence of vibrations of BVF, induced byrecoil-antirecoil effects, accompanied [C W transitions of unpaired sub-elementaryfermion of triplets F FS0 F

S1/2e,p It can be also a consequence of

Bivacuum dipoles perturbations, induced by relativistic translational propagation ofparticles in Bivacuum.

The corresponding elastic deformations of Bivacuum fermions BVF V Vare followed by small charge-dipole symmetry zero-point oscillations (vext 0 withamplitude, determined by the most probable resulting translational - rotational recoilvelocity (vrec. At conditions e e e0 and |e e | e0, i.e. at small perturbationsof torus and antitorus: V and V we have for the charge symmetry shift oscillationamplitude:

e e e 12 e0

vrec2

c2 8.37

The resulting most probable recoil kinetic energy and velocity, standing forelectromagnetism (8.27), can be defined as:

Trec 12 Eel

12 mV

mV c2 1

2 mV vres2

vrec2 vres2 8.38

8.38a

Using interrelation between the mass and charge symmetry shifts (4.8a), formula (8.38)for recoil kinetic energy can be presented as:

Trec 12 mV

vres2 12 mV

c2 e2 e2e2

8.38b

In presence of matter and fields, when primordial Bivacuum turns to secondary one,composed from Bivacuum dipoles of small asymmetry: e e e0, we may assume,

82

that:

e2 e2 e ee e 2e0e e

and right part of (8.38b) turns to formula, interrelating external kinetic energy ofasymmetric Bivacuum dipoles with their charge symmetry shift:

Trec 12 mV

vres2 mV c2 e ee0

8.38c

As far formula (8.24) can be applied not only for sub-elementary fermions, but also forasymmetric Bivacuum fermions, our formula (8.38c) reflects electromagnetic oscillation ofBivacuum dipoles, generated by their kinetic energy oscillation. It will be shown in chapter20, that thrust, accompanied the condenser electric discharge in Biefeld -Brown andPodkletnov - Modanese effect is a result of force and excessive momentum origination dueto collective coherent Bivacuum dipoles polarization/asymmetry jump.

The minimum value of recoil velocity, corresponding to zero external translationalvelocity of triplets, like electrons, positrons and protons, can be evaluated from internalvelocity of sub-elementary fermions, determined by Golden mean conditionsvres/c2 0.61803398 (see chapter 4), can be considered as a velocity of zero-pointoscillations of elementary particles:

vrec2 min v02HE

min c2

or : vrec2 min

c2

8.39

8.39a

where: e2/c 0,0072973506; vrec2 min/c2 4.51 103.The physical sense of the electric charge follows from 8.38 in form:

Eel 12e2

c mV mV

c2 12e2

c mV v2

vrec2 v02HE

1c

eQ v

eQ v

8.39b

8.39c

The product c Q2 is the total elementary charge squared and the ratio: e/Q is therelative charge of sub-elementary fermions. This means that the relative electric charge canbe considered as the recoil factor, which interrelate the external group velocity of particle(v) and the velocity of its recoilantirecoil vibrations of elementary charge (vrec, itsmass/energy symmetry shift: mV

mV c2 and the energy of electric field, representing

the Bivacuum matrix perturbation, generated by this charge vibrations.The alternating recoil current (jrecEH, additional to that of Maxwell displacement current

(jd,) existing in presence of charged particles even in the absence of conducting current(j 0 is equal to product of (8.37) and square root of (8.39). At Golden mean conditions(v/c)2 this new recoil current, following from our approach, is:

jrec EH evrecmin 12

1/23/2 e0c 8.40

Corresponding gravitational contribution of recoil velocity, related to the increment ofthe elastic recoil vibration of potential energy of particle (8.10) is much smaller, as far :

83

Vrec 12 mV

mV c2 1

2 mV c22 v2/c2 8.41

The zero-point recoil/antirecoil velocity squared, providing the potential energy ofparticle recoil/antirecoil oscillation at GM conditions (v2/c2 0.618 is:

v02G c22 ; v0

2G/c2 2

v0G c1/22 1/2 1,446 1012 cm/s

8.42

Consequently, the Maxwell equation (8.36) can be modified, taking into account the EHrecoil current, as

LHdl 4

c S j 1

4Et jrecEH ds Itot 8.43

where: Itot is the total current throw the surface (S.We have to note, that jrecEH is nonzero not only in the vicinity of particles, but as well in

any remote space regions of Bivacuum, perturbed by electric and magnetic potentials. Thisconsequence of our theory coincides with the extended electromagnetic theory of BoLehnert (2004, 2004a), also considering current in vacuum, additional to displacement one.

In accordance with the known Helmholtz theorem, each kind of vector field (F),tending to zero at infinity, can be presented, as a sum of the gradient of some scalarpotential ( and a rotor of vector potential (A):

F grad rotA 8.43a

The scalar and vector potentials are convenient to use for description of electromagneticfield, i.e. photon properties. They are characterized by the interrelated translational androtational degrees of freedom, indeed.

To explain the ability of secondary Bivacuum to keep the average (macroscopic) massand charge equal to zero, we have to postulate, that the mass and charge symmetry shiftsoscillations of Bivacuum fermions and antifermions, forming virtual Cooper pairs:

BVFS1/2 V V V V BVFS1/2

8.44

are opposite by sign, but equal by the absolute value. Consequently, the polarizedsecondary Bivacuum (i.e. perturbed by matter and field) can be considered, as a plasma ofthe in-phase oscillating virtual dipoles (BVF) of opposite resulting charge and mass/energy.

8.12 The mechanisms, increasing the refraction index of BivacuumBy definition, the torus is a figure, formed by rotation of a circle with maximum radius,

corresponding to minimum quantum number (n 0, see 1.1a) LVi 2

m0i c

, around the axis,shifted from the center of the circle at the distance LEH,G. The electromagnetic (EH andgravitational (G vibrations of positions LEH,GV of the big number of recoiledBVFrec, induced by the elastic recoilantirecoil deformations of Bivacuum matrix, areaccompanied by vibrations of square and volume of torus (V and antitorus (V ofperturbed Bivacuum dipoles: BVFrec i V Vreci . The electromagnetic andgravitational increments of square (SV

E,G) and volume (VVE,G of toruses and antitoruses

of BVFrec i, as a consequence of their center vibrations can be presented,correspondingly, as:

84

SVEH,G 42|LEH,G |V

EH,G LV

VVEH,G 42|LEH,G |V

EH,G LV2

8.45

8.45a

At conditions of zero-point oscillations, corresponding to Golden Mean (GM), when theratio (v0/c2 and external translational velocity (v is zero, the maximum shifts of centerof secondary Bivacuum dipoles in vicinity of pulsing elementary particles due toelectromagnetic and gravitational recoil-antirecoil (zero-point) vibrations are,correspondingly:

LEHi V CW

vEH i

m0i c1/2 0,067 LV

i

LGi V CW

vG i

m0i c

1/22 1/2 3,27 1023 LVi

8.46

8.46a

where: the recoil antirecoil oscillation period is CW 1/CW

/m0i c2 i

; therecoilantirecoil most probable velocity of zero-point oscillations, which determines theelectrostatic and magnetic fields is: vEH

c1/2 0.201330447 108 m s1 and1/2 0,067 the corresponding zero-point velocity, which determines gravitationalfield is: vG

ce1/22 1/2 1,446 1012 m s1 and e

1/22 1/2 0,48 1022.The dielectric permittivity of Bivacuum and corresponding refraction index, using our

theory of refraction index of matter (Kaivarainen, 1995; 2001), can be presented as a ratioof volume of Bivacuum fermions and bosons in symmetric primordial Bivacuum (Vpr totheir volume in secondary Bivacuum: Vsec VBVF r/rVBVFrec

E,G , perturbed by matterand fields. The secondary Bivacuum is optically more dense, if we assume that the volume,occupied by Bivacuum fermion torus and antitorus, is excluded for photons. The Coulomband gravitational potentials and the related excluded volumes of perturbed Bivacuumfermions/antifermions decline with distance (r as:

r /rVBVFrecEH and

r /rVBVFrecG

where: (r) is a distance from the charged and/or gravitating particle andr is the unitary

radius vector. Taking all this into account, we get for permittivity of secondary Bivacuum:

n2 cvEH,G

2 N Vpr

N Vsec

VBVFVBVF r/rVBVFrec

EH,G 11r/rVBVFrec

EH,G /VBVF

8.47

n2 11 r/r 3|L|V

EH,G LV

8.47a

where: the velocity of light propagation in asymmetric secondary Bivacuum of highervirtual density, than in primordial one, is notated as: vEH,G cEH,G; the volume ofprimordial Bivacuum fermion is VBVF 4/3LV3 and its increment in secondaryBivacuum: VBVFrec

E,G VVE,G (8.45a).

r/r is a ratio of unitary radius-vector to distance between the source of C Wpulsations (elementary particle) and perturbed by the electrostatic, magnetic andgravitational potential BVFrecEH,G.

Putting (8.46) into formula (8.46a) we get for the refraction index of Bivacuum and

85

relativistic factor RE in the vicinity of charged elementary particle (electron, positron orproton, antiproton) the following expression:

n2 ccEH

2

E 1

1 r/r 31/2 2.71 8.48

where: 1 n2 2,71 is tending to 1 at r .The Coulomb relativistic factor:

REH 1 cEH2

c2 r/r 0,631 r/r1/2 0.794 8.49

0 RE 0,794 is tending to zero at r .In similar way, using (8.46a) and (8.47a), for the refraction index of Bivacuum and the

corresponding relativistic factor RG of gravitational vibrations of Bivacuum fermions(BVF in the vicinity of pulsing elementary particles at zero-point conditions, we get:

n2 cGc

2

G 1

1 r/r3e1/221/2 1 8.50

where e1/22 1/2 0.48 1022.The gravitational relativistic factor:

RG 1 cGc

2 r/r 0,48 1022 r/r1/2 0,69 1011 8.51

Like in previous case, the Bivacuum refraction index, increased by gravitationalpotential, is tending to its minimum value: n2 1 at the increasing distance from thesource: r .

The charge - induced refraction index increasing of secondary Bivacuum, in contrast tothe mass - induced one, is independent of lepton generations of Bivacuum dipoles (e,,.

The formulas (8.48) and (8.50) for Bivacuum dielectric permittivity and refractionindex near elementary particles, perturbed by their Coulomb and gravitational potentials,point out that bending and scattering probability of photons on charged particles is muchhigher, than that on neutral particles with similar mass.

We have to point out, that the light velocity in conditions:nEH,G

2 c/vEH,G c/cEH,G 1 is not longer a scalar, but a vector, determined by thegradient of Bivacuum fermion symmetry shift:

grad |mV mV

|EH,G c2 grad mVv2 8.52

and corresponding gradient of torus and antitorus equilibrium constant increment:KVV 1 mV

/mV cEH,G/v2:

gradKVV 1 mV /mV

grad cEH,Gc

2 grad 1

n2

8.53

8.53a

The other important consequence of: n2 E,G 1 is that the contributions of the restmass energy of photons and neutrino (Kaivarainen, 2005) to their total energy is not zero,as far the electromagnetic and gravitational relativistic factors (REH,G) are greater than zero.It follows from the basic formula for the total energy of de Broglie wave (the photon in our

86

case):

Etot mVc2 CW Rm0c2rot

in Bext tr 8.54

where the gravitational relativistic factor of electrically neutral objects:RG r/r3,08 1022 r/r1/2 1.75 1011.

This consequence is also consistent with a theory of the photon and neutrino, developedby Bo Lehnert (2004a).

We can see, that in conditions of primordial Bivacuum, when r , the nEH,G 1,REH,G 0 and the contribution of the rest mass energy Rm0c2rot

in tends to zero. At theselimiting conditions the frequency of photon Corpuscle Wave pulsation is equal to thefrequency of the photon as a wave:

Eph CW ph h cph

8.55

The results of our analysis explain the bending of light beams, under the influence ofstrong gravitational potential in another way, than by Einstein’s general theory of relativity.A similar idea of polarizable vacuum and it permittivity variations has been developed byDicke (1957), Fock (1964) and Puthoff (2001), as a background of ’vacuum engineering’.

For the spherically symmetric star or planet it was shown using Dicke model (Dicke,1957), that the dielectric constant K of polarizable vacuum is given by the exponentialform:

K exp2GM/rc2 8.56

where G is the gravitational constant,M is the mass, and r is the distance from the masscenter.

For comparison with expressions derived by conventional General Relativitytechniques, it is sufficient a following approximation of the formula above (Puthoff, 2001):

K 1 2GMrc2 1

22GMrc2

2 8.57

Our approach propose the concrete mechanism of Bivacuum optical density increasingnear charged and gravitating particles, inducing light beams bending.

The increasing of the excluded for photons volume of toruses and antitoruses due totheir rotations and vibrations, enhance the refraction index of Bivacuum and decrease thelight velocity near gravitating and charged objects. The nonzero contribution of the restmass energy to photons and neutrino energy is a consequence of the enhanced refractionindex of secondary Bivacuum and corresponding decreasing of the effective light velocity.The latter can be revealed by small shift of Doppler effect in EM radiation of the probe ingravitational field. The ’Pioneer anomaly’ (Turushev et al., 2005) is a good example ofsuch phenomena.

8.13 Application of angular momentum conservation law for evaluationof curvatures of electric and gravitational potentials

From the formulas of total energy of W phase of unpaired sub-elementary fermion(8.17) of triplet F FS0 F S1/2

e, we can find out the relation between thesum of internal and external angular momentum of CVC, including the electric andgravitational increments of CVC of [W phase for the one side, and a sum of correspondingrecoil angular momentums, for the other.

87

For the end of convenience, this expression can be subdivided to the internal M0in

(zero-point) and external Mext contributions to the total angular momentum M tot:

M tot M0in M

ext 8.58

It follows from the law of angular momentum conservation, that the angularmomentums of Cumulative virtual cloud (CVC) and the recoil (rec) angular momentums,accompanied C W transitions of sub-elementary fermions, should be equal:

M0in Rm0cLE0 Rm0cLG0 rec Rm0cL0 Rm0cL0 Rm0cL0 CVC 8.59

where the internal momentum of elementary particle at Golden mean (zero-point)conditions:

p0in m0c |mV

mV |c mV

v2/c

L0 /m0c Compton radius

8.60

8.60a

and the external contribution to angular momentum:

Mext mV

vLEext mVvLGext rec mV

vLB mVvLB mV

vLB CVC 8.61

where the external momentum of particle is directly related to its de Broglie wavelength (B 2LB h/mV

v:

pext mVv h/B

LB 8.62

The sum of zero-point and angular momentums is:

M tot Rm0cLE0 mVvLEextrec Rm0cLG0 mV

vLGextrec Rm0cL0 mV

vLB Rm0cL0 mVvLBCVC Rm0cL0 mV

vLBCVC

8.63

The minimum space curvatures, related to electromagnetism, corresponding tozero-point longitudinal recoil effects, accompanied C W pulsation, can be find outfrom (8.59), reflecting the angular momentum conservation law, as:

LE0 L0 1 2 L0

1 1 aB L0 136,036L0

0,0072973506 1/137

8.64

We can see, that the space curvature, characteristic for electric potential of the electronat Golden Mean (zero-point) conditions (LE0 is very close to the radius of the 1st Bohrorbit aB in hydrogen atom:

aB 1 L0 137,036L0 0.5291 1010m 8.65

In similar way we can find from (8.59) zero-point Bivacuum curvature, determined byelementary particle gravitational potential:

LG0 G0

2 L01 2 L0

e,p 8.66

where: e m0e /MPl2 1.7385 1045; p m0

p/MPl2 5.86 1039 areintroduced in our theory gravitational fine structure constant, different for electrons and

88

protons; MPl c/G1/2 2.17671 108 kg is a Plank mass; m0e 9.109534 1031 kg

is a rest mass of the electron; m0p 1.6726485 1027 kg m0

e 1.8361515 103 kg is arest mass of proton.

The length of one light year is 9.46 1015m. The gravitational curvature radius ofproton from (8.66), equal to LG0

p aGp 3.58 1022m. may have the same importance in

cosmology, like the electromagnetic curvature of the electron, equal to 1st orbit radius ofthe hydrogen atom: aB 0.5291 1010m in atomic physics. For comparison with aG

p , thecharacteristic distance between galactics in their groups and clusters is in range:0.3 1.5 1022m. The radius of of Local group of galactics, like Milky way, Andromedagalaxy and Magellan clouds, equal approximately to 3 106 light years. The radius ofVigro cluster of galactics is also close to aG

p .Let us consider now the curvature of electric potential, determined by the external

dynamics of the charged particle and its de Broglie wave length from (8.61):

LEext LB 1 2 LB 1

1 136,036LB 136,036 B2 8.67

In most common nonrelativistic conditions the de Broglie wave length of elementaryparticle is much bigger than it its Compton length (LB B

2 12

hmv L0

m0c and,consequently, the effective external radius of Coulomb potential action is much bigger,than the minimum internal one: LEext LE0 .

Similar situation is valid for external gravitational potential curvature from (8.61):

LGext G2 LB

1 2 LB 1

2

1 LB

8.68

8.14 Curvatures of Bivacuum domains of nonlocality, corresponding tozero-point electromagnetic and gravitational potentials of elementary particles

Let us analyze the length of coherence (de Broglie waves), determined by zero-pointvibrations velocity, accompanied the recoil effects of unpaired and paired sub-elementaryfermions of triplets F FS0 F S1/2

e,p, equal to radius of Bivacuum domainof nonlocality. It is assumed that the translational external velocity of triplets is zerovtrext 0.

The corresponding curvatures are related to electromagnetic and gravitational potentialof pulsing elementary particle of any of (i) generation:

LE

VirBC

mBVF v0E

mBVF c1/2

LG

VirBC

mBVF v0G

mBVF c2 1/2

8.69

8.69a

where zero-point velocities: v0HE c1/2 and v0G c2 1/2 are defined

by (8.39) and (8.42).The uncompensated masses of BVF, due to mass symmetry shifts, induced by

electromagnetic and gravitational vibrations can be evaluated as:

89

mBVF

E |mV

| |mV |E

mVv/c2

E

m01

m0

mBVF

G mV

v/c2G

m02 1 2

m02

8.70

8.70a

Putting 8.70 and 8.70a into 8.69 and 8.69a, we get radiuses of vortices of BVF andBVF, determined by their recoil antirecoil longitudinal vibrations, induced byzero-point C W pulsations of unpaired sub-elementary fermions of triplets -elementary particles, like electrons, protons and neutrons:

LE

VirBC 1 m0c3/2 L0

3/2

LG

VirBC

1 2

m0c2 3/2 L0

2 3/2

8.71

8.71a

These vortices of two very different radiuses represent standing circular virtual waves.In accordance to our theory, they characterize the regions of virtual Bose condensation,representing the domains of nonlocality.

9. Pauli principle: How it works ?Let us consider the reasons why the Pauli principle ”works” for fermions and do not

work for bosons. In accordance to our model of elementary particles, the numbers ofsub-elementary fermions and sub-elementary antifermions, forming bosons, like photons(Fig.4), are equal. Each of sub-elementary fermion and sub-elementary antifermion insymmetric pairs FF of bosons can pulsate between their [C] and [W] states in-phase(S 0 or counterphase (S 1. In both cases the positive and negative subquantumparticles, forming CVC and CVC do not overlap, as far they are in realms of oppositeenergy.

For the other hand, the numbers of sub-elementary particles and sub-elementaryantiparticles in composition of fermions (i.e. triplets F F F i are not equal toeach other. Consequently, the CVC and CVC of sub-elementary fermions andantifermions in triplets do not compensated each other. It leads to the external oscillationsof Bivacuum subquantum particles density in the process of [C W pulsation, which canbe uncompensated also.In the framework of our model, Pauli repulsion effect between fermions with the same

spin states and energy, i.e. the same phase and frequency of C W pulsation, is similarto the effect of excluded volume.

This effect is provided by spatial incompatibility of two cumulative virtual clouds:CVC1

and CVC2 of the anchor Bivacuum fermions of unpaired sub-elementary particles

of triplets, emitted in the same moment of time in the same volume. The latter is a case, ifthe distance between CVC1

and CVC2 is equal or less, than space of their superposition

CVC1 CVC2

, determined by doubled de Broglie wave length of triplets:B CVC h/mV

vext.Let us analyze this situation in more detail.The average external translational kinetic energy (T tot

CW of fermionsF F F i is:

90

T totCW Ttot EECLoc EEWDist

tr 9.1

It involves opposite by sign oscillation of local/internal Coulomb potential interactionin [C] phase |ee |

LT

Locof the anchor Bivacuum fermion of F i , transforming to distant

kinetic recoil perturbation of Bivacuum matrix mV mV

c2 Dis, representing electricfield, in the process of C W pulsation:

EECLoc |ee |LT

Loc mV

B2LB2 Loc CW

mV mV

c2 Dis mVv2 Dis EEWDist 9.2

The energy of the anchor site of unpaired F i in [W] phase of triplet, equal toexternal energy of de Broglie wave:

Eanc EB EEWDist TkCVC 9.3

can be presented as a sum of energy of electric field, equal to recoil energy:

EEWDist mV mV

c2 Dis mVv2 Dis ~ C electric field energy 9.4

and real energy of CVC, equal to maximum kinetic energy of cumulative virtual cloudh2

mVB2 mV

v2 minus recoil energy:

TkCVC h2

mVB2

mVv2 mV

v21 ~ P 9.5

The Coulomb repulsion C between two similar elementary charge is determined byelectric field energy (9.4). For the other hand, the Pauli repulsion P between thesecharges, as a fermions, pulsing in the same phase and frequency on the distance, close to deBroglie wave length: B h/mV

v is dependent on real energy of CVC (9.5).The ratio between Pauli and Coulomb repulsion energies between two similar fermions

on the distances about or less, than de Broglie wave length of these charges (B is equal toratio of 9.5 and 9.4:

PC 1

1 1 136 9.6

We can see, that it is close to reverse value of electromagnetic fine structure constant:1/ 137.

This means, that on these distances, comparable with linear dimensions of CVC

usually much bigger than Compton length of charges: B (L0 /m0c, the Paulinonelectromagnetic repulsion is more than hundred times bigger, than Coulomb interaction.

Pauli repulsion regulate the counterphase C W pulsation in a system of twosub-elementary fermions: F and F of the electron F F F i or twosub-elementary antifermions F and F of the positron F F F i , becausetheir CVC do not overlap in in the same space in the same time.

Fore the other hand, the C W dynamics of sub-elementary fermion andsub-elementary antifermion (F and F, localized in opposite energetic realms ofBivacuum, can be in-phase, as well as counterphase, because the CVC and CVC do notoverlap in both cases. These conditions may occur in the process of C W pulsation ofsub-elementary fermions, composing elementary bosons, like photons, and complex bosons- neutral atoms. In these two situations the effect of excluded volume is absent and

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fermions are spatially compatible. The mechanism, proposed, explains the absence of thePauli repulsion in systems of Bosons and Cooper pairs, making possible their Bosecondensation.

9.1 Spatial compatibility of sub-elementary fermionsof the same charge and opposite spins

We postulate in our model, that [C W] pulsation of paired sub-elementary fermionand antifermion F F of opposite spins in composition of the electron F F F or positron F F F are counterphase with pulsation ofunpaired F (see the upper part of Fig. 8).

In the case of counterphase [C W] pulsations of paired F 1 and unpaired F 2

with opposite spins, but similar charges, localized in the same energy realm, they arespatially compatible, as far their corpuscular [C] and wave [W] phase are realizedalternatively in different semi-periods. Consequently, the Pauli repulsion, described above,is absent.

The example of such compatible pairs in composition of the electron or positron ispresented on (Fig.8).

Fig. 8. Schematic representation of pair of a spatially compatible sub-elementaryantifermions of the electron F F F , with opposite half-integer spins: F and F and same charge (e, energy and frequency of [C W] pulsation. Thecounterphase [C W] transitions of two sub-elementary antifermions with opposite spins:F and F neutralize the both - Pauli and electromagnetic repulsion between them.

In the electron F F S0 FS1/2 , the resulting spin and charge is

determined by unpaired and uncompensated spin of FS1/2. The actual inertial mass(mV and energy of the electron also is determined by this unpaired/uncompensatedsub-elementary fermion.

The dynamics of sub-elementary fermions of positron F F F is similar tothat of electron, determined, however, by unpaired sub-elementary antifermionFS1/2 .

The process of the triplets of sub-elementary fermions spin state inversion needs 7200

not 3600. It will be explained in the next section.

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9.2 The double turn (7200 of magnetic field, as a condition of the fermionsspin state reversibility

It is known fact, that the total rotating cycle for spin of the electrons or positrons is not3600, but 7200, i.e. double turn by external magnetic field of special configuration, isnecessary to return elementary fermions to starting state (Davies, 1985). The correctness ofany new model of elementary particles should be testified by its ability to explain thisnontrivial fact.

We may propose three possible explanations, using our model of the electrons,positrons, protons and antiprotons, as a triplets of sub-elementary fermions/antifermions.

Let us analyze them on example of the electron:

F F F e 9.5

1. We may assume, that the direction of external magnetic field rotation acts only onunpaired sub-elementary fermion, as asymmetric [torus (V antitorus (V pair:F V Vas, if the resulting magnetic moment of pair F F is zero and thepair do not interact with external magnetic field at all. In such conditions the 1st 3600 turnof external H field change the direction of rotation of one of two toruses rotation to theopposite one: V V , transforming sub-elementary fermion to sub-elementaryboson: F V V

3600

B V V. One more 3600 turn of the externalmagnetic field converts this sub-elementary boson and the triplet (9.5) to starting condition.The total cycle for unpaired F of triplet can be presented as:

I F V V3600

B V V3600

F V V 9.6

2. The second possible explanation of double 7200 turn may be a consequence offollowing two stages, involving origination of pair of sub-elementary bosons B Bfrom pair of sub-elementary fermions, as intermediate stage and two full turns (2 3600 ofunpaired sub-elementary fermion:

II F F F 3600

B B F 3600

F F F 9.7

Both of these mechanisms are not very probable, because they involve the action ofexternal magnetic field on single or paired sub-elementary bosons with zero spin and,consequently, zero magnetic moment.3. The most probable third mechanism avoids such strong assumption. The external

rotating H field interact in two stage manner (2 3600 only with sub-elementaryfermions/antifermions, changing their spins. However this mechanism demands that theangle of spin rotation of sub-elementary particle and antiparticles of neutral pairsF F are the additive parameters. It means that turn of resulting spin of pair on 3600

includes reorientation spins of each F and F only on 1800. Consequently, the full spinturn of pair F F resembles that of Mobius transformation.

The spin of unpaired sub-elementary fermion F , in contrast to paired ones, makes afull turn each 3600, i.e. twice in 7200 cycle:

Fx Fy Fz

3600

Fx18001800

Fy Fz

3600

Fx Fy Fz

9.8

The difference between the intermediate - 2nd stage and the original one in (9.8) is in

93

opposite spin states of paired sub-elementary particle and antiparticle:

Fx Fy3600

Fx18001800

Fy 9.9

Because of Pauli repulsion (see previous section) between two sub-elementary fermionsof the same spin state Fy and Fz , in intermediate state of (9.8), the correspondingtriplet configuration has deformed - stretched configuration, different from original andfinal ones.

In the latter - equilibrium configurations of triplet, the C W pulsation of unpairedsub-elementary fermion Fz and paired Fy is counterphase and spatially compatibledue to the absence of Pauli repulsion.

One more known ”strange” experimental result can be explained by our dynamic modelof triplets of elementary particles. The existence in triplets paired in-phase pulsatingsub-elementary fermions (9.9) with opposite charge, representing double electric dipoles(i.e. double charge), can be responsible for two times stronger magnetic field, generated byelectron, as compared with those, generated by rotating sphere with single charge |e |.

9.3. Bosons as a coherent system of sub-elementary and elementary fermions

The spatial image of sub-elementary boson is a superposition of strongly correlatedsub-elementary fermions with opposite charges and spin states with properties of Cooperpairs. In general case the elementary bosons are composed from the integer number of suchpairs.

Bosons have zero or integer spin 0,1,2 in the units, in contrast to the half integerspins of fermions. In general case, bosons with S 1 include: photons, gluons, mesons andboson resonances, phonons, pairs of elementary fermions with opposite spins, atoms andmolecules.We subdivide bosons into elementary and complex bosons:1. Elementary bosons (like photons), composed from equal number of sub-elementary

fermions and antifermions, moving with light velocity in contrast to complex bosons, likeatoms;

2. Complex bosons, represent a coherent system of elementary fermions (electrons andnucleons), like neutral atoms and molecules.

Formation of stable complex bosons from elementary fermions with different actualmasses: mV

1 mV2 is possible due to their electromagnetic attraction, like in

proton electron pairs in atoms. It may occur, if the length of their waves B are the sameand equal to distance between them. These conditions may be achieved by difference intheir external group velocities, adjusting the momentums to the same value:

L1 /mVv1 L2 /mV

v2 Ln /mVvn

at : v1/vn mVn/mV

1

9.10

The mentioned above conditions are the base for assembly of complex bosons, unifiedin the volume of 3D standing waves of fermions of the opposite or same spins.

The hydrogen atom, composing from two fermions: electron and proton is a simplestexample of complex bosons. The heavier atoms also follow the same principle ofself-organization.

The elementary boson, such as photon, represents dynamic superposition of two tripletsof sub-elementary fermions and antifermions, corresponding to electron and positronstructures. Such composition determines the resulting external charge of photon, equal tozero and the value of photon’s spin: J 1, 0 or -1.

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Stability of all types of elementary particles: bosons and fermions (electrons, positronsetc.) is a result of superposition/exchange of cumulative virtual clouds [CVC CVC]with gluon properties, emitted and absorbed in the process of in-phase [C W pulsationsof paired sub-elementary particles and sub-elementary antiparticles [F F (Fig.9).

Fig. 9. Schematic representation of symmetric pair of the in-phase pulsing sub-elementaryfermion and sub-elementary antifermion F F with boson properties. The F and F,pulsing in-phase between the corpuscle and wave states compensate the mass, spin andcharge of each other. Such a pair is a neutral component of elementary particles, likeelectrons, positrons, protons, neutrons, etc. Properties of symmetric pair of F

F:resulting electric charge is zero; resulting magnetic charge is zero; resulting spin:SFF 1, 0.

The neutral symmetric pairs of generations F FS0,1, , forming part of triplets -

protons have a properties of mesons, as a neutral [quark antiquark] pairs with integerspin. The coherent cluster of such pairs - from one to four pairs: n q q S0,1,2,3,4 canprovide the experimentally revealed integer spins of mesons - from zero to four.

10 The Mystery of Sri Yantra DiagramIn accordance to ancient archetypal ideas, geometry and numbers describe the

fundamental energies in course of their dance - dynamics, transitions. For more than tenmillenniums it was believed that the famous Tantric diagram-Sri Yantra contains in hiddenform the basic functions active in the Universe (Fig. 10).

95

Fig. 10. The Sri Yantra diagram is composed from nine triangles. Four of them are pointedup and five down.In another way this diagram can be considered as superposition of:a) the set of pairs of cones of opposite apex, corresponding to torus and antitorus ofasymmetric Bivacuum fermions in [C] phase in different excitation states (see Fig. 11a) andb) the set of diamonds, corresponding to [W] phase of corresponding excitation states ofBivacuum fermions (dashed lines).Author is grateful to P. Flanagan for submitting of Sri Yantra diagram with precise

coordinates of most important points, making possible its quantitative analysis.

Triangle is a symbol of a three-fold Nature. The Christian trinity, the symbol of Godmay be represented by triangle. The symbol of trinity is coherent to our idea of triplets ofsub-elementary particles and antiparticles, as elementary particles. In Buddhism-Hindutriangle with apex up is a symbol of God-male and that with apex down is a symbol ofGod-female.

For millenniums it was believed, that Sri Yantra diagram represents geometriclanguage, containing encrypted information about the principles of matter formation.

Let us analyze this diagram, using notions of our theory of elementary particlesorigination from Bivacuum dipoles and the mechanism of corpuscle - wave duality.

First of all, the ratio 5:4 between positive and negative energy states may reflect theprimordial asymmetry of torus and antitorus of Bivacuum dipoles, as a condition of matterorigination.

We may see also, that Sri Yantra diagram contains the information about duality ofsub-elementary fermions, forming elementary particles, i.e. their discrete corpuscular [C]and wave [W] phases. The diagram at Fig.10 can be considered as a superposition of:

a) set of pairs of cones of opposite apex, corresponding to asymmetric torus andantitorus of asymmetric Bivacuum fermions in [C] phase in different excitation states (seeFig. 11a, where the diameters of bases of pairs of cones correspond to diameters of torusand antitorus of Bivacuum fermions) and

b) set of diamonds, corresponding to [W] phase of Bivacuum fermions in differentexcitation states.

In accordance to our theory of sub-elementary fermion/antifermion origination (section4), the former set (a) describes their [C] phase with different diameters of opposite conesbases, characterizing symmetry shift between torus (V and antitorus (V,correspondingly. The asymmetry of torus and antitorus is increasing with Bivacuum

96

fermion excitation state, accompanied by decreasing of spatial separation between them.From formula (1.4) for this separation:

[dVV]ni h

m0i c1 2n

10.1

we can see, that the distance between torus and antitorus decreases with quantum number(n) increasing, indeed.

It was astounding to find out, that at maximum excitation and maximum asymmetry ofBivacuum dipole, corresponding to minimum diamond dimension (Fig.11b), the ratio ofdown diameter of cone/torus base to that of upper antitorus is 0.6, i.e. practically coincidewith Golden mean ( 0.618). For the other hand, it follows from our Unified theory, thatjust this critical ratio of torus and antitorus diameters: 2L/2L (see eq. 4.15) is acondition of the rest mass and charge origination, as a crucial stage of elementary fermions(electrons, protons, neutrons) fusion from sub-elementary ones (section 5).

Fig. 11a. Part of Sri Yantra diagram, representing set of pairs of cones of opposite apex,corresponding to torus and antitorus of asymmetric Bivacuum fermions in [C] phase indifferent excitation states. The diameters of bases of pairs of cones corresponds to diametersof torus and antitorus of Bivacuum fermions.Fig. 11b. Superposition of [C] and [W] phase of asymmetric Bivacuum fermion,

corresponding to critical state of excitation and asymmetry, determined by Golden meancondition. This state is characterized by origination of the rest mass and charge, turningBivacuum fermion to sub-elementary fermion. The next stage of matter organization fromBivacuum is fusion of triplets of elementary fermions from sub-elementary fermions.

The diamonds of increasing as respect to Fig.11b dimensions, incorporated in SriYantra diagram (Fig.10), reflects [W] phase of Bivacuum dipoles of different excitation

97

states in form of Cumulative Virtual Clouds CVC, emitted and absorbed in the process ofquantum beats between asymmetric states of torus and antitorus.

The probability of coincidental correlation of quantitative and qualitative features of SriYantra diagram properties with key features of our theory of elementary particles is verylow. It is a surprise, indeed, that only 10 millenniums after famous Sri Yantra diagrambecame known in mankind history, we became ready for understanding its encryptedinformation about principles of Universe construction.

11 The Link Between Maxwell’s Formalism and Unified TheoryUsing (7.18a), the quantization rule for photons can be expressed as:

nEel nCW nVV nmV

mVc2 11.1

where: mV c2 nV and mV

c2 nV are the quantized energies of the actualvortex and complementary torus of sub-elementary particle.

From this formula one can see that the electromagnetic energy is a result of quantumbeats with frequency (CW) between the actual and complementary corpuscular states oftwo uncompensated sub-elementary fermions with additive spins in composition of photonsFig. 4.

The electromagnetic contribution to the total energy of wave B (11.1) is defined by thefine structure constant, as a factor:

EE ECW n B n V V

2 rotV rotV

11.2

where: n is a unit-vector, common for both vortices; CVC V V is a beats

frequency between actual vortex and complementary toruses/vortices with angle velocities:V

and V, depending on radiuses of torus and antitorus.

It is assumed, that all of subquantum particles/antiparticles, forming actual andcomplementary vortices/toruses of [C] phase of sub-elementary fermions, have the sameangle frequency: V and V and velocities, correspondingly.

We can express the divergency of Pointing vector: P c/4EHvia difference ofcontributions, related to actual and complementary toruses, using known relation of vectoranalysis:

divEH 4c divP H rotE E rotH 11.3

where H and E are the magnetic and electric energy contributions of subquantumparticles, radiated and absorbed in a course of correlated [C W pulsation of twouncompensated sub-elementary fermions of photon.

Two structures of photon, corresponding to its two polarization and spin S 1,can be presented as:

2F F F F S 1

2F F F F S 1

11.4

11.4a

The analogy between (11.2) and (11.3), illustrating the dynamics of [torus antitorus]dipole, is evident, if we assume:

98

V H rotE~ 2 rotV

V E rotH~ 2 rotV

11.5

11.5a

Then, the divergence of Pointing vector will take a form:

4c divP 2 rotV

rotV

~mV

mVc2 11.6

We can see from 11.5 and 11.5a, that the properties of both: magnetic and electric fieldsare implemented in each of our torus and antitorus of Bivacuum dipoles. The mechanism ofthis implementation was discussed in sections (8.6 - 8.8).

We may apply also the Green theorems, interrelating the volume and surface integrals,to our duality model. One of known Green theorems is:

V

2 2dV

S

dS dV 11.7

If we define the scalar functions, as the instant energies of the actual andcomplementary states of [C] phase of sub-elementary particles as mV

c2 and mV

c2, then, taking into account that

2 divgrad divgrad mVc2

2 divgrad divgrad mVc2

11.8 11.8a

formula (11.7) can be presented in form:

V

mVc22mV

c2 mVc22mV

c2dV

S

dS mVc2mV

c2 mVc2mV

c2dV

11.9

11.9a

The upper part (11.9) represents the energy of sub-elementary fermion in [C] phase andthe lower part (11.9a) - the energy of cumulative virtual cloud (CVC), corresponding to[W] phase of the same particle.

12. The Principle of least action, the Second and Third laws of Thermodynamics.New Solution of Time Problem

12.1 The quantum roots of Principle of least actionLet us analyze the formula of action in Maupertuis-Lagrange form:

Sextt1

t0

2Tkext dt 12.1

The action can be presented also using the Lagrange function, representing differencebetween the kinetic and potential energy: L Tk V. Using 6.8a, we can see, thatL 1 v/c2 m0c2 and the action in Hamilton form can be expressed as:

99

S m0c2t1

t0

1 v/c2 dt

or : S m0c2 1 v/c2 t

12.1a

12.1b

The principle of Least action, responsible for choosing one of number of possibleparticles trajectories from one configuration to another has a form:

Sext 0 12.2

This means, that the optimal trajectory of each particle corresponds to minimumvariations of its external kinetic energy and time.

The time interval: t t1 t2 ntB we take as a quantized period of the de Brogliewave of particle (tB 1/B:

t t1 t2 ntB n/Bn 1,2,3. . . .

12.3

Using eqs.(12.1 and 6.10a), we get for the dependence of action in Maupertuis-Lagrangeform on introduced Bivacuum tuning energy TE:

Sext 2Tkext t mV v2 t 1 RmV

c2 m0c2tor : Sext mV

v2 t 1 RTE t

where relativistic factor: R 1 v/c2

12.4 12.4a

12.4b

mV v2 2Tkext is the doubled kinetic energy of particle.

We introduce here the new notion of Bivacuum Tuning Energy (TE), dependent onenergy of Bivacuum virtual pressure waves (EVPWq as:

TE Etot EVPWq TE CW q0

mVc2 qm0c2 mV

v21 R

12.5

12.6

where: q j k q 1,2,3. . . . is a quantum number, characterizing the excitation ofBivacuum Virtual Pressure Waves (VPWq

, interacting with paired sub-elementaryfermions of triplets F F in the process of [C W pulsation:

F FW FC F FC FW 12.7

The frequency of beats (TE equal to Bivacuum Tuning frequency is:

TE mV qm0c2/ C W q0 12.8

where: mV m0 and C W 0.

Tending of TE and TE to zero due to influence of basic VPWq1 at q 1 on

triplets dynamics (forced resonance), minimizing their translational velocity andkinetic energy, provides realization of principle of Least action.

At conditions, when q 1, the external translational velocity of particle is zero:vn1 0 without taking into account velocity of particle zero-point oscillations, induced by

100

its C W pulsation.12.2 The quantum roots of 2nd and 3d laws of thermodynamics

At the velocity of particles (v, corresponding to q 1.5, the interaction of thesepulsing particles with basic q 1 virtual pressure waves of Bivacuum (VPWq1

due toforced resonance should slow down their velocity, driving translational mobility ofparticles to resonant conditions: q 1, v 0.The second law of thermodynamics, formulated as a spontaneous irreversible

transferring of the heat energy from the warm body to the cooler body or surroundingmedium, also means decreasing of kinetic energy of particles, composing this body.Consequently, the 2nd law of thermodynamics, as well as Principle of Least Action, can bea consequence of Tuning energy (TE) minimization, due to forced resonance of VPWq1with C W pulsation, slowing down particles thermal translational dynamics at pull-inrange synchronization conditions at q 1.5 v0

q 1 :

TE C Wv0 0 12.11

The third law of thermodynamics states, that the entropy of equilibrium system istending to zero at the absolute temperature close to zero. Again, this may be a consequenceof forced combinational resonance between basic VPWn1

and particles C Wpulsation, when translational velocity of particles v 0 and TE C W 0

v0 0

at q 1,5 v0 q 1. At these conditions in accordance with Hierarchic theory of

condensed matter (Kaivarainen, 1995; 2001; 2001a) the de Broglie wave length of atoms istending to infinity and state of macroscopic Bose condensation of ultimate coherence andorder, i.e. minimum entropy.

This result of our Unified theory could explain the energy conservation,notwithstanding of the Universe cooling. Decreasing of thermal kinetic energy of particlesin the process of cooling is compensated by increasing of potential energy of particlesinteraction, accompanied the increasing of particles de Broglie wave length and their Bosecondensation.

12.3 The new approach to problem of Time, as a "Time of Action"Using formula (12.4a) at minimum and constant value of action in

Maupertuis-Lagrange form:

S 2Tkext t mV v2 t min

it is easy to show, that the pace of time dt/t for any closed conservative system isdetermined by the pace of its kinetic energy change dT/Tkx,y,z, anisotropic in generalcase (Kaivarainen, 2004; 2005):

dtt d ln t dTkTk

d lnTkx,y,z

12.12

Similar relation can be obtained from principle of uncertainty for free particle withkinetic energy (Tk in coherent form: Tk t . From formula (12.12) it is easy to derive aformula for "Time of Action" for conservative mechanical systems.

It is important to note, that in closed conservative mechanical or quantum system thetotal energy is permanent:

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Etot V Tk constor : Etot 0 and V Tk

and the time of action is always the external one.By definition a conservative system is a system in which work done by a force is:1. Independent of path;2. Completely reversible.Using relations (12.12) and relativistic expression for kinetic energy of system or

mechanical object:

Tk mVv2/2 1

2 m0v2/ 1 v/c2 12.12a

the pace of time and time of action for closed system can be presented via acceleration andvelocity of one or more parts, composing this system (Kaivarainen, 2004, 2005):

dtt d ln t dv

v2 v/c2

1 v/c2x,y,z

12.13

We proceed from the fact, that the true inertial frames in our accelerating, rotating andgravitating Universe and in all of its lower levels formations and subsystems - arenonexisting.

The dynamics and accelerations in each closed conservative system, whereEtot const, are characterized by its dimensionless pace of time (12.13) and time itself:

t va

1 v/c2

2 v/c2x,y,z

12.14

where the acceleration in different kinds of motion can be expressed in different forms:

a dv /dt v2

r 2r

or : a G Mr2 - free fall acceleration

The external reference frame for selected conservative system can be only the anotherinertialess system/frame, including the former one as a part and with other relativisticfactor: R2 1 v/c2 . In such approach the internal time tin of smaller system can beanalyzed as a part of external time of bigger conservative system text :

tin text

1 vext/c2

v 1 v/c2

a 2 v/c2 12.14a

The shape of this formula in conditions, when text const is close to to conventionalformula of special relativity (12.15a) for time or clock, moving with velocity v crelatively to the clock in rest (vc).

From (12.14) we can see, that the time for selected object (microscopic or macroscopic)of conservative system is positive at velocity: 0 v c, if its acceleration is negative(dv /dt 0. On contrary, time is negative, if acceleration is positive (dv /dt 0. Forexample, if temperature of conservative system and its kinetic energy are decreasing, thetime and its pace are positive.

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Thermal oscillations of atoms and molecules in condensed matter, like pendulumsoscillation, are accompanied by alternation the sign of acceleration and, consequently, signof time (text and tin.

The Corpuscle Wave transition of elementary particle, as it follows from Unifiedtheory, is accompanied by decreasing of mass and kinetic energy of unpairedsub-elementary fermion and converting the kinetic energy of [C] phase to potential energyof CVC of [W] phase. Consequently, this semiperiod of pulsation is characterized bypositive time t 0CW. On contrary, the reverse W C transition corresponds tonegative time t 0WC.

In the absence of particles acceleration (a dv /dt 0; dTk/Tk 0 andc v 0; , the time of action (t) is infinitive and its pace (dt/t) is zero:

t and dtt 0

at a dv /dt 0 and v const

The infinitive life-time of the system means its absolute stability. The postulated by thisauthor principle of conservation of internal kinetic energy of torus (V and antitorus (Vof symmetric and asymmetric Bivacuum fermions/antifermions: BVFas

F (eq.2.1),

independently on their external velocity, in fact reflects the condition of infinitive life-timeof Bivacuum dipoles in symmetric and asymmetric states. The latter means a stability ofsub-elementary fermions and elementary particles, formed by them.

The permanent collective motion of the electrons in superconductors and atoms of 4Hein superfluid liquids with constant velocity (v const and dv /dt 0 in the absence ofcollisions and accelerations are good examples, confirming validity of our formula (12.14),as far in these conditions t .

When the external translational velocity and external accelerations of Bivacuum dipoles(BVF and BVB are zero: v 0 and dv /dt 0, like in primordial Bivacuum, the notionof time is uncertain: t 0/0.

Interesting, that similar uncertainty in time (12.14) corresponds to opposite limitcondition, pertinent for photon or neutrino in primordial Bivacuum, when v c constand dv /dt 0. Just in such conditions when causality principle do not work theanomalous time effects are possible.In our approach, the velocity of light is the absolute value, determined by physical

properties of Bivacuum, like sound velocity in any medium is determined by elasticproperties of medium. The primordial Bivacuum superfluid matrix represents the UniversalReference Frame (URF) in contrast to conventional Relative Reference Frame (RRF).Consequently the Bivacuum has the Ether properties and Bivacuum dipoles - the propertiesof ethons - elements of the Ether.

The positive acceleration of the Universe expansion (dv /dt 0 at c v 0, inaccordance to (12.13 and 12.14), means negative pace of external time and time itself forthis highest Hierarchical level of Bivacuum organization. For the other hand, the process ofcooling of each regular star system, like our Solar system, following gradual cooling ofstar, means slowing down the internal kinetic energy of thermal motion of atoms andmolecules in such system, i.e. negative acceleration (dv /dt 0 at c v 0. Itcorresponds to positive internal time and its pace in star systems. These opposite sign andthe ’arrow’ direction of time of action on different hierarchical levels of Universeorganization, possibly is a consequence of tending of the Universe to keep its total energypermanent, following energy conservation law.

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In accordance with Einstein relativistic theory (Landau and Lifshitz, 1988), the time ofclock in the rest state (text, which can be considered, as the external inertial frame isinterrelated with time (tin in other inertial frame, moving relatively to former with velocity(v) as:

text t2 t1 ext tin 1 v/c2

tin text

1 v/c2

12.15

12.15a

where: text t2 t1 ext is the characteristic time of clock in the reference rest frame;

tin t2 t1 in is the internal proper time of clock, moving with velocity: v c, relativelyto clock in the rest frame.

It is easy to see, that in relativistic conditions, when vin c, the proper time of movingsystem/clock is tending to infinity: (T ~ tin . This means that the moving clock isslower, than similar clock in state of rest relatively to moving one.If we consider the imaginary system, containing only two clock in empty space,

moving as respect to each other with permanent velocity, and use the 1st postulate ofSpecial Relativity, i.e. similar laws of physics in any inertial system, we should get thesimilar time delay in both clocks, even if they move with different velocities in ourUniversal Reference Frame (URF) - Bivacuum. In other words, both clocks should displaythe same time delay, independently of difference of their velocities ratio to the lightvelocity (v/c)2. This result of special relativity is a consequence of assumption of theabsence of Ether and absolute velocity. It sounds like a nonsense and has no experimentalconfirmation. It follows from our Unified theory, that the interpretation, given by Einsteinto Michelson-Morley experiments, as the evidence of the Ether absence, was wrong incontrast to explanation, provided by the authors of this experiment themselves.Our formulas (12.14 and 12.14a), describing the properties of time (time of action) for

conservative systems, are more advanced, than Einstein’s (12.15a), as far they are notlimited by inertialess frames and contain not only the relativistic factor, but also thevelocity itself and acceleration. It will be demonstrated below, that our time of actionconcept better describe the dynamic processes on microscopic - quantum and macroscopic- cosmic scales.

Different closed conservative systems of particles/objects, rotating around commoncenter on stable orbits with radius r, like in Cooper pairs of sub-elementary fermions,atoms, planetary systems, galactics, etc. are characterized by centripetal (acp andcentrifugal (acen acceleration, equal by absolute value:

acp dvdt v 2

r 2 r acen 12.16

where the tangential velocity of rotation is related to the radius r and angularfrequency of orbital rotation () as:

v 2r r 12.17

Consequently, we get for the ratio of tangential velocity of particle/object to itscentripetal acceleration:

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vdv /dt

1 r

v 12.17a

Putting (12.17a and 12.17) into 12.14, we get the dependence of time of action forCorpuscular phase of elementary particle, characterizing period of rotation of structure, likeFig.2 (electron) or Fig.4 (photon) around internal main axes with radius of rotation (r) andangular frequency ( v /r :

t rv

1 v/c2

2 v/c2W 1

1 r/L002

2 r/L002C

12.18

The transition of elementary particles in [W] phase to [C] phase is accompanied byreversible of translational degrees of freedom to rotational ones.

For sub-elementary fermion in [C] phase, when the translational energy of elementaryparticle, pertinent for [W] phase, turns to rotational one, we have, using (12.16 and 12.17):

v/c2 r/L002

where : L0 /m0c and 0 m0c2/ 12.19

From (12.18) we can see, that for nonrelativistic conditions of orbital rotation ofsystem/object, when its tangential velocity v c and permanent angular frequency: v/r const, we get from 12.18 the relation between characteristic time of this systemand period of orbital rotation (T):

tvcext 12 1

4 T 12.20

For relativistic conditions of the same system, when v c at angular velocity v/r const, we get from 12.18, that characteristic time and period of orbitingelementary particle or macroscopic object is tending to zero, as far 1 v/c2 vc

0 and2 v/c2 vc

1:

tvc 0 and the period T 1/ 0 at v c

and r rmax as far vr

const

12.21

12.21a

For the case, under consideration, the increasing of radius of orbit (r) proportional toincreasing of velocity of orbiting particle/object at permanent angular frequency is aconsequence of condition (12.21a).

For intermediate case, when v c, using result 12.20, our formula for time 12.18can be presented in a shape, symmetric to conventional relativistic formula for inherenttime (12.15):

t 2tvc1 v/c2

2 v/c2 12.22

where: t ~ tv0 (12.15) and 2tvc ~ tv0 (12.15).We may see, that for this intermediated case, the characteristic time in formula (12.15)

of relativistic theory and our (12.22) is decreasing with velocity increasing in bothdescription. However, in formula (12.22) the additional factor: 2 v/c2 1 makes thedependence of time of moving object (i.e. clock) on its velocity weaker than in (12.15).

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Formula (12.14) determines, that at very low acceleration a dv /dt 1, the ratio[v/a should dominate on ratio:

1 v/c2

2 v/c2 va 12.22a

Consequently, at condition (12.22a) the time of action should increase with velocity ofrotating or pulsing object. The same qualitative result follows from special relativity(12.15a). Consequently, at these condition the time delay in moving system, following fromspecial relativity, is in accordance with our theory of time.

The formula for time (12.14), determined by internal rotational degrees of freedom ofstationary systems, like sub-elementary fermions in elementary particles, the electronorbiting in atom of hydrogen or any planet, rotating around the star, can be transformed to:

t 1mV

c2 1 v/c2

mV2c2 v2

1 v/c2

Etot2V 12.23

where: Etot mVc2 const is a total energy of rotating with angular frequency

elementary particle with actual massmV , as a conservative system;

2V 2Etot Tk mV2c2 v2 mV

mVc2 is a doubled potential energy of

unpaired sub-elementary fermion of elementary particle with actual and complementarymass of torus and antitorus: mV

andmV .

In the case of harmonic oscillation or standing wave, when Etot V Tk 2V andV Tk, the characteristic time of rotating with angular frequency v/r particle isdependent only on the ratio of its absolute velocity to the light one (v/c)2.

12.4 The application of new time concept for explanation ofFermat principle

The Fermat principle states that light waves of a given frequency traverse the pathbetween two points which takes the least time. Its modern form is "A light ray, in goingbetween two points, must follow optical path length which is stationary with respect tovariations of the path." In this formulation, the paths may be maxima, minima, or saddlepoints.

The most obvious example of this is the passage of light through a homogeneousmedium in which the speed of light doesn’t change with position. In this case shortest timeis equivalent to the shortest distance between the points, which, as we all know, is a straightline. The examples are existing that time of light passage, including reflected beam, can beminimum or maximum like for light beams from source in the center of ellipsoid withmirror internal surface. There can be a number of trajectories of light beams with the sametime of passion. For example, it is true for different beams from one focal point to anotherpassing throw the lens on different distance from lens center. The most important conditionfor realization of Fermat principle is t const. This principle explains the law ofreflection, as the equality of angles of incidence and angle of reflection: I R andSnell’s law of refraction: sinI nsinR.

However, it is not yet clear why the Fermat principle is working. Let us analyze theapplication of Fermat principle to light refraction, using our formula for time (12.14). Inaccordance to Fermat principle the variation of action time for photons at:Etot V Tk ph const (condition of conservative system) should be zero: t 0.

The ratio of velocity of light in vacuum/bivacuum to its velocity v c in gas, liquidor transparent solid determines the refraction index of corresponding medium:v/c2 1/n. Taking this into account, the variation of (12.14) in [W] and [C] phase of

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photon can be presented as:

t va

1 1/n2 1/n W,C

0 12.24

After differentiation (12.24), we get:

nn 1

2n2n 1 a

a vv 12.24a

At the conditions, when velocity of light in medium is close to this velocity in emptyspace: n c/v2 1 we have n

n1 2n2n1 and 12.24a turns to:

n n 1 v2 v1v1

aa W

12.24b

The relative change of acceleration a/a describes the jump of light velocity on theinterface between two different homogeneous medium.

It is easy to see from this formula, that if the light velocity in 2nd medium is lower, thanin 1st and v2 v1 0, the refraction index will increase: n 0. This is in totalaccordance with empirical data and explains why the Fermat principle is working ingeometrical optics.

Formula (12.24b) describes the change of photon parameters it its Wave [W] phase.The centripetal acceleration of photon in Corpuscular [C] phase can be expressed via

tangential velocity and rotation radius of photon structure (Fig.4) as: acp v 2

r 2r

and

aa 2

rr C

The relative jump of tangential velocity of photon rotation in [C] phase (v tn r onthe interphase between two mediums is:

vv

rr C

Consequently, the difference in relative increments for [C] phase of photon is:

aa

vv C

C

Putting this expression to (12.24b), we get the increment of refraction index for photonin Corpuscular phase via relative jump of its angular frequency:

n n 1 C

12.24c

This angular frequency of photon rotation coincides with frequency of its C Wpulsation only in symmetric primordial Bivacuum. In the volume of liquids or solids thesymmetry of Bivacuum dipoles and their dynamics are changed by elementary particles ofmedium. From 12.24c we get, that this should be accompanied by increasing of rotationalfrequency of photon in its [C] phase.

Our Unified theory, in contrast to relativistic one, considers the velocity as the absoluteparameter, relative to translational velocity of symmetric Bivacuum dipoles equal to zero(see eq. 4.4). The light velocity (c) is also absolute parameter, determined by properties ofBivacuum (ether) and independent on velocity of source of photons.

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12.5 The quantitative evidence in proof of new theory of timeand elementary particles formation from Bivacuum dipoles

Using eq. (12.14), it is possible to calculate the centrifugal acceleration in fast rotatingCooper pairs of sub-elementary fermions F FC in triplets F FC FW ,when paired sub-elementary fermions are rotating in corpuscular [C] phase and unpairedFW is in the wave [W] phase. We analyze the condition of the rest state of theelectron, when its external translational velocity is equal to zero and internal tangentialvelocity of sub-elementary fermion and antifermion rotation around common axis (Fig. 2),corresponds to Golden mean condition:

v/c2 0.618

v c 0.6181/2 2.358 107 m/s

In accordance to our theory of these conditions stand for the rest mass (m0 and charge (e0origination (see chapter 5). The life-time tC of Corpuscular phase of rotating F FC ofthe electron is equal to semiperiod of C W pulsation of pair and triplet itself,determined by Compton angular frequency 0

e CWe :

tCe 12 TCW

e 12CWe

0e 4.02 1021 s

where : 0e m0

ec2/

12.25

12.25a

Putting (12.24-12.25) in (12.14), we get for internal centrifugal acceleration of each ofpaired electronic sub-elementary fermions in [C] phase at Golden mean condition:

acf dv/dt

e vtCe

1 2 1.62 1028 m/s2 12.26

For comparisons, the free fall acceleration in gravitational field of the Earth is only:g 9.81 m/s2.

The corresponding centrifugal force is equal to product of acceleration (12.26) on therest mass of rotating paired sub-elementary fermion:

Fcf m0a 9.1 1031 0.162 1029 1.47 102 kg m/s2 12.27

From conventional expression for centrifugal force in such a system and Golden meanconditions, we get:

Fcf

2m0 c2

L0 2

3.83 1013 9.1093897 1031 5.56 1014

0.264 102 kg m/s2

12.27a

This value is about 5.5 times less, than obtained using our expression for time andacceleration (12.26).

The condition of the electrons stability is that this centrifugal force is compensated bythe opposite centripetal force in rotating pairs F FC

. This compensation can beprovided by Coulomb and in much less extent by gravitational attraction between torus andantitorus of paired sub-elementary fermion in triplets F FC FW :

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FCoul ee

L2 e02

0L0

2 1.98 102 kg m/s2

FG G m0

2

L02 6.67259 1011 9.1093897 10312

3.83 10132 3.76 1046 kg m/s2

12.28

12.28a

where: e and e are the charges of F and F at Golden mean (GM) conditions (seeparagraph 4.1 and eq. 4.18), equal to rest charge of the electron, in accordance to our modelof elementary particles: e0 1.602 1013 C.

The radius of rotation of this pair is equal to Compton radius at GM conditions (eq.5.4):L L0 /m0c 3.83 1013 m. Assuming, that permittivity of Bivacuum betweencharges in pair F FC is close to that of vacuum: 0 8.85 1012 F m1, we getfor Coulomb attraction force FCoul

1.98 102 kg m/s2.The gravitational constant in (12.28a) G 6.67259 1011 m3 kg1 s2 and the rest mass

of the electron squared: m02 9.1093897 1031 kg 2. It is easy to see, that gravitational

attraction is negligible small as respect to Coulomb one.The calculated Coulomb force (12.28) is close to the opposite centrifugal force (12.27),

providing stabilization of pairs F FC in triplets of the electrons:

FCoul

Fcf 1.98 102

1.47 102 1.343 12.29

A possible explanation of this small disbalance in Coulomb and centrifugal forces, canbe a bigger permittivity of Bivacuum in the internal space of this pairs, as respect to emptyBivacuum/vacuum: /0 1.343. The reason of bigger internal permittivity 1/0c

2

can be a bigger refraction index in space between two sub-elementary fermions in pairsF FC

.Like in the case of protons (see section 5.1), stabilization of electronic triplets in its [W]

phase can be realized via electronic gluons, i.e. superposition of their Cumulative virtualclouds [CVC CVCe between paired sub-elementary fermions in [W] phase.

The close values of centrifugal and Coulomb interaction for the electrons and positrons,calculated on the base of parameters of paired sub-elementary fermions in theirCorpuscular phase (angular frequency of [C W pulsation and tangential velocity oftheir rotation), following from our model of elementary particles, is important fact,confirming our Unified theory of Bivacuum, the new model of stable elementary particlesand time.

For much less stable triplet, like muon, the centrifugal force at Golden mean conditions(12.27a) exceeds many times the Coulomb attraction between its sub-elementary fermionand antifermion:

Fcf

2m0 c2

L0 2m0

2 c3 e2

0L02 FCoul 12.29a

This inequality is a result of the same charges of muon and electron at the mass offormer exceeding the mass of latter about 200 times. It is a reason of muons much lessstability and life-time, than that of electrons.

12.6 Shift of the period of elementary oscillations in gravitational fieldThe decreasing of the wavelength of photons (EM waves) and corresponding

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decreasing of their period in a gravitational field, predicted by general relativity theory(GRT), is dependent on mass (M) and distance (r) from center of mass to photons locationand detection as:

G0

TGT0

1 2GMc2r

or : TG T0 1 GMc2r

at 2GMc2r

1

12.30

12.30a

A heuristic Newtonian derivation gives similar result as (12.30a):

TGT0

0G G

0 hc0

Ghc

E0EG

mGc2 GMmGr

mGc2 1 GMc2r

12.31

12.31a

where: TG, G and G are the shifted by G - field period, frequency and wave length ofelementary wave; h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, E0 is the unperturbedenergy, EG is the shifted energy; mG is the effective mass of photon in field.

In the absence of gravitational field, whenM 0 or r , the period of oscillation ismaximum TG T0.

As far the Newtonian gravitational force can be expressed via gravitational acceleration(aG G M

r2 as:

FG G M mr2 aGm

where : aG G Mr2 g

12.32

12.32a

Near surface of the Earth this acceleration is equal to free fall acceleration:aG g 9.8 m/s2.

Using (12.31a), formula (12.30a) can be presented as:

TG T0 1 aGrc2 T0 1 GM

c2r 12.32

In accordance to this formula, the period of oscillation (TG of test system, like photonor electron C W pulsation period, should increase with increasing of separationbetween the test system and center of gravitation body (r). The same result we get from our(12.14) in nonrelativistic conditions: v/c2 1.

For the other hand, from (12.30a) it follows that increasing of (r at permanent Mshould increase the period of pulsation (TG and decrease its frequency - red Doppler shift.

The experiment for confirmation of described above consequences of General relativitytheory (GR) was set up by Pound and Rebka (1959) in the Harvard tower, using Mössbauereffect. The Harvard tower is just 22.6 m, so the fractional gravitational red shift betweenthe frequency νbottom of quantum emitted at the bottom of tower and frequency ν topabsorbed at the top of tower predicted by GRT, similar to simple classical approach(12.31), is given by the formula:

EE bottom top

top Ttop Tbottom

Ttop Glc2 2.45 1015 12.33

where: G is the gravitational constant; l r2 r1 22.6 m is the tower height and c is

110

the speed of light.Pound and Rebka used the 14.4 keV gamma ray from the iron-57 isotope that has a high

enough resolution to detect such a small difference in energy and frequency:∆E hbottomtop. In other set of experiments the source of quantum was placed atthe top of tower and detector at the bottom.

The predicted theoretically relative frequency shifts on the upward and downward pathswhere opposite by sign, but the same by absolute values. Their sum: 4.9 1015 appears tobe very close to measured: 5.1 1015. Consequently, as it follows from our formula forperiod of elementary pulsations (12.14), it is smaller in locations, where gravitational orcentrifugal accelerations are bigger.

The coincidence of quantitative experimental relative shifts values with theoreticalones, following from GTR and simple classical Newton’s formalism (12.31a) is excellent.

However, it does not contain a strong evidence that GTR works better, than classicalNewtonian approach.

12.7 The explanation of Hefele-Keating experimentsThe additional confirmation of validity of our formula for time (12.14) is its ability to

explain well known experiments of Hefele-Keating (1971) for verification of special andgeneral theories of relativity (SR and GR).

They flew four cesium atomic clocks around the Earth in jets, first eastbound, thenwestbound. These experiments proved that atomic clocks period is dependent on thedirection, velocity and altitude of jet airplanes. The direction and velocity of the airplaneswhere factors of the SR and the altitude was a factor of GR.

Compared to the time kept by control atomic clock fixed on the ground (USA), theeastbound clocks on the jets where slower (period of oscillation bigger) and westboundclocks - faster (period of oscillation shorter).

The velocity of eastbound clocks are the sum of tangential velocity of jet and tangentialvelocity of atmosphere at the altitude of jet flight: vreseast vjet´ vat. For the other hand, theresulting velocity of westbound clock is a difference of these velocities: vwest vjet´ vat.The correct position of reference clock (non rotating) should be at the axes of the earthrotation (i.e. poles) of the earth. The velocity of the earth orbiting around the Sun and Sunsystem velocity in the universe was not taken into account.

Webster Kehr (2002) in his book "The detection of Ether" points out, that in originalversion of special relativity (1905) each of jets flying with permanent velocity should beconsidered as the rest reference frames.

However, even in such approximate approach, where the local reference frames insteadUniversal reference frame (URF) was used, Hafele and Keating found out, that the timeeffects, calculated using relativity theory, coincide well with experimental ones.

We will show below, that these experiments can be explained also on the base of ourtheory of time and simple Newtonian formula for gravitation and free fall acceleration, as apart of Unified theory.

The free fall acceleration following from Newton formula (12.32 and 12.32a) is:

aG dv/dtG G Mr2 g 12.34

Formula (12.14) can be presented in form, interrelating characteristic time of objectwith gravitational free fall acceleration (aG g, velocity of object and the increments ofthese parameters at permanent velocity:

111

Text4

vc text v r

2

GM1 v/c2

2 v/c2

or : 14 T

extvconst

vc 1

2GM 2v rr r2v

12.35

12.35a

where: T 2/ is the period of elementary oscillation in external reference frame(atomic clock in private case).Formula (12.35) interrelate our concept of time with gravitation, however, in different

way, than general theory of relativity.At permanent tangential velocity of jets respectively to the Earth surface: v const,

v 0 for nonrelativistic case: v c we get from (12.35a) the confirmation of (12.33),that the external period is increasing and frequency decreasing with distance from the earthcenter:

T vconstext vc

4 v rrGM 4 vgrr 12.36

where: r r2 r1 in private case corresponds to l in eq.(12.33).For the other case of permanent distance to the Earth center and surface: r const;

r 0 and (12.35a) turns to:

T rconstvc 2 r

2vGM 2 vg 12.37

where: G 6.67259 1011 m3 kg1 s2; M 5.9742 1024 kg is the earth mass;r 6.378164 106 m is the equatorial radius of the Earth; g GM/r2 9.8 m/s2 freefall acceleration.

From this formula we can see, that as far velocity of eastbound clocks are the sum oftangential velocity of jet and tangential velocity of atmosphere at the altitude of jet flight:vreseast vjet´ vat, the period of atomic clock should increase - time is slowing down. Forthe westbound clock the decreasing of actual velocity of clock: vwest vjet´ vat shoulddecrease the period of atomic clock and they show ’faster’ time. These consequences are intotal accordance with experiment of Hafele-Keating (1971).

12.8 Interrelation between period of the Earth rotation, its radius,free fall acceleration and tangential velocity

If we take the local reference frame, as a center of Earth, where the tangential velocityis zero (vtn 0; vtn 0, then the time and frequency increments should be also zero , asit follows from both formulas (12.36 and 12.37): T v0; r0 0

The tangential velocity of the point on the Earth surface rotation is:

vEarthtn 2r/TEarth 6.28 6.378164 106 m

24 60 60 s 4.0 107

0.864 105 4.63 102 m/s 12.38

where: TEarth 24 h 8.64 104s is the period of the Earth rotation.We may assume, that the atmosphere of the Earth has the same tangential velocity, i.e.

rotate with Earth.The velocity of jet as respect to this rotating atmosphere is about

vjet 700km/h 2 102 m/s.Putting value (12.38) and others in (12.36) and assuming (r/r 1, we get for

corresponding increment of period, corresponding to change of the radius of rotation from

112

zero to the earth radius:

TEarthcal ~ Trconst 4 vg

rr 12.56 4.63 102

9.8 5.93 103s 12.39

This calculated value is about 15 times less, than real period of the Earth rotation:TEarth/TEarth

cal 15. This discrepancy may be a result of following factors:1) The opposite direction of rotation of the inner volumes of the earth, for example its

nuclear, as respect to its surface core, keeping the resulting angular momentum equal tozero:

Mextvext rext Minvin r in 0 12.40

where Mext; vext; and rext are the averaged mass, velocity and effective radius ofcorresponding regions of the earth, rotation in opposite direction.

This factor may strongly increase the effective tangential velocity of the earth surface(v) as respect to axis of its rotation in (12.39).

2) nonlinear dependence of (g) on the distance from center of the Earth in the internalregion of planet, i.e. g fr/r;

3) contribution to (v) in (12.39) the Earth velocity motion on the orbit around Sun30 103 m/s) and Solar system in the Universe 370 103 m/s);

4) slowing down the frequency of the Earth rotation with time (billions of years) due todifferent kind of energy dissipation, like interaction with moon, etc.

Formula 12.36 points to qualitatively similar time effects, as general relativity andour formula (12.37) to the same effects, as special relativity when v c.

Consequently, our Unified theory, including new approach to time problem andaccepting simple Newtonian formula for gravitational force, can explain all most importantexperiments, which where used for confirmation of special and general relativity.

The time in our approach is a characteristic parameter of any closed system (classicaland quantum) dynamics, involving not only velocity but also acceleration. In contrast totime definition, following from special relativity (12.15), the time in our Unified theory isinfinitive and independent on velocity in any inertial system of particles, when dv/dt 0.However, at any nonzero acceleration (dv/dt) const 0 the time is dependent on

velocity of these objects in more complex manner, than it follows from special relativity.In fact, there are no physical systems in our expanding with acceleration Universe, formedby rotating galactics and stabilized by gravitational field, which can be considered, asperfectly inertial, i.e. where the acceleration is absent totally. This means, thatconventional relativistic formula for time (12.15) is not applicable for real physical systemsin general case.

13. The Virtual Replica (VR) of Real Objects and its Multiplication (VRM)Theory of Virtual Replica (VR) of macroscopic objects in Bivacuum and VR

multiplication in space and time VRM(r,t) with holographic properties is proposed. Theresulting VR VRsur VRvol can be subdivided on two kinds, provided by ability of thebasic Bivacuum virtual waves VPWq1

and VirSWq11/2 to partial scattering on the surface

of the object and partial propagation throw the volume of object, like in the case ofinteraction of the light beams with transparent medium.

We may consider separately:a) the surface VRsur reflecting 3D shape of the object;b) the volume VRvol reflecting the internal spatial and dynamic nonhomogeneous

structures in the volume of macroscopic object.

113

The surface VRsur, like the regular hologram reflecting three-dimensional (3D) shapeof the object, represents a 3D interference pattern of scattered by the surface of the objectBivacuum virtual waves VPWm

and VirSWm1/2 (the surface object waves), modulated by

C W pulsation of elementary particles and de Broglie waves of molecules, composingthe surface of the object with basic VPWq1

and VirSWq11/2, corresponding to reference

waves in holographic terms. It will be shown later, that spatial iteration/multiplication ofVRsur may provide the psi- effect like remote vision.

The volume VRvol is a result of 3D interference of propagated throw the volume of theobject and modulated by the internal de Broglie waves of particles (the volume objectwaves) with the same Bivacuum virtual waves VPWq1

and VirSWq11/2.

The direction of these basic virtual waves propagation is isotropic and each of themhave a counterpart, moving in space in exactly opposite direction. Each of such pair ofwaves of positive and negative energy, propagating leftward and rightward and interferingwith each other may form inside the object volume a standing waves, modulated by size ofthe object in each selected direction in the case of partial internal reflection:

VPW VPWq1left VPW VPWq1

rightx,y,z

VirSWq11/2 left

VirSWq11/2 right

x,y,z

This internal phenomena may contribute to the surface and volume virtual replicas ofthe object.For the end of energy, charge and spin conservation in Bivacuum we have to assume,

that symmetry and energy shifts of Bivacuum dipoles, involved in VRsur and VRvolformation, should compensate each other. This condition is satisfied, if we assume, that thenodes of corresponding virtual standing waves of VRsur and VRvol are formed by certainnumber (N) of virtual Cooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions and antifermions of oppositespins and symmetry shifts:

VRsur,vol N

n

BVF BVF nsur,vol

The isotropic infinitive multiplication of primary VR0 in space and time in form of 3Dpackets of virtual standing waves, representing huge number (N) of secondary VRS, is aresult of interference of all pervading external coherent basic reference waves - BivacuumVirtual Pressure Waves (VPWq1

) and Virtual Spin Waves (VirSWq11/2) with similar kinds

of modulated by the object surface and volume standing virtual waves (the surface andvolume object waves).

The virtual replica spatial multiplication VRM(r,t), as a result of mixing of the surfaceand volume object waves with reference waves can be named Holoiteration by analogywith hologram (in Greece ’holo’ means the ’whole’ or ’total’).

The VRM(r,t) can be considered as a result of linear superposition of primary surfaceVRsur and volume VRvol of different regions of the object with corresponding amplitude ofprobability (cmsur and cmvol:

VRMr, t cnVRn sur cmVRm vol 13.1

In contrast to regular hologram, the VRMr, t contains the information not only about

114

the external - surface properties of the object, but also about its internal structure anddynamics.

The most stable VRMr, t with maximum (cnsur may correspond to the fractalquantization of the object dimensions. It can a consequence of mentioned above partialinternal reflection of pairs of modulated virtual waves, forming internal standing waves inthe object. This quantized spatial expansion and fractal multiplication of the primary VR0has similarity with increasing number of nested dolls.

The frequencies of basic reference virtual pressure waves (VPWq1 VPW0

andvirtual spin waves (VirSWq1

1/2 VirSW01/2 of Bivacuum are equal to Compton

frequencies of three electron generations i e,,:

VPW0 VirSW0 0 CWv0 m0c2/ i 13.1a

The Bivacuum virtual pressure waves modulation (VPWm can be realized by pairs of

positive and negative cumulative virtual clouds (CVC CVC), emitted/absorbed in theprocess of C W pulsation of pairs:

F FCCVCCVC

F FW

of elementary triplets (electrons, protons, neutrons) F F F i of the object.These kinds of waves superposition are responsible for phase dependent gravitationalattraction or repulsion between two or more objects and do not depend on the charge oftriplets (see section 8.4).

The Bivacuum virtual spin waves modulation VirSW1/2 can be a consequence of therecoil angular momentum oscillation, accompanied CVC emission absorption in theprocess of C W pulsation of unpaired sub-elementary fermion or antifermion F i oftriplets and followed by spin change of Bivacuum fermions (see 1.10):

F FC F

WCVC Recoil

CVC Antirecoil F

FW FC 13.1b

The recoil energy of in-phase C W pulsation of a sub-elementary fermion F andantifermion F of pair F F and the angular momenta of CVC and CVC of F andF in pairs compensate each other and the resulting recoil momentum and energy ofF F is zero.

The shape of primary surface VR0sur of the object is the same as a shape of object itself.

Its stability, as a hierarchical system of virtual standing waves, formed by superposition ofthe modulated object waves, scattered by the object surface: VPWm

and VirSWm1/2 with

basic reference waves of similar nature, could be responsible for so-called ”phantom/ghosteffect” of the object after its destroyment or removing.

For individual elementary particles the notion of secondary virtual replica, as one ofmultiplicated primary VR0 coincide with notion of one of possible ’anchor sites’, as aconjugated dynamic complex of three Cooper pair of asymmetric fermions (section 7.5).

13.1 Bivacuum perturbations, induced by dynamics of tripletsand their paired sub-elementary fermions

In contrast to the situation with unpaired sub-elementary fermion F in triplets, therecoil/antirecoil momenta and energy, accompanying the in-phase emission/absorption ofCVCS1/2 and CVCS1/2 by F and F of pair F F, compensate each other in theprocess of their C W pulsation. Such pairs display the properties of neutral particleswith zero spin and zero mass:

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F FCECVC ECVC VP

FF

ECVC ECVC VPFF

F FW 13.2

The total energy increment of elementary particle, equal to that of each ofsub-elementary fermions of triplet, generated in nonequilibrium processes, accompanied bycondensed matter entropy change, like melting, boiling, etc., can be presented in a fewmanners:

Etot mVc2 m0c2

1 v/c21/2

m0vR3 v p

R2 v h

BR2 v

or : Etot mV mV

c2c/v2 2TkR2

vv

or : Etot 2TkR2

vv Rm0c2rot

in mVv2 trext

13.3

13.4

13.4a

where: R 1 v/c2 is the relativistic factor; v is the increment of the externaltranslational velocity of particle; the actual inertial mass of sub-elementary particle is:mV

m0/R; p mV v h/B is the external translational momentum of unpaired

sub-elementary particle F i , equal to that of whole triplet F F F i ;B h/p is the de Broglie wave of particle; 2Tk mV

v2 is a doubled kinetic energy; lnv v/v.

The increments of internal rotational and external translational contributions to totalenergy of the de Broglie wave (see eq. 13.4a) are, correspondingly:

Rm0c2rotin 2Tkv/v

mVv2 trext 2Tk trext 2Tk

1R2

R2vv

13.5

13.5a

The time derivative of total energy of elementary de Broglie wave is:

dEtotdt 2Tk

R2vdvdt

2TkR2

d lnvdt 13.5b

Between the increments of total energy of triplets, equal to that of unpairedsub-elementary fermion Etot EF and the energy increments of pair F F in theprocess of its C W transition, the direct correlation is existing.

The superposition of cumulative virtual clouds CVCm CVCm , emitted by pairF F and modulated by the surface and volume particles de Broglie waves(B h/mV

v with basic virtual pressure waves (VPWq1 of Bivacuum, turns the latter to

the surface and volume object waves VPWm sur,vol, correspondingly.

The energy increment, standing for this modulation:

EFFF h

BR2 v 2TkR2

lnv CVCm VPWm

EFFF CVCm VPWm

13.6

13.6a

The basic virtual pressure waves (reference waves VPWqjk1 ), propagating in space

116

with light velocity, represent oscillations of corresponding virtual pressure (VirPm ,accompanied by transition of Bivacuum dipoles torus (V and antitorus (V betweenclosest excitation states: q j k 1.

The increment of total energy of elementary triplet, equal to increment of its unpairedsub-elementary fermion can be presented via increments of paired sub-elementary fermions(13.5 and 13.5a) as:

Etot EF 12 EF

FF EFFF 1

2 EFFF EF

FF Tk V 13.7

where the contributions of the kinetic and potential energy increments to the totalenergy increment are interrelated with increments of positive and negative virtual pressures(VirP:

Tk 12 EF

FF EFFF ~ 1

2 VirP VirP ~ mV

v2F

V 12 EF

FF EFFF ~ 1

2 VirP VirP ~ mV

mV cF

2

13.8

13.8a

The total information of any object is imprinted in its virtual replica multiplicationVRM(r,t), as a result of superposition of its surface and volume virtual replicas (13.1).Comparing eqs. 8.10ab and 13.8; 13.8a we may see, that the modulated electric, magneticand gravitational fields also participate in spatially multiplicated total virtual replica ofmacroscopic object.

13.2 Modulation of Virtual Pressure Waves (VPWq and

Virtual Spin Waves (VirSWq1/2 of Bivacuum

by molecular translations and librationsThe external translational/librational kinetic energy of particle (Tk tr,lb is directly

related to its de Broglie wave length (B, the group (v, phase velocity (vph andfrequency (B B/2:

B hmV

v h

2mVTk

vphB 2 vphB tr,lb

13.9

where the de Broglie wave frequency is related to its length and kinetic energy ofparticle as:

B B2 h

2mVB2

mVv2

2h tr,lb 13.10

The total energy/frequency of de Broglie wave and resulting frequency of pulsation(CW tr,lb (see eq. 7.4) is a product of modulation/superposition of the internal frequency,related to the rest mass of particle, by the external most probable frequency of de Brogliewave of the whole particle (B tr,lb, determined by its most probable external momentum:p mV

v tr,lb, related to translations or librations:

Etot mVc2 CW tr,lb R0rot

in Bext tr,lb Rm002L0

2rotin h2

mVB2 tr,lb

ext

13.10a

where relativistic factor: R 1 v/c2 is tending to zero at v c.In composition of condensed matter the value of B tr,lb is bigger for librations than for

translation of molecules. The corresponding most probable modulation frequencies of

117

translational and librational de Broglie waves is possible to calculate using our Hierarchictheory of condensed matter and based on this theory computer program (Kaivarainen, 2001;2003; 2004; 2005).

The frequencies of Bivacuum virtual pressure waves (VPWm and virtual spin waves

(VirSWm1/2 are modulated by the resulting frequencies of de Broglie waves of the object

molecules, related to librations (lb and translations (tr, correspondingly.The combinational resonance between the basic Bivacuum virtual waves (q 1 and

resulting frequency of C W pulsation of electrons, protons and neutrons, composingatoms and molecules of the object, is possible at conditions:

VPWq1

i z R0i gBtr rBlb z R0

i gBtr

VirSWq11/2

i z R0i gBtr rBlb z R0

i rBlb

R 1 v/c2 ; z,g,r 1,2,3. . . integer numbers)

13.11

13.11a

Each of 24 collective excitations of condensed matter, introduced in our Hierarchictheory (Kaivarainen, 1995; 2001, 2004), has the own characteristic frequency and cancontribute to Virtual Replica of the object.

In contrast to regular hologram, the VRM(r,t) contains information not only aboutsurface and shape properties of the object, but also about its internal properties.

Three kind of modulations: frequency, amplitude and phase of Bivacuum virtual waves(VPWm

and (VirSWm1/2 by C W pulsation of elementary particles of molecules and

their de Broglie waves may be described by known relations (Prochorov, 1999):1. The frequencies of virtual pressure waves (

VPWM and spin waves (

VirSWM ,

modulated by translational and librational de Broglie waves of the object’s molecules, canbe presented as:

VPWmM R0

i Btr cosBtr t

VirSWm

1/2M R0

i Blb cosBlb t

13.12

13.12a

The Compton pulsation frequency of elementary particles (section 1.4; 1.5) is equal tobasic frequency of Bivacuum virtual waves at q j k 1:

0i m0

i c2/ VPWq1 ,ViSWq1

i 13.12b

Such kind of modulation is accompanied by two satellites with frequencies: (0i B

tr,lband (0

i Btr,lb tr,lbi . The latter is named frequency deviation. In our case:

0e ~1021s1 B

tr,lb ~ 1012s1 and tr,lb Btr,lb.The temperature of condensed matter and phase transitions may influence the

modulation frequencies of de Broglie waves of its molecules.

2. The amplitudes of virtual pressure waves (VPWm and virtual spin waves VirSWm

1/2

(informational waves) modulated by the object are dependent on translational andlibrational de Broglie waves frequencies as:

AVPWm A0 sinR0i t B

tr sin t cosBtr t

IVirSWm1/2 I0 sinR0i t B

lb sin t cosBlb t

13.13

13.13a

where: the informational/spin field amplitude is determined by the amplitude ofBivacuum fermions [BVF BVF equilibrium constant oscillation:

118

IS IVirSW1/2 ~KBVFBVFtThe index of frequency modulation is defined as: tr,lb/B

tr,lb. The carryingzero-point pulsation frequency of particles is equal to the basic frequency of Bivacuumvirtual waves: VPW0

,ViSW0i 0

i . Such kind of modulation is accompanied by two satelliteswith frequencies: (0

i Btr,lb and (0

i Btr,lb tr,lb. In our case:

0e~1021s1 B

tr,lb~ 1012s1 and 1.The fraction of molecules in state of mesoscopic molecular Bose condensation (mBC),

representing, coherent clusters (Kaivarainen, 2001a,b; 2004) is a factor, influencing theamplitude (A0) and such kind of modulation of Virtual replica of the object.

3. The phase modulated VPWm and VirSWm

1/2 by de Broglie waves of molecules,related to their translations and librations, can be described like:

AVPWmM A0 sin R0t tr sinBtrt

IVirSWm1/2M I0 sin R0t lb sinBlbt

13.14

13.14a

The value of phase increment tr,lb of modulated virtual waves of Bivacuum (VPWm

and VirSWm1/2, contains the information about geometrical properties of the object. The

phase modulation takes place, if the phase increment tr,lb is independent on themodulation frequency Btr,lb.

13.3 The superposition of internal and surface Virtual Replicas of the object,as the ”Ether Body"

The superposition of primary surface and volume virtual replicas with spatialparameters, close to that of material object we define, as the "Ether Body". It is a privatecase of Virtual Replica Multiplication. Consequently (13.1) can be presented as asuperposition of primary surface and volume virtual replicas of the object:

VRMr0, t0 VR VRn1sur

VRm1vol 13.15

The primary total virtual replica VR corresponds to zero stage of its multiplicationVRMr0, t0, when the spatial VR iteration time is zero (t0 0. The overall shape ofprimary surface VRn1

sur should be close to the shape of the object itself. For the other hand,VRm1

vol should reflect the properties of the object’s internal components. For example, theformer may reflect a shape of human’s body and the latter, it organs shape.Spatial stability of condensed system means, that its internal virtual replica: VRm1

vol VRmicin , as a result of 3D standing waves superposition of microscopic VRmicin insuperfluid Bivacuum, should have location of nodes, coinciding with the most probablepositions of the atoms and molecules in this system.

The superposition of coherent de Broglie waves of atoms and molecules in clusters,forming 3D standing waves B, determined by their librations and translations, representsthe mesoscopic Bose condensate: [mBC (Kaivarainen, 2001 b,c). In accordance to ourtheory, this means also the coherent [C W pulsations of elementary particles ofmolecules and atoms in state of mBC. The violation of this coherency is accompanied bythe defects origination or cavitational fluctuations in solids and liquids.

The surface macroscopic virtual replica of the object: VRn1sur VRmicsur is a part of

the Ether body. It is also a result of modulation of basic reference Bivacuum virtualwaves (VPWq1

and VirSWq11/2 by de Broglie waves of elementary particles of the atoms

and molecules on the surface of the object. Its dimension and shape are close to that of theobject.

The superposition of the internal and surface virtual replicas corresponds to notion of

119

the ”ether body” in Eastern philosophy. The (13.15) can be presented as a result ofsuperposition of microscopic virtual replicas of elementary particles outside (sur) andinside (vol) the macroscopic object:

Ether Body VR VRn1sur VRm1

vol Nsur

VRmicsur Nvol

VRmicvol 13.15a

Stability of hierarchic system of virtual standing waves, forming Ether Body ofmacroscopic object, like a hierarchical system of curls in superfluid 4He, could beresponsible for so-called ”phantom effect” of this object.

13.4 The infinitive spatial Virtual Replica Multiplication VPM(r,t).The ”Astral” and ”Mental” bodies, as a distant and nonlocal components of VRM(r,t)

The mechanism of primary of surface Virtual Replica Multiplication VRMsurr, t) havegeneral features with spatial iteration of regular hologram on screens of increasingseparation from the object. However we consider the surface VRMsurr, t) and the volumeVRMvolr, t) without photomaterials or screens, fixing hologram.

The resulting Virtual Replica Multiplication VRMr, t, is a process filling all thevolume around the object occupation by superposition/interference of its surface andvolume virtual replicas, multiplied in space:

VRMr, t VRMsurr, t VRMvolr, t

It is a spatially isotropic process in quasi-symmetric Bivacuum, like excitation of sphericalwaves, propagating with permanent velocity in all directions from the primary VR up toquantized conditions of standing waves formation. Each selected region of thisHoloiteration interference pattern of VRMr, t contains information about the external -shape/surface and the internal - volume properties of macroscopic object changing withtime.

The resulting VRM(r,t) is dependent on the distance from the object (r) and time (t) ifthe object is in nonsteady state. It can be subdivided on two components VRMdisr, t -distant (translational) and VRMtnl nonlocal (rotational or librational) ones:

VRMr, t VRMdisr, t VRMtnl

The distant component of Virtual replica multiplication:

VRMdisr VRMdisct

is a result of replication of each of point of primary VR outside the volume of the object:r ct, where c is light velocity.

The front and volume of 3D VRMdisr, t in form of huge number of secondary VR(r,t)isotropicaly expand in space with light velocity. The Eastern notion of the ”astral body”may correspond to one of expanding with light velocity population of secondary VRct :

Astral Bodyt

VRtrct VRMdis 13.16

This means that the astral body can be registered simultaneously in a lot of placesaround the ether body and object itself.

Each individual secondary VR(ct) in populationt VRct in the absence of

dissipation in superfluid Bivacuum is the exact copy of the primary VR. The secondaryreplica can be detected by psychic or by special detector of Bivacuum anomalies (for

120

example permittivity or permeability).The dielectric permittivity (0 and permeability (0 in the volume of the Astral bodies

may differ from their averaged values in Bivacuum because of small charge symmetry shifte |e e | 0 in Bivacuum fermions (BVF) and their Cooper pairs, formingsecondary virtual replicas VR(ct). Consequently, the probability of atoms and moleculesexcitation and ionization (dependent on Coulomb interaction between electrons andnuclears), as a result of their thermal collisions with excessive kinetic energy, may behigher in volumes of the Astral bodies, than outside of them. This may explain a shining ofsome VR(ct), representing phantoms (ghosts) or their photos and spectrograms.

The possibility of phenomena like remote vision and remote healing follows frommechanism of Bivacuum mediated interaction (BMI), like superposition of secondaryvirtual replicas of Sender and Receiver VRMrS VRMrR in the process of theirmultiplication.

The sensitivity of Kirlian effect or Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) to internalprocess of macroscopic object, like human body, also can be explained by specificproperties of the Ether and Astral bodies, changing the probability of the air moleculesexcitation/ionization in the process of gas discharge visualization (GDV).The nonlocal component of VRM(t)nl is a result of 3D replication/iteration of

rotational/librational component of primary virtual replica (VRlb outside the volume of theobject, contributing to modulation of nonlocal (informational) Virtual Spin Waves(VirSWq1

, propagating in symmetric Bivacuum instantly, i.e. without light velocitylimitation. This is possible, because they are not carriers of momentum and energy, but theinformation only.

The nonlocal macroscopic virtual replica multiplication (VRMnl) or VR(t) iteration, isa result of interference of modulated by librational de Broglie waves of the object aBivacuum virtual spin waves: VirSWm

1/2 object spin waves with corresponding referencespin waves of Bivacuum (VirSWq1

1/2.The Eastern notion of mental body may correspond to VRMnlt, as a multiplication

(holoiteration or holomovement after Bohm) of primary librational/informational VirtualReplicas VRlbt:

MentalBody t

VRlbt VRMnlt 13.17

Hierarchical superposition of huge number of Astral and Mental Bodies of all humanpopulation on the Earth can be responsible for Global Informational Field origination, likeNoosphere, proposed by Russian scientist Vernadsky in the beginning of 20th century. TheAstral and Mental bodies are interrelated with Ether body. This provide a possibility of theexchange interaction and feedback reaction between all three virtual bodies of macroscopicobject: Ether, Astral and Mental.One important conjecture, following from our approach to distant VRMdis can be

discussed. We proceed from the consequence of our theory, that the volume of space,occupied by distant VRMdis is expanding isotropicaly with light velocity (c) in 3D spaceduring the life-time of VR and atoms, composing the object.

The life span of the individual stable atoms, including hydrogen, carbons, oxygen,composing biological objects is comparable with life-time of the Universe, i.e. over tenbillions of years. This means, that not only nonlocal VRMnl,, but as well the distantVRMdis of these atoms may involve all the Universe. It is a conditions of Virtual Guides ofspin, momentum and energy (VirGSME 3D net formation in the Universe, connectingsimilar and coherent (tuned) elementary particles and atoms. We suppose, however, that

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only in composition of biosystems these atoms (i.e. atoms of water molecules inside themicrotubules of the nerve cells) may become enough coherent and orchestrated to providethe effective Bivacuum mediated interaction (BMI) between Sender and Receiver. Forexample, between psychic and very remote objects (inorganic or biological) the BMI can berealized via 3D net of virtual guides of spin, momentum and energy (VirGSME andsuperposition VRMrS VRMrR. The structure of VirGSME and mechanism of theiraction will be described in the next section.A complex Hierarchical systemVRMr, t of Solar system, galactics, including

Noosphere, may be considered as Hierarchical quantum supercomputer orSuperconsciousness, able to simulate all probable situations of virtual future and past. It ispossible in conditions of time uncertainty: t 0/0 when the translational velocity v 0and accelerations dv/dt 0 in the volume ofVRMr, t are zero (see section 12.3).

Our theory admit a possibility of feedback reaction between the iterated VR andprimary one and between primary VR and the object itself physical properties.Consequently, the phenomena of most probable event anticipation by sensitive physicaldetectors and human beings (psychics) is possible. This may explain the reproducibleresults of unconsciousness response (by changes of human skin conductance) of futureevents (presponse), obtained by Dick Bierman and Dean Radin (2002). However, in theseexperiments the possibility of influence of intention of participant on random eventsgenerator (REG), choosing next photo (calm or emotional) also should be taken intoaccount. Corresponding weak influence of humans intention on REG was demonstrated inlong term studies of Danne and Jahn (2003).In contrast to virtual time, the reversibility of real time looks impossible, as far it needs

the reversibility of all dynamic process in Universe due to interrelations between closedsystems of different levels of hierarchy. It is evident that such ’play back’ of the Universehistory needs the immense amount of energy.All three described Virtual Replicas: Ether, Astral and Mental bodies are interrelated

with each other and physical body. The experimental evidences are existing, that betweenproperties of the Ether bodies and corresponding physical bodies of living organisms orinorganic matter, the correlation takes a place. It is confirmed by the Kirlian effect,reflecting the ionization/excitation threshold of the air molecules in the volume of Etherand Astral bodies.

The perturbation of the Ether body of one object (Receptor) by the Astral or Mentalbody of the other object (Sender) can be imprinted in properties of physical body(condensed matter) of Receptor for a long time in form of stable structural perturbations.The stability of such kind of informational ’taping’ is determined by specific properties ofmaterial, as a matrix for imprinting. For example, ice, water and aqueous systems, likebiological ones, are very good for stable imprinting of virtual information and energy viaintroduced VRM(r,t) and Virtual Guides (see next chapter). The ’sensitive’ stones or otherrigid materials have a much longer life span of ’memory’ than liquids.The Ghost phenomena can be explained by reproducing of such imprinted in walls,

cells and floor information, mediated by distant virtual replica multiplication (VRMdis). Thereproduction of VR from imprinted in condensed matter VRMdis is a process, similar totreatment of regular hologram by the reference waves. In the case of ’Ghost’ the referencewaves can be presented by the basic VPWq1

and VirSWq11/2, modulated by selected

superposition of Virtual replicas of other cosmic objects, for example, Earth, Moon andSun.

The nonlocal Mental body formation in living organisms and humans, in accordance toour approach (Kaivarainen, 2001; 2006), is related to equilibrium shift of [assembly disassembly] of coherent water clusters in microtubules (MT) of the neurons (librational

122

effectons), accompanied elementary acts of consciousness in nonequilibrium processes ofmeditation, intention and braining. Corresponding coherent alternations of kinetic energyand momentum of water molecules in MT can be transmitted from Sender to remoteReceiver via nonlocal virtual spin-momentum-energy guides VirGSME S R,described in next chapter.

In complex process of Psi phenomena, the first stage is a1) ’target searching’ by nonlocal [mental body] of psychic, then formation of

VirGSME S R i, then2) activation of psychic’s [astral body] by its [ether body]. The latter can be interrelated

with specific processes of physical body of psychic, like dynamics of water in microtubulesof neurons ensembles, realizing elementary acts of perception and consciousness, inaccordance to our model (Kaivarainen, 2000; 2005).

The possible mechanism of entanglement between microscopic and macroscopicobjects will be described in Chapters 14 and 15.

13.5 Contributions of different kind of internal dynamics of matterto Virtual Replica of the object

For each of 24 selected collective excitation of condensed matter, considered in ourHierarchic theory of matter (Kaivarainen, 2000a), the averaged thermal vibrationscontribution to VR of the object can be evaluated, using special computer program, namedComprehensive Analyzer of Matter Properties - CAMP.

The most effective source of coherent Virtual pressure waves (VPW amplitudeoscillations are the [disassembly assembly] of coherent clusters, existing in liquids(librational primary effectons) and solids (librational and translational primary effectons).Such clusters are the result of the ambient temperature mesoscopic Bose condensation(mBC) and may contain from tens (in liquids) to thousands (in solids) of coherentmolecules. Primary convertons - transition states between primary librational andtranslational effectons in liquids represents assembly - disassembly of clusters. Theseprocesses are accompanied by oscillation of molecular de Broglie waves length andfrequency, modulating the carrying frequency of Bivacuum virtual pressure waves(VPWq1

. In accordance to described in section (15.1) mechanism, such kind ofmodulation follows by formation of hologram-like Virtual Replica of the object. Otherkinds of collective excitations in condensed matter are not so coherent (Kaivarainen, 2001;2003) and corresponding VR components are not stable. This means that variation of mBCfraction in the object influence on the life-time of its virtual replica.

The internal kinetic energy of collective excitations: primary effectons (Tkineff , transitons

(Tkint and convertons (Tkincon vary, as a result of temperature change or more strongly as aresult of nonequilibrium cooperative process, like melting. The values of thesecontributions and their changes may be calculated using Hierarchic theory of condensedmatter, based on CAMP computer program (Kaivarainen, 2000a). The translationaldynamics dynamics turns the basic virtual Pressure Waves VPWq1

to modulated onesand librational dynamics modulate the basic virtual spin waves VirSWq1

1/2), as wasdemonstrated in previous section:

123

2Tkintot 2 Tkineff Tkint tr,lb

Tkincon

V02Z

tr,lb

nefEa1,2,3

2

2Mefvpha 2 Pefa Pefb

eff

ntEt1,2,3

2

2Mtvsres2Pd

t

V0ncon

ZEac

2

6Mcvsres2Pac

Ebc2

6Mcvsres2Pbc

EcMd

2

6Mcvsres2

con

~ VPWm VPWm

tr VirSWm1/2 VirSWm

1/2lb~ VirPVirPtr,lb

13.18

13.18a

13.18b

13.18c

where: V0 molar volume of water; Z partition function; nef concentration of primaryeffectons; Ea energy of the (a) state of the effectons; Pefa and Pefb probabilities of (a) and (b)states of the effectons; Mef, Mt andMc are the masses of primary effectons, transitons andconvertons; vpha is phase velocity of the effecton in a- state; nt and Et are concentration andenergy of transitons; ncon is concentration of convertons; Eac and Ebc and EcMd are theenergies of (a), (b) [lb/tr] convertons and macroconvertons, correspondingly.

For more detailed description of these parameters see paper: Hierarchic Theory ofCondensed Matter and its Computerized Application to Water and Ice, available on-line:http://arXiv.org/abs/physics/0102086.

14 Possible Mechanism of entanglement between remoteelementary particles via Virtual Guides of spin, momentum and energy (VirGS,M,E

i

The instant entanglement between two or more remote similar elementary particles(electrons, protons, neutrons, photons), named [Sender (S)] and [Receiver (R)], revealed ina lot of experiments, started by Aspect and Grangier (1983). In accordance to our theory,the entanglement involves a few stages:1. Tuning of the frequency and phase of C W pulsation of remote elementary

particles, like photons electrons, protons, neutrons - free or in composition of atoms andmolecules, under the action of basic Bivacuum virtual pressure waves: VPWq1

andVPWq1

and virtual spin waves: VirSWq11/2 and VPWq1

;2. A superposition of two virtual spin waves, excited by similar elementary particles

(electrons or protons) of Sender VirSWS1/2S and Receiver VirSWmS1/2R of the same

pulsation frequency and opposite spins, i.e. opposite phase of C W pulsation, as the 1ststage of Virtual Guide of spin, momentum and energy VirGSME S R i (Fig.12)formation.3. This stage stimulate the 2nd stage of VirGSME S R formation - the assembly

of Cooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions (BVF BVF or single Bivacuum bosons(BVB in quasi 1-dimensional virtual Bose condensate (BC):

F FC FW SVirSWS1/2

S

VirGSME SRBVB

BVF BVF

VirSWmS1/2

R FC F FW

The radius of virtual microtubules of VirGSMEi is determined by Compton radius ofthree generation of torus and antitorus (i e,,, forming them:

LVe /m0ec LV

/m0c LV /m0

c 14.1a

124

The radius of VirGSMEe S R, connecting two remote electrons, is the biggest one(Le. The radius of VirGSME , connecting two protons or neutrons (L is about 3.5103

times smaller. The entanglement between similar and tuned by virtual waves atoms inpairs, like hydrogen, oxygen, carbon or nitrogen can be realized via complex system ofvirtual guides of atomic VirGSMEat S R, representing multishell constructions.

The formation of two different spatial configurations of Virtual Guides, representingquasi one-dimensional virtual Bose condensate (vBC), is possible. The nonlocal single ordoubled Virtual Guides of spin, momentum and energy can represent a single virtualmicrotubules, constructed from ’head-to-tail’ polymerized Bivacuum bosons (BVB) orCooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions (BVF BVF):

VirGSMEBVBS R PBVBr, t BVB

VirGSMEBVFBVF S R PBVFBVFr, t BVFBVF S0

s

where: Pr, t is a number of Bivacuum dipoles in Virtual guides, dependent on thedistance (r) between S and R and correlation time of Bivacuum fluctuations (t) orcharacteristic decoherence time of Bivacuum in this region of space.

A single VirGSMEBVB iS R is not rotating as a whole around its main axis and the

resulting angular momentum (spin) is zero. In the double nonlocal virtual guidesVirGSMEBVFBVFS R, assembled by ’head-to-tail’ principle from Cooper pairs ofBivacuum fermions each of two adjacent microtubules from BVF or BVF may rotate asrespect to each other and around their own axes in opposite directions.

The longitudinal momentums of (BVB i V V and BVFBVF S0

s alongthe main axes of virtual microtubules is zero, providing conditions for 1D virtual BC(B h/p ;

Two remote coherent triplets - elementary particles, like: electron - electron, proton -proton or neutron-neutron with similar frequency of C We,p pulsation and oppositespins (phase) can be connected by corresponding Virtual guides: VirGSME

e,p,nS R ofspin (S), momentum (M) and energy (E) from Sender to Receiver. The spin - information(qubits), momentum and kinetic energy instant transmission via such VirGSMEi S Rfrom [S] and [R] is possible. The same mechanism is valid for two synchronized photons(bosons) of opposite spins. Such information transmission can be instant, accompanied by’flip-flop’ spin exchange between BVF and BVF in Cooper pairs [BVF BVF orbetween torus and antitorus: V and V of Bivacuum bosons(BVB i V V.

The double VirGSMEBVFBVFiS R, as well as closed or open double virtual

microtubules VirMT (not connecting the remote tuned particles), can be transformed tosingle VirGSME

BVB iS R by conversion of opposite Bivacuum fermions:BVF V V and BVF V V to the pair of Bivacuum bosons of twopossible polarization BVB and BVB:

VirGBVB S R nBVBV V i

VirGBVB S R nBVBV Vi 14.2 14.2a

14.1. The mechanism of momentum and energy transmission betweensimilar elementary particles of Sender and Receiver via VirGSMES R i

The increments or decrements of momentum p mVv tr,lb and kinetic (Tk tr,lb

125

energy transmission from [S] to [R] of coherent elementary particles is determined by thetranslational and librational velocity variation (v of nucleons of Sender. This means, thatenergy/momentum transition from [S] to [R] is possible, if they are in nonequilibrium state.

The variation of kinetic energy of atomic nuclei under external force application,induces nonequilibrium in a system S R and decoherence of C W pulsation ofprotons and neutrons of [S] and [R]. The nonlocal energy transmission from [S] to [R] ispossible, if the decoherence is not big enough for disassembly of the virtual microtubulesand their bundles. The electronic VirGSMEe , as more coherent (not so dependent on thermalvibrations), can be responsible for stabilization of the complex atomic Virtual Guidesbundles:

Nt,r n

VirGSME S Rx,y,z

i

where: Nt,r is a number of virtual guides in the bundle, equal to number of coherentatoms/molecules in state of mesoscopic Bose condensation (mBC) in volume of remoteSender and Receiver; n - is a number of coherent elementary particles (e, p, n) in each ofatom in such synchronized cluster (mBC).

The values of the energy and velocity increments or decrements of free elementaryparticles are interrelated by (13.3).

The instantaneous energy flux via (VirGSME)i, is mediated by pulsation of energy andradii of torus (V and antitorus (V of Bivacuum bosons: BVB V V.Corresponding energy increments of the actual torus and complementary antitorus ofBVB, forming (VirGSME)i, are directly related to increments of Sender particle externalvelocity v:

EV mVc2 p

R2 vFFF mV

c2 LVLV N,S

actual

EV mVc2 p

R2 vFFF mV

c2 LVLV N,S

complementary

14.3

14.4

where: p mVv; p mV

v are the actual and complementary momenta; LV /mVc

and LV /mVc are the radii of torus and antitorus of BVB V V, forming

VirGSME S R i.The nonlocal energy exchange between [S] and [R] is accompanied by the instant

pulsation of radii of tori (V and antitori (V of BVF and BVB, accompanied bycorresponding pulsation |LV /LV | of the whole virtual microtubule VirGSME (Fig.12).The nonequilibrium state of elementary particles of [S] and [R], connected by

VirGS,M,E, means difference in their kinetic and total energies and frequency of de Brogliewaves and that of C W pulsation. The consequence of this difference are beatsbetween states of [S] and [R], equal to frequency of VirGSME radius pulsation. Using eqs.7.4 and 7.4a, we get:

VirGS,R CWS CWR c2

h mV S mV

R

1h m0c2RS RR h2

mVB2

S h2

mVB2

R

14.4a

The beats between the total frequencies of [S] and [R] states (electrons, protons orneutrons), connected by VirGS,M,E and different excitation states j k of

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BVF BVFjk are accompanied by emission absorption of positive and negativevirtual pressure waves: VPW and VPW, generating positive and negative virtualpressure: VirP and VirP.

The difference between total energies of elementary particles of Sender and Receivercan be expressed via these virtual pressures, using eq.7.4c and 14.4a, as:

EtotS EtotS hVirGS,R mV

c2S,R V Tk

12 mV

mVS,Rc2 1

2 mV mV

S,Rc2 ~

~ VirP VirPS,R VirP VirPS,R

14.4b

14.4c

If the temperature or kinetic energy of [S] is higher, than that of [R]: TS TR, thenVirG

S,R 0 and the direction of momentum and energy flux, mediated by positive andnegative virtual pressure of subquantum particles and antiparticles: VirP and VirP, isfrom [S] to [R]. The opposite nonequilibrium state of system, i.e. TS TR provides theopposite direction of energy/momentum flux - from [R] to [S].

The proposed mechanism of Pauli repulsion between fermions of the same spin state(section 9) also may realize the repulsion between Sender and Receiver.

The length of VirGSMES R, connecting tuned elementary particles, also can varyin the process of [S] and [R] interaction because of immediate self-assembly of Bivacuumdipoles into virtual guides.

14.2 The mechanism of spin/information exchange between tuned particlesof Sender and Receiver via VirGSME

Most effectively the proposed mechanism of spin (information), momentum and energyexchange can work between Sender and Receiver, containing coherent molecular clusterswith dimensions of 3D standing de Broglie waves of molecules in state of mesoscopic Bosecondensate (mBC) (Kaivarainen, 2001, 2005).

The nonlocal spin/qubit exchange between [S] and [R] via single or doubleVirGSMEi S R i does not need the radius pulsation, but only the instantaneouspolarization change of Bivacuum bosons BVB BVB i of single virtual guides orinstant spin state exchange of two Bivacuum fermions, forming virtual Cooper pairs viaintermediate stage BVB BVBi in the double virtual guide:

BVF BVFi BVB BVBi BVF BVFi

The instantaneous spin state/information exchange frequency is determined byfrequency of spin change of fermion of Sender, accompanied by counterphase spin statechange of fermion of Receiver.

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Fig. 12. The mechanism of nonlocal Bivacuum mediated interaction (entanglement) betweentwo distant unpaired sub-elementary fermions of ’tuned’ elementary triplets (particles) of theopposite spins F

F F Sender

i and F F F Receiver

i , with closefrequency of [C W pulsation and close de Broglie wave length (B h/mV

v ofparticles. The tunnelling of momentum and energy increments: |mV

c2 |~|VirP | |VirP | from Sender to Receiver and vice-verse via Virtualspin-momentum-energy Guide [VirGSMEi is accompanied by instantaneous pulsation ofdiameter (2LV of this virtual guide, formed by Bivacuum bosons BVB or doublemicrotubule, formed by Cooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions: [BVF BVF. Thenonlocal spin state exchange between [S] and [R] can be induced by the change ofpolarization of Cooper pairs: [BVF BVF BVF BVF and Bivacuum bosons:BVB BVB, . composing the double or single VirGSMES R i, correspondingly.

The described above mechanisms of nonlocal/instant transmission of spin/information,momentum and energy between coherent clusters of elementary particles and atoms ofSender and Receiver, connected by Virtual Guides, may describe a lot of unconventionalexperimental results, like Kozyrev, Tiller ones (section 18) and lot of Psi phenomena.

In virtual microtubules VirGSMEi S R i the time and its ’pace’ are uncertain:t 0/0, if the external translational or tangential velocities (v) and accelerations (dv/dt) ofBivacuum dipoles, composing them, are zero (see eqs. 12.13 and 12.14).

14.3 The role of tuning force (FVPW of virtualpressure waves VPWq

of Bivacuum in entanglement

The tuning between two similar elementary particles: ’sender (S)’ and ’receiver (R)’via VirGSMES R i may be qualitatively described, using well known model ofdamped harmonic oscillators, interacting with all-pervading virtual pressure waves(VPWq1

of Bivacuum with fundamental frequency 0 m0c2/. The criteria of tuning -synchronization of [S] and [R] is the equality of the amplitude probability of resonantenergy exchange of Sender and Receiver with virtual pressure waves(VPWq1

: ACWS ACWR , resulting from minimization of frequency difference(S 0 0 and R 0 0:

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ACWS 1mV

S

FVPW

S2 02 Im S

ACWR x,y,z 1

mV R

FVPW

R2 02 Im R

14.5

14.5a

where the frequencies of C W pulsation of particles of Sender (S) and Receiver(R are:

R C W R0in BextR

S C W R0in BextS

14.6

14.6a

is a damping coefficient due to decoherence effects, generated by local fluctuations ofBivacuum deteriorating the phase/spin transmission via VirGSME; mV

S,R are the actualmass of (S) and (R); FVPW is a tuning force of virtual pressure waves VPW ofBivacuum with tuning energy EVPW qm0c2 and wave length LVPW /m0c

FVPWq

EVPWqLVPWq

qm0

2c3 14.7

The most probable Tuning force has a minimum, corresponding to q j k 1.The influence of virtual pressure force (FVPWq stimulates the synchronization of [S]

and [R] pulsations, i.e. R S 0. This fundamental frequency 0 m0c2/ is thesame in any space volume, including those of Sender and Receiver.

The VirGSME represent quasi 1D macroscopic virtual Bose condensate with aconfiguration of single microtubules, formed by Bivacuum bosons (BVB or withconfiguration of double microtubules, composed from Cooper pairs as described inprevious section.

The effectiveness of entanglement between number of similar elementary particles ofSender and Receiver - free or in composition of atoms and molecules via highly anisotropicnonlocal virtual guide bundles

Nt,r n

VirGSME S Rx,y,z

i

14.7a

is dependent on synchronization of C W pulsation frequency of these particles.In this expression n is a number of pairs of similar tuned elementary particles

(protons, neutrons and electrons) in atoms/molecules of S and R; Nt,r is a number ofcoherent atoms/molecules in the coherent molecular clusters - mesoscopic BC(Kaivarainen, 2001; 2004).

The ’tuning’ of particles phase and frequency pulsation occur under the forcedresonance exchange interaction between virtual pressure waves VPWq

; VPWq and pulsing

particles.The mechanism proposed may explain the experimentally confirmed nonlocal

interaction between coherent elementary particles (Aspect and Gragier, 1983), atoms andtheir remote coherent clusters.

Our theory predicts that the same mechanism, involving nonlocal bundlesNt,r VirGSME S Rx,y,z

i , may provide the entanglement between macroscopic

129

systems, including biological ones.14.4 The vortical filaments in superfluids, as the analogs of virtual guides of Bivacuum

When the rotation velocity of a cylindrical vessel containing He II becomes highenough, then the emergency of so-called vortex filaments becomes thermodynamicallyfavorable. The filament is formed by the superfluid component of He II in such a way thattheir momentum of movement decreases the total energy of He II in a rotating vessel. Theshape of filaments in this case is like a straight rod and their thickness is of the order ofatom’s dimensions, increasing with lowering the temperature at T T.

Vortex filaments are continuous. They may be closed or limited within the boundariesof vessel.

The hydrodynamics of normal and superfluid components of He II in container ofradius (r), rotating with angular frequency are characterized by two velocities,correspondingly

vn r

vsf m N

m r

14.8

14.8a

where ~ ksf 1/Lsf is a phase of Bose condensate wave function: s1/2 e i (s

is a density of superfluid component); N is a number of rectilinear vortex lines.The motion of superfluid component is potential, as far its velocity (vsf is determined

by eq. 14.8a and:

rot vsf 0 14.8b

The values of velocity of circulation of filaments are determined (Landau, 1941) asfollows:

vsfdl 2r vsf 2 m 14.9

where: n 2 is a phase change as a result of circulation, n 1,2,3 is theinteger number.

and

vsf /r 14.9a

Increasing the radius of circulation (r) leads to decreased circulation velocity vsf.Comparing (14.9a) and (14.9) gives:

n m 14.10

It has been shown that only vortical structures with n 1 are thermodynamically stable.Taking this into account, we have from (14.9a) and (14.10):

r n mvsf 14.11

An increase in the angle frequency of rotation of the cylinder containing HeII results inthe increased density distribution of vortex filaments on the cross-section of the cylinder.

As a result of interaction between the filament and the normal component of HeII, thefilaments move in the rotating cylinder with normal liquid.

The flow of He II through the capillaries also can be accompanied by appearance of

130

vortex filaments.In ring-shaped vessels the circulation of closed vortex filaments is stable. Stability is

related to the quantum pattern of circulation change (eqs. 14.9 and 14.10).Let us consider now the phenomena of superfluidity in He II in the framework of our

hierarchic concept (Kaivarainen, 2001).14.4 Theory of superfluidity, based on hierarchic model of condensed matter

It will be shown below how our hierarchic model (Table 1 inhttp://arXiv.org/abs/physics/0102086) can be used to explain He II properties, its excitationspectrum (Fig. 13), increased heat capacity at -point and the vortex filaments formation.

We assume here, that the formulae obtained earlier (Kaivarainen, 2001) for internalenergy, viscosity, thermal conductivity and vapor pressure remain valid for bothcomponents of He II.

The theory proposed by Landau (Lifshits, Pitaevsky, 1978) qualitatively explains onlythe lower branch (a) in experimental spectrum (Fig. 13), as a result of phonons and rotonsexcitation.

But the upper branch (b) points that the real process is more complicated and needsintroduction of other quasiparticles and excited states for its explanation.

Our hierarchic model of superfluidity (Kaivarainen, 2006) interrelates the lower branchwith the ground acoustic (a) state of primary effectons in liquid 4He and the upper branchwith their excited optical (b) state. In accordance with our model, the dissipation andviscosity friction (see section 11.6 in ) arise in the normal component of He II due tothermal phonons radiated and absorbed in the course of the b ā and ā b transitions ofsecondary effectons, correspondingly.

Fig. 13. Excitation spectrum of liquid 4He from neutron scattering measurements (Marchand Parrinello, 1982). Spectrum is characterized by two branches, corresponding to(a-acoustic) and (b-optical) states of the primary librational effectons according to thehierarchic model (Kaivarainen, 2001).

Landau described the minimum in the region of -point using the expression:

E 0 P P02

2m , 14.12

where 0 and P0 are the energy and momentum of liquid 4He at -point (Fig. 1) andm 0.16m is the effective mass of the 4He atommHe 4 1.44 1024g 5.76 1024g. The effective mass m was determinedexperimentally.

Feynman (1953) explained the same part of the excitation spectra by the non-monotonic

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behavior of the structure factor Sk and the formula:

E 2k2

2mS 2

2mL2S 14.13

where:

k 1/L 2/ 14.14

is the wave number of neutron interacting with liquid 4He.Our hierarchic theory of condensed matter allows to unify Landau’s and Feynman’s

approaches. The total energy of de Broglie wave either free or as part of condensed mattercan be expressed through its amplitude squared A2, length squared (L2 and effectivemass m in the following manner (Kaivarainen, 2001):

E tot Tk V 2

2mA2 2

2mL2 14.15

In accordance with our Hierarchic theory (Kaivarainen, 2001), the structural factor S(k)is equal to the kinetic Tk to total Etot energy ratio of wave B:

S Tk/E tot A2/L2 m/m 14.16

where:

Tk P2/2m 2mL2 14.17

Combining (14.15), (14.16) and (14.17), we get the following set of equation for the energyof 4He at transition -point:

0 E0 2

2mA02 2

2mL02

0 2

2mL02S

Tk0

S

14.18

These approximate formulae for the total energy of liquid 4He made it possible to estimatethe most probable wave B length, forming the primary librational (or rotational effectons)at -point:

0 hmvgr0

2L0 2A0 m/m1/2

, 14.19

where the critical amplitude of wave B:

A0 12mE0

1/2

14.20

can be calculated from the experimental E0 values (Fig.13). Putting in (14.20) and (14.19)the available data:

0 E0 kB 8.7K 1.2 1015 erg;

the mass of atom: m4He 5.76 1024g and m/m 0.16, we obtain:

132

0 14 108cm 14Å 14.21

the corresponding most probable group velocity of 4He atoms is: vgr0 8.16 103cm/s.It is known from the experiment that the volume occupied by one atom of liquid 4He is

equal: V 4He 46Å3/atom. The edge length of the corresponding cubic volume is:

l V 4He

1/3 3.58Å 14.22

From (14.21) and (14.22) we can calculate the number of 4He atoms in the volume ofprimary librational (rotational) effecton at -point:

nV0 VefV 4He

9/40

l3 43 atoms 14.23

One edge of such an effecton of cube shape contains: q 431/3 3.5 atoms of liquid4He.

We must take into account, that these parameters can be lower than the real ones, as farin above simple calculations we did not consider the contributions of secondary effectons,transitons and deformons to total internal energy (Kaivarainen, 2001).

On the other hand, in accordance with Hierarchic model, the conditions of themaximum stability of primary effectons correspond to the integer number of particles in theedge of these effectons (Kaivarainen, 2001).

Consequently, we have to assume that the true number of 4He atoms forming a primaryeffecton at -point is equal to nV0 64. It means that the edge of cube as the effecton shapeapproximation contains q0 4 atoms of 4He:

q0 nV0 1/3 641/3 4 14.24

The primary librational effectons of such a type may correspond to rotons introduced byLandau to explain the high heat capacity of HeII.

The thermal momentums of 4He atoms in these coherent clusters can totallycompensate each other and the resulting momentum of primary effectons is equal to zero.Further decline in temperature gives rise to dimensions of primary effectons, representingmesoscopic Bose condensate (mBC). The most stable of them contain in their ribs theinteger number of helium atoms:

q q0 n 14.25

where: q0 4 and n 1,2,30, nV0 and ne0 can be calculated more accurately, using our computer program, based

on Hierarchic theory, if the required experimental data on IR spectroscopy and soundvelocimetry are available.

Let us consider now the consequence of the phenomena observed in 4He in the courseof temperature decline to explain Fig. 13 in the framework of hierarchic model:1. In accordance to our model, the lowering of the temperature till the 4.2 K and

gas-liquid first order phase transition occurs under condition, when the most probable waveB length of atoms related to their librations/rotations starts to exceed the average distancebetween 4He atoms in a liquid phase and mesoscopic Bose condensation (mBC) in form ofcoherent atomic clusters becomes possible:

133

h/mvgr 3.58Å 14.26

The corresponding value of the most probable group velocity is

vgr 3.2 104cm/s.

The translational thermal momentums of particles are usually bigger and waves B lengthsmaller than those related to librations. In accordance with our model of first order phasetransitions (Kaivarainen, 2001, section 6.2), this fact determines the difference in thetemperatures of [gas liquid] and [liquid solid] transitions.

The freezing of liquid 4He occurs at a sufficiently high pressure of 25 atm. only andmeans the emergency of primary translational effectons in accordance to our theory of 1storder phase transitions (Kaivarainen, 2001). The pressure increasing, as well as temperaturedecreasing, decline the translational thermal momentum of particles and stimulates Bosecondensation, responsible for coherent clusters formation of corresponding type.

In normal component of liquid 4HeII, like in a usual liquid at T 0 K, the existence ofprimary and secondary effectons, convertons, transitons and deformons is possible. Thecontributions of each of these quasiparticles determine the total internal energy, kinetic andpotential energies, viscosity, thermal conductivity, vapor pressure and many otherparameters (Kaivarainen, 2001).

We assume that the lower branch in the excitation spectrum of Fig. 13 reflects theacoustic (a) state and the upper branch the optic (b) state of primary (lb and tr) effectons.2. Decreasing the temperature to -point: T 2.17K is accompanied by condition

(14.24), which stimulates Bose-condensation of atoms, increasing the dimensions ofprimary effectons. This leads to emergency of primary polyeffectons as superfluidsubsystem due to distant Van der Waals interactions and Josephson junctions betweenneighboring primary effectons. This second order phase transition is accompanied by(a)-states probability increasing Pa 1 and that of (b)-states decreasing Pb 0. Theprobability of primary and secondary deformons Pd Pa Pb; P d P a P b decreasescorrespondingly. In the excitation spectrum (Fig.1) these processes are displayed as atending of (b)-branch closer to (a)-branch, as a consequence of degeneration of b-branch atvery law temperature.

Like in the theory of 2nd order phase transitions proposed by Landau (Landau andLifshits, 1976), we can introduce here the order parameter as:

1 1 Pa PbPa Pb 14.27

where: PaPbPaPb

is an equilibrium parameter.One can see that at Pa Pb, the equilibrium parameter 0 and 1 the system is

far from 2nd order phase transition). On the other hand, at conditions of phase transition:T T when Pb 0, 1 and parameter of order tends to zero 0.

Similar to Landau’s theory, the equality of specific parameter of order to zero, is acriteria of 2nd order phase transition. As usual, this transition is followed by a decrease instructural symmetry with a decline in temperature.

The important point of our scenario of superfluidity is a statement that the leftward shiftof a b equilibrium of the primary effectons (tr and lb) becomes stable starting fromT due to their polymerization ”side by side”. This process of macroscopicBose-condensation in real quantum liquids, including conversion of secondary effectons toprimary ones, differs from condensation of an ideal Bose-gas. Such kind ofBose-condensation means the enhancement of the concentration of primary effectons in (a)

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state with lower energy, accompanied by degeneration of the all other kind of collectiveexcitations. The polymerization of primary effectons in He II gives rise to macroscopicallylong filament-like polyeffectons.Such process can be considered as self-organization on macroscopic scale. These

filament-like polyeffectons, standing for superfluid component in quantum, can form closedcircles or three-dimensional (3D) isotropic networks in a vessel with He II. The remnantfraction of liquid represent normal fraction of He II.14.5 The vortical filaments in superfluids as the analogs of virtual guides of Bivacuum

Polyeffectons are characterized by the dynamic equilibrium:assembly disassembly . Temperature decreasing and pressure increasing shift this

equilibrium to the left, increasing the surface of the primary effectons side-by-sideinteraction and number of Josephson junctions. The probability of tunneling betweencoherent clusters increases also correspondingly.

The relative movement (sliding) of flexible ”snake-like” polyeffectons occurs withoutphonons excitation in the volumes of IR deformons, equal to that of macrodeformons. Justmacrodeformons excitation is responsible for dissipation and viscosity in normal liquids(Kaivarainen, 2001; 2006). The absence of macrodeformons excitation, making it possiblethe polyeffectons emergency (macroscopic Bose condensation), explains the absence ofdissipation and superfluidity phenomenon according to our model.

Breaking of symmetry in a three-dimensional polyeffecton network and its violationcan be induced by external fields, like the gravitational gradient, mechanical perturbationand surface effects. It is possible because coherent polyeffecton system is highlycooperative and unstable.

In rotating cylindrical vessel, the colinear filament-like polyeffectons originate from 3Disotropic net of polyeffectons and they tend to be oriented along the cylinder axis with theirown rotation round their own axis in the direction opposite to that of cylinder rotation, as aconsequence of angular momentum conservation. In accordance with our model, thisphenomenon represents the vortex filaments in He II, discussed above. The radius of thefilaments (42) is determined by the group velocity of the coherent 4He atoms, which formpart of the primary effectonsvgr vsf. The numerical value of vgr must be equal to or lessthan 6 103cm/s, this corresponding to conditions (14.23 and 14.24). At T 0, vgrdecreases, providing the filament radius (14.11) increasing. Finally most probable velocitydeclines to the values corresponding to vgrmin v0 determined by zero-point oscillations of4He atoms. Under these conditions the aggregation or polymerization of translationalprimary effectons in (a)-state can occur, following by liquid-solid phase transition in 4He.

The self-organization of highly cooperative coherent polyeffectons in -point andstrong (a b equilibrium leftward shift should be accompanied by a heat capacity jump.

The mechanism, leading to stabilization of (a)- state of primary effectons as the firststage of their polymerization, is a formation of coherent superclusters from primaryeffectons. Stabilization of (a) states in superclusters or bundles of vortical superfluidfilaments could be resulted from macroscopic self-organization of matter, turningmesoscopic Bose condensation to macroscopic one. Corresponding process stabilize theacoustic (a) state of primary effectons and destabilize the optic (b) state.The successive mechanisms of super-clusterization of primary effectons and

polymerization of these superclusters could be responsible for second order phasetransitions, leading to emergency of superfluidity and superconductivity.The second sound in such a model can be attributed to phase velocity in a system of

polyeffectons or superclusters. The propagation of the second sound through chainpolyeffectons or superclusters should be accompanied by their elastic deformation and[assembly disassembly] equilibrium oscillations.

135

The third sound can be also related to the elastic deformation of polyeffectons andequilibrium constant oscillations of superclusters, however only in the surface layers withproperties different from those in bulk volume. In accordance with hierarchic theory ofsurface tension for regular liquids (Kaivarainen, 2001), such a difference between surfaceand volume parameters is responsible for surface tension in quantum liquid, like HeII,and its increasing at -point. Such enhancement of explains disappearance of cavitationalbubbles at T T.The fourth sound is a consequence of primary effectons volume increasing and the

change in their phase velocity as a result of He II interaction with narrow capillary’s wallsand their thermal movement stabilization.The normal component of He II is related to the fraction of He II atoms, not involved in

polyeffectons formation. This fraction composes individual primary and secondaryeffectons, maintaining the ability for a b and ā b transitions. In accordance withour hierarchic model, these transitions in composition of macroeffectons andmacrodeformons are accompanied by the emission and absorption of heat phonons.

The manifestation of viscous properties in normal liquid and normal component of HeII is related to fluctuations of macrodeformons VDM, accompanied by dissipation(Kaivarainen, 2001).

On the other hand, macro- and superdeformons are absent in the superfluid component,as far in primary polyeffectons at T T: the probability of B-state of macroeffectons:PB Pb P b 0; the probability of A-state of the macroeffectons: PA Pa P a 1 and,consequently, the probability of macrodeformons tends to zero: PDM PB PA 0.Decreasing the probability of superdeformons PDS PDM tr PDM lb 0 means thedecreased concentration of cavitational bubbles and vapor pressure.3. We can explain the decrease in E(k) in Fig. 13 around T T by reducing the

contributions of (b) state of the primary effectons, due to their Bose-condensation,decreasing the fraction of secondary effectons and concomitant elimination of thecontribution of secondary acoustic deformons (i.e. phonons) to the total energy of liquid4He. One can see from our theory of viscosity (Kaivarainen, 1995; 2001), that in theabsence of secondary effectons and macroeffectons excitations, providing dissipation inliquids, the viscosity of liquid tends to zero: 0. In accordance with hierarchic theory ofthermal conductivity (Kaivarainen, 1995; 2001, the elimination of secondary acousticdeformons at T T must lead also to enhanced thermal conductivity. This effect wasregistered experimentally in superfluids, indeed.4. The increase in Ek in Fig. 1 at T T can be induced by the enhanced contribution

of primary polyeffectons to the total energy of He II and the factor: Utot/Tk S1 in newstate equation, derived in Hierarchic theory. The activity of the normal component of He II,as a solvent for polyeffectons, reduces and tends to zero at T 0. Under such conditionT 0 super-polymerization and total Bose-condensation occur in the volume of 4He.

The maximum in Fig. 13 at 0 T T is a result of competition of two oppositefactors: rise in the total energy of He II due to progress of primary effectonspolymerization and its reduction due to the decline of the most probable group velocityvgr, accompanied by secondary effectons and deformons degeneration. The latter processpredominates at T 0. The development of a polyeffectons superfluid subsystem isaccompanied by corresponding diminution of the normal component in He II S 1 and 0. The normal component has a bigger internal energy than superfluid one.

The own dimensions of primary translational and librational effectons in composition ofpolyeffectons increases at T 0.

Inaccessibility of b-state of primary effectons at T T

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Let us analyze our formula (Kaivarainen, 2001) for phase velocity of primary effectonsin the acoustic (a)-state at condition T T, when filament - like polyeffectons frommolecules of liquid originate:

vpha vS 1fd

fa

1 PbPa

resb

resb

14.28

where: vS is the sound velocity; Pb and Pa are the thermal accessibilities of the (b) and (a)states of primary effectons; fd and fa are the probabilities of primary deformons andprimary effectons in (a) state excitations.

One can see from (14.28), that if:

Pb 0, then Pd PbPa 0 and fd 0 at T T

then phase velocity of the effecton in (a) state tends to sound velocity:

vpha vS 14.29

For these point conditions, the total energy of 4He atoms, forming polyeffectonsdue to Bose-condensation of secondary effectons can be presented as:

E tot Ea mvgrvpha mvgrvS 14.30

where the empirical sound velocity in He II is vS 2.4 104cm/s.The kinetic energy of wave B at the same conditions is Tk mvgr2 /2. Dividing E tot by

Tk we have, using (14.16):

vSvgr

E tot

2Tk 1

2S 12m/m 14.31

and

vgr0 vs 2S0 2.4 104 0.32 7.6 103cm/s. 14.32

m 0.16m is the semiempirical effective mass at T T.The most probable wave B length corresponding to (14.32) at -point:

0 h/mvgr0 15.1Å 64

The number of 4He atoms in the volume of such effecton, calculated in accordance with(14.23) is equal: q0 nv01/3 3.8.

This result is even closer to one predicted by the hierarchic model (eq. 14.24) than(14.22). It confirms that at T T the probability of b-state Pb 0 and conditions (14.29)and (14.30), following from our model, take a place indeed. In such a way our hierarchicmodel of superfluidity explains the available experimental data on liquid 4He in a noncontradiction manner, as a limit case of our hierarchic viscosity theory for normal liquids.

Superfluidity in 3HeThe scenario of superfluity, described above for Bose-liquid of 4He S 0 in principle

is valid for Fermi-liquid of 3He S 1/2 as well. A basic difference is determined by anadditional preliminary stage related to the formation of Cooper pairs of 3He atoms withtotal spins, equal to S 1, i.e. with boson’s properties. The bosons only can form primary

137

effectons, as a coherent clusters containing particles with equal kinetic energies.We assume in our model that Cooper’s pairs [3He 3HeS1 can be formed

between neighboring 3He atoms of opposite spins by head-to principle, when their spinsare the additive values. It means that the minimum number of 3He atoms forming part ofthe primary effecton’s edge at -point must be 8, i.e. two times more than that in 4He(condition 14.24). Correspondingly, the number of 3He atoms in the volume of an effectonis nV0 3He 83 312. These conditions explains the fact that superfluidity in 3He arises attemperature T 2.6 103K, i.e. much lower than that in 4He. For the other hand, thelength of coherence in superfluid 3He is much bigger that in 4He.

The formation of flexible filament-like polyeffectons, representing macroscopicBose-condensate in liquid 3He responsible for superfluidity, is a process, similar to that in4He described above. Good review of vortex formation in superfluid 3He and analogies inin quantum field theory is presented by Eltsov, Krusius and Volovik (2004).

In contrast to 4He II there are two major phases of superfluid 3He, the A and B phases.The important for us neutron - induced vortical filaments formation have been performed inthe quasi-isotropic 3He-B (Ruutu et al. 1966). In the present context the vortices in 3He-Bare similar to those in superfluid 4He-II.14.6 Stimulation of vortex bundles formation in 3He-B by spinning elementary particles

A cylindrical sample container with superfluid 3He B was rotated at constant angularvelocity and temperature T, under NMR absorption monitoring. When the sample isirradiated with neutrons, vortex lines are observed to form. The neutron source was locatedat a proper distance (few tens of cm) from the cryostat so that vortex lines are observed toform in well resolved individual events. The experimental signal for the appearance of anew vortex line is an abrupt jump in NMR absorption.

Liquid 3He-B can be locally heated with the absorption reaction of a thermal neutron:

n 23He p 1

3H E0 E0 764 keV)

The reaction products, a proton and a triton (13H produce two collinear ionization

tracks (Meyer and Sloan 1997). The ionized particles, electrons and 3He ions, diffuse in theliquid and recombine. About 80 % or more of E0 is spent to heat a small volume with aradius about 50 m, turning its superfluid state into the normal one.

Subsequently, the heated volume of normal liquid cools back through Tc inmicroseconds. The measurements demonstrate that vortex lines are stimulated by neutronabsorption event indeed. In the rotating experiments in Helsinki these rectilinear vortexlines are counted with NMR methods (Ruutu et al. 1996a).

In other series of 3He experiments, performed in Grenoble (Bauerle et al. 1996, 1998a),the vortices formed in a neutron absorption event are detected calorimetrically. In zerotemperature limit the mutual friction becomes vanishingly small and the life time of thevorticity very long.

Yarmchuk and Packard (1982) obtained images of a vortex in superfluid by imaging ofelectrons, initially trapped by the vortex cores.

We consider stimulation of vortex bundles formation in superfluids by elementaryparticles, as a confirmation of our model of fermions as a triplets of sub-elementaryfermions, rotation around joint axis (Fig.2). Corresponding superfluid vortical filaments area structures, analogues to introduced Virtual Guides of spin, momentum and energy,formed by Bivacuum dipoles, connecting coherent elementary particles (see Fig.12 andcorresponding comments).

The ability of quantum objects rotation to induce the vortical structures in quantum

138

liquid was obtained in work of Madison et al. (2000). They stir with a focused laser beam aBose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb atoms confined in a magnetic trap. The formation fromsingle to eleven vortices, increasing with frequency of beam rotation was observed. Themeasurements of the decay of a vortex array once the stirring laser beam is removed wasperformed.

This author propose, that the orbits of planets around rotating stars and star systemsaround rotating center of galactic (supermassive black hole) may correspond to vorticalfilaments of superfluid fraction of Bivacuum, induced by central object rotation. Inaccordance to presented theory, these filaments are formed by closed bundles of virtualmicrotubules Nt,r VirMTx,y,z

i . These orbits quantization may follow the rules ofangular momentum quantization, induced by rotating objects in superfluids. The evidencesupporting such idea is existing (Dinicastro, 2005).

15 New kind of Bivacuum mediated nonlocal interaction between macroscopic objects15.1 The stages of Bivacuum mediated interaction (BMI) activation between Sender and

ReceiverTheories of the surface and volume Virtual Replica (VRsur,vol) of material objects in

Bivacuum (ether body) and primary VR multiplication VRM(r,t), described in chapter 13(astral and mental bodies), in combination with theory of Virtual Guides (VirGSME (seechapter 14), are the background for explanation of different kind of paranormalphenomena. The primary VRsur,vol represents a result of interference of basic Bivacuumvirtual waves with similar VPWm

and VirSWm1/2, modulated by C W pulsation of

elementary particles and translational and librational de Broglie waves of molecules ofmacroscopic object, localized on its surface and in volume.

The infinitive multiplication of primary VRsur and VRvol in space and time: VRM(r,t)in form of 3D packets of virtual standing waves, representing iterated primary VRsur,vol is aresult of interference of all pervading external coherent basic reference waves - BivacuumVirtual Pressure Waves (VPWq1

) and Virtual Spin Waves (VirSWq11/2) with similar kinds

of modulated by surface and volume of the object standing waves (VPWm and VirSWm

1/2).The latter can be considered as the object waves, making it possible to name the VRM, asHoloiteration by analogy with regular hologram (see chapter 13).

Depending on the type modulation (section 13.2) the primary VR and VRM(r,t) aresubdivided on the:

a) frequency modulated;b) amplitude modulated;c) phase modulated;d) polarization modulated.Only their superposition contains all the information about positions and dynamics of

atoms/molecules, composing object’s volume and surface.The nonlocal single or doubled Virtual Guides of spin, momentum and energy represent

virtual microtubules with properties of one-dimensional virtual Bose condensate,constructed from ’head-to-tail’ polymerized Bivacuum bosons of opposite polarization(BVB V V; BVB V V; ) or Cooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions(BVF BVF) (chapter 14):

VirGSMEBVB Pr, t BVB; VirGSMEBVB Pr, t BVB

VirGSMEBVFBVF Pr, t BVFBVF S0

s

15.1 15.1a

where: Pr, t is a number of Bivacuum dipoles in Virtual guides, dependent on the

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distance (r) between S and R and correlation time of Bivacuum fluctuations (t).The bundles of VirGSMES R, connecting coherent atoms of Sender (S) and

Receiver (S) are responsible for nonlocal Bivacuum mediated interaction between them.The introduced in our theory Bivacuum Mediated Interaction (BMI is a new fundamentalinteraction due to superposition of Virtual replicas of Sender and Receiver and connectionof their coherent atoms via VirGSMES R bundles (eq.14.7a):

Nt,r n

VirGSME S Rx,y,z

i

15.2

where: n is a number of pairs of similar tuned elementary particles (protons, neutronsand electrons) in atoms and molecules of S and R; Nt,r is a number of coherentatoms/molecules in the coherent molecular clusters - mesoscopic BC (Kaivarainen, 2001;2004).

Just BMI(r,t) is responsible for remote ultraweak nonlocal interaction and differentpsi-phenomena. For activation of psi-channels the system: [S R] should be innonequilibrium state.After our Unified Model, the informational (spin), momentum and energy exchange

interaction between Sender [S] and Receiver [R], representing Virtual beam formation,involves following three stages:1. Superposition of nonlocal (informational/spin) components of [S] and [R] Virtual

Replicas Multiplication:

VRMSnl VRMR

nl

formed by modulated by the objects de Broglie waves virtual spin waves of Sender andReceiver: VirSWS

S1/2 and VirSWRS1/2;

2. Formation of bundles of nonlocal Virtual guides VirGSMEi S R of spin,momentum and energy, connecting coherent nucleons and electrons of [S] and [R]:

Nt,r n

VirSWSS1/2 BVB; BVB

BVFBVF VirSWR

S1/2

x,y,z

i

15.2a

VirGSME S R is quasi-1D virtual microtubule (quasi one-dimensional virtualBose condensate), formed primarily by standing VirSWS

S1/2 BVB

BVFBVF VirSWR

S1/2 of

opposite spins, following by self-assembly of Cooper pairs of [BVF BVFi orBivacuum bosons BVB i and BVB i;3. Superposition of distant components of Virtual Replicas Multiplication of [S] and

[R], formed by standing virtual pressure wavesVPWm

VPWm Si VPWm

VPWm Ri , modulated by [S] and [R]:

VRMSdis VRMR

dis VPWm VPWm

Si VPWm

VPWm Ri 15.3

The described above three stages of [S] and [R] Bivacuum mediated interaction (BMI)involves formation of Virtual tunnel. For activation of this channel, the whole system:S R should be in nonequilibrium state.We put forward a conjecture, that even teleportation or spatial exchange of

macroscopic number of coherent atoms between very remote regions of the Universe(teleportation) is possible via coherent Virtual tunnels. If this consequence of theory

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will be confirmed, we get a method for the instant remote transportation ofmacroscopic objects.

For special case if Sender S or Receiver R is psychic, the double highly orderedconducting membranes of the coherent nerve cells (like in axons) may provide thecumulative Casimir effect, contributing Virtual Replica of [S] and [R].

The quantum neurodynamics processes in Sender (Healer) may be accompanied byradiation of electromagnetic waves or magnetic impulses, propagating in Bivacuum viavirtual guides: VirGSMES R. Such kind of radiation from different regions ofSender/Healer has been revealed experimentally.

The important role in Bivacuum mediated Mind-Matter and Mind-Mind interaction,plays the coherent fraction of water inmicrotubules of neurons in state of mesoscopicmolecular Bose condensate (mBC) (Kaivarainen: http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0102086).This fraction of mBC is a variable parameter, dependent on structural state of microtubulesand number of simultaneous elementary acts of consciousness (Kaivarainen:http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0003045). It can be modulated not only by excitation of nervecells, but also by specific interaction with virtual replica of one or more chromosomes(VRDNA of the same or other cells.The change of frequency of selected kind of thermal fluctuations, like cavitational ones,

in the volume of receiver [R], including cytoplasm water of nerve cells, is accompanied byreversible disassembly of microtubules and actin’ filaments, i.e. gel sol transitions.These reactions, responsible for elementary act of consciousness, are dependent on thechanges of corresponding activation barriers.The mechanisms of macroscopic quantum entanglement, proposed in our work, is

responsible for change of intermolecular Van der Waals interaction in the volume of [R]and probability of selected thermal fluctuations (i.e. cavitational fluctuations), induced by[S]. In this case, realization of certain series of elementary acts of consciousness of [S] willinduce similar series in nerve system of [R]. This means informational exchange betweenVRR and VRS of two psychics via Virtual Guides: VirGSMEi S R, and their bundles,forming Virtual tunnels:

Nt,r n

VirGSME S Rx,y,z

i

The specific character of telepathic signal transmission from [S] to [R] may beprovided by modulation of VRMMT

S of microtubules by VRMDNAS of DNA of Sender’s

chromosomes in neuron ensembles, responsible for subconsciousness, imagination andconsciousness. The resonance - the most effective remote informational/energy exchangebetween two psychics is dependent on corresponding ’tuning’ of their nerve systems. As abackground of this tuning can be the described Bivacuum mediated interaction (BMI)between the crucial neurons components of [S] to [R]:

2 centrioles chromosomesS

BMI 2 centrioles chromosomes

R 15.4

In accordance to our theory of elementary act of consciousness and three stages of BMImediated Psi channel formation, described above, the modulation of dynamics of[assembly disassembly] of microtubules by influence on probability of cavitationalfluctuations in the nerve cells and corresponding gel sol transitions by directed mentalactivity of [Sender] can provide telepathic contact and remote viewing between [Sender]and [Receiver].

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The mechanism of remote healing could be the same, but the local targets in the bodyof patient [R] are not necessarily the MTs and chromosomes of the nerve cells, butcentrioles chromosomes of the ill organs (heart, liver, etc.).

The telekinesis, as example of mind-matter interaction, should be accompanied bysignificant nonequilibrium process in the nerve system of Sender, related to increasing ofkinetic energy of coherent molecules in neurons of Sender, like cumulative momentum ofwater clusters, coherently melting in microtubules of centrioles and inducing theirdisassembly. Corresponding momentum and kinetic energy are transmitted to ’receiver -target’ via multiple correlated bundles of VirGSME in superimposed VRMS,R (Psi-channels).

The specific magnetic potential exchange between [S] and [R] via Virtual tunnel can begenerated by the nerve impulse regular propagation along the axons and depolarization ofnerve cells membranes (i.e. electric current) in the ’tuned’ ensemble of neuron cells ofpsychic - [Sender], accompanied by magnetic flux. These processes are accompanied byBVF BVB BVF equilibrium shift to the right or left, representing magnetic fieldexcitation.

The evidence are existing, that Virtual tunnel between [S] and [R] works better, if thefrequencies of geomagnetic Schumann waves - around 8 Hz (close to brain wavesfrequency) are the same in location of [S] and [R]. However, the main coherence factor inaccordance to our theory, are all-pervading Bivacuum virtual pressure waves (VPWq1

,with basic Compton frequency [0 m0c2/i, equal to carrying frequency of [Corpuscle Wave] pulsations of the electrons, protons, neurons, composing real matter and providingentanglement. The macroscopic Bivacuum flicker fluctuation, activated by nonregularchanges/jumps in properties of complex Hierarchical Virtual replica of Solar system andeven galactic, related to sideral time, also may influence on quality of Psi-chanells betweenSender and Receiver.

Formation of the different kinds of virtual standing waves, representing nonlocal anddistant fractions of Virtual Replicas (VR)S,R of Sender [S] and Receiver [R], necessary

Virtual tunnel: Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

iformation, are presented in Table

1

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TABLE 1The role of paired and unpaired sub-elementary particles

of the electron’s [Corpuscle Wave] pulsation and rotation:F FW FC F FC FW

in Bivacuum mediated interaction between sender [S] and receiver[R]

Pair of sub-elementary particleand antiparticle pulsation and rotation:

F FW F FC

Unpaired sub-elementaryfermion pulsation and rotation:

F CBvSO F W

CVC

VirSW

1. Virtual Pressure Waves: VPW VPW

2. Total Virtual Pressure energy increment,equal to that of total and unpaired (EF:

EF ~ VirPF 1

2 VirPF VirPF

FF

12 VirPF

VirPF FF

where the kinetic and potential energy increments:

Tk 12 VirPF

VirPF FF

V 12 VirPF

VirPF FF

3. Virtual Replica of the Object (VR VRinVRsur)

4. Virtual Replicas of [S] and [R] Multiplication:VRMS VRS VRR VRMR

1. Electromagnetic potential:EEM mV

c2 ~

~ 12 VirPF

VirPF FF

2. Gravitational potential:EG mV

|mV |c2 ~

~ 12 VirPF

VirPF FF

3. Virtual Spin Waves (VirSW):IS IVirSW1/2 ~KBVFBVFt

KBVFBVF0 sin0i t Blb sinBlbt

4.The bundles of Virtual Guides:

Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i

formation between remote [S] and [R]:

VirSWSS1/2 BVB

BVFBVF VirSWR

S1/2

Pauli attraction (Cooper pairs formation) or repulsion between BVF

of the opposite or similar spins————————————————————————————————————–One of the result of Virtual tunnel formation, as a superposition of VRMS,R and bundles of

VirGSMEext ,is a change of permittivity 0 and permeability 0 of Bivacuum 0 n0

2 1/0c2.In turn, (0 influence Van-der-Waals interactions in condensed matter,

changing the probability of defects origination in solids and cavitational fluctuations inliquids.

Bidirectional change of pH of water via Virtual tunnel can be a consequenceof VP and 0 influence on cavitational fluctuations, accompanied by shift of

dynamic equilibrium:

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H2O HOH and assembly disassembly of microtubules in nerve cells.The coherency of all components of Virtual wave guide between [S] and [R], formed by

nonlocal virtual spin waves (VirSW and VirSW) of two opposite angular momentumsand virtual pressure waves (VPWq

and VPWq of two opposite energies, corresponds to

finest tuning of mind-matter and mind-mind interaction. The coherency between signals of[S] and [R] can be provided by Tuning Force (TF) of Bivacuum and modulation of nonlocalVirtual Guides (VirGSME) by cosmic and geophysical magnetic flicker noise.

The [dissociation association equilibrium oscillation of coherent water clusters instate of molecular Bose condensate (mBC) in microtubules of nerve cells, modulating(VirSW,) and VPW, is a crucial factor for realization of quantum Psi phenomena. Thevirtual replica (VR) of microtubules and its multiplication (VRM) can be modulated also bysecondary virtual replicas of DNA.

15.2 The examples of Bivacuum mediated interaction (BMI) between macroscopic objectsIn accordance to our approach, the remote interaction between macroscopic Sender [S]

and Receiver [R] can be realized, as a result of Bivacuum mediated interaction (BMI), likesuperposition of distant and nonlocal components of their Virtual Replicas Multiplication(VRMS VRMR), described in previous sections.

Nonequilibrium processes in [Sender], accompanied by acceleration of particles, likeevaporation, heating, cooling, melting, boiling etc. may stimulate the nonelastic effects inthe volume of [Receiver] and increments of modulated virtual pressure and spin waves(VPWm

and VirSWm1/2, accompanied [C W pulsation of triplets

F F F i , formed by sub-elementary fermions of different generation,representing electrons, protons and neutrons.

The following unconventional kinds of effects of nonelectromagnetic andnon-gravitational nature can be anticipated in the remote interaction betweenmacroscopicnonequilibrium [Sender] and sensitive detector [Receiver] via multiple Virtual spin andenergy guides VirGSME (Fig.4), if our theory of nonlocal spin, momentum and energyexchange between [S] and [R], described above is correct:I. Weak repulsion and attraction between ’tuned’ [S] and [R] and rotational momentum

in [R] induced by [S], as a result of transmission of momentum/kinetic energy and angularmomentum (spin) between elementary particles of [S] and [R]. The probability of such’tuned’ interaction between [S] and [R] is dependent on dimensions of coherent clusters ofatoms and molecules of condensed matter in state of mesoscopic Bose condensation (mBC)(Kaivarainen, 1995; 2001; 2003; 2004). The number of atoms in such clusters Nt,r is

related to number of VirGSME in the bundles Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i,

connecting tunedmBC in [S] and [R]. The Nt,r may be regulated by temperature,ultrasound, etc. The kinetic energy distant transmission from atoms of [S] to atoms of [R]may be accompanied by the temperature and local pressure/sound effects in [R];II. Increasing the probability of thermal fluctuations in the volume of [R] due to

decreasing of Van der Waals interactions, because of charges screening effects, induced byoverlapping of distant virtual replicas of [S] and [R] and increasing of dielectricpermittivity of Bivacuum. In water the variation of probability of cavitational fluctuationsshould by accompanied by the in-phase variation of pH and electric conductivity due toshifting the equilibrium: H2O H HO to the right or left;III. Small changing of mass of [R] in conditions, changing the probability of the

inelastic recoil effects in the volume of [R] under influence of [S];IV. Registration of metastable virtual particles, as a result of Bivacuum symmetry

144

perturbations.The first kind (I) of new class of interactions between coherent fermions of [S] and [R]

is a result of huge number (bundles) of correlated virtual spin-momentum-energy guidesVirGSME VirSWS

VirSWR formation by standing spin waves (VirSWS,R).

These guides can be responsible for:a) virtual signals (phase/spin), momentum and kinetic energy instant transmission

between [S] and [R], meaning the nonlocal information and energy exchange;b) the regulation of Pauli repulsion effects between fermions of [S] and [R] with

parallel spins;c) the transmission of macroscopic rotational momentum from [S] of [R]. This process

provided by Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i, is dependent on the difference

between the external angular momentums of elementary fermions of [S] and [R].The second kind (II) of phenomena: influence of [S] on probability of thermal

fluctuations in [R], - is a consequence of the additional symmetry shift in Bivacuumfermions (BVF, induced by superposition of distant and nonlocal multiplicated VirtualReplicas of [S] and [R]: VRMS VRMR, which is accompanied by increasing ofBivacuum fermions (BVF V V virtual charge: e eV eV e0 in thevolume of [R]. Corresponding increasing of Bivacuum permittivity (0 and decreasingmagnetic permeability (0 : 0 1/0c2 is responsible for the charges screeningeffects in volume of [R], induced by [S]. This weakens the electromagnetic Van der Waalsinteraction between molecules of [R] and increases the probability of defects originationand cavitational fluctuations in solid or liquid phase of Receiver.The third kind of phenomena (III): reversible decreasing of mass of rigid [R] can be a

result of reversible lost of energy of Corpuscular phase of particles, as a consequence ofinelastic recoil effects, following the in-phase C W transition of Ncoh coherentnucleons in the volume of [R].

The probability of recoil effects can be enhanced by heating the rigid object or bystriking it by another hard object. This effect can be registered directly - by the object massdecreasing. In conditions, close to equilibrium, the Matter - Bivacuum energy exchangerelaxation time, following the process of coherent C W pulsation of macroscopicfraction of atoms is very short and corresponding mass defect effect is undetectable. Suchcollective recoil effect of coherent particles could be big in superconducting or superfluidsystems of macroscopic Bose condensation or in crystals, with big domains of atoms instate of Bose condensation.The fourth kind of the above listed phenomena - increasing the probability of virtual

particles and antiparticles origination in asymmetric Bivacuum in condition of forcedresonance with exciting Bivacuum virtual waves will be discussed in section 16.2.

It will demonstrated also in chapter 17, that the listed above nontrivial consequences ofUnified theory (I - IV) are consistent with unusual data, obtained by groups of Kozyrev(1984; 1991) and Korotaev (1999; 2000). It is important to note, that these experiments areincompatible with current paradigm. It means that it is timed out and should be replaced bythe new one.15.3 The idea of nonlocal signals transmitter and detector construction and testingThe simple constructions of artificial physical devices with functions of [Sender] and

one or more [Receiver] for verification of nonlocal mechanism of communication viaVirtual Guides of spin/information, momentum and energy, following from our Unifiedtheory, were suggested (Kaivarainen, 2004a; 2004b). They can represent two or more

145

identical and ’tuned’ to each other superconducting or superfluid multi-rings ortorus/donuts systems.

The pair: [S] and [R] can be presented by two identical systems, composed from thesame number (7 or more) of superconducting or superfluid rings of decreasing radius - frommeters to centimeters, following Fibonacci series, because of fundamental role of Goldenmean in Nature, enclosed in each other. The ”tuning” of Virtual Replicas of [S] and [R]constructions in state of macroscopic Bose condensation (superconducting or superfluid)can be realized by keeping them nearby with parallel orientation of two set of rings duringfew hours for equalizing of their physical parameters, i.e. currents. After such tuning, theycan be removed from each other, keeping their superconducting or superfluid state on at thesame temperature, pressure and other conditions. The separation can be increased fromhundreds of meters to hundreds of kilometers and tested for signals transmission in eachequipped for such experiments laboratory.

The experiments for registration of nonlocal interactions could be performed, asfollows. At the precisely fixed time moment, the superfluid or superconducting propertiesof one of rings of Sender [S], should be switched off by heating, ultrasound or magneticfield action (Meissner effect). At the same moment of time the superconducting orsuperfluid parameters of all rings of Receiver [R] should be registered. If the biggestchanges will occur in the ring of [R]-system with the same radius, as that in [S]-system andfaster, than light velocity, it will be a confirmation of possibility of nonlocal Bivacuummediated information and momentum exchange (entanglement), following from our theoryand based on resonant principles. The corresponding remote signals exchange via proposedin our work Virtual Guides (VirGSME, should not be shielded by any screen.

There are a number of laboratories over the World, capable to perform the proposedexperimental project. In the case of success, such Nonlocal Signals Detector/Transmitter(NSD/T) with variable parameters would be the invaluable tool for extraterrestrialcivilizations search in projects, like SETI and for distant cosmos exploration (NASA). Onthe Earth, the Internet, radio and TV - nets also will get a strong challenge.15.4 GeoNet of CAMP based - Detectors of Water Properties, as a Supersensor of

Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Coherent SignalsThe idea of GeoNet of equidistantly distributed over the surface of the Earth hundreds

of water detectors, serving as a Supersensor is based on unique informational possibilitiesof new optoacoustic device: Comprehensive Analyzer of Matter Properties (CAMP). TheCAMP is one of applications of new Hierarchic theory of condensed matter, general forliquids and solids (http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0207114). Using theory based computerprogram (copyright, 1997, USA, Kaivarainen) and four input experimental parameters,measured at the same temperature and pressure:

1) sound velocity;2) density3) refraction index and4) positions of translational and librational bands in IR or Raman spectra -it is possible, using PC in less than second, to calculate more than 300 physical

parameters of water, ice or other condensed matter. These parameters include internalenergy, heat capacity, viscosity, self-diffusion, thermal conductivity, surface tension,dimensions and life-times of 24 quantum excitations, describing condensed matter dynamicstructure.

Water is a sensitive detector for any kind of fields, including gravitational one viabundles of nonlocal Virtual Guides of spin, momentum and energy

146

Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i. The Sun, Moon and perhaps, the black hole in

center of our galactic are the strongest sources of coherent oscillations of gravitational field(GF), existing in accordance to our theory, in form of modulated virtual pressure waves ofpositive and negative energy VPW and VPW

, interacting with protons and electronsof water molecules.

The induced by GF coherent changes of water physical properties on the remote pointsof the Earth surface, registered by CAMP devices, can be analyzed by the global CAMP -GeoNet system via Internet.

The corresponding coherent variations of physical properties of standard aqueoussolutions in EM screened vessels by Faraday cages at constant temperature and pressurecould be monitored by CAMP. Such [water samples/detectors CAMP], will be distributedover the surface of the Earth, forming a nodes of GeoNet.

I propose to use such GeoNet on the Earth surface, like giant Supersensor for terrestrialand extraterrestrial coherent signals registration. For this end a hundreds of standardwater-filled cells, unified with CAMP, over the planet surface should be under permanentcentralized control, using satellites and the Internet. The Fourier analysis of the inputsignals, inducing water perturbations, registered by CAMP, makes it possible to select onlycoherent patterns of dynamic changes of water properties in big number of water-filledcells over the Earth. These patterns will be analyzed for getting the detailed informationabout the amplitude and frequency of coherent signals.

Sensitivity of proposed global sensor system - GeoNet is much higher than existingcurrently technics due to its global scale and the CAMP huge informational possibilities.The localization and forecast of the Earthquakes are a minimum results of such globalproject realization. This forecasting compensate quickly all related to project of GeoNetexpenses.

The valuable knowledge about the influence of gravitational dynamics of Sun, Moonand planets of Solar system on the geophysical process on the Earth could be obtained viaproposed GeoNet of CAMP systems.

16. Experimental data, confirming Unified theory (UT)16.1 Radiation of accelerating charges

It follows from our theory, that the charged particles, nonuniformly accelerating incyclotron, synchrotron or in undulator, could be a source of photons. It is a result ofexcitation of secondary anchor sites of elementary particles (section 7.5) turning theirvirtual photons properties to real ones.

The private case of undulator is a free electron laser (FEL):(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_electron_laser. It generates tunable, coherent, highpower radiation, currently ranging in wavelength from millimeters to the visible. In FEL abeam of electrons is accelerated to relativistic speeds. The beam passes through a periodic,transverse magnetic field. This field is produced by arranging magnets with alternatingpoles along the beam path. It forces the electrons in the beam to assume a sinusoidal path.The acceleration of the electrons along this path results in the release of a photon.

The secondary anchor sites (see section 7.5) of the electron in alternating magneticfield can be treated as a virtual photon (eq.7.46). The absorption of the electron’scumulative virtual cloud (CVC by these exited virtual photons creates an actual photon.Adjusting either the speed/energy of the electrons or magnetic field strength tunes their deBroglie wavelength and frequency with their secondary anchor sites asymmetry, generatingphotons over a wide range of frequency. Similar mechanism may be responsible for EMemission in terhertz range by ceramic superconducting films, excited by femtosecond

147

optical pulses (Tonouchi, et. al., 1997).The energy of electromagnetic radiation ph is dependent on the doubled kinetic

energy increment:

2Tk mVv2 h2

mV B2

16.1

of alternately accelerated charged particles with undulator angular frequency (u 2uand related inelastic recoil-antirecoil effects. These localnonlocal effects with energy(mV

v2, accompanied [C W pulsation of particles, are responsible for activation ofsecondary anchor sites in Bivacuum matrix:

ph ~2Tkt h2

mVB2

sinut) mVB2L2sinCWt) 16.2

where: B and B are the electron’s de Broglie wavelength and frequency;mV

B2L2 is the energy of the secondary anchor sites, determined by the energy ofrecoil effect.

We can see, that the alternation of kinetic energy of charged particle can beaccompanied by electromagnetic radiation. This effect occur, if the alternation of kineticenergy: 2Tkt and corresponding inelastic recoil energy: mV

v2t mVB2L2t

exceeds the energetic threshold, necessary for photonorigination: F FW FCp,e F FC FWp,e,

The uniform acceleration, in contrast to alternative one, do not provide the fulfilment ofcondition of overcoming of corresponding threshold activation and the EM radiation isabsent. Consequently, the real photon radiation by charged particles and other dissipationinelastic process in Bivacuum matrix, are possible only in the conditions of nonuniformparticles acceleration.

Some similarity is existing between the mechanisms of inelastic phonons excitation insolids, detected by resonance spectroscopy, and photons excitation in Bivacuum byalternatively accelerated particle.One more consequence of Unified Theory, coinciding with experiment, is that

synchrotron and undulator radiation should be strongly asymmetric and coincidewith direction of charged particle propagation in space.

Most of energy, emitted by relativistic particles is located in direction, close to theirbeam instant velocity (v vext c in narrow angles range, determined by semi-empiricalexpression (Ginsburg, 1987):

1 v/c21/2 m0c2

E 0 16.3

where: E mc2 mVc2 is a total relativistic energy of the charged particle.

Our theory leads to same result. Formulas (4.2 and 4.2a) for relativistic condition(v c, can be easily transformed to:

1 v/c21/2 mV

mV

1/2 m0c2

mVc2

L

L0

vc 0 16.4

where, the radius of the actual torus, taking into account (4.3), is:

148

LV /mVvgrin 0 at v c

as far: mV m m0

1 v/c2 at v c

16.4a

and the Compton radius of sub-elementary particle is L0 /m0c constTheir ratio determines the angle range of radiation of accelerating particle. As far, in

accordance to our approach, the actual energy of particle is determined by the inertial mass:E mV

c2 mc2, we can see that eq. 16.3 coincides with eq.16.4.In the angle, defined by 16.4, the probability of excited secondary anchor sites is much

higher than outside of corresponding cone of action.16.2 Artificial generation of unstable groups of virtual particles and antiparticles

Let us consider the possible results of correlated symmetry shift in groups of virtualCooper pairs BVF

BVF S0as F FVir of Bivacuum fermions (BVF and

antifermions (BVF with opposite spins, acquiring the opposite uncompensated mass:m |mV | |mV | and charge: e |e | |e | spontaneously or, most probable, inthe local gravitational (G), electric (E), magnetic (H) and massless spin (S) fields. Thesevirtual groups can be considered as a secondary anchor sites, activated by the electrons andprotons of the nearest material objects and their assembly and disassembly.The first stage of virtual groups formation can be considered, as polymerization of

virtual Cooper pairs of asymmetric Bivacuum fermions and antifermions to Virtualmicrotubules (chapter 14):

VirMT Pr, t FF Vir

In primordial Bivacuum the symmetric Bivacuum dipoles of opposite polarizationPr, t BVF

BVF S0s , may rotate as respect to each other in opposite direction,

keeping their resulting orientation in space permanent with their external tangential ortranslational velocity equal to zero v 0. However, even small symmetry shift betweenproperties of torus (V and antitorus (V, caused by the external fields should beaccompanied by external circulation with velocity (v) around common axis v 0. Itfollows from (3.11) that:

v2 c2 1 |mV |

mV 0, if mV

|mV | 16.5

VirMT Pr, t BVFBVF S0

s Pr, t V V V VS0s

Fields 2F

F Vir 3F F Vir Pr, t F

F Vir 16.6

16.6a

where: Pr, t is a number of Cooper pairs of Bivacuum dipoles in VirMT, dependingon their length (r) and time (t).

The formation of VirMT in symmetric primordial Bivacuum is self-organizationprocess without consuming the external fields energy. However, the presence of fields,turning primordial Bivacuum to secondary one, induce the symmetry shift in pairsBVFBVFS0

as and rotation of VirMT, formed by them around central main axesbetween BVF and BVF. The energy of relative rotation of asymmetric pairs aroundcommon axis in VirG is dependent on the energy of external field, inducing asymmetry.The second stage - is a result of disassembly of the big coherent clusters (16.10a) to

smaller ones, accompanied by violation of equilibrium between densities of virtual particles

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nBVFas nFVir and antiparticles n(BVF as nFVir, (n n acquiring,consequently, the uncompensated charge and mass:

nF nFVirgradG,E,H

n F iVir n F iVir 16.7

16.7a

where: i e,, are three electron’ generations and the total density of virtualsub-elementary fermions and antifermions is:

n n nn n

16.8 16.8a

In strong electrostatic fields, like between condenser plates, the virtual Cooper likepairs from Bivacuum fermions of similar symmetry shift, i.e. similar charge, but withopposite direction of rotation (spin) may originate. The formation of correspondingcharged clusters and VirGSME becomes possible in cases, when energy of spin-spinexchange between them exceeds the energy of Coulomb repulsion between Bivacuumfermions of opposite spins:

nBVFBVF S0

as ~ VirGSME

or : nBVFBVF S0

as ~ VirGSME

16.9

16.9a

The shift of equilibrium between densities of asymmetric Bivacuum fermions andantifermions of opposite charges and mass-energy in strong anisotropic electric andgravitational fields is accompanied by generation of non zero difference of positive andnegative virtual pressure of Bivacuum:

VirP n mV mV

c2 n mV mV

c2i

VirP n mVv2 n mV

v2i

16.10

16.10a

The metastable virtual fermions may fuse to stable real fermions - triplets and photons,if the value of BVFas symmetry shifts will increase to that, corresponding to Goldenmean condition under the influence of high frequency VPWq2,3

(see section 12.2).The dissociation of metastable neutral Virtual Guides or Bivacuum fermions clusters,

like secondary anchor sites of elementary particles to charged virtual fragments withfermion properties is energetically much easier, than that of stable photons, and may occureven in weak fields gradients.

Synchronization of C W pulsation of such virtual unstable fermions, as a conditionof entanglement between them, provides their collective behavior even after bigVirGSME Pr, t dissociation to coherent groups (ne and ne, where n 10) andtheir spatial separation.

The results, confirming our scenario of coherent groups of metastable charged particlesorigination from asymmetric VirMT, has been obtained in works of Keith Fredericks(2002) and Sue Benford (2001). Fredericks analyzed the trucks on Kodak photo-emulsions,placed in vicinity of human hands during 5-30 minutes. The plastic isolator was usedbetween the fingers and the photographic emulsion. The tracks in emulsions point toexisting of correlation in twisting of trajectories of big group of charged particles (about20) in a weak magnetic field. The in-phase character of set of the irregular trajectories may

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reflect the influence of geomagnetic flicker noise on groups of correlated charged particles.In these experiments the Bivacuum symmetry shift, necessary for dissociation of virtual

Bivacuum dipoles clusters on charged virtual fermions, can be induced by the electric,magnetic fields and nonlocal spin/torsion field. These fields can be excited by ’flickering’water clusters in microtubules of the nerve cells bodies and axons of living organisms in theprocess of nerve excitation (Kaivarainen, 2002; 2003; 2004).

The corresponding [dissociation association] of coherent water cluster in state ofmesoscopic molecular Bose condensate (mBC) is accompanied by oscillation of the H20dipoles angular momentum vibration with the same frequency about 107 s1. If theflickering of water clusters in MTs of the same cell or between ’tuned’ group of cellsoccurs in-phase, then the cumulative effect of modulated VirSWm

1/2 and EM fieldgeneration by human’s finger near photoemulsion can be strong enough for stimulation ofdissociation of virtual vortices (16.11a) to virtual electrons and positrons, producing theobserved tracks in photoemulsion or photofilm.

In work of Benford (2001) the special device - spin field generator was demonstrated toproduce a tracks on the dental film, placed on a distance of 2 cm from generator andexposed to its action for 7 min. The spin field generator represents rotating hollow cylinderor ring made of ferrite-magnetic material with the axis of rotation coinciding with thecylinder’s main symmetry axis. Four permanent (wedge-like) magnets are inserted into thecylinder. It rotates with velocity several thousand revolutions per minute.

The effect of this generator is decreasing with distance and becomes undetectable bythe dental films after the distance from the top of cylinder bigger than 8 cm. The dots andtracks on dental X-ray films were reproduced over 200 trials. They are close to the regularcharged particle tracks on surface emulsions. However, the more exact identification ofparticles failed. The uncommon features of these tracks may be a result of unusualproperties of short-living virtual electrons, positrons, protons and antiprotons and theircoherent clusters.

16.3 Michelson-Morley experiment, as a possible evidenceof the Virtual Replica of the Earth

The experiments, performed in 1887 by Michelson-Morley and similar laterexperiments of higher precision, has been based on checking the difference of light velocityin the direction of Earth orbiting around the Sun and in the direction normal or opposite tothis one. In the case of fixed ether with certain medium properties, independent of the Earthmotion, one may anticipate that the difference in these two light velocities should exist. Theabsence of any difference was interpreted by Einstein, as the absence of the ether. Thisconclusion was used in his Special Relativity (SR) for postulating of permanency of lightvelocity, but different time in different inertial systems. The time of inertial system in SR isdependent on system velocity as respect to the light velocity. The principle of relativity ofSR states that, regardless of an observer’s position or velocity in the universe, all physicallaws will appear constant. From this principle, it follows that an observer cannot determineeither his absolute velocity or direction of travel in space. This principle includes statementof the absence of the absolute velocity.

In accordance to our new approach to time problem (section 12.3), the time is acharacteristic parameter of conservative system, equal to infinity in the absence ofacceleration at any permanent kinetic energy of particles, forming such systems. So, incontrast to special relativity, the time in our theory is infinitive and independent on velocityin any inertial system. For the other hand at any nonzero acceleration, for example,centripetal in the case of orbital rotation of particles/objects the time is dependent ontangential velocity of these objects (12.18). There are no physical systems in Nature, whichcan be considered, as perfectly inertial, i.e. where any acceleration is absent. However, the

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situations are possible where the opposite accelerations and forces compensate each otherand the resulting one is zero.

For example, this takes a place in free-fall or satellite systems, when centripetal, i.e.gravitational: acp GM/r2 and centrifugal (acf ) accelerations compensate each other:

ares acp acf 0 16.11

It is so called equivalence principle, used in General Relativity (GR) theory. The kineticenergy of such mechanical system/object can be permanent, however the potential energyand force of stretching Fstr of object increases proportional to sum:

|acp | |acf | ~ 2GM/r2 16.11a

and elastic deformation of the object. At certain big enough stretching energy, equal tostress-energy, the object can be destroyed and the kinetic energy of such system willincrease also.

The statement of General Relativity, that condition 16.11, true for geodesic motion,is a condition of inertial motion of object, as defined by the 1st Newton law, is wrong. TheNewton law of inertia is strictly applicable for ideal conditions, where any kind of forces,acting on material point/object’s external or internal dynamics (kinetic or potential energy)are absent.

In General Relativity (GR), geodesics are the idealized world lines of a particle freefrom all external force. In GR the gravity is not a force but a curved space-time geometrywhere the source of curvature is the stress-energy tensor. This means, that gravitationalforce do not act on particle itself, but on space curvature, changing correspondingly thetrajectory of particle. This principle of GR looks very artificial and nonrealistic. In allknown real examples of geodesic motion, the object/particle is not free from all externalforce, but is a result of opposite forces compensation of each other.

The conjecture of virtual replica (VR), following from our corpuscle-wave duality andBivacuum models, allows the another interpretation of Michelson-Morley experiments. TheVR of the Earth or any other material object represents a standing Bivacuum virtualpressure waves (VPW and VPW, modulated by the object’s particles corpuscle - wavepulsation (see section 8).

The Ether component of VR may have at least as big diameter, as the Earth atmosphereand it moves in space together with planet. It is obvious, that in such ’virtual shell’ of theEarth the light velocity could be the same in any directions.

This author propose the experiment, which may confirm the existence of both: the VRand the Aether/Bivacuum, as a superfluid medium with certain mechanical properties, likecompressibility providing the VPW existing. For this end we assume that the properties ofVR on distance of about few hundred kilometers from the planet surface differs from thaton the surface.

If we perform one series of the Michelson-Morley like experiments on the satellite,rotating with the same angular frequency and velocity as the Earth, i.e. fixed as respect tothe Earth surface and another series of experiments on the surface, the existence ofdifference in results will confirm our Virtual Replica theory and the Bivacuum model withEther properties.

The absence of difference in light velocity in opposite direction as respect to Earthtrajectory in M-M experiments can be explained in two different ways:

1. As a result of equality of light velocity in any directions, independently on directionof Earth translational propagation in space (confirmation of the Einstein relativity principleand the absence of the Ether);

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2. As a result of certain correlation between the translational and rotational velocity ofthe material object, like Earth and Bivacuum dipoles symmetry shift in surrounding objectBivacuum (ether virtual replica of the Earth), increasing the refraction index of Bivacuumand light velocity (see section 6.6). This explanation is compatible with the ether drugconcept.

Consequently, the absence of difference in light velocity in Michelson-Morley likeexperiments, in any case is not a strong evidence of the Ether absence.

16.4 The explanation of Pioneer anomaly based on fading influence ofSolar system Virtual Replica on refraction index of Bivacuum

The probes Pioneer 10 and 11, launched in 1972 and 1973, each in several billionkilometers away from earth are heading in opposite directions out of solar system. Theunexpected high frequency Doppler shift was noticed as the probes got farther away fromsolar system. In most of papers this shift was interpreted, as a constant sunward smallacceleration (a 8.74 1019m/s2 of both spacecraft (Turushev, et all, 2005). Otherauthor point out that this anomaly can’t be a consequence of perturbation of space-timemetric or in otherworld it can’t be explained in terms of General relativity (Tangen, 2006).This blue shift drift is uniformly changing with a rate of 6 109Hz/s. The finalexplanation of Pioneer anomaly is still absent.

It looks, this effect can be explained in terms of our theory, as a result of fadinginfluence of Solar system Virtual Replica on refraction index of Bivacuum with distancefrom system. The mechanism of refraction index of Bivacuum increasing under theinfluence of gravitational field was described in section 8.11 (eqs. 8.50 and 8.51). TheBivacuum refraction index, increased by gravitational potential, is tending to its minimumvalue: n2 1 at the increasing distance from the source: r .

The dependence of frequency of source of probe on averaged refraction index of spacen between probe and earth is

1nc

cn nn

16.12

16.12a

It is easy to see, that at permanent c the frequency shift is positive (blue) if refractionindex of Bivacuum is decreasing: n c/c 1; n 0 and the wave length isdecreasing 0. This situation may occur, if the light velocity in secondary Bivacuum,perturbed by fields of solar system, representing its Virtual Replica (c c is tending tolight velocity, i.e. increasing. The light velocity of EM waves is pertinent for symmetricprimordial Bivacuum. Consequently, the discovered blue shift drift in EM frequency ofprobes with increasing distance from solar system is a result of approximation of VR ofsolar system to properties of primordial bivacuum. If our explanation is correct, theDoppler effect and its drift should decrease and come to saturation at big sufficientlyseparation of probes from solar system.

16.5 The effects of virtual replica of asymmetric constructions,like pyramids, on the matter

It looks, that Virtual Replica in Bivacuum, generated by psychic or by the[Earth-Moon-Sun] dynamic system, can be imitated and modulated by some asymmetricinorganic constructions, like pyramids, rings, etc. In work of Adamenko, Levchook (1994),Narimanov (2001) and Miakin (2002) such effects has been demonstrated on examples offollowing test-systems, placed inside pyramids: the cultures of microbes (dynamicbehavior), water (pH, O2 concentration), polymers solution (optical density), benzene acid

153

(UV absorption).The Virtual Replicas of the pyramids or cones should be much more asymmetric, than

VR generated by cube. The effects of different virtual replicas on test systems, like waterand aqueous solutions, generated by such two hollow or filled structures, are anticipated tobe different also. This consequence of our model is confirmed experimentally byNarimanov (2001). Keeping a flask with water under the pyramid during few days, makespH of water lower, than in control flask, placed under cube in the same room andtemperature. The ice, formed from the ’pyramid - treated water’ melts about 10% faster,than the control ice. These results point to decreasing of intermolecular interaction inpyramid - treated water.The sharpening of the razor blades after their keeping inside pyramids, revealed

experimentally, may be a consequence of increasing probability of virtual charged particles antiparticles pairs origination in the internal, primary VR of pyramid due to itsasymmetry (i.e. Bivacuum polarization). Consequently, the dielectric permittivity (0 ofBivacuum increases. In turn, this induces the decreasing of ion-ion, ion-dipole anddipole-dipole interactions in condensed matter (blade) inside the pyramid. As a result, thesmall structural irregularities with bigger relative interface, interacting with perturbedBivacuum, on the top of blade, responsible for its sharpness, became unstable and graduallydestroyed under the effect of thermal fluctuations. The blade becomes sharper.

The dependence of internal VR of cavity on its shape, leading from our theory, isconfirmed by the different Lamb shifts in atomic spectra of samples in cavities of differentshape. It is known, that the Lamb shift is determined by screening of the electrons andnuclears charges by the charged virtual vacuum particles and antiparticles. In our modelsuch a particles/antiparticles may be represented by BVF V V andBVF V V, acquiring nonzero charge, as a result of their torus - antitorus smallasymmetry.16.6. Possible physical background of Shnoll’s coherent ”Macroscopic fluctuations

(MF)”The ”Macroscopic fluctuations”, discovered by Shnoll and his team on very different

test-systems and proved experimentally during of about 50 years systematic investigations(1958 - 2006, see the latest papers on-line:http://arxiv.org/find/physics/1/au:Shnoll_S/0/1/0/all/0/1). The fine structure of thespectrum of amplitude variations in parameters of processes of different nature (in otherwords, the fine structure of the dispersion of results or the pattern of the correspondinghistograms) is named “macroscopic fluctuations”, changing regularly with time.’Macroscopic’ means that fluctuations are coherent at least in the volume of test systems.

The following test systems was under study:- biochemical (activity of enzymes, cells, etc.);- chemical (Beloussov-Zabotinsky oscillatory reaction parameters, water properties,

etc.);- physical ( radioactive decay, noise in gravitational antenna, etc.).Each of these test systems at the same place and local time (i.e. same position as respect

to Sun) displayed the identical character of fluctuations in form of histograms,independently of big difference in activation energy of corresponding processes. The latterpoint to fundamental Bivacuum mediated interaction (BMI) between Sender and testsystems, following from our Unified theory.

It was revealed, that even at very remote places of the Earth surface - from hundreds tothousands kilometers, the histograms have very similar shapes, if the fluctuations intest-systems where measured at the same local time. However, the closer test systems

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where located to the poles, the smaller amplitudes of macroscopic fluctuations (MF) whererevealed. This certainly points to contribution of Sun to MF in targets, depending onlatitude of their location.

During the time of Sun eclipse, i.e. ’screening’ of Sun by Moon and the ’new moon’moment the histograms over all the Earth surface, obtained by any test systems weresimilar by shape and this shape was much more ’simple’ than in non eclipse time.

The authors of this long term experimental work (about 50 years) failed to findtheoretical explanations of their important discoveries. However, a lot of evidence point tocrucial role of gravitational waves and their interference in MF phenomena. Its mechanismis obviously out of existing paradigm and can be considered as a paranormal.

The explanation of macroscopic fluctuation phenomenon, can be based on introducednew fundamental Bivacuum mediated interaction (BMI).

For example, the revealed coherent macroscopic fluctuations (MF) of properties ofdifferent test systems/targets, could be a result of Sun’s Virtual Replica multiplication(VRMS and its interference with secondary Virtual Replica of the Earth, Moon and,probably, virtual replica of giant black hole in center of galactic. These interference,accompanied by quantum beats between Bivacuum virtual waves, can modulate thebundles of Virtual guides of spin, momentum and energy:

Nt,r n

VirGSME S Rx,y,z

i

connecting elementary particles of targets (test systems or Receivers) and ’tuned’ particlesof Senders - the outer cosmic objects (see section 15).

The conjecture looks suitable, that the probability/amplitude of macroscopicfluctuations (anisotropic in general case), provided by modulation of number of virtualguides in the bundles: Nt, r , is dependent on direction (r of propagation of solar systemas respect to galactic’s central black hole:

VRMGalacticNt,r VirGSME VRMSun

Nt,r VirGSME VRMEarth

Nt,r VirGSME VRMmoon

x,y,z 16.13

The primary VR of macroscopic object and its spatial multiplication VRM(r,t) inaccordance to our theory (section 15), represents the interference pattern of modulated byC W pulsation and de Broglie waves of object’s particles (the surface and internalones) virtual pressure waves VPWm

and VPWm x,y,zi and virtual spin waves (VirSWm

andVirSWm

x,y,zi , representing the object waves, with basic Bivacuum virtual waves of similarnature VPWq1

and VirSWq11/2, as a reference waves. The latter are the result of

symmetric transitions of torus and antitorus of Bivacuum dipoles (BVF and BVB i ofthree lepton generation (i e,, between the excited and basic states of oppositeenergies.

The resulting Virtual pressure of VRM(r,t) (VirPq and VirPqx,y,zi modulate the

properties of nonlocal bundles: Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i, affecting C W

pulsation frequency and momentum of elementary particles of the test systems/targets(electrons, protons and neutrons) on the surface of the Earth. The ’tuning’ of elementaryparticles of Sender and Target, necessary for formation of VirGSME between them, occurvia forced resonance of Bivacuum virtual waves with C W pulsation of pairedsub-elementary fermions of the electrons and protons F F (see section 15):

155

F FW FCp,e F FC FWp,e

and neutrons with structure, providing the recoilless C W pulsation of all threesub-elementary fermions with no ’charge and E-field effect’:

F FW FCn F FC FWn

The change of electronic properties of atoms, mediated by modulatedNt,r

n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

e, connecting the electrons of Sender (S) and Target

(T), influence the kinetics of chemical and biochemical processes. In turn, the change theCorpuscle Wave dynamics of connected nucleons of Sender and Target modulate theprobability of and decay.

The averaged potential (V and kinetic (Tk energies of Bivacuum dipoles in spacebetween S and T, responsible for virtual waves of corresponding properties, providing MF,are interrelated with sum and difference of energies of torus and antitorus of theseasymmetric dipoles: BVF

iand BVB i, anisotropic in general case:

V PqnmV mVqnc2

PqnPqn mVc22 v2/c2q

nc2

Pqn~ VirPq VirPq

x,y,z

i

Tk PqnmV mVqnc2

PqnPqnmVv2qn

Pqn~ VirPq VirPq

x,y,z

i

16.13a

16.13b

The quantum beats and interference between such virtual waves may be a reason ofmacroscopic fluctuations of virtual pressure VirPq, as a carrier of momentum and kinetic

energy, transmitted from Sender to Targets via Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i.

The amplitude of oscillation of VPWqx,y,zi and VPWq

x,y,zi and corresponding VirPq

is determined by oscillation of quantum number q j k ft, r . This number, in turn,is dependent on gravitational and electromagnetic fields tension and anisotropy ofBivacuum dipoles properties in solar system and galactic. The anisotropy of interaction isdetermined by selected orientation of bundles of virtual guides Nt, r VirGSME x,y,z

i ,connecting a paired sub-elementary particles of Sender triplets of elementary particles ofsun and central black hole of galactic with paired sub-elementary particles of target’striplets F F Fp,n,e.

The positive and negative increments of Bivacuum energy, absorbed by symmetric pairF Fx,yi compensate each other. However, the condition of triplets stability demandsthe equality of the absolute values of energies of all three sub-elementary fermions in F Fx,y F zi . This provides getting the same by the absolute value incrementof uncompensated energy by unpaired sub-elementary fermion or antifermion also:

F z

i F x,y

i F x,y

i 19.1c

This excessive amount of energy of Bivacuum virtual pressure waves VPWq i

obtained by triplet via interdependence between its paired and unpaired sub-elementaryfermion do not means, that the energy conservation law is violated. On macroscopic scale

156

the same amount of Bivacuum energy of opposite sign are absorbed by equal numberfermions and antifermions. This keeps the resulting energy in the ideal symmetric system:Bivacuum particles and antiparticles Fields permanent, independently of energy

redistribution between sub-systems. However, the violation of parity/symmetry betweenparticles and antiparticles, existing in our Universe, may be a source of free -uncompensated energy. The latter can be used in overunity machines (see chapters 19-21).

The mass-energy of particles and antiparticles in contrast to charge, can be consideredas the same, as it generally accepted. For this end we have to assume that their mass-energyis determined by the absolute value of mass symmetry shift between torus and antitorus ofunpaired sub-elementary fermions and antifermions in triplets. This is correct, if weevaluate the mass, as a measure of inertia, determined by the absolute symmetry shift ofBivacuum dipoles.

These consequences of Unified theory, revealing the source of ’free’ energy ofBivacuum, explain the amazing similarity of histograms of MF in a lot of processes,independently of huge differences in their activation energy. For example, the energyactivation of noise in gravitational antenna is lower, than that of alpha-decay for about 40orders.

Between the anisotropy and fluctuation of potential energy of Bivacuum dipoles(16.13a) and the anisotropy and fluctuation of gravitational field in a system:Center of galactic Sun Earth Moonx,y,z a strong correlation is existing (see section8.3).

In our theory of gravitation, the local internal gravitational interaction between theopposite mass poles of the mass-dipoles of unpaired sub-elementary fermions(antifermions) F S1/2

turns reversibly to the external distant one. The correspondingdynamic equilibrium between the diverging and converging flows of potential energy,following C W pulsation and corresponding recoil antirecoil effects can bedescribed as:

VGFF rr G |mVmV |

LV G m0

2

L0 FF

LocRecoil

Antirecoil

CW

WC

Recoil

Antirecoil

CW

WC r

r mV c22 v2/c2 im0c2

FFDist

x,y,z

16.13c

where: LV /mV mV

c is a characteristic curvature of potential energy;MPl

2 c/G is a Plank mass; rr is ratio of unitary vector to distance from particle;

m02 mV

mV is a rest mass squared; i m0

i

MPl

2is the introduced earlier

dimensionless gravitational fine structure constant (Kaivarainen, 1995-2005). For theelectron e 1.739 1045 and e m0

e

MPl 0.41 1022.

The effective velocity of particle’s recoil antirecoil process, accompanied C Wpulsation of unpaired sub-elementary fermion of triplets F F Fp,n,e,responsible for excitation of gravitational waves squared vG

2 eff, can be introduced fromthe right part of (8.10) as

mV c22 v2/c2 mV

mV c2 mV

vG2 eff x,y,z

16.13d

157

in form:

vG2 eff c22 v2/c2

x,y,z

The macroscopic fluctuations of Virtual Guides number: Nt, r x,y,zi in the coherent

bundles influencing their ability to transmit spin, momentum and energy from coherentparticles of Sender to different Target-systems on the Earth surface may change theprobability of any physical processes in these systems.

The revealed in Shnoll’s team experiment the anisotropy in amplitude of macroscopicfluctuation (MF) can be also a consequence of existence of the Universal Reference Frame(the primordial Bivacuum) and vector of the absolute velocity (4.4) of solar systempropagation as respect to this frame and galactic center, as it follows from our approach.

The absolute external velocity of filling the ’empty’ space Bivacuum dipoles, squared,is related with their torus (V and antitorus (V mass and charge symmetry shifts(eq.4.4):

v2 c2 1 mV

mV c2 1 e

2

e2 c2 1 SS x,y,z

where: S LV 2 and S LV2 are the squares of cross-sections of torus andantitorus of Bivacuum dipoles.

The biggest absolute velocity of the test systems coincides with vector of motion of ourgalaxy with Solar system towards the Hydra-Centauras constellation. This velocity is 600km/s. The velocity of our Solar system orbiting around the center of galaxy is about 230km/s.The existence of corresponding selected orientations in space may explain the

experiments with collimators of 10 mm length and 0.9 mm diameter, pointing topreferential direction of emission of particles from the nuclears in the process of 239Pudecay as respect to remote stars, i.e. polar star. In this device the semi-conductor detector(photo diode) was placed after collimator, restricting a flow of the alpha particles in acertain direction. Results of measurements of the decay registered by the detector in1-second intervals where stored in computer archive and analyzed later. The histogramsstructure was changed with the period equal to sidereal (1436 min) and solar (1440) day. Itis similar with the high probability in different geographic points at the same local time.These experiments revealed a sharp dependence the histogram structure on the direction ofα-particles flow (Shnoll, et al. 2005).

In other work the measurements were made with collimators rotating in the plane of skyequator. It was shown that during rotation the shape of histograms changes with periodsdetermined by number of revolution. These results correspond to the assumption that thehistogram shapes are determined by the picture of celestial sphere (remote stars), and alsoby interposition of the Earth, Sun and Moon.

This conclusion is supported by results of experiments when collimator made onerevolution a day clockwise, east to west, i.e. against daily rotation of the Earth. As a result,the flow of alpha particles all the time was directed to the same point of celestial sphere. Inthis case the diurnal period of frequency in histograms disappears.

The origination of huge domains of coherency in the volume of Sun follows from ourconjecture, that even at temperature of thousands degrees in the internal regions of Sun andother Stars, the Bose Condensation (BC) of the electrons, protons and other ions,accompanied by superconductivity, is possible. The decoherence of particles, induced byhigh temperature, is compensated by huge pressure in these domains. Even more probable

158

is the existence of BC in huge black holes of galactics nuclears. Just the interaction ofsub-elementary particles of these black holes with particles of test systems, mediated bynonlocal bundles of Virtual guides of spin, momentum and energyNt, r VirGSME x,y,z

i , modulated by VRM(r,t) of the Earth, Sun and Moon, can beresponsible for macroscopic fluctuations.

An important feature for understanding the nature of MF is finding that at the momentsof the new Moon, a specific histogram form appears practically simultaneously at differentgeographical points, from Arctic to Antarctic and any latitudes. The appearance of specifichistogram forms at the culminations of the solar eclipses (screening of the Sun by Moon),different from the “new-moon” ones, was also revealed. Specific histograms appearsimultaneously, like in new Moon moment “all over the Earth” independently on thegeographical coordinates. In both cases the positions of cosmic objects in system:

VRMSunNt,r VirGSME VRMEarth

Nt,r VirGSME VRMmoon

x,y,z

occur on the same line, i.e. they are parallel. Consequently, we may conclude, that just theinterceptions of the Virtual guides bundles, connecting the targets on the Earth surface withcoherent elementary particles of the Sun and Moon provides the quantum beats. Theamplitude and frequency of these beats are dependent on location of the target on thesurface of the Earth.

The histograms of MF become more ’simple’ at the eclipses, as a result of decreasing ofanisotropy of modulation of properties of Nt, r VirGSME x,y,z

i connecting all targetson the Earth with black hole of the galactic center.

Simon Shnoll and his team came to conclusion, that such fundamental results as MF,can’t be explained in the frame of conventional paradigma. For the other hand, we may see,that these fluctuations can be the natural consequence of anisotropic Bivacuum mediatedinteractions (BMI) between the test systems and central black hole of galactic center,modulated by interference of the Virtual Replicas of the Earth, Sun and Moon.

The existence of the absolute velocity of solar system propagation in selected directionin Bivacuum medium, representing the absolute reference frame, also may be a reason ofanisotropy of macroscopic fluctuations besides the selected orientation of Virtual guidesbundles, connecting targets with black hole of galactic’s center.

In fact, the detection of spatially anisotropic MF can be considered as the evidence inproof of number of consequences of our Unified theory.

16.7 Explanation of two slit experiment,as a result of interaction of particles with their Virtual Replicas

In accordance to proposed mechanism of dynamics of sub-elementary particles -Bivacuum interaction, forming the photons, electrons, etc. (Fig.1 and Fig.3), their primaryand secondary virtual replicas are existing. The properties of VR and their multiplicationVRM(r,t) of elementary particles, described in section 8, are dependent on their de Brogliewave length, frequency and phase.

The frequency of de Broglie wave and its length can be expressed from eq.7.3 as:

B mV

v2 trext

h vB

CW R0

or : B mV

c2

h R0

16.14

16.14a

159

where: 0 m0c2/h 0/2; B h/mVv

In nonrelativistic case for fermions, like electrons, when v c and the relativisticfactor R 1 v/c2 1, the energy of de Broglie wave is close to Tuning energy (TE)of Bivacuum (see eq.14.5):

EB hB mVc2 m0c2 TE 16.15

The fundamental phenomenon of de Broglie wave is a result of modulation of thecarrying internal frequency of C W pulsation (in R0 Rm0c2/ by the angularfrequency of the de Broglie wave: B mV

vtr2 / 2v/B, equal to the frequency of beatsbetween the actual and complementary torus and antitorus of the anchor Bivacuum fermion(BVFanc ) of unpaired F. The Broglie wave length B h/mV

v and mass symmetry shiftof BVFanc is determined by the external translational momentum of particle: p mV

v .For nonrelativistic particles B 0. For relativistic case, when v is close to c andR 0, the de Broglie wave frequency is close to resulting frequency of C Wpulsation: B CW.

Introduced in our theory notion of Virtual replica (VR) multiplication (VRM) of anymaterial object in Bivacuum is a result of interference of basic Virtual Pressure Waves(VPWq1

and Virtual Spin Waves (VirSWq11/2 of Bivacuum (reference waves), with

primary VR of the object.The feedback reaction of copies of Virtual replica of VRM on its original and

corresponding translational momentum exchange may induce the self-interference,displaying itself like wave - like behavior of even a singe elementary fermionF F Fe,p (Fig.2) or boson, like the photon (Fig. 4).

For free elementary particles the notion of secondary virtual replica, as one ofmultiplicated primary VR0 coincides with notion of one of possible ’anchor sites’ (seesection 7), as a conjugated dynamic complex of three Cooper pair of asymmetric fermions.The in-phase pulsation of Cooper pairs of asymmetric Bivacuum fermions of the anchorsite or secondary VR, like the pairs F F of particles themselves, are the source ofpositive and negative basic Virtual pressure waves: VPWq1

VPWq1 . As far the

frequency and length ofVR or AS are the same, as exited by paired sub-elementaryfermion and anifermion of particle in triplets F F Fe,p, the interference patterndisplays itself, when the both slits are open. It is important to note, that, if only one of twoslit is open, the photon or electron can be registered in points of screen, far from the straitdirection of particles propagation, where the interference make this registration impossible.This confirms not only the self-interference effects in case of single particle, but as wellbroad spatial distribution of the anchor sites, preexisting in the process of particlepropagation in space. See section 7:

ASr, t N

3BVF BVFn N

3F Fn 16.16

We can see from the above analysis, that our model of duality does not need theBohmian ”quantum potential” (Bohm and Hiley, 1993) or de Broglie’s ”pilot wave” forexplanation of wave-like behavior of elementary particles and two-slit experiment.

Scattering of the photon on a free electron will affects the electron momentum and itsvirtual replica (VRS). This follows by change of the interference picture.

Our theory predicts that applying of the EM field to singe electrons with frequencyresonant to their de Broglie frequency, should be accompanied by alternative accelerationof the electrons and modulation of their Virtual Replicas/secondary anchor sites. This can

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be accompanied by ’washing out’ the interference pattern in two-slit experiment as a resultof induced decoherence between particle and its virtual replica. This consequence of ourtheory of two-slit experiment can be easily verified.

16.8 New Interpretation of Compton effectAnalyzing the experimental scattering of X-rays on the carbon atoms of paraffin and

graphite target, formed by the carbon atoms only, Compton found that the X-rays wavelength increasing ( 0 after scattering on the electrons of carbon has thefollowing dependence on the scattering angle ( angle between the incident andscattered beam):

2 hm0c sin2 2C sin2 16.17

Compton got this formula from the laws of momentum and energy conservation of thesystem [X-photon electron in atom] before and after scattering, in form:

k k mv thewavenumbers : k /c and k /c

m0c2 mc2 m m0/1 v/c21/2

16.18

16.18a

However, Compton made a strong assumption, that the electron beforeenergy/momentum exchange with X-photon is in rest, i.e. his group velocity is zero: v 0.

We propose the new interpretation of the Compton experiments, assuming that onlytranslational group velocity of the electron is close to zero: vtr 0, but it is not true forrotational tangential velocity of sub-elementary fermions and antifermions around thecommon axis. When its value: vrot c follows Golden mean condition, it determinesthe rest mass and charge of the electron.

At the condition of Golden mean, providing by fast spinning of sub-elementaryparticles of triplets [F F F around common axis with frequency 0 m0c2/,when: mV mV mV e

m0, the resulting energy and momentum of the electron

turns to:

EC EW

mV mVc2 mVvrot2

m0c2 m002L0

2

P mV mVc m0c mVvrot2 /c

16.19

16.19a

The corresponding resulting de Broglie wave length is equal to Compton length of theelectron:

res C hm0c 24 1013m

the Compton radius :

Lres C/2 L0 m0c 3.82 1013m

16.20

16.20a

The Compton radius of the proton is equal to:

LP P2

mPc 2.1 1016m 16.21

The Compton radius of the electron is about 2000 bigger, than that of proton:

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L0/LP mP/m0 1836.15 16.22

Scattering of photon on the electron or proton, change their momentum and kineticenergy related to translations only, not affecting the parameters of spinning.

New interpretation of the experimental data, obtained by Compton in 1923, confirmsthe consequence of our UT, that the rest mass of elementary particle is a result of Bivacuumdipoles/fermions symmetry shift, induced by relativistic effect of their rotation.

17. The experiments of N.A. Kozyrev and his groupThese unusual series of experiments performed during decades (Kozyrev, et al.,1984;

1991), are very important for following reasons:- They prove, that the existing today paradigm is not comprehensive enough;- They motivate strongly searching of new kinds of remote and nonlocal weak

interactions (nonelectromagnetic and nongravitational), responsible for such anomalouseffects;

- They represent a good test for verification of new physical theories, challenging theirability to explain a mechanism of discovered by Kozyrev phenomena, reproduced last yearsin many independent laboratories.

We analyze here a number of Kozyrev’s most important and reliable experiments andtheir results. It is demonstrated, that they are in total accordance with consequences andpredictions of Unified theory of this author. The review of Levich (1994) was used as amain source of experimental data.

The results are ordered in accordance to consequences of our theory (I - IV), discussedin section 15.1. The torsion balance with strongly unequal arms looks be very sensitive Receiver [R].

The suspension point was placed near the big weight of short arm, whose mass was chosento be about ten times as big as that of the smaller one, attached to the longer arm of thebeam. The longer arm was used as a long torsion pointer with a loading of about 1 gram atits edge. The beam was suspended on a kapron filament of 30 micrometer diameter and5-10 cm long. The whole system was placed under a glass cap able to be evacuated. Ametal net surrounding the cap protected the system from possible electromagneticinfluences.

Any irreversible process being carried out in the neighborhood of the balance, used as aSender [S], caused a rotation of the pointer [R] either to [S] - the attraction, or in theopposite direction - the repulsion, depending on the character of the process in the volumeof [S]. For instance, cooling of a previously heated body caused attraction, while a heatingof the same body was followed by repulsion effect. The pointer turned out to be affected bya great variety of irreversible processes: salt dissolving, body compression or stretching,simple mixing of liquid or dry substances (Kozyrev 1971, pp.130-131).

All of these processes are related with acceleration of particles and increasing theirkinetic energy. These effects are in accordance with the 1-st series of consequences, listedin section 15.

These experiments can be explained by the ability of introduced in our theory Virtualguide (VirGSME to transmit the positive or negative momentums (i.e. virtual pressureincrement or decrement) from [S] to [R] in accordance to mechanism, described in section14.1 and 15.An attempt to measure directly the temperature variations near the evaporating acetone

by Beckmann mercury thermometer with sensitivity of 0.01°C per scale division was made.The cardboard tube, enveloping the part of the thermometer with a mercury reservoir, was

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covered with cotton wool and placed in a glass flask. The process under study, which maybe considered as a [Sender] was carried out near the flask with thermometer [Receiver].The temperature was decreased when sugar was dissolved in water of settled temperatureand increased when a previously compressed spring was placed near the thermometer.These effects confirms the possibility to transfer the kinetic energy of atoms/molecules of[S] to mercury atoms of thermometer via bundles of VirGSME (Fig.12), affecting thedensity of mercury, directly related with temperature of thermometer.

Beckmann thermometer (its mercury atoms kinetic energy/temperature) wasdemonstrated to be sensitive to very distant astronomical phenomena as well. It is known,that during an eclipse the lunar surface experiences very rapid (for about a hundred ofminutes) cooling from 100°C to -120°C and heating back to its former temperature. Suchobservations have been carried out with Beckmann thermometer. During the eclipse thethermometer was in sufficiently thermostable conditions of a semi-basement room. Thethermometer readings were taken every 5 to 10 minutes. The corresponding graphs showthat those readings started to change indeed only after the maximum eclipse phase wasgone, i.e., when the parts of the lunar surface freed from the Earth’s shade, started to beheated” (Kozyrev 1982, pp.63-65). Again, the increment and decrement of kinetic energyof the mercury atoms of thermometer, transmitted via bundles of VirGSME from the atomsof Moon surface, explains the thermometer readings.2. In another series of Kozyrev group investigations of distant influence of

nonequilibrium processes on sensitive [Receptor] - detector, instead of asymmetric torsionbalance, the light homogeneous disk, suspended by its center, was used. A thick shield wasput on the glass lid of the evacuated can, with an opening over the disk suspension point.Consequently, a Sender [S] could affect only the disk suspension point. When the processesin [S] are carried out the disk rotates. The light disks of pressed, unrolled cardboard wasused. For monitoring the rotations a small mark on its edge was made. Acetone evaporationover the suspension point caused disk rotation of a few degrees. The authors admit, thatthey were unable to explain the reaction of this instrument.” (Kozyrev 1982, p.65).However, the proposed in our theory mechanism of nonlocal macroscopic torquetransmission from coherent nucleus of [S], participating in collective rotation or librations,to tuned coherent atoms of [R] via bundles of virtual guides:

Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i(Fig.12) explains these and the described below

phenomena (see section 14.1 and 14.2).The successful experiments with plants branches turn off the trivial explanation of this

effect, as a result of convectional air flows, induced by heating and cooling of [S]. Theexperiments were carried out also on non-symmetric torsion balance/beam [R], describedabove. The both kinds of [Receptors]/detectors were confined to tin cylindrical cans withhermetically mounted glass lids for observation.

The experiment methodology was the following. The plants were brought to thelaboratory, laid down on a table, each one separately, for a certain time, and after that laidby a top or a cut near the torsion balance at a spacing of about 30° from the pointerdirection. In the overwhelming majority of the experiments, the plants caused deflections ofthe torsion balance and the disk. The values of these effects varied both in magnitude andin sign. The reference process, namely, acetone evaporation from a piece of cotton wool,always led to a repulsive pointer deflection and to a clockwise disk rotation. The rotationeffects magnitudes from the plants varied from season to season from 1-2° to nearly around trip, with different effect signs.

In the process of eclipse the lunar surface is for a short time, about a hundred ofminutes, cooled down from 100°C to -120°C and afterwards heated to the previous

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temperature. Such observations were carried out during lunar eclipse on 13-14 March 1979.The suspended disk was in a sufficiently stable environment of a semi-underground room.The disk positions were detected every 5-10 minutes” (Kozyrev 1982, p.65). The graphsshow that the counts began changing after the maximum eclipse phase had passed, whenthe parts of lunar surface, freed from the Earth’s shade, started to be heated. The secondchange in the disk counts was observed when the Moon was leaving the semi-shade and thenormal solar irradiation and high temperature being restored at the lunar surface” (Kozyrev1982, p.65).The rotation of disc, as well as ’heating’ of thermometer in the described above results

during lunar eclipse, are in line with consequences of our theory, including possibility ofnonlocal transmission of the macroscopic angular momentum and kinetic energy betweencoherent nuclears of remote [S] and [R] via coherent bundles of VirGSME :

Nt,r n

VirGSME S Rx,y,z

i

It turned out that a detector system [R] can be protected by screens from the action ofambient nonequilibrium processes in [S]. The screens can be made of various rigidsubstances: metal plates, glass, ceramics, with thickness of 1-2 centimeters. Liquids have amuch weaker screening effect: to absorb the virtual guide VirGSMEi signal by water, a layerseveral decimeter thick is necessary” (Kozyrev 1977, p.215). For screening the action ofacetone evaporation from a piece of cotton wool from about 10cm it is sufficient to take asteel sheet 8 mm thick or ten 1.5 mm thick glass plates (Nasonov 1985a, p.14).The existence of signal reflection was verified by separate experiments. A box with a

torsion balance was surrounded by a reliable barrier with a vertical slit. Some processes ofliquid evaporation and the thermally neutral process of sugar dissolving in water wereaccomplished behind the barrier, far from the slit, and caused no effect on the balance.However, if a mirror having been placed before the slit and reflecting the process in theproper direction, a repulsion of the balance pointer was observed. The processes attractingthe pointer, i.e., accompanied by negative virtual pressure, are not reflected by a mirror.The experiments showed that the common law of reflection is valid: the angle of incidenceequals that of reflection. Therefore a concave mirror should collect and focus the [Sender]action and, in particular, study of celestial objects distant influence on [Receiver], usingreflector telescopes is possible” (Kozyrev 1977, p.218). These important results points that

our external VirGSMEi (Fig.12) and their bundles Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i,

as a transmitters of Virtual waves momentum and energy (VPW and VPW from [S] to[R] have a wave properties also, making possible their reflection and diffraction at certainconditions.

The suspended disk is a better instrument for astronomical observations than anon-symmetric torsion balance. When working with disk, a star - emitted signal is to beprojected upon the unambiguously determined point of its suspension. The evidence of theinstant - nonlocal signal propagation from star to few detectors, including rotating disc,microbes and a Wheatstone bridge where obtained.

The signals from the actual, but yet invisible position of stars, including Sun, was muchstronger, than from visible position, determined by limited light velocity. The consequencesof Unified theory, taking into account the possibility of macroscopic angular momentumand kinetic energy nonlocal tunnelling via Virtual spin-energy guide (VirGSME, stand forexplanation of these results.

164

3. The variation of water viscosity [R] under the action of liquid nitrogen evaporation[S] also was measured. The experiments showed that in 10 to 15 minutes after the startingthe action, water viscosity abruptly decreased to about 3%. The sign of this effectcorresponds to increasing of water temperature. The decreased viscosity of water [R]restored to its usual value in approximately 10 hours after the evaporation action wasstopped (Danchakov 1984, pp.111-112).

Such nonequilibrium processes, as dissolution of sugar and sorbate in water, cooling ofboiled water and other processes of physical and chemical nature, metabolic processes of ahuman body, used as a [S], also where investigated. It was revealed, that distilled waterdensity responses to the above irreversible processes.

These results are in accordance with consequence (II) of Unified theory, listed inchapter 6: ”Increasing the probability of thermal fluctuations in the volume of [R- water]due to decreasing of Van der Waals interactions between water molecules dipoles, becauseof charges screening effects, induced by overlapping of distant virtual replicas of [S] and[R]. Two factors could be responsible for increasing the probability of cavitationalfluctuations of water: a) the increasing of Bivacuum permittivity (0 in volume of [R] andb) transmission of the excessive kinetic energy from [S] to [R] via

Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i(Fig.12).

4. The inelastic solid bodies collisions, resulting in irreversible deformations wereaccompanied by their weight reduction. Bodies with masses up to 200 grams, as [R] wereweighed using an analytic balance with sensitivity of 1.4 mg per division. A first classtechnical balance, with sensitivity of 10 mg per division, was used for weighing heavierbodies (up to 1kg) and for control. These experiments showed that the weight decreasingeffect does not disappear immediately after a collision but decreases gradually, withrelaxation times of about 24 hours. The complete balance readings restoration confirms thepurity of the experiment and also indicates the reality of the observed weight loss. Unlikethat, reversible deformations do not cause body weight variation. Thus, compressed rubberor compressed steel springs exhibit their usual weight. For the other hand, it turned out thatheating of bodies leads to a very significant loss of their weight” (Kozyrev 1984, pp.94-95).

Only the vibration of rotating gyroscopes affect their mass, if their frequency andamplitude are big enough to activation the inelastic recoil effects in [C W pulsation ofelementary particles of atoms and molecules. This effect occur in accordance toconsequence (III) of section 15: ”the possibility of small changing of mass of [R-object] inconditions, increasing the probability of the inelastic recoil effects and exchange betweenenergy of [R] and Bivacuum”. In this example, the rotating and gravitating Earth is a[S]ender and rotating gyroscope is [R]eceiver.

17.1 Analysis of Korotaev’s group resultsThe important results, obtained by group of Korotaev, point, like the Kozyrev data, to

existence of unknown - nonelectromagnetic mechanism of all-penetrating physicalinteraction (Korotaev, et. al., 1999; 2000) and the existing of the advanced and delayedtime effects on cosmic scale.

These results also can be explained, as a consequence of superposition of Bivacuumvirtual replicas (VR) of [S] and [R], exchanging the information and energy, taking intoaccount, that the causality principle do not work in systems of virtual particles, in contrastto real ones.

One set of experiments was related to study of influence of artificial dissipation processin volume of [Sender] on properties of [Receiver]/detector in laboratory space. In this casea [S] was open vessel with 2 liters of boiling of water. The changes of corresponding

165

Virtual Replica of [S] changed the properties of special electronic receiver [R].This receiver [R] represents a pair of detectors, isolated from the external electric and

magnetic fields, precisely thermostable and designed to measure the difference of electricpotentials between these detectors. The detectors (U1 and U2, represent a couple ofisolated electrodes, placed in glass vessel filled with electrolyte. The distance from the [S]to U1 was only 0.5 m and from the same [S] to U2 eight times bigger: 4 m. The electricscheme allows to evaluate the differences of potentials: U1,2 U1 U2 under thepermanent control of temperature difference T1,2 T1T2 between two detectors of [R]device.

The effect of temperature change in a course of water [S] heating from roomtemperature to boiling point was about three order less, than the effect of boiling processitself, displaying in decreasing of U1,2. The boiling is accompanied by the entropyincreasing (Sd 0 and the increasing of water molecules kinetic energy, as result of[liquid - gas] phase transition in vessel with water [S]. The time of water heating from theroom temperature to boiling point was about 14 min, the time of boiling was about tb 40min till the evaporation of half of water volume, i.e. 1 liter. After this the heater wasswitched off.

About 2 hours after this, the value of U1,2 U1 U2 was abruptly decreased,followed by slow - many hours long relaxation process.

The effects of the ice melting and mixing of water with other liquids are smaller, thanthe boiling effect, however, have the same sign.

The important observation is a significant time lag (tI tI,2 tI,1 between activationtime of [S] - when boiling starts (tI,1 and activation time of [R], representing U1,2decreasing (tI,2. The second lag is between switching off the boiling (tII,1 and restoration(relaxation time, tII,2) of the initial U1,2 value (tII tII,2 tII,1. The second lag period(tII appears to be about 8 times longer, than the first one: tII/tI 8. This means thatthe dependence of U1,2t is essentially asymmetric. This asymmetry is proportional to themaximum amplitude of boiling effect |U1,2

max | :

tII/tI 3.2U1,2max 0.39 17.1

The total relaxation time of the boiling - induced effect in [R] device (tI,II tI tIIis dependent on the time of boiling (tb and entropy change in the double electric layer ofdetectors (Sd).

It was demonstrated, that these strange water-boiling induced retard (tI) reaction of[R]-system and retard relaxation effects after the boiling was stopped (tII are not theconsequence of local T-variations, or the external permanent magnetic or EM fields action.The effects obtained, can not be explained in the framework of conventional physics.

The long time delay between the starting of boiling and reaction of U1,2 of detectors(~2h) on boiling (tI, we can explain by two factors:

a) stability of system of virtual replica multiplication of water VRMwaterS, created by2 liters of water in vessel between two detectors [S], before starting of its boiling and

b) long time of creation of multiplicated virtual replica of vapor (VRMvapor, differentfrom (VRMwater.

The opposite changes of Bivacuum electric permittivity (0 and magnetic permeability(0 :

c2 100

17.2

should be accompanied by the change of Coulomb interaction in the double electric layer ofdetectors and, consequently, by its entropy. Due to different distance of vessel with water -

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[Sender] from the 1st and 2nd detectors, the VRMRES perturbations nearby them, also arenot the same and the experiment show corresponding difference between detectors: U1,2 U1U2.The small part of resulting virtual replica multiplication (VRMRES) in the volume of

[Receiver] is a result of complex Hierarchical superposition of lot of secondary virtualreplicas of material objects of different spatial scales:

VRMRES VRMSR VRMLab

VRMBuildingEnvironment VRMEarthMoonSunSolarSystem

17.3

where: VRMSR is a superposition of multiplicated virtual replica of detectors/receivers[R] (electrodes) and source of Bivacuum perturbation - vessel with boiling water [S];VRMLab is a superimposed virtual replica, generated by mass spatial distribution in thelaboratory room (i.e. positions of other equipment in room, position of registration systemas respect to walls of laboratory room, etc.), geometry of room;

The VRMBuildingEnvironment is a contribution of the external, as respect to laboratoryspace, the Building and its Environment complex system of secondary virtual replicas.Consequently, periodical changes of Solar system virtual replica VRMEarthMoonSun

SolarSystem maymodulate the resulting VRMRES and, consequently, the amplitude of U1,2 and the bothdelays: tI and tII in the experiments, described above.The circadian - 24hours cycles andMoon phase also can influence VRMRES and the results of experiments.

The violation of causality principle in Hierarchical system of VRRES, when specialrelativity laws do not work, may change a place of the consequence and reason. Suchanomalous time effect can be a consequence of ability of resulting virtual replica:VRMRES f t nt to self-organization in both time directions - future and past withformation of metastable set of VRMRES at certain time intervals: nt. This process can beconsidered, as a result of action of VRMRES, as a quantum supercomputer, includingextrapolation the current state to most probable future and past states of VRMRES

t and’memorizing’ these selected time-quantized states.

The feedback reaction between properties of VRMRES f t nt and the propertiesof registration system R t - can explain the registered anticipated/advanced reactionon macroscopic geomagnetic and solar dissipative processes. The similar receivers [R],representing a pair of detectors, described above has been used. The registration ofdifference: U1,2 U1U2 was performed during 366 days and nights in 1996 - 1997 withtime interval 30 minutes.

The good correlation (coherency) between changes of potentials in form of flicker noiseof two receivers: [RI and [RII, separated from each other to 300 m, was revealed. Ourapproach explains this distant correlation, as a consequence of nonlocal properties ofVRMEarthMoonSun

SolarSystem , changing, following the large-scale cosmic and geophysicalprocesses in solar system.The receivers do not react on the actual changes of the Earth magnetic field in real or

current time, induced by ionospheric variations. However, two unusual signals of receivers[R]: the advanced and the delayed ones, with characteristic time interval:

T nt 48 hours at n 1 17.4

as respect to actual time of change of the Sun activity, has been revealed. This time intervalmay correspond to one of the most stable time-dependent VRMRES ft nt in theinfinity iteration cycles (n of its self-computing/self-organizing process.

Consequently, there are a lot of experimental evidence already, confirming theexistence of Virtual Replica of ’tuned’ macroscopic objects, their spatial and temporal

167

multiplication and existing of new fundamental Bivacuum - Mediated Interaction betweenthem.18 Analysis of Tiller, Dobble and Kohane data of coupling between remote water

samplesVery interesting experimental results where obtained by Tiller, Dibble and Kohane

(2001) with Intention Imprinted Electronic Device (IIED), shielded by Faraday cage, andremote vessels with aqueous solutions. These results can be considered as a confirmation of

Virtual Guide beams Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

imediated interaction between

Sender/Source [S], representing water and aqueous solutions, treated by device IIED andReceiver [R], representing similar aqueous systems, however, untreated with IIED.

The intention imprintment of device - IIED has been managed by gifted psychic.The treatment of water in [S] - vessel by imprinted device IIED was performed by

placing them nearby on the distance 30-60 cm. It was shown that during 5 days oftreatment, the pH of [S] increases from 5.6 up to 6.5, meaning that the protonsconcentration decreases 10 times. Consequently, the process of [S] treatment in such caseshould be considered, as nonequilibrium one, like in Kozyrev’s type experiments, andexplained in the same way (sections 15 and 17).

The following results, obtained by this group, are in-line with proposed in our theorymechanism of

n VirGSME S R - mediated interaction between aqueous Sender [S],

placed near device (IIED), and the aqueous Receiver [R]:- the induced oscillation of pH and temperature (T) of the aqueous solutions of

[Receiver] under the influence of remote activated by IIED - device [Sender] withfundamental period of tens of minutes;

- interaction between the activated [SIIED] and other remote vessels - receivers: [R1,[R2, [R3 with the distance from [SIIED] from 30 to 270 meters. This interaction wasaccompanied by correlated with [SIIED] oscillations of pH and temperature of solution invessels and the air outside the vessels. The amplitude of these unusual T - oscillations wasabout 2-3 C and easily registered. The fundamental period of oscillation was about 46 min;

- dependence of the amplitude of oscillations on presence of inorganic ions in water andmagnetic field tension and polarization;

- in one set of experiments the weak interaction between the imprinted by intentionvessel with water solution and another one, with distance between them about 15 km, wasrevealed.

All these results can be explained by the bundles of nonlocal Virtual guides

Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i- mediated, momentum and kinetic energy

transferring from water of [S] to water of [R] ’tuned’ by forced resonance with basicBivacuum virtual pressure waves (VPWq1

. This all-pervading VPWq synchronize

C W pulsations of elementary particles of water molecules and their de Broglie wavesin the volumes of [S] and [R]. This tuning drives the molecules of [R] to similar coherentdynamic state - mesoscopic Bose condensation (mBC), as in [S].

The longer the experimental system [S], including the Faraday cage, where exposed toimprinted device IIED (few month sometime), the bigger were the effects of interactionwith [R]: amplitude and correlation between phase of pH and T oscillations of Sender andReceiver aqueous solutions. This means that formation of Virtual replica multiplication(VRMS of Sender in nonequilibrium state, which determines the perturbation amplitude ofReceptor VRMR needs a long time. The nonlocal interaction between the nuclears of H2O,

168

is realized in this case between two protons of 2 hydrogen atoms and oxygen nuclears of[S] and [R] via multiple virtual guides bundles:

Nt,r n

VirGSME S Rx,y,z

i

where: Nt,r is a number of coherent molecules of H2O in remote coherent clusters inwater samples, connected by virtual beams; (n) is a number of elementary particles(electrons, protons and neutrons) in each of these molecules in state of mesoscopic Bosecondensation (mBC) (Kaivarainen, 2001, 2003).

The presence of coherent clusters in water (mBC) and it cooperative properties makesthe distant water-water interaction very effective. It looks to be a crucial factor in telepathicinteraction, following from Hierarchic model of consciousness, described in this work.The ’phantom’ effects where revealed in a system of interacting ’charged’ by intention

vessel of water and few other distant vessels with aqueous solutions, surrounding the’charged’ vessel (Tiller, Dibble and Kohane, 2001; 2005). After replacing the ’charged’vessel far out of system, the ’memory’ of its presence remains for a long time. The presenceand orientation of large quartz crystal strongly affected the amplitude of ’phantom’ effect.This phantom existence is in total accordance with our concept of Virtual replica of anyobject in Bivacuum and its spatial multiplication.

In all experiment, described above, screening of the target [R] from electromagneticfields by Faraday’s cage did not influence on the distant interaction between [S] and [R]and the phantom effect.Consequently, there are a lot of experimental evidence already, confirming the

existence of Virtual Replica of macroscopic objects and fundamental nonlocal BivacuumMediated Interaction (BMI) between remote Sender and Receiver, following from ourUnified Theory.

19 Theory of Overunity Devices19.1 The Source of Free Energy in Bivacuum

The tuning influence of Bivacuum on matter is a result of forced resonance, betweenfundamental frequency (VPWq1 q0 qm0c2/e,, of virtual pressure waves(VPWq1

)i of Bivacuum and [C W] pulsations of elementary particles of matter,leading to synchronization of these pulsation. As described in section (1.2), the q j kcharacterize the transitions of torus Vq and antitorus Vq of Bivacuum dipolesbetween different excited states. If quantum numbers q q j k are equal, itmeans that simultaneous and in-phase excitation of high frequency Virtual Pressure WavesVPWq1

and VPWq1 occur without violation of energy conservation. It is so, because

their opposite energies compensate each other and their sum is zero in primordialsymmetric Bivacuum: EVPWq

i EVPWq

i 0:

EVPWq

i 0i j kV m0

i c2j k

EVPWq

i 0i j kV m0

i c2j k

19.1

19.1a

The quantized fundamental Compton frequency of VPWq is:

q0i qm0

i c2/

where: q j k 1,2,3. . is the quantization number of VPWj,k energy.

169

In the asymmetric secondary Bivacuum the equality between absolute values of energyof VPWq

and VPWq

imay change to inequality: EVPWq

i EVPWq

i 0. At these

conditions the external translational- rotational velocity of Bivacuum dipoles is nonzero.The main source of ’free’ energy of Bivacuum is the combinational resonance of its

excited Bivacuum virtual pressure waves (VPWq1 with [C W] pulsations of real

elementary particles of lower frequency. The condition of forced combinational resonanceis:

CW VPWq q0i

or : EVPWq qm0i c2 mV

c2

19.1b

19.1c

The energy exchange between high-frequency VPW VPWq1i of Bivacuum and

real particles in the process of C W pulsation of pairs F Fx,yi of these fermions F Fx,y F zi at pull- in -range conditions, accelerate particles, driving toresonant conditions (19.1 and 19.1a) at q 2,3. . . , i.e. bigger than q 1. The positive andnegative increments of Bivacuum energy, absorbed by symmetric pair F Fx,yicompensated each other. However, the condition of triplets stability demands the equalityof the absolute values of energies of all three sub-elementary fermions in F Fx,y F zi . This provides getting the same by the absolute value increment ofuncompensated energy by unpaired sub-elementary fermion or antifermion ofcorresponding elementary fermions (electron, proton, neutron) or these antifermions:

F z

i F x,y

i F x,y

i 19.1c

This excessive amount of energy of Bivacuum virtual pressure waves VPWq i

obtained by triplet via interrelation between its paired and unpaired sub-elementary fermiondo not means that the energy conservation law is violated in conditions of ideal equilibriumbetween matter and antimatter. On macroscopic scale at these ideal conditions the sameamount of Bivacuum energy of opposite sign are absorbed by equal number fermions andantifermions. This keeps the resulting energy in such ideal system permanent:

THE ENERGY OF SYSTEM : Bivacuum particles antiparticles Fields CONST

However, we have to keep in mind, that if at the first stages of the universe origination,following by matter and antimatter annihilation, a small initial asymmetry between thenumber of particles and antiparticles has a consequence of final domination of particlesover antiparticles, realized in a current Universe. Just this final asymmetry of matter andantimatter, in accordance to proposed dynamic mechanism of [Bivacuum - Matter]interaction, is a potential source of the excessive free energy.

The formalization of proposed mechanism of Bivacuum free energy conversion toenergy of elementary particles/fermions is presented below for the case of virtual pressurewaves of positive and negative quantized energy (VPWq

.In accordance to rules of combinational resonance of Bivacuum virtual pressure waves

with elementary particles, we have the following relation between quantized energy andfrequency of VPWq

and energy/frequency of triplets C W pulsation of sub-elementaryfermions in resonance conditions:

170

EVPW VPWi q0

i CWi R0 B

or : EVPW qm0i c2 Rm0

i c2 mVv2 Rm0

i c2 m0i c2v/c2

R

or : q R v/c2

R

R 1 v/c2; q 1,2,3. . . integer numbers)

19.2

19.2a

19.2b

where the angle frequency of de Broglie waves is: B1,2,3 and:

B /2mVLB2 mV

v2/2 19.3

The important relation between translational most probable velocity of particle (v) andquantization number (q, corresponding to resonant interaction of Bivacuum VPWq

i

with pulsing particles of corresponding generation (i e,p,n, derived from (19.2b) is:

v c q21q2

1/2

19.4

At the conditions of triplets fusion, when q 1, the translational velocity of particle iszero: vq1 0. When the quantized energy of VPWq

, corresponds to q 2, the resonanttranslational velocity of particle should be: vq2 c 0.866 2,6 1010cm/s. At q 3,wehave from (19.4): vq3 c 0.942 2,83 1010cm/s.

On the other hand, if velocity of particles is high enough and corresponds to q 1,5 in(19.4), their pull-in range interaction with excited VPWq2

can accelerate them up toconditions: q 2, v 2,6 1010cm/s. In turn, if the starting particles velocity correspondsto q 2,5, their forced resonance with even more excited VPWq3

should accelerate themup to conditions: q 3, corresponding to v 2,83 1010cm/s. The described mechanismof Bivacuum - Matter interaction can be a general physical background of all kinds ofoverunity devices (Kaivarainen, 2004-2006).

In the case of quasi - symmetric Bivacuum, the excitation of high-frequency VPWq2,3...

, absorbed by the paired sub-elementary fermions of the triplets F Fx,y F zi isnot the energy consuming process, as far the sum of positive and negative virtual pressurewaves is close to zero:

EVPWq

i EVPWq

i 0

Just this condition may provide the elementary particles (triplets) acceleration andoverunity effect, taking into account (19.1c) and domination of particles over theantiparticles.

Virtual Bivacuum dipoles have the mass |mV mV

| m0 and charge |e e | e0symmetry shift smaller, than the rest mass and elementary charge of real sub-elementaryfermions and antifermions.

The reasons preventing the fusion of virtual particles and antiparticles to real triplets arefollows:

a) the frequency of their C W pulsation is lower than fundamental Compton’s one:CWVir 0

i m0i c2/ because of the above mentioned inequalities;

b) it is not provided by tangential/rotational velocity of Bivacuum fermions, but by thetranslational velocity of Bivacuum bosons.

However, this fusion may happen as a result of acceleration virtual sub-elementary

171

fermions and antifermions in strong electric or gravitational fields, providing apull-in-range resonance conditions of their pulsation with basic virtual pressure wavesVPWq1

.The formation of Cooper pairs of bivacuum fermions and

antifermions: BVF0, BVF0,

as, where the asymmetric BVF0, and BVF0,

of oppositespins and opposite charges, rotate in opposite directions (clockwise and anticlockwise)around common axis in electric and gravitational fields is possible. The linearpolymerization of these pairs may lead to formation of closed or open doubled virtualmicrotubules VirMT :

VirMTBVF BVF Pt,r BVF0, BVF0,

S0as 19.4a

where: Pt,r is a number of pairs, forming virtual microtubules, depending on theirlength and correlation time of Bivacuum fluctuations.

These structures are not responsible for exchange of spin, momentum and energy in

contrast to Virtual Guides and their bundles: Nt,r n VirGSME S R

x,y,z

i,

connecting remote and tuned elementary particles of Sender and Receiver (see chapter 13).However, they may be responsible for storage and processing the information in Bivacuumwith properties of quantum computer.

At certain conditions the double virtual microtubules and double virtual guides mayturn to single ones (see next section). The single Virtual Microtubules (closed or open) canbe assembled from Bivacuum bosons BVB V V by ’head-to-tail’ principle:

VirMTBVB Pt,r BVB 19.4b

or : V V V V V V . . . . V V Pt,r 19.4c

The asymmetric BVBas may have the uncompensated mass and charge, like asymmetricBivacuum fermions BVF

as. The disassembly of double Virtual microtubules:

VirMTBVF BVF and VirGSME S R to asymmetric Bivacuum fermions andantifermions may occur in strong electric or gravitational fields due to these Bivacuumdipoles opposite symmetry shift and opposite by direction disjoining action of externalCoulomb force on positive and negative Bivacuum dipoles. This process in regular (nonsuperconducting) capacitors can be accompanied by discharge in form of spark between theelectrodes.

The disassembly of double VirMTBVF BVF can be accompanied by formation ofsingle Virtual

Microtubules not only from Bivacuum bosons, but also from Bivacuum fermions andantifermions of opposite charge and mass symmetry shift and length, determined bynumber of Bivacuum dipoles in microtubules Pt,r:

VirMTBVF BVF Pt,r BVF0, BVF0,

S0as disassembly

E,G fields

VirMTBVF VirMTBVF Pt,r BVF as Pt,r BVF

as

19.5

19.5a

where: VirMTBVF Pt,r BVF as, VirMTBVF Pt,r BVF

as are singlevirtual microtubules, formed by Bivacuum fermions and antifermions with

172

resulting-uncompensated positive and negative symmetry shifts of charge and energy,correspondingly.

These ’trains’ of asymmetric Bivacuum dipoles of opposite resulting charge, kineticenergy and momentum, composed by ’head-to-tail’ principle, may move in oppositedirections with acceleration in strong electric (E) or gravitational (G) fields. The spins ofpolymerized Bivacuum fermions or antifermions in this case are the additive values and theresulting spin of such constructions is too big to be stable. As a consequence of energyminimization, these ’trains’ of Bivacuum fermions and antifermions turns to ’trains’ ofBivacuum bosons of opposite polarization (19.4b):

Pt,r BVF as Pt,r BVBas VirMTBVB

Pt,r BVF as Pt,r BVBas VirMTBVB

19.6 19.6a

In contrast to single VirMTBVF or VirMTBVF , the single VirMTBVB and doubledVirMTBVF BVF

like the VirGSME S R, connecting elementary particles of Senderand Receiver, are neutral and have a bosonic properties.

The rotational and translational acceleration of the doubled and mono VirtualMicrotubules and Virtual Guides under the influence of basic virtual pressure waves ofBivacuum: VPWq1

in ’pull-in-range’ conditions is a primary source of the ether ’free’energy.

The similar resonant interaction of pulsing real elementary particles with excited highfrequency Virtual pressure waves (VPWq1

of Bivacuum, accelerating them is asecondary source of energy for overunity devices.

The action of basic VPWq1 of lowest frequency on asymmetric Bivacuum dipoles and

virtual particles of each of three lepton generation is opposite to their action on realparticles. The basic virtual pressure waves increases the velocity and kinetic energy ofvirtual particles and decreases those of real ones.

The described mechanism of Bivacuum resonant interaction with virtual and realparticles, can be a general background of all kinds of overunity devices (Kaivarainen, 2004;see also Naudin’s web site "The Quest For Overunity":http://members.aol.com/jNaudin509/).

The coherent electrons and protons of hot plasma in stars also may get the additionalenergy from high-frequency virtual pressure waves of Bivacuum VPWq2,3..

, excited bystrong gravitational and/or magnetic fields of stars and black holes. The fusion ofelementary particles from sub-elementary fermions, accompanied by huge energy release,also is possible in such conditions.

19.2 Possible mechanism of high-frequency VPWq2,3.. excitation in Bivacuum

The mechanism of high-frequency VPWq2,3.. excitation, necessary for elementary

particles (electrons) acceleration, can be similar to excitation of acoustic waves insuperfluid liquid (helium). It was shown theoretically, using Gross - Pitaevsky equation(Leadbeater, et.al. 2001), that recombination of two vortex ring (toruses) of the oppositedirection of rotation in superfluid liquid is accompanied by sound emission. Thereconnections produce two highly elongated rings and two sound pulses. The streched ringsrapidly shrink into two smaller vibrating which move outwards.

In Bivacuum the like mechanism of virtual sound emission, meaning the excitation ofhigh-frequency virtual pressure waves: VPWq2,3..

can be a result of Bivacuum dipolescollision, annihilation, recombination and interconversions between different leptongeneration. On macroscopic scale the emission of VPWq2,3..

and virtual spin waves

173

VirSWq2,3..1/2 can be a consequence of the conversion of double/twin Virtual Guides and

Virtual Microtubules, formed by virtual Cooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions[BVF BVFi to pair of single VirGBVBi and VirMTBVBi , formed by Bivacuum bosonsBVB V V of opposite polarization (see Fig.14):

VirGBVFBVFE,H,Gfields 2VirGBVB VPWq2,3..

VirSWq2,3..1/2

VirMTBVFBVFE,H,Gfields 2VirMTBVB VPWq2,3..

VirSWq2,3..1/2

19.7

19.8

The process of dissociation of double virtual microtubules to single ones isaccompanied by conversion of rotational kinetic energy of Bivacuum dipoles totranslational one. The direction of translational propagation of single VirMTBVB andVirMTBVB of opposite resulting polarization is also opposite. It is a condition of keepingpermanent the mass/energy symmetry shift of Bivacuum dipoles, as a condition of energyconservation.

The coherent C W pulsation of the excited Virtual guides and Virtual microtubulesalso may be a source of high frequency VPWq2,3..

and virtual spin waves VirSWq2,3..1/2 :

VirMTBVFBVFC VirMTBVFBVFW VPWq2,3.. VirSWq2,3..

1/2 19.9

The transitions, like 19.7 and 19.8 in superfluid Bivacuum may occur under the actionof strong enough electric, magnetic or gravitational fields. It is possible also in conditionsof electric discharge in condensers.

The described source of these high frequency virtual pressure waves: VPWq2,3.. ,

accelerating the electrons in Searl, Bearden and lot of other overunity devices, can beinfinitive, because of spontaneous tendency of Bivacuum dipoles to self-assembly in formof double Virtual guides or VirMT and their ability to disassembly in strong permanent andalternating fields.

Bivacuum is the active medium, able to self-organization in nonequilibrium conditions,forming complex structures of VirMT (open and closed) and VirGSME (open structures,connecting remote elementary particles).A possible ways to get the described high frequency virtual waves VPWq2,3..

forextracting a ’free energy’ from Bivacuum are follows:

1) gravitational fields: natural and artificial, generated by centripetal acceleration ofrotating cylinder or disk;

2) static and pulsing electric and magnetic fields, like in Biefeld-Brown andPodkletnov - Modanese effects, accompanied the discharge in capacitors and thrust at highvoltage conditions;

3) rotation of magnets system, affecting the thrust of system, self-acceleration and itseffective mass variation (magneto-gravitational Searl effect);

4) combination of static and saw-shape magnetic fields (the Bearden motionlesselectromagnetic generator), providing overunity energy output.

20 Explanation of Biefeld-Brown (B-B) effect, based on Unified TheoryWhen a high voltage (~30 kV) is applied to a capacitor, whose electrodes have different

dimensions, the capacitor experiences a net force toward the smaller electrode. The Biefeld- Brown (B-B) effect may have applications to vehicle propulsion in space. The physicalbasis for the Biefeld - Brown effect (1929) is not understood in the framework of existingparadigm.

Thomas Valone (http://www.integrity-research.org/) define electrogravitics as

174

“electricity used to create a force that depends upon an object’s mass, even as gravitydoes”.

Confirmed experimentally Biefeld - Brown (B-B) thrust effect reflects the appearanceof net force in asymmetric capacitors of unknown nature, increasing with voltage. In earlyworks of Brown and his patents the statement was done, that the sign of thrust is dependenton relative position of the electrodes and is directed from bigger negative to smallerpositive electrode. The corresponding net force of B-B effect may increase or decrease theeffective mass of capacitor. This effect is existing in the air and in smaller extent in vacuumin the process of discharge.

Later it was proved, that the B-B effect is independent of polarity of applied voltage toelectrodes and always directed to smaller electrode (Bahder and Fazi, 2003). It isindependent on the orientation of capacitor as respect to plane of the Earth surface. Theseexperiments point that B-B effect is not related to gravitational field (Bahder and Fazi,2003).

The B-B effect in vacuum chamber was confirmed, using two dimensionalasymmetrical capacitor modules. The corresponding patent was granted to author JonathanCampbell: NASA patent application US6411493 ” Apparatus and Method for generating athrust using a two-dimensional asymmetrical capacitor module ” (June 25, 2002 ).

In this work, the first conductive element of each of two capacitors on the opposite endsof rotating in plane rod, was a hollow or solid cylinder. The second conductive element ofcapacitor was a flat disk or a dome. A dielectric was disposed between the first conductiveelement and the second conductive element. The system also includes a high voltage sourcehaving first and second terminals connected respectively to the first and second conductiveelements of two capacitors on the rod. Special test confirms that the thrust observed is notthe result of the ejection of electrons backward.

All known theoretical explanations do not explain the existing of B-B effect in vacuum(see site of J-L Naudin: http://members.aol.com/jnaudin509/) and (Bahder and Fazi, 2003).

In accordance to our theory of the elementary particle propagation in empty space(bivacuum) or space, filled with material (dielectric), transparent for these particle, thisprocess represents the stochastic jumps between secondary anchor sites (AS), accompaniedby [C W pulsation of particle. These anchor sites represent the result of elementaryparticle virtual replica spatial multiplication: VRMt,r (see sections 7.5 and chapter 13).The VRMt,r is a consequence of modulation of basic Bivacuum virtual waves (VPWq1

and VirSWq1) by de Broglie waves of elementary particles (protons, neutrons andelectrons) in the volume of electrodes of capacitors. The most probable separation betweenVR or secondary AS is equal to de Broglie wave length of elementary particle, generatingAS: B h/p, depending, in turn, on most probable particle’s momentum p.

The energy and charge conservation law in the absence of external field in equilibriumconditions demands, that the resulting energy/charge of all activated anchor sites should bezero. For this end we have to assume that all secondary anchor sites (AS) are composedfrom three pairs of conjugated and correlated Cooper pairs of asymmetric Bivacuumfermions of different generation i e,, of opposite spins, charge and mass symmetryshifts, compensating each other (eq. 7.46):

ASe,N

3BVF BVF

ni VRMe,p,n

ca, an

20.1

At zero voltage between the cathode (ca and anode (an) of capacitors these secondaryanchor sites represent the multiplication of virtual replicas (see chapter 13) of the protons,

175

neutrons and electrons of the electrodes in space between them VRMe,p,n. The densityand ordering of secondary active sites, generated by the cathode AScate, and anode ASane, is determined by density and ordering of elementary particles in composition theseelectrodes.

Fig. 14. (a) three Cooper pairs of symmetric Bivacuum fermions in primordial Bivacuum:3[BVF0

BVF0 i, as a part of double coherent Virtual microtubules (VirMTi). This

symmetric structures do not rotate around the main common axis. Only the internal rotationof torus (V and antitorus (V of Bivacuum dipoles takes a place;(b) in strong electric and gravitational fields the symmetric Bivacuum fermions andantifermions pairs turns to asymmetric three Cooper pairs Bivacuum fermions in secondaryBivacuum, rotating around common axis (X). These structures may be assembled tocoherent Virtual microtubules VirMTi (open or closed) or nonlocal Virtual guides(VirGSMEi of spin, momentum and energy (always open, connecting remote elementaryparticles). The VirGSMEi are responsible for entanglement between remote ’tuned’elementary particles of close frequency of C W pulsation: roti 0

i m0i c2/. The

secondary ’anchor sites’ of elementary particles also have a similar structure:AS i 3BVF

BVF i;

(c) (d) are the result of dissociation of double virtual microtubules VirMTBVF

BVF

i tosingle microtubules of Bivacuum bosons with opposite polarization VirMTBVBi andresulting charge in electric field of condenser, propagating in opposite direction under theresonant interaction with basic virtual pressure waves (VPWq1

:

3BVF BVF

i 3BVB i 3BVB i

As a result of this dissociation the rotational kinetic energy of double VirMTBVF

BVF

i

turns to translational kinetic energy of single VirMTBVBi , providing the same Bivacuumdipoles symmetry shift and translational velocity, corresponding to Golden Mean condition(v2 c2. The latter is stimulated by resonant exchange interaction of VirMT

BVFBVF

i

and VirMTBVBi with basic Bivacuum VPWq1 i with frequency 0

i m0i c2/. At certain

asymmetric conditions the thrust occurs as a result of uncompensated virtual pressure, actingon target/condenser, produced by opposite virtual trains (linear assembly) of Bivacuumbosons of different density of kinetic energy.

The increasing of Bivacuum dipoles symmetry shift in strong electric field between theelectrodes of capacitors should be accompanied by the following stages, describing theBiefeld - Brown effect (Fig.14):

1) the Cooper pairs, forming secondary active sites AScate, and ASane, , near cathodeand anode, correspondingly, representing their primary macroscopic virtual replica or ether

176

body (section 13.3), start to rotate around their main axis, as a result of charge/masssymmetry shifts in Bivacuum fermions BVF

and antifermions BVF , induced by electric

field;2) when the voltage increasing, the rotating AScate, and ASane, start to polymerize,

forming double virtual microtubules VirMTBVFBVF and virtual guidesVirGSME S R. The polymerization occur due to Coulomb attraction betweenpolarized Bivacuum fermions of AScat,an near cathode and anode. At this stage partialconversion of number of AS to photons (20.1 a,b), accompanied by glowing, is possible(see Fig. 4):

N

ASe,N

3BVF BVF

ni VRMe,p,n

ca, an

20.1a

photon F FS0 F

FS1 F FS0 20.1b

Two side pairs of neutral photon represent a Cooper pairs with zero spin. The central pairF FS1

have the uncompensated integer spin and energy (Eph hph. This structuredetermines the empirical properties of photon;

3) the increasing of uncompensated charge (opposite for BVF and BVF

withincreasing voltage, their opposite interaction force with external E-field is followed bydissociation of the double VirMTBVFBVF and double VirGSME S R to single ones.This process is accompanied by conversion of Bivacuum fermions and antifermions toBivacuum bosons of opposite charge and mass symmetry shifts (Fig.14 c,d):

Pr, tBVF BVF as

voltage Pr, tBVB Pr, tBVB 20.2

The number of Bivacuum dipoles Pt,r in metastable neutral double VirMTBVF andVirGSME S R is dependent on: (a) the correlation time (t) of decoherence effects inBivacuum, dependent on fluctuations of particles in the volume of the electrodes and (b)the length (r) of microtubules, dependent on the voltage between the electrodes, providingthe charge symmetry shift and Coulomb attraction between BVB BVB of oppositepolarization.

The 1st factor means, that the more ordered is a structure of the electrodes anddynamics of their lattice and particles, the bigger is probability of the anchor sites (AS)polymerization and corresponding values of Pt,r and Pt,r, which determines theresulting kinetic energy of virtual trains.

The probability of dissociation stage (20.2) is related to overcoming the Coulombattraction between Bivacuum fermions of opposite charges in each Cooper pairs.Consequently, this probability should increase with increasing the dielectric constant inspace between the electrodes. One may anticipate, that if the space between the electrodesis filled instead of vacuum with dielectric material of bigger permittivity, than that ofbivacuum, the B-B effect should increase. This author suppose, that this disjoining stagecan be stimulated also by applying of electrostatic field, normal to orientation of main axisof double VirMTBVF and VirGSME S R. The magnetic field also may enhance thedisjoining effect due to opposite Lorentz force, acting on positive and negative Bivacuumfermions. The resulting spin and charge of the double virtual microtubules and guides arezero, like each of Cooper pairs, forming them.

4) the dissociation of double virtual microtubules to single ones

177

VirMTBVB Pr, tBVB is accompanied by conversion of rotational kinetic energy ofBivacuum dipoles to translational one. The direction of translational propagation of singleVirMTBVB and VirMTBVB of opposite resulting polarization of Bivacuum bosons is alsoopposite. It is a condition of keeping permanent the mass/energy symmetry shift ofBivacuum dipoles, as a condition of energy conservation.

For example, the train: Pr, tBVB of positive resulting charge accelerates fromanode to cathode and with negative resulting charge: Pr, tBVB accelerates in oppositedirection towards the anode. The resulting spin of disjoined mono virtual trains, composedfrom bivacuum bosons is zero, as each of BVB. The resulting opposite charge of each oftrains is equal to uncompensated charge of only one Bivacuum dipole, as far all internalcharges of adjacent torus (V and antitorus (V, assembling the train, compensate eachother. This means that the charge density of such trains is much lower than that of theelectron or even single asymmetric Bivacuum dipole;

5) each of these two opposite directed virtual trains from asymmetric bivacuumfermions and antifermions VirMTBVB Pr, tBVB may interact with similar ones ofthe same lepton generation (i e,, and resulting charge, moving in the same direction.Corresponding trains association occur due to exchange by cumulative virtual cloudsCVC, emitting and absorbed in the process of BVB pulsation of adjacent trains betweencorpuscular and wave phase: C W. As a result, the similar trains organize themselves inthe beams of virtual trains

Beam Lc VirMTBVB Lc Pr, tBVB 20.3

where the number of virtual trains in beams Lc is dependent on coherency (c)between C W pulsation of all BVB in trains, composing beams.

This stage of B-B effect is possible only in primary condition of high coherency of AS,generated by coherent elementary particles in the volume of one or both electrodes ofcapacitor, like in experiments with superconducting cathode, described below.

The primary source of ’free’ energy taped from Bivacuum (see section 19.1) is theacceleration of rotational/tangential motion of the doubled Virtual Microtubules and VirtualGuides and translational acceleration of mono VirMT and VirGSME under the influence ofbasic virtual pressure waves of Bivacuum: VPWq1

in ’pull-in-range’ conditions. The lattercan be achieved as a result of acceleration of single virtual trains and their beams at strongenough voltage or conversion of rotational energy of double trainsPr, tBVF

BVF as to translational of single ones after their dissociation (20.2).This mechanism explains the ’overunity’ effects of asymmetric B-B condensers in the

process of their periodic discharge and restoration of virtual trains and beams kineticenergy after partial scattering on elementary particles of screens and detectors. The losseson dissipation as a result of scattering of ’virtual beams’ on elementary particles of screenare compensated by the energy exchange of beams with VPWq1

. A strong interactionbetween virtual trains, composing beams in the process of coherent C W pulsation of allBVB provides the collimated beam, like the laser one. The latter unusual phenomena,following from out theory, obviously occur in experiments of Podkletnov and Modanese,described in the next section.The uncompensated kinetic energy, obtained by virtual trains in space between

asymmetric electrodes at high voltage provides the capacitor thrust B-B effect.The stages (1-4), described above, are preconditions for electric discharge in form of

spark between electrodes even in vacuum, i.e. in the absence of avalanche ionic processand the induced electron emission from cathode.

178

The formation of the discharge virtual beams (stage 5) from virtual trains is alsoaccompanied by very fast and strong jump of conductivity in vacuum conditions, however,it is not followed by regular spark.

This effect, discovered by Podkletnov and Modanese, is discussed in next section.Let us analyze the force acting on polarized Bivacuum fermions and antifermions in

electric field and corresponding acceleration.From the basic formulas of our theory (3.10-3.11) we get for momentum of asymmetric

Bivacuum fermions BVF or BVF

, as a part of secondary anchor sites (20.1):

PmVmV mVv vc mV

mV c mV

c 1 v/c2 m0c 20.4

Using interrelation between the mass and charge symmetry shift (4.8a):

mV mV

mV e2 e2

e2 20.5

we get for momentums of Bivacuum fermions as a mass and charge dipoles:

PmVmV mVv vc mV

c e2 e2e2

mV

ce2 e2 c2

e2 PeVeV 20.6

Taking the time derivative from the left and right parts of (20.6), we get the force,acting on asymmetric Bivacuum dipoles, dependent on velocity of dipoles (v). Thedependence of this force on current of dipoles: I ev e2 e2

1/2c and its alternationwith time dI/dt we get, taking into account, that from (4.9) e2 e2 c2 e2v2 :

FmVmV dPdt 1

cdmV

v2dt mV

dvdt

v/c3

1 v/c2 2 vc

2m0

e0c2 IdIdt FeVeV mV

aeff

20.7

20.7a

where: e02 |ee |; mV

m0/ 1 v/c2 .

The lower part of this formula (20.7a) characterize the interaction of charged virtualgroups with alternating electric field between condenser electrodes and the upper part(20.7) - the corresponding oscillation of momentum of these dipoles.

The effective acceleration of asymmetric Bivacuum dipoles in space between theelectrodes (aeff, dependent on the instant velocity of dipoles (v vt), can be derived from(20.7 and 20.7a) as:

aeffFmVmVmV

dvdt

v/c3

1 v/c2 2 vc

2 1 v/c2

e0c2 I dIdt FeVeVmV

20.8

20.8a

We can see from this formula, that aeff dv/dt at condition:

v/c3

1 v/c2 2 vc 1 20.9

179

assuming, that v/c3

1v/c2 2 vc , we get v ~ c/2. In general case the increasing of the

effective acceleration itself (aeff with velocity should be taken into account at calculations.The kinetic energy, acquired by each asymmetric Bivacuum dipole in the process of

discharge in the condenser is:

Tk 12 mV

mV c2 1

2 mVvt2

i

or : Tk 12 mV

aefft2 12 mV

aeffvt d

2i

20.10

20.10a

It is increasing with time of acceleration (t d/vt and, consequently, with increasingof separation (d) between the dipole and the electrode of the opposite charge at the momentof discharge.

The bigger is separation, the bigger is time of acceleration of opposite virtual trains:Pr, tBVB and Pr, tBVB and their kinetic energy in the moment of its partialdissipation on the electrodes and momentum exchange with elementary particles of theelectrodes. The resulting in thrust of capacitor, is realized in the process of dischargebetween the asymmetric electrodes, accompanied the B-B effect.

The total energy of Bivacuum bosons and their trains (EBVB is determined only by thekinetic energy of their translational propagation in space. The rest mass of BVB is zero(m0 0 in contrast to triplets of elementary particles and double VirGSME and VirMT,where the rest mass and elementary charge is provided by rotation around the common axiswith Golden mean tangential velocity.

The total and kinetic energy of virtual trains of BVBq1 accelerated up to Golden mean

condition (v/c)2 0.618 under the action of basic Virtual pressure waves (VPWq1 is

equal to

EVirTr Pr, t EBVB Pr, t q1

Pr, t mVv2 Pr, t 2Tk Pr, t m0c2

20.10b

20.10c

Our approach explains also, why the excessive virtual pressure VirP andcorresponding thrust in B-B effect are directed to smaller electrode of capacitor.

Our starting conditions are as follows:1. In accordance to stage (3) of proposed above mechanism of B-B effect, the nucleons

(protons and neutrons) and electrons of the cathode (cat) and anode (an) at certain voltagemay generate positive and negative virtual trains from Bivacuum bosons of oppositepolarization:

Pr, tcatBVFBVF as

voltage Pr, tcatBVB

Pr, tcatBVB

Pr, tanBVFBVF as

voltage Pr, tanBVB

Pr, tanBVB

20.11

20.11a

The numbers of positive and negative Bivacuum bosons in corresponding trains Pt,rand Pr, t is dependent on the correlation time (t) of decoherence effects in Bivacuum,dependent on fluctuations of particles in the volume of the electrodes and the length (r) ofmicrotubules. The density of secondary active sites, generated by the cathode AScate, andanode ASane, is determined by density of elementary particles of corresponding leptongeneration (electrons and tauons) in composition these electrodes. The more ordered isstructure of the electrodes and dynamics of their particles, the bigger are correspondingPt,r and Pt,r and corresponding virtual trains length.

180

The resulting virtual pressure, acting on positive anode VirPran , is determined by thetotal kinetic energies of negatively charged virtual trains, composed from negativeBivacuum bosons, originated from Bivacuum fermions of secondary active sites AS invicinity of cathode and anode itself:

VirPran Tcat Pr, tcat Tan Pr, tan Tcat

Pr, tcat 20.12

The opposite virtual pressure, acting on negative cathode is, correspondingly:

VirPrcat Tan Pr, tan Tcat Pr, tcat Tan

Pr, tan 20.12a

Taking into account the dependence of kinetic energy of asymmetric Bivacuum dipoleson time of acceleration, dependent on separation (d) between dipoles and the electrode ofopposite charge in the moment of discharge (20.10a): Tk 1

2 mV a

effvt d

2 we may assumethat in (20.12): Tcat Tan and in (20.12a): Tan Tcat . Consequently, 20.12 and 20.12acan be simplified to:

VirPran Tcat Pr, tcatVirPrcat Tan Pr, tan

20.13 20.13a

As far the negative and positive symmetry shifts for Bivacuum fermions andantifermions and separation (d), which determine the values of Tcat and Tan are equal, thesekinetic energies are equal also: Tcat Tan Tk.

The excessive virtual pressure, acting on the anode can be positive or negative,depending on sign of Pr, tcat Pr, tan

e,p,n. It can be expressed as:

VirPre,p,n VirPran VirPrcat e,p,n Tk Pr, tcat Pr, tan e,p,n 20.14

where: the number of negative Bivacuum bosons hitting the anode, proportional tonumber of AS and number of coherent elementary particles: electrons (e), protons (p) andneutrons (n), generating them can expressed via their density and volume of cathode,occupied by them:

Pe,p,nr, tcat 3NAScate,p,n 3nenpnncat Slcat 20.15

the maximum number of positive Bivacuum bosons hitting cathode, generated byelementary particles of anode, is also dependent on density of elementary particles in theanode nenpnnan:

Pmaxr, tan 3NASan 3nenpnnan Slan 20.15a

Putting 20.15 and 20.15a to 20.14, we get for uncompensated virtual pressure, acting onsmaller electrode in the moment of discharge:

VirPr VirPran VirPrcat

3Tke,p,n nenpnncat Slcat nenpnnan Slan cos

or : VirPran 3Tkp,n npnncatcoscat Slcat npnnancosan Slan

20.16 20.16

20.16

We assume here, that the density of kinetic energy, provided by Bivacuum fermionsand antifermions of the electron’s anchor sites in space between the electrodes is muchless, than that of protonic or neutronic AS: 3Tkene 3Tk

p,nnpnncat as farTke/Tk

p,n me/mp,n 1/1800 and from 20.10a:

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3Tkp 3Tkn 3Tk

p,n 32 mV

aefft2

32 mV

aeffvt d

2 32 mV

v2

20.17

20.17

where: (mV m0/ is the Golden mean mass of asymmetric Bivacuum dipoles;

v c is the Golden mean velocity of this dipole.The maximum kinetic energy of single BVBq1

, accelerated under the action of basicVPWq1

is determined by Golden mean condition (see 20.10b and 20.10c).The coscat,an is a correlation factor of the anchor sites of cathode and anode. The cat,an

is the average deviation angle between the main axes of the AScat,an and direction of virtualtrains propagation in the electric field of capacitor in the moment of discharge. Easy to see,that correlation factor is maximum at coscat,an 1, i.e. at cat,an 0. The products of thesurface of cathode and anode (S) on their thickness (l): Slcat Vcat and Slan Van areequal to volumes of these electrodes. The virtual beams, composed from Bivacuum bosonsof the anchor sites of one electrode scatter on corresponding nucleons of the oppositeelectrode. The bigger is the mass of the cathode as respect to anode, the bigger istransferred kinetic energy from cathode to anode:

VirPran mVvcat2 Pr, tcat mV

can2 Pr, tan 20.18

We may see from (20.16b), that the bigger is difference between the dimensions of theelectrodes of capacitors the bigger is uncompensated virtual pressure VirPr, acting onsmaller electrode. Consequently, our explanation of B-B effect is in accordance withexperiment.

For the lifting effect the resulting kinetic energy of all coherent virtual particles,scattering on elementary particles of the electrode Tkres should overcome the energy ofgravitational attraction of capacitor (mCap to the Earth (M:

Tres k EG G mCapMr 20.19

The lifting effect was demonstrated by Naudin (http://members.aol.com/jnaudin509/).The proposed mechanism of B-B effect, mediated by virtual trains of asymmetric

Bivacuum fermions and antifermions, originated from the anchor sites of elementaryparticles of the electrodes can be verified using photo films. Corresponding experimentscan be performed, like in experiments of Sue Benford (2001) and Fredericks (2002),discussed in section 16.2. The correlated tracks on photoemulsion, produced by coherentcharged virtual clusters are anticipated. The collective and coherent properties of theconductivity electrons in the electrodes of capacitor are the important factor, which shouldincrease the correlation factor (cos and B-B effect, if our explanation is right. For itsverification this author propose to make the electrodes of capacitors from the magnets ofparamagnetic materials, where the electrons dynamics is ordered and correlated muchmore than in regular metals.

The B-B effect revealed by Podkletnov and Modanese (2001; 2003) confirms alreadythe importance of the electrons and other interrelated elementary particles (protons andneutrons) coherence in the volume of superconducting cathodes.The capacitors with specific asymmetric shape of the electrodes, like separated

hemispheres, cones or pyramids with Golden mean proportions, may provide theasymmetric repulsion force between two opposite electrodes and corresponding thrust in

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the moment of discharge. Such capacitors where named: Virtual Jet Generators (VJG), see[Kaivarainen, http://arXiv.org/abs/physics/0003001 (version 2000, section 10.2)].

20.1 Explanation of Podkletnov and Modanese experimentswith superconducting electrode

A device has been built and tested, in which a ceramic superconducting cathode and acopper anode cause electrical discharges in low pressure gases, at temperatures between 50and 70 K (Podkletnov and Modanese, 2001; 2003). The electrodes are connected to acapacitors array charged up to 2000 kV; peak currents are of the order of 104 A. Thecathode has the diameter of 10 cm.

The discharge is organized between the superconducting ceramic emitter - cathode andanode. The superconducting cathode has the shape of a disk. The anode is a copper diskwith similar diameter of 10 cm and the thickness of 1.5 cm. The design permits the creationof high vacuum inside the chamber or to fill the whole volume with any gas. The distancebetween the electrodes can vary from 15 to 40 cm in order to find the optimum length foreach type of the emitter.

In discharges at voltage above 500 kV two new phenomena were observed insuperconducting state of cathode:1st phenomena - the discharge does not look like a spark (like in the case of cathode in

non superconducting state). It is a flat, glowing discharge, which originates from the wholesurface of the superconducting electrode.

In accordance to our approach this flat discharge can be considered as a primary virtualreplica - the ’ether body’ of superconducting flat part of cathode;2nd phenomena - the radiation pulse is emitted at the discharge, which propagates

orthogonally to the cathode, towards the anode and beyond it in a collimated beam, withoutany or very small attenuation. The radiation pulse carries kinetic energy about 104 J.

The origin of this radiation the authors - Podkletnov and Modanese failed to identify.However, the electromagnetic nature of beam was excluded, as far the screening effect ofFaraday cage and metal plate was absent. This author explain unusual radiation, as avirtual beams, composed from filament-like polymerized asymmetric Bivacuum bosons(fig.13c or 13d). The collimated, laser type property of beam is a consequence of exchangeinteraction between its filaments by mean of cumulative virtual clouds (CVC emitted absorbed in the process of Bivacuum dipoles C W pulsation.

The discharge chamber was evacuated to 1.0 Pa. The liquid nitrogen was pumped into atank inside the chamber that contacts the superconducting emitter-cathode. Simultaneouslya current is sent to the solenoid that is wound around the emitter in order to create amagnetic flux inside the superconducting ceramic disk. When the temperature of the diskfalls below the transition temperature (usually 90 K) the solenoid is switched off. Theexperiment can be carried out at liquid nitrogen temperatures or at liquid heliumtemperatures at 40-50 K.

The anomalous radiation emitted is measured along the axis line which connects thecenter of the emitter with the center of the anode. Laser pointers were used to define theprojection of the axis line and momentum sensitive detectors were placed at the distance of6 m and 150 m from the discharge chamber.

Regular pendulums were used as a detectors of the radiation pulses coming from theemitter/cathode. The pendulums consisted of spheres of different materials hanging oncotton strings (80 cm long) inside glass cylinders under vacuum. The spheres had typicallya diameter from 10 to 25 mm and had a small pointer in the bottom part. A ruler wasplaced in the bottom part of the cylinder, 2 mm lower than the pointer. The deflection wasobserved visually using a ruler inside the cylinder. The significant variations in the

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amplitude of the impulse for repeated discharges where observed.Various materials were used as a spheres of the pendulum: metal, glass, ceramics,

wood, rubber, plastic. The tests were carried out when the installation was covered with aFaraday cage and ultra high frequency EM radiation absorbing material and without them.The discharge chamber was separated from the pendulums with 30 cm thick brick wall anda 25 mm thick list of steel with the dimensions 11.2 m. The pendulums that were situated150 m away were additionally shielded by brick walls of 80 cm thickness.

The discharge at room temperature (in regular conducting state of the cathode) in thevoltage range from 100 kV to 2000 kV was similar to a discharge between metal electrodesand consisted of a single spark. When the superconductor was cooled down below thetransition temperature, the shape of the discharge blow 500 kV changed in such a way thatit did not form a direct spark between the two electrodes, but the sparks appeared frommany points on the superconducting emitter and then moved to the anode. When thevoltage was increased to 500 kV the front of the moving discharge became flat with thediameter corresponding to that of the emitter. This flat glowing discharge separated fromthe emitter and moved to the target electrode with great speed. For maximum distancebetween the emitter and the target (about 1 m) it is possible to see the flat glowing sparklethat jumps from the emitter to the target. When the distance is reduced to 0.25 m the timeof the discharge as defined by the photo diode is between 105 and 104 s. The peak valueof the current at the discharge for the maximum voltage (2000 kV) is of the order of 104 A.Using the Geiger counter and of X-rays sensitive photographic plates did not yield anysignature of X-rays.

It was found out that high voltage discharges organized through the superconductingemitter kept at the temperature of 50-70 K were accompanied by a very short pulse ofradiation coming from the superconductor and propagating along the axis line connectingthe center of the emitter-cathode and the center of the anode in the same direction as thedischarge. The radiation appeared to penetrate through different bodies without anynoticeable loss of beam strength. It acted on small interposed mobile objects like arepulsive force field, with a force proportional to the mass of the objects.

The presence of trapped magnetic flux in the emitter was found to lead to an increase inthe impulse strength of approximately the 25%. The disk-shaped magnet was attached withone surface to the cooling tank and with another surface to the ceramic emitter. This meansthat increasing of coherence of system: [electrons protons and neutrons] ofsuperconducting part of cathode enhance the density of virtual beams and their resultingkinetic energy (see previous section).

The response recorded by the microphone has the typical behavior of an ideal pulsefiltered with a bandwidth of about 16 kHz, attributed to the microphone. The relativeenergy of the pulses decreases with increasing the angle of the normal to the diaphragmwith respect to direction of beam. No signal has been detected outside the impact region.

The period between discharge was about 2 min - the capacitor charging time.The dependence of the effect on the temperature (in the range between 50 and 70 K)

and on the duration of the high voltage pulse was not significant.In order to investigate the interaction of this radiation with various materials, several

tests were carried out, with pendulums and microphones. The correlation between thedischarge voltage and the corresponding horizontal deflection of the pendulum (∆l) asmeasured for two different superconducting layers of cathode with thickness 4 mm and 8mm. Each value of deflection was averaged from 12 discharges. A rubber sphere with theweight of 18.5g was used as material of the pendulum.

It is important to note that deflection increases with thickness of superconducting layeralmost proportionally. This fact confirms our mechanism of virtual trains and beams

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formation from asymmetric Bivacuum bosons, described in previous section. The numberof secondary anchor sites (AS), as a background of beams and ability of AS forpolymerization should be proportional to number of highly ordered elementary particles insuperconducting part of the cathode.

It was found that the force of the impact on pendulums made of different materials doesnot depend on the material but is only proportional to the mass of the sample. This wasproved by a large number of measurements using spherical samples of different mass anddiameter. The range of the employed test masses was between 10 and 50 g. The pendulumswhere not heated after repeated pulses.

Measurements of the impulse taken at close distance (3-6 m) from the dischargechamber and at the distance of 150 m gave identical results, within the experimental errors.As the points of measurements were separated by a thick brick wall and by air, it meansthat the losses of beam energy in the media were negligible. The beam does not appear todiverge and its borders are clear-cut.

The interaction of the laser beam with the anomalous radiation in a region having thelength of ca. 57 m caused the intensity of the initial laser spot to decrease by 7-10% duringthe discharge and then return quickly to baseline: our sensor indicates a rise time of 107 sor less. This points to possible absorption or scattering of photons by anomalous radiation.This is in accordance with our explanation of the nature of collimated beams fromasymmetric Bivacuum dipoles, resembling that, composing photons.

Let us summarize the features of the observed anomalous non-electromagneticradiation and try to explain them, using proposed in previous section mechanism ofBiefeld-Brown effect. In fact, all these features are well described by proposed mechanism(see stages 1-5).

1. The Podkletnov-Modanese radiation (2001; 2003) propagates in a well-collimatedbeam, with clean borders, having the same width as the superconducting emitter. The beamis emitted orthogonally to the electrode.Explanation: see stage (5) in our description of Biefeld-Brown effect in previous

section, explaining stability of adjacent virtual trains in beams by the exchange interactionof cumulative virtual clouds (CVC, emitting and absorbing in the process of C Wpulsation of asymmetric Bivacuum bosons, forming virtual trains and beams.

2. The radiation appears to propagate through brick walls and metal plates withoutnoticeable absorption, but this is not due to a weak coupling with matter, because theradiation acts with significant strength on the test masses that are free to move. Theelectromagnetic shielding was provided with thick metal plates, the Faraday cage and UHFabsorbing panels.Explanation: In accordance to proposed mechanism this effect can be a result of

following factors:a) very low density of electric charges of virtual beams;b) low probability of scattering of beams on nuclears of screens and pendulums, as far

the volume, occupied by nuclears are many orders less than the volume of matter,transparent for virtual beams;c) the apparent absence of virtual beams kinetic energy attenuation after rare

scattering acts on the nucleons of targets is a result of compensation of the energy losses bythe exchange interaction of beams Bivacuum bosons BVB and BVB of oppositepolarization with basic Bivacuum pressure waves: VPWq1

and VPWq1 , correspondingly.

3. This radiation conveys an impulse which is certainly not related to the carried energyby the usual dispersion relation E cp. One can in fact estimate, considering the data forthe 18.5 gr. pendulum, that the kinetic energy associated to the observed displacement is of

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the order of 104 J and the momentum is of the order of 103 kg m/s. If this momentum hadto be imparted to the pendulum by radiation pressure, the energy needed in the beam wouldexceed the total energy available in the discharge (~106 J ). Moreover, the radiation energyin excess would heat up the pendulum.Explanation: this energy is not the EM radiation energy, but the kinetic energy of

virtual beams (eqs. 20.10 b,c), moving with maximum velocity: vmax 0.618 c , less

than the light one. The experimental evaluation of virtual beam velocity after propagationthrow the anode or screens could be a good experimental evidence in proof of our theory.The heating of pendulums is absent because the energy changes, accompanied scattering ofvirtual beams on nucleons of targets is not not enough to excite the high frequency thermalphonons, just like in Mössbauer effect. However, the low frequency vibrations, induced bybeams, where registered in the membranes of the microphones.

4. The anomalous radiation acts upon targets of any composition, with a forceproportional to their mass and apparently independent from their cross-section. Theproportionality to mass is confirmed only within the reproducibility of the dischargeprocess; the casual error (standard deviation of the single data) is between 5% and 7%.Explanation: the virtual beams are composed from asymmetric Bivacuum bosons of

tau-generation, able to inelastic scattering on protons and neutrons of targets nuclears,transmitting them part of their kinetic energy. Each of nucleons is in fact a mini-target forvirtual beams action. Consequently, the bigger is number of protons and neutrons, i.e.bigger is mass of macro-target, the bigger is repulsive effect on this target,exerted byvirtual beams, independently of its composition. Most likely that the interaction/dissipationof virtual beams on the nucleons of targets occur when both are in Corpuscular phase.

The ability of Unified theory to explain such complicated and nontrivial overunityphenomena, like Podkletnov - Modanese and Searl (next section) effects, is the additionalevidence of its correctness. This demonstrates also good potential of our approach to newradical solution of Global energetic problem.

21 Possible explanation of Searl Effect, based on Unified theoryThe Searl effect, confirmed in experiments of Roshin and Godin (2000), displays itself

in decreasing or increasing weight of rotating permanent magnets, depending on directionof their rotation as respect to Earth gravity vector: clockwise or anticlockwise,correspondingly and self-acceleration of rotation after overcoming of certain speedthreshold.

The setup (convertor) of Roshin and Godin is comprised by immobile ring - shapestator and rotor, carrying magnetic rollers and moving around the massive stator. Thediameter of rotor is about 1 m. The stator (weight 110 kg) and magnetic rollers (totalweight 115 kg) were manufactured from separate magnetized segments with residualmagnetization of 0.85 T, a coercive force of [Hc] ~600 kA/m and a specific magneticenergy of [W] ~150 J/m3. The stator and rotor with joint diameter about 1 m wereassembled on a single platform made of nonmagnetic material.

Two main effects, accompanied acceleration of the rotor where revealed:I. Decreasing or increasing of the effective mass of Magnetic Energy Converter (MEC),

depending on clockwise or anticlockwise direction of rotor of MEC, respectively;II. Self-acceleration of the rotor after achieving the critical rotation frequency.They can be considered separately, as far in accordance to our Unified theory, they are

based on different physical mechanisms. However, they are interrelated in conditions ofexperiment and may reinforce each other.

The decreasing or increasing of the effective mass of rotating MEC in Searl effect,

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depending on clockwise or anticlockwise direction of MEC rotor rotation, correspondingly,can be a consequence of number of stages of Bivacuum dipoles collective reorganization.

The experiments of Roshin and Godin (2000) show that the change of the effectivemass of MEC and origination of coaxial magnetic walls around stator rotor start at thesame rotation frequency - about 200 rpm. The maximum weight of MEC increasing ordecreasing is about 30-35% getting the saturation at the rotor frequency about 600 rpm.

The mechanism of weight variation in this work has a lot of common with influence ofvirtual beams on pendulums, accompanied discharge in Podkletnov-Modanese experimentswith superconducting cathode in discharge conditions, described in section (21.1) andillustrated on Fig.14.Let us consider firstly the decreasing of the effective mass of MEC, accompanied the

clockwise rotation of rotor stage by stage:Stage 1.The Bivacuum dipoles symmetry shift, induced by curled magnetic field of the MEC

magnetic rolls, is accompanied by corresponding mass mV mVmV

and chargee ee shifts, followed by activation of the pairs BVF

BVF e,, rotation

around the main axis.The self-assembly of Cooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions of the electrons, muons and

tauons generations BVF BVF

e,,, surrounding the rotor, into double virtualmicrotubules (VirMTBVFBVF

e,, of anticlockwise rotation, compensate partly theangular momentum of the rotor (Fig.13b). As far the kinetic energy and virtual pressure,exerted by double (VirMTBVFBVF

and mono VirMTBVB , assembled from

heaviest asymmetric Bivacuum dipoles of tau generation is much higher than that,composed by the e- and generations (VirMTBVFBVF

e,, we will consider only theeffect of virtual filaments, composed from pairs BVF

BVF and mono BVB.

The rotational kinetic energy of double VirMTBVFBVF , rotating around its main axistends to Golden mean (GM) condition as a consequence of resonant exchange interactionof its pairs BVF

BVF with basic virtual pressure waves VPW VPW q1 of

Bivacuum:

2Tk

rot

|mV

mV |rot c2 m0c2 mV

v2rot mV

L2rot2 21.1

The process of double virtual microtubules assembly from rotating Cooper pairsBVF

BVF at Golden mean conditions can be described as:N

BVF BVF

nanticlock

rotation Pr, tBVF

BVF VirMTBVFBVF

21.1a

The described stage 1 is a permanent source of virtual structures, necessary forrealization of the next stage.Stage 2.The disassembly of double VirMTBVFBVF

to pair of single microtubules of

Bivacuum bosons, turning the rotational kinetic energy of VirMTBVFBVF

totranslational kinetic energy of two mono virtual trains VirMTBVB

Pr, tupBVB

and VirMTBVB Pr, tdownBVB

of opposite direction of propagation: upward anddownload with Golden mean velocity: v c, strictly normal as respect to plane of MECrotation. This disassembly can be stimulated by the opposite influence of the Lorentz forceon asymmetric BVF

and BVF n of opposite charges. The Golden mean velocity of

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single microtubules is maintained by resonant interaction of their BVBq with basicvirtual pressure waves VPW VPW q1

e, . The same energy exchange mechanism keepsthe Golden mean tangential velocity of rotating double VirMTBVFBVF

e,.

The translational kinetic energy Tk

trof each of asymmetric BVB

in composition ofmono VirMTBVB

or VirMTBVB at Golden mean (GM) conditions is the same as (21.1):

Tk

tr

1

2 m0c2 12 mV

v2 tr 1

2 hCW 21.2

The Compton frequency of corresponding C W pulsation of asymmetric BVB of

tau generation from 21.2 is close to the frequency of basic VPWq1 :

CW m0c2/h VPWq1

1024s1 21.2a

For the electron this frequency has the order of 1021s1.We make an assumption that dynamic equilibrium between the number of upward and

download virtual trains can be strongly shifted to the upward or downward one, dependingon direction of the rotor rotation. The possible reason of the upward trains selective shift isthe counter-clockwise rotation of unpaired - uncompensated torus (V of upperasymmetric Bivacuum boson in triplets (Fig.14 d), correlated with clockwise direction ofMEC rolls rotation. We get the resulting virtual pressure up, directed upward, providedby the coupling of the 1st virtual cylinder with the nucleons of MEC in the case ofclockwise rotation of the rotor:

Pr, tBVF BVF as

anticlocwise

disassembly Pr, tdownBVB

Pr, tupBVB

up Tk

rot

Pr, tBVF

BVF as

anticlocwise

disassembly Tk

tr

Pr, tupBVB

at Pr, tup Pr, tdown

21

21

21

The situation in the case of counter clockwise rotation of the rotor, increasing theeffective mass of MEC is opposite: Pr, tup Pr, tdown. The pressure of downwarddirected virtual trains, propagating with velocity v c on the rotor of MEC, isdominating.Stage 3.The self-assembly of the upward or downward directed trains side-by-side with

increasing of the rotor frequency is followed by formation of the 1st virtual cylinder withdiameter, coinciding with diameter of the rotor (1 m). We suppose that stabilization of thiscylinder occur when the perimeter of the 1st virtual cylinder will corresponds to conditionsof transversal virtual standing wave of BVB

at condition when quantum number ofstanding wave (n 1):

n BVBanc n h|mV

mV |c

n hmV

vv/c n 2r n d 21.4

The vertical translational motion of charged particles, like asymmetric BVB as

,composing virtual trains and cylinders in magnetic field turns their trajectory to closed -circular one under the influence of Lorentz force.

In the absence of electric field E 0, the Lorentz force is:

188

F ec vH 21.4a

The translational energy of each of Bivacuum bosons of GM symmetry shift (BVB,

composing VirMTBVB , forming in turn virtual cylinders around rotating MEC, responsible

for transversal standing de Broglie waves, can be presented as:

hCWanc |mV mV

|ancc2 mVv2 21.5

The frequency CWanc of translational - transversal de Broglie wave of each of the’anchor site’ of Bivacuum bosons (BVBanc can be evaluated from the assumption, thatthe period of this transversal de Broglie wave is determined by the time, necessary forpropagation/spreading of pair of cumulative virtual clouds CVC CVC anc, emitted bypair of adjoined BVB BVB, composing VirMTBVB

(see Fig.13d) with light velocity(c) around the perimeter of the 1st virtual cylinder (Fig.14). The length of each of thesetransversal CVCanc is equal to transversal de Broglie wave of BVBanc :

BVBanc CVCCVC anc c

CWanc hmV

v2/c d 21.6

The C W pulsation of the anchor sites of BVB BVB of the huge number ofvirtual microtubules VirMTBVB

is coherent. It can be calculated from 21.6 as:

CWanc |mV

mV |ancc2

h cd

3 108 m/s3.14 1m 1 108s1 21.7

From this formula we can calculate the anchor site mass symmetry shift, determined bytranslational/transversal motion of BVB

in composition of rotating virtual cylinders,normal to their vertical propagation:

mBVBanc |mV mV

|anc hCWanc

c2 7.4 1041 kg 21.8

where: h 6.6260755 1034 J s c 3 108 m s1

The rest mass of the electron and proton/neutron is many orders bigger:|mV

mV |anc m0

e 9.1093897 1031 kg m0p 1.6726231 1027 kg.

This means that mass and charge symmetry shift of the anchor sites of BVBanc as a partof BVB

is very small and mV mV

anc m0e .

The system of vertical VirMTBVB and VirMTBVB

composing virtual walls of cylindersin the cases of opposite rotation of MEC can be considered as a 2D transversal virtual Bosecondensate. These virtual cylinder is rotating around the center of working MEC withtangential velocity, derived from 21.5 and 21.7:

v c|mV

mV |anc

mV c |mV

mV |anc

m0e 3 108 m s1106 3 103 m s1 21.9

This tangential velocity of virtual cylinders rotation around the center of MEC is muchlower than their vertical - upward directed velocity in the case of clockwise rotation ofrotor of MEC and downward velocity, when the rotation is counter clockwise. This Goldenmean translational - vertical velocity of cylinders isv c 0.786 c 2.3 108 m s1.

The total energy of each asymmetric Bivacuum boson of virtual cylinders:

189

Pr, tdownBVB or Pr, tupBVB

, participating in two kind of motion - the vertical,influencing the effective wight of MEC and tangential around the main axis of cylinderscan be presented as:

Etot EBVB Eanc R m0c2 mV

v2e,

or : Etot EBVB R m0c2 0.618 m0c2

e,

as far EBVB Eanc

21.10

21.10a

where:

R 1 v/c2 1 0.618 0.618 21.10b

in accordance with known quadratic equation for Golden mean:

1 2 0

or : 1 1

21.11

The corresponding lifting or pressing energy, provided by scattering/coupling of hugenumber of vertical virtual trains - VirMTBVB

forming virtual cylinders, moving withGolden mean velocity upward or downward, acting on the electrons and nucleons (protonsand neutrons) of rotor of MEC may provide the decreasing or increasing of the effectivewight of MEC, registered experimentally. The formation of additional set of virtualcylinders around MEC may increase the virtual pressure of the closest - 1st one on the rotorof MEC, if they are coupling with each other as described in the next stage 4.Stage 4. The formation of secondary set of virtual cylinders around working MEC can

be induced by the basic virtual pressure waves VPW VPW q1, modulated byC W frequency anchor sites of BVBanc (21.7): CWanc 1 108s1, composingthe 1st - primary cylinder: VPWm

.From the big number of modulated by frequency of the anchor site frequency CWanc

asymmetric Bivacuum bosons around the 1st virtual cylinder only part of them,corresponding to condition of standing waves:

n BVBanc n 2r n d 21.12

may compose next stable virtual cylinders around working MEC. The maximum number ofvirtual cylinders in Roshin and Godin (2000) experiments, including the 1st one was 12.The step-wise increasing of their diameters up to n 8 - strictly follows a standing wavescondition (21.12): n 1d nd d 1 m (fig.15)

190

Fig.15. The positions of magnetic walls of virtual cylinders around the magneto-electricconvertor (MEC).The thickness of walls about 6 sm. The diameter of the 1st cylinder coincide with diameterof rotor of MEC, equal to 1m. The stability of virtual cylinders is determined by conditionsof condition of standing waves: n BVBanc n 2r n d.

The space step between the outer cylinders gradually increases up to 1.6m at the lastcylinder at n 12. Obviously, the violation of standing wave condition of remote fromcenter virtual cylinders destabilize them.

The coupling between the 1st and the number of outer virtual cylinders, provided byexchange interaction of modulated VPWm

between cylinders, may increase the virtualupward or downward pressure of the first cylinder on the rotor of MEC.

The height of cylinders walls was measured up to 6 m and thickness about 7 mm. It isquite possible that their height extends much further. Like in Podkletnov experiments(section 20.1), the propagation of virtual walls throw the steel concrete was notaccompanied by any decay. This confirms the similarity of mechanisms of virtual beamsinteraction with nucleons of targets in both cases and compensation of coupling energyloses as a result of resonant exchange interaction of BVB

, composing beams andcylinders with basic virtual pressure waves of Bivacuum VPWq1

.The ’magnetic walls’ of virtual cylinders represents a zones of increased magnetic field

strength (about 50 mT), as compared to field strength between them. Another effect relatedwith cylinders is decreasing of air molecules kinetic energy exerted by their walls. Itdisplays itself in decreased temperature in walls and in laboratory space itself because ofconvection from about 22 0C till 16-15 0C. These effects increases with the rotor rotationfrequency. The latter we explain by increasing of density of virtual trains, composing wallswith frequency of magnetic rolls rotation.

Our approach explains also the temperature decreasing in walls of virtual cylinders infollowing way. The tangential kinetic energy of each BVB of walls of cylinder can becalculated as a product of tangential anchor mass (21.8) and corresponding velocity (21.9)squared:

Tk 12 m

v2 12 7.4 1041 kg 9 106m s12 3.3 1034 J

Tk Tkair kT 1.3806568 1023 J K1 295 K 4 1021 J

21.13

21.13a

We may see, that the transversal kinetic energy of virtual cylinders is many orderslower than most probable thermal kinetic energy of the air molecules at the roomtemperature (220C), following from the Maxwell - Boltzmann distribution:Tkair kT mv2/2 Tk. Corresponding redistribution of tangential kinetic energyof walls and thermal kinetic energy of air molecules should be accompanied by air cooling.This effect was observed, indeed, in experiments of Roshin and Godin (2000).

191

The longitudinal mass of tauons at symmetry shift, determined by GM conditions,composing vertical virtual trains VirMTBVB

and VirMTBVB is about two times bigger,

than the mass of proton, i.e.m 3.2 1027 kg.Corresponding transversal kinetic energy of tauons with this mass is about 30 times

bigger than the thermal one (kT):

Tk 12 m

v2 12 3.2 1027 kg 9106 m s1 1.4 1020 J 21.14

However, in this case the decreasing of temperature of air in the walls of virtualcylinders also can be explained as a consequence of conversion of chaotic thermal motionof the air molecules to the ordered motion, directed by slow axial rotation of virtualcylinders. The kinetic energy, responsible for temperature, turns to potential one.

The virtual cylinders, formed by assembly of virtual trains from Bivacuum bosons oftau ( and electronic (e) generation, may increase the contribution of Van-der-Waalsinteraction potential energy of the air molecules, decreasing that of kinetic energy andcorresponding temperature. This can be a result of increasing of atoms polarizability - theeffective volume of atoms, as a consequence of enhancement of Bivacuum permittivity (0in the internal space of atoms with radius (rat, decreasing the Coulomb interactionbetween positive nuclear and negative electrons of atoms:

FC 14 0

e Zrat2

21.14a

In limit case this effect can be followed even by ionization of atoms accompanied bytheir thermal collisions.

The vertical kinetic energy of asymmetric BVB in composition of cylinders can be

calculated like in 21.14, using its longitudinal Golden mean velocity squared:v2 c2 5.31016 m s1:

Tk

12 m

v2 12 3.2 1027 kg 5.31016 m s1 8.48 1011 J 21.15

This energy of individual BVB in virtual beams/trains, acting on nucleons of

pendulums in Podkletnov - Modanese experiments (section 20.1) and nucleons of rotor inChashin - Godin working MEC, is about 10 orders higher, than the kinetic energy of the airmolecules: kT ~ 4 1021 J. However, we have to keep in mind that the total impact of thewhole virtual train Tk

tot

on each nucleon is a result of cumulative effect of all BVB

composing train and is proportional to their number NBVB in train:Tk

tot

NBVB Tk

.

The pushing up the MEC platform kinetic energy of BVB of virtual trains:

NBVB Tk

is also many orders bigger than the gravitational attraction between anyproton or neutron of the pendulum or rotor of MEC and the Earth with massM 5.97 1024kg and the Earth radius R 6.37 106 m:

EG G mpMR

6.67259 1011 1.6726231 1027 kg 5.97 1024 kg

6.37 106 m 1 1019 J

21.16

21.16a

Only small part of virtual trains is coupling with nucleons, as far the volume occupied

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by nuclears of atoms of target is many orders smaller, than volume, occupied by atomsitself. In the gas phase, like air, the probability of scattering of virtual trains on nuclears iseven much lower than in solid state.

The density of the kinetic energy of each asymmetric BVB of tau generation,

composing virtual cylinders, coupling with nucleons (protons and neutrons) of MEC can becalculated as a ratio of transversal kinetic energy of BVB

(21.15):Tk

8.48 1011J to the volume of BVB in corpuscular phase (VC. This volume

is equal to that of truncated cone, occupied by asymmetric pairs of torus (V and antitorus(V (Korn and Korn, 1968):

VC d LV2 LVLV LV2 21.17

where the radiuses of Compton bases LV and LV and their squaresSV LV2 and SV LV2 at L0 /m0

c 1 1016 m can be calculated, using eqs. 4.3and 4.3a at Golden mean conditions v2/c2

ext 0.618:

LV L01 1/4 1016 0.786 0.8 1016m

LV L0

1 1/4

1016

0.786 1.27 1016m

L0 LVLV 1/2 /m0c 1 1016m

21.18

21.18a

21.18b

d is the high of truncated cone (eq.1.4) at Golden mean conditions:

[dVV]n h

m0c L0 1 1016m 21.19

Putting these values to (21.17) we get the volume of Bivacuum boson in corpuscularphase at golden mean conditions: VC 1047 m3. The corresponding density of kineticenergy as a ratio of (21.15) to this volume is:

Tk Tk

/VC 8.48 1011 J

1047 m3 8.5 1037J 21.20

It is high value indeed. Even if the probability of scattering of virtual trains on thenucleons is low one may anticipate that this process should influence not only themomentum of atomic nuclears, but also the rate of radioactive decay of special targets onthe way of virtual cylinders walls propagation.

II. The self-acceleration of MEC rotor.It occur after its rotation frequency 550 r/min (clockwise rotation) and 600 rpm

(anticlockwise rotation). The decreasing/increasing of the effective MEC mass at thisconditions is already about 30%. For explanation of this important overunity phenomena,we proceed from assumption, that between the tangential velocity of MEC paramagneticrolls rotation around stator, the most probable translational velocity of real ’free’ electrons,composing coherent clusters near rolls surface, and dynamics of ions of the rolls lattice, thestrong coupling is existing.

The additional acceleration of orchestrated collectivized electrons in moving/rotatingmagnets (rolls) and MEC rotor occur as a result of the conductivity electrons resonantinteraction with excited virtual pressure waves of Bivacuum VPWq2,3

. At q 2, theresonant velocity of the electrons is v 2,6 1010cm/s (see eq.19.4). The excitation of

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high-frequency VPWq2,3 (see section 19.2) around MEC is a crucial condition of its

self-acceleration. It may be provided, for example, by the electric discharges accompaniedrotation MEC paramagnetic rolls with high enough angular frequency even in vacuumenvironment. The existence of glowing corona discharge was registered indeed around therotor and stator of working MEC and especially around fast rotating rolls (Fig.15). Thiseffect can be a consequence of lowering of the threshold of ionization because ofincreasing of permittivity in the internal space of atoms in accordance with (21.14a). Thismakes possible ionization of the air atoms/molecules as a result of their thermal collisions.

Fig.16. The strips of the enhanced brightnesses around working MEC. The separationbetween strips is 5 cm. It correspond to the half length of photons, excited in process ofcyclotron resonance with ions and electrons in the air surrounding MEC.

In accordance to explanation, presented in section 19.1 and 19.2, the high frequencyvirtual pressure waves, necessary for acceleration of translational dynamics of theelectrons, protons and neutrons, in process of the forced resonance can be a consequence ofthe double virtual microtubules dissociation to single virtual microtubules:

VirMTBVFBVFE,H,Gfields 2VirMTBVB VPWq2,3..

VirSWq2,3..1/2

The same process is necessary for virtual trains and cylinders formation around therotor of MEC. The coherent C W pulsation of big number of asymmetric Bivacuumdipoles in composition of virtual walls at Golden mean conditions also may provide theexcitation of high-frequency virtual pressure waves.

We have to stress, that if the construction of Magnetic Energy Converter (MEC) do notprovide the excitation of high-frequency VPWq2,3

, the self-acceleration of rotor isimpossible.

The forced resonant interaction of free electrons of the rolls with low frequency basicVPWq1

slows down translational dynamics of ’free’ electrons in magnetic rolls and triggerself-acceleration of the rotor. Such virtual waves produce the opposite - retarding effect ontranslational dynamics of ’free’ electrons, coupling with the lattice of rolls. The virtualpressure waves, generated by Bivacuum dipoles of tau-generation may influence directlyon the protons and neutrons of the lattice of paramagnetic rolls.

The induced by VPWq2,3 e, self-acceleration of rotor becomes possible only after

acquiring by the surface electrons or nucleons of the rolls a sufficient resulting velocity forpull-in-range combinational resonance condition (eq.19.4). The most probable velocity of’free gas’ of elementary particles in the rolls can be evaluated approximately usingMaxwell distribution for ideal gas:

vin 2kTme

~107 cm/s at room temperature 21.1

After the rolls surface electrons tangential velocity overcomes certain threshold (aboutvext 3 104 cm/s the MEC rotor acceleration starts. At this condition the most probable

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resulting translational velocity of the conducting electrons in paramagnetic parts of rollersbecomes close enough to resonant velocity at q 2 for pull-in range accelerationconditions:

v v in vext

v q2,3res 21.2

The pull-in range condition becomes effective when the frequency of elementaryparticles C W pulsation, dependent on velocity (v: v mV

c2/ and frequency ofquantized virtual pressure waves (VPWq

: VPWq qm0c2/ become close enough:

res c2/qm0 mV 0 21.3

where the condition of acceleration is: q 2,3, . . . q 1 and the condition ofretardation is q 1.

The rolls of rotor acceleration should be accompanied by the enhancement of degree oftheir particles C W pulsation coherency in the process of their resonant interactionwith virtual pressure waves VPWq2,3..

.Two more consequences of proposed mechanism of MEC function, which can be

verified experimentally can be proposed:1. The vertical virtual cylinders should affect the torsion pendulums with horizontal

axis with sign of shift, depending on direction of magnetic rolls rotation;2. Different probability and rate of radioactive decay in special targets inside and

outside the virtual walls.Following practical recommendations could be useful in future MEC designing.The threshold of self-accelerating velocity should be dependent on dimensions of

magnetic domains and their ordering in magnetic rolls. These factors determines theprobability of double virtual microtubules formation and heir dissociation to single ones:VirMTBVFBVF

E,H,Gfields 2VirMTBVB . The bigger is concentration of conductivity

electrons in the rolls, the more effective will be the rolls coupling with high-frequencyvirtual pressure waves [VPW VPWq2,3...

22 The Bearden Motionless Electromagnetic Generator (MEG)Good descriptions of the Tom Bearden (2000 - 2002) free energy collector, as a part of

motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG) action principle, has been presented byNaudin (2001) and by Squires (2000).

The interesting attempt for theoretical background of extracting energy from vacuumhas been done in work of Myron Evans (2002), using Sachs theory of electrodynamics(Sachs, 2002), unifying the gravitational and electromagnetic fields. In this theory bothfields are their own sources of energy: the equivalent to mass and equivalent to 4-cuurrent,correspondingly. The electromagnetic field influence the gravitational field and vice versa.The Sachs theory cannot be reduced to the Maxwell - Heaviside theory. The Evans (2002)comes to conclusion that just because of existence of space-time curvature (alwayspertinent for our secondary Bivacuum), any kind of dipole (like our sub-elementaryfermions F) can be used for extracting of energy from space. The idea of dipole, as a freeenergy transmitter, has been used by Bearden (2000) for explanation of his MEG.

In our approach the superfluous energy of space, as a result of excessive electriccurrent, extracted by Motionless Electromagnetic Generators (MEG), constructed andpatented in US by Patrick, Bearden, Hayes, Moore and Kenny (2002) can be a result ofacceleration of the electrons, induced by resonant interaction with high - frequency

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Bivacuum virtual pressure waves VPWq2,3 , described in previous sections. In such a way

the ’free’ energy of Bivacuum is converted to additional kinetic energy of the coherentelectrons in ’collectors’. This increment of kinetic energy, like in B-B effect, increases theelectrons flux in short - living nonequilibrium states, realized in MEG. The role ofmagnetic field action in MEG and de Palma overunity machines, based on Faraday disk, isto increase the fraction of coherent electrons and cumulative effect of their interaction withVPWq2,3

in conducting parts of devices.

Let us analyze how ’self-acceleration’ of the electrons with Bivacuum Virtual PressureWaves (VPWq2

after achievement of threshold of pull-in range conditions can increasethe electric current:

1. By increasing of the conducting electrons resulting group velocity (v vq2 andtheir kinetic energy (mV

v2 under the VPWq2 action, as far:

EE mV c2 m0c2

1 vq2/c21/2tr

VPWq2

mq2vq22 2m0c2 22.1

2. By increasing the actual electric charge (e, with resulting group velocity (v vq2increasing, as far from (4.5):

ee0

11 v/c21/4 22.2

In MEG the activation of the conducting electronic ’gas’ in ’collector’ occur inshort-living nonequilibrium states, induced by periodic action of the ramp generator incombination with permanent magnetic field action. Corresponding excitation of high -frequency Bivacuum virtual pressure waves and starting acceleration of the electrons isnecessary for initiation of pull-in-range forced resonant process of C W pulsation of theconducting electrons and VPWq2,3

. In these conditions the ratio of MEG output energy toinput energy becomes overunity (coefficient of performance: COP1) (Naudin, 2001;Bearden, 2002).

The MEG, like other overunity devices, works on the principle water-mill, using thepull-in range synchronization action of VPWq2,3

of Bivacuum, increasing the frequency ofconducting electrons C W pulsation, related directly to their translational kinetic energy(7.4):

CW mVc2 R0rot

in Bext tr Rm0c2rotin mV

vtr2 ext

23. The hydrosonic or cavitational overunity devicesIn hydrosonic or cavitation overunity devices, using ultrasound induced cavitation, the

collapsing of bubbles is accompanied by high temperature jump about 6000 K, ionizationand dissociation of liquids molecules (i.e. H2O H HO, tearing off the electrons andvisible radiation (sonoluminescence). The additional accelerations of the electrons andprotons in their pull-in range conditions with VPWq1

provide the ratio of output to inputenergy (Coefficient of performance) in the range 1,5 - 7.

In all kinds of known ’free energy’ generators, like in Kozyrev’s experiments, one orboth of interacting systems should be in nonequilibrium state.

The same principle of conversion of Bivacuum virtual pressure energy of (VPWq1 to

additional kinetic energy of the electrons and protons in-pull in range conditions, close

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enough to resonance ones CW q0, is working in all other known kinds of overunitydevices:

- plasma-type devices;- magnetic motors, like Faraday’s rotating disk;- cold fusion, etc.In all kinds of known ’free energy’ generators, one or both of interacting systems

should be in nonequilibrium dynamic state, necessary for achievement of quasi-resonantconditions of C W pulsations of elementary particles with the excited high-frequencyVirtual Pressure Waves of Bivacuum (VPWq1

.The excitation of high-frequency VPWq2,3

can be stimulated by alternating or pulsingEM fields. The latter is important for tuning of the electrons de Broglie wave frequency topull-in-range combinational resonance with VPWq2,3

.The new company in USA: Electron Power Systems (EPS) is promoting a clean,

non-polluting energy technology. It will enable clean electricity production for one-tenth itscost today. It will potentially lead to low-mass, high-energy power for cars, aircraft andspace launch vehicles. It does not use fossil fuels, and does not produce pollution. ClintSeward is the discoverer of the electron spiral toroid (EST) and received the initial patents.

Tis self-organized plasma toroid remains stable without magnetic confinement, byusing background gas pressure for confinement instead. These plasma toroids are observedto remain stable for thousands of times longer than classical plasma toroids, which opensthe way for new clean energy applications:http://www.electronpowersystems.com/index.html.

This author predicts that such toroids, containing free electrons at certain accelerationwill generate overunity energy as a result of coupling with high-frequency VPWq2,3

.However, the latter also should be excited as a result of plasma toroids acceleration.

A lot of interesting proposals/examples of zero-point energy taping from vacuum arepresented at the site: http://freeenergynews.com/Directory/ZPE/ maintained by PESNetwork, Inc.

The number of unusual phenomena where discovered by John Hutchison in 1979 (see:www.hutchisoneffect.biz and www.bluebookfilms.com). Electromagnetic influencesdeveloped by a combination of electric power equipment, including Tesla coils, haveproduced levitation of heavy objects (including a 60-pound canon ball), fusion of dissimilarmaterials such as metal and wood, anomalous heating of metals without burning adjacentmaterial, spontaneous fracturing of metals, and changes in the crystalline structure andphysical properties of metals. The effects have been well documented on film andvideotape, and witnessed many times by credential scientists and engineers, but are difficultto reproduce consistently. Some phenomena were witnessed: a super-strong molybdenumrod was bent into an S-shape as if it were soft metal; a length of high-carbon steel shreddedand all sorts of objects levitated:www.hutchisoneffect.biz/Research/pdf/ESJAug201997.pdf.

Inventors Warren York and Mike Windell conducted a series of experiments involvinga high - frequency/high-voltage cold-plasma beam that resulted in a series ofmaterials-effects and time-dilation anomalies that resemble the Hutchinson Effect. Thisphoto-documentary of their experiment details their research efforts & experimentalapparatus.

The photos clearly display horizontal striations in color that York & Windell attribute toresonant scalar standing-waves inside of the test chamber. Additionally, they have provideda series of photos showing a quartz crystal that underwent profound molecular changes,including a partial putty-like jollification of one section of crystal, and a hardening of

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another (http://www.americanantigravity.com/articles/561/1/).Such kind of effects can be resulted from generation and coupling of virtual beams of

Bivacuum dipoles (fig.13) with different kind of targets. Such interaction of Bivacuumbeams with nucleons can be accompanied not only by levitation and mechanical destructionof the targets material, but also by nuclear transmutation, accompanied interconversionsbetween the protons and neutrons of nuclears in the atoms of targets.

A possible mechanism of cold nuclear fusion and transmutation will be considered inthe next chapter.

24. Possible mechanism of cold nuclear fusion (CNF) and the excessive heat effectThe numerous experimental data on cold nuclear fusion and accompanied the

electrolysis exothermal effects have been discussed in paper of Sapogin, et.al., (2002). Theclassical view of electrolysis of a palladium cathode saturated with heavy hydrogen inheavy water identifies an anomalous quantity of heat energy (Fleischmann and Pons, 1989).Products of nuclear reaction, like tritium, neutrons and helium have also been found.Similar processes are observed in case of a gas discharge on a palladium cathode,irradiation of deuterium mixture with a powerful ultrasound, in cavitating microbubbles ofheavy water, in a tube with palladium powder saturated with heavy hydrogen under apressure of 10-15 atm., etc. In certain reactions the neutrons of 14 MeV are absent, andsuch a strange situation occurs in other cases too. Activity in reactions with heavyhydrogen and protons failed to be discovered.

The most intriguing fact of all these processes is the shortage of nuclear reactionproducts for explanation of the emerging heat effects. Thus, in certain cases the number ofnuclear reaction products (tritium, helium, neutrons) should be millions of times greater inorder to explain the quantity of the generated heat. The well-known interaction d d goesalong three channels (Sapogin et. al., 2002):

d d — T(1.01) p(3.03) (Channel 1)d d — He (0.82) n(2.45) (Channel 2)d d — He (5.5) . (Channel 3)All these reactions are exothermal. It was experimentally confirmed, that they can occur

under very small energies.The main problem impeding the occurrence of the d d reaction lies in the existence of

a very high Coulomb barrier. Sapogin et. al., (2001) try to solved this problem, usingdeveloped Unitary Quantum Theory (UQT). The UQT show that the distance to whichdeuterons can approach each other is strongly dependent on the phase of the wave function.The critical review of about 25 theoretical models of cold nuclear fusion , performed byChechin and coauthors (1993) shows that they are unable to explain the CNF phenomena.

Many researchers (Notoya, et al., 1993; Swartz, 1996) discovered that the quantity ofheat generated in the process of electrolysis of ordinary water on nickel electrodes, wherethe nuclear reaction is impossible, is the same as in the electrolytic cell with heavy water.This confirms other measurements, which showed that the quantity of nuclear reactionproducts is millions times less than is required for such an amount of generated heat, and itsorigin remains a mystery.

The surprising experimental results where received independently by Samgin et. al.,(1994; 1995) and Mizuno et. al. (1993). They used special proton-conducting ceramics,which, when electric current runs through them, generate a thousand times more heatenergy than the electric energy consumed. In some experiments this value even exceeded70.000. No radiation or nuclear debris were found, and the nuclear processes are notresponsible for such energy generation. The origin of such an amount of excessive energyis absolutely incomprehensible in the framework of conventional science. It cannot be

198

accounted for either nuclear or chemical reactions, or phase transitions. At first the authorsof this experiment supposed nuclear fusion reactions of the d d type. Then Samginreplaced heavy hydrogen (deuterium) during ceramics production with ordinary hydrogenwhen the nuclear fusion is impossible. However, all the anomalous heat effects persisted.After such a large quantity of energy was generated, the tablet disintegrated into powder.

These effects where attempt to be explained by Unitary Quantum Theory from the pointof view of the harmonic oscillator theory (Sapogin et. al., 2002). When the tablet isagglomerated, the cavities of a size of hundreds Angstroms remains. When direct oralternating current runs through it, the protons and deuterons in their movement (there arefew electrons in such ceramics) get into these caverns. Sapogin supposed that they oscillatein such a pit, accumulating energy, and finally the energy will be sufficient both for heatingand for destruction of the pit walls (tablet turning into powder). The same processes seemto be taking place in a palladium electrolytic cell with heavy water, and in a nickelelectrolytic cell with ordinary water, which accounts for anomalously large heat generation,not related to nuclear processes. However, the mechanism of kinetic energy accumulationis not clear and has a contradiction with law of energy conservation.The explanation of the excessive heating in electrolytic cells, following from our

Unified theory, is based on three factors:1. The stimulation of cavitational fluctuation of regular and heavy water by the

cavities/caverns in the volume of negative electrodes (cathodes), accompanied by strongtemperature fluctuations, the D3

O and H3O dissociation and a shock waves;

2. The partially inelastic recoil antirecoil effects, accompanied Corpuscle Wavepulsation of the deuterons and protons and energy exchange with walls of cathode cavities;

3. Compensation by rigid walls of cathodes voids the cumulative virtual clouds:CVCd1 and CVCd2

repulsion/expansion, due to effect of excluded volume (Pauli repulsion)described in chapter 9, because of fermions (nucleons) spatial incompatibility, when theyare simultaneously in the WAVE state in the process of their in-phase C W pulsation.The corresponding rising of the effective - virtual pressure and temperature occur when thelength of CVCd1,d2

, equal to de Broglie wave length of these ions exceeds the distancebetween ions in the cathode cavities and in some conditions the diameter of cavities itself.One may say, that the source of energy, necessary for cold fusion and overheating, is

the potential interaction energy between atoms/ions, forming the walls of cathode voids,which determines their rigidness and the excessive virtual pressure of cumulative virtualclouds.

Similar mechanism of overheating due to excessive ’quantum/virtual pressure’ ofCVCd,p should exist not only for deuterons, but as well for protons. This consequence ofproposed mechanism is confirmed in experiments, mentioned above.

The cold nuclear fusion needs a spatial compatibility of two deuterons in the same time,corresponding to wave [W] phase. It is possible, because deuterons are bosons with spins 1 due to similar/parallel orientation of two half-integer spins of proton and neutron,composing deuteron:

d1 p1/2

n1/20

. In accordance to proposed mechanism of Pauli principle realization (see section 9), itmeans that C W pulsation of proton and neutron forming deuteron are counterphase,providing their exchange interaction.

The probability of overcoming of Coulomb repulsion threshold between positivedeuterons and nuclear fusion of dd type in addition to above mentioned factors can beincreased by the tunnelling effect, when both protons of deuterons pp are

199

simultaneously in the wave [W] phase in form of superimposed cumulative virtual cloudsof protons as a part of two deuterons CVCp

CVCp. For single protons (fermions) ofhydrogen atoms the probability of simultaneous superposition of two cumulative virtualclouds is much lower because of the Pauli repulsion of fermions being in the same [W]phase.

The collapsing of superimposed wave states of protons of neighboring deuterons backto Corpuscular [C] phase in conditions, when their de Broglie wave length exceeds theseparation between them, may happen in the same space-time, overcoming their Coulombrepulsion. Other reason, facilitating overcoming the Coulomb barrier between twodeuterons, when their protons are in [W] phase, is the much lower electric charge density inCVCp, because in nonrelativistic conditions the volume of CVCp is much bigger, than thevolume of corpuscular [C] phase of proton p1/2

in composition of deuteron:d1 p1/2

n1/20 .

As a consequence, the fusion of two deuterons to helium may occur in small and rigidenough cavities of cathode. The coherent counterphase pulsation of big number of protonsand neutrons of deuterons in these cavities become possible due to their ’tuning’,stimulated by basic virtual pressure waves (VPWq1

of Bivacuum.The proposed mechanism of overheating and cold fusion can be confirmed by following

calculations. The most probable velocity of particle with deuteron mass (md 3.33 1027

kg at the ambient temperature T 298K in equilibrium state system (heavy water) inaccordance with Maxwell distribution is:

v 2kTmd

1.6 105cm/s 24.1

This translational velocity correspond to de Broglie wave length of free deuterons,equal to:

fr hmdv h 1

2mdkT 1.2 Å 24.2

The absorption of positive deuterons (d on the walls of voids of cathodes or due toincreasing of their density in voids, easily may decrease the translational velocity (24.1)about 10 times or more. For example, the group velocity of water molecule at 25C0 is about104 cm/s (Kaivarainen, 2001), i.e. 16 times less than that of free deuterons (16 104cm/s atthe same temperature.

From 24.2 we can see, that 10 times decreasing of translational group velocity of d(immobilization) is accompanied by increasing the de Broglie wave length of deuterons upto im 12 Å.

We may assume, that the distance between centers of sorption of ions p or d inpalladium voids is the same, as the bond length Pd Pd, equal to 2.75Å. It is less than thelength of cumulative virtual cloud of proton as a part of deuteron CVCD , fixed in cavity in12/2.75 4.36 times. In the case of high density of d in voids the separation betweenthem can be even smaller and virtual pressure higher.

Let us evaluate the reduced ’quantum/virtual pressure’ in voids increasing, provided bysuperposition of number of pairs of cumulative virtual clouds of coherent deuteronsnCVCp

CVCp. The coherency of C W pulsation of number of protons andneutrons, composing the deuterons can be provided by mechanism, described in section14.3.

At constant temperature, the differential form of Clapeyron equation PV RT,working approximately also for real systems in equilibrium conditions, is:

200

PV VP 0

or : PP VV

24.3

24.3a

where V is the volume expansion in equilibrium conditions, due to difference inexcluded volume of cumulative virtual clouds of free deuterons, as a standing wavesVfr

34 fr

3 with de Broglie wave length, described by (24.1) and in immobilized stateVim 3

4 im3 , corresponding to increasing of volume, occupied by [W] phase of

deuterons CVCp CVCp:

VV Vim Vfr/Vfr

im3 fr3

fr3 PP 122 1.22

1.22 99 24.4

As far the volume of voids in fact do not increase due rigidness of the walls, it meansthat periodic synchronized C W pulsation of number of deuterons in the voids isaccompanied by pulsation of virtual pressure with the same frequency.

Assuming the volume of void remaining permanent: V const, the differential ofClapeyron equation, leads to: VP RT. Dividing the left and right part of this equationto the left and right parts of Clapeyron equation, we get for the effective increment oftemperature in the wave phase of deuterons:

T T PP 298 K 99 30.000 K 24.5

This effective temperature is higher than that, necessary for thermal nuclear fusion(TNF). It means that the mechanisms of cold nuclear fusion (CNF) and TNF can be thesame. However, in cold nuclear fusion the function of temperature is replaced by functionof virtual/quantum pressure, realized in simultaneous wave phase of protons as a part ofdeuterons: d1

p1/2 n1/2

0 in cathode voids.Our explanation of cold fusion is confirmed in lot of experiments by the effect of the

excessive heating, almost the same in regular and heavy water and gradual destruction ofcathodes of electrolytic cells as a result of high virtual pressure oscillation in their voids.

In the absence of tuning and remote entanglement between deuterons, providingin-phase pulsations of their protons, the probability of nuclear fusion increases withtemperature. This experimental fact is in accordance with our dynamic model of duality, asfar the frequency of C W pulsation of elementary particles increases with their kineticenergy, i.e. temperature. Consequently, the temperature increasing - enhance theprobability of neighboring uncorrelated protons to occur in the wave phase in the same timeinstance, when their cumulative virtual clouds become spatially superimposedCVCp

CVCp. In accordance to mechanism, proposed above, it is a condition of coldnuclear fusion of two deuterons to helium nuclear.

So the proposed by this author mechanism predicts, that the dimensions of cathodevoids, their ability to absorb deuterons and the rigidness of the void walls determines theprobability of cold nuclear fusion and overheating of cathode.The quantum background of heterogenic catalysis - the overcoming of the threshold of

chemical reactions activation barrier between atoms:

A B AB product 24.6

stimulated by catalytic centers on the surface of catalyzer, can be explained in similar way.It is a result of superposition of [W] phase of the electrons of A and B reagent atoms:

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CVCA CVCB , following by chemical reaction - formation of joint electronic pairs.25. The new kind of nucleosynthesis induced by impulse electron beam

The impressive experiments on induced nuclear reactions were carried out at theProton–21 Electrodynamics Research Laboratory (Kiev, Ukraine) in 1999–2006 (S. V.Adamenko is the chief researcher of the project, and A. G. Kokhno is the company’sgeneral director). The main purpose was developing a fundamentally new technology forneutralization of radioactive wastes (see http://proton21.org.ua/index_en.html). Theresearch is based on initiation of self - focusing cumulative process of compression oftarget substance to superhigh densities and nuclear transmutation stimulated bysub-relativistic electron beam.

This process was realized in the experimental setup able to transfer up to 1 kJ of energyto a solid target within the driver - coherent electron beam with impulse duration about108 sec. In this case, the power density in the compression area reaches the level of 1022

W·cm3. The experiments were carried out in vacuum of about 103 Pa. The optimizationof parameters of experimental setup the targets and accumulating screens from chemicallypure copper (Cu 99.99%), silver (Ag 99.99%), tantalum (Ta 99.68%), lead (Pb 99.91%)where used.

The experiments have shown that a target, into which energy was entered by electronbeam, was destroyed by the internal explosion. The explosion was followed by radialdispersion of the target substance, which is then precipitated on a special accumulatingscreen with disk form. The precipitated items have the form of irregularly distributed drops,balls, films and contain a lot of new elements/atoms. The creation and evolution ofsuperheavy nuclear clusters with mass (A) 250A500 and from 3.000 to 5.000 in thecontrolled collapse zone and in the volume of accumulating screen are discovered. Theevolution of such clusters in screen volume and on its surface results in the synthesis ofisotopes with 1A500.

Fig. 17. Scheme of the experiment on target material compression that depicts the initialstate of the sample (left - a) and its state after the experiment (right - b). From paper S. V.Adamenko, A. S. Adamenko, and V.I. Vysotskii (2004).

Optical radiation of the plasma around the compression zone was registered in themicrowave, visible and ranges. A typical spectrum of the optical radiation of theplasma bunch in shock compression area of the target is in the range: 300 - 700 nm. Itcontains a lot of lines with maximums around 330 and 660 nm.

The experiment with primary copper target, using accumulating screen for products ofnuclear transmutation, is presented on Fig.18:

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Fig. 18. The copper target after explosion, induced by electron beam, accompanied bynucleosynthesis. From paper of S. V. Adamenko, A. S. Adamenko, and V.I. Vysotskii(2004).

The effective size of the plasma bunch is 3 cm (diameter), calculated from the effectiveduration of radiation and average ion velocity. The effective duration of radiation (60 ns)was assumed to be the duration of the light flash registered with the photoelectricmultiplier.

It should be noted that in the plasma bunch a new spectrum spectral lines of ions of Fe,Ni, and other chemical elements are present, absent in the initial composition of the target.Nevertheless, in terms of the energy and quantity they are competing with the basicelements of that material (Pb, Cu).The spectral radiant intensity of astrophysical objects, such as Sun, Crab nebula pulsar,

quasar 3C 273, supernova CH1987A, and short gamma-bursts, in the X-ray and -rangeswas compared with spectra of quasipoint source of radiation of target in the process ofnucleosynthesis. It was revealed that in the energy range from 10 keV up to 35 MeVthese spectral parameters are very similar.The results of experimental study of the electron beam induced nucleosynthesis are

following (Adamenko, Visotskii et al., 2004): The effectiveness of nuclear transformations depends on the initial target material

composition and is equal approximately to 1015–1016 synthesized atoms per 1 J of inputenergy.

The multiple spectrometry tests revealed that the relative concentration of radioactivenuclei of all synthesized isotopes does not exceed 1081012.

Decrease in the activity of the targets with radioactive isotopes is equal to thetransmutation of 2.51018 nuclei of the target focal zone (focus of the driver action) for thedriver energy about 1 kJ. The absolute value of the activity decrease depends onconcentration of radioactive nuclei in the target focal zone.

Formation, evolution, and explosion of electron-nuclear collapse are accompaniedwith point X-ray radiation with temperature T 35keV and duration about 108 s.

Kinetic energy of corpuscular component of the plasma bunch (ions and electronstogether) is about 1 kJ.

The long-living isotopes of superheavy chemical elements are found in the products ofthe laboratory nucleosynthesis.

The electron beam induced compression of target initiates the process of nucleartransformation of target material in the collapse zone, accompanied by:

1) increasing by orders the concentrations of chemical elements being admixtures in atarget;

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2) detection of chemical elements (including rare ones) which were not found at allbefore reaction in the targets, accumulating screens and in residual gases of the vacuumchamber;

3) considerable violation of the well-known isotope abundance of chemical elementsincluding those of inert gases formed in the working chamber volume;

4) decreasing in the -activity of the radioactive isotopes of cobalt (Co), silver (Ag),and zinc (Zn).

The nucleosynthesis of a big number of nuclei ( 1016) with the mass of two and moretimes heavier than atomic mass of the starting target material in the products ofnucleosynthesis. The reproducibility of the induced collective multiparticle reactions in amacrovolume of a substance is high.

Average amount of new atoms was estimated from composition analyses of 417microparticles and 113 fragments on the surface of accumulating screen around the target.The result of extrapolation gives the value of new 1.21018 synthesized atoms.

The integral analysis of the accumulating screens before and after the experiment wasperformed by glow-discharge mass-spectrometry. Then the number of synthesized atomswas calculated as a difference between these values. The analyzed sample must havehomogeneous in depth composition. The layer of precipitated nucleosynthesis products isvery thin. So, to get a rather homogeneous sample for integral analysis an assembly from anumber of cross-sections of accumulating screens, was prepared (Fig. 19).

Fig.19. Samples of separate sheets of different screen depth for integral analysis ofsynthesized atoms, accumulated on screen. From:http://proton21.org.ua/articles/Booklet_en.pdf (Proton-21 Electrodynamics Laboratory(Kiev, Ukraine), 2003).

Such assembly of 5 mm in diameter was analyzed with special equipment. Theassembly (fig.20) contains about 10 cross-sections of screens. During the study of theelements and isotopes composition of near-surface layers of accumulating screens, thenonuniform distributions of the concentrations of chemical elements over depth werediscovered. In the volume of accumulating screens made of pure materials (mainly Cu), thealien chemical elements (from H to Pb) in amounts which exceeded their initial totalamount in the form of admixtures by several orders where found. All these elements werepositioned in several thin concentric layers. The first (superficial) layer, about 200 Å inthickness, contains about 3x1018 atoms of all elements, the second was located at the depthX 0.3 micron and contained about 1018 atoms, and the third was found at the depth X 7mm. At the same time, the decreasing in the concentration of the initial material of a targetin the volumes of these layers was registered. The different chemical elements (e.g., Au,Pr, La, I, Ce, W, and unidentified element 156A) where located in the same layer withrelative thickness R/R 0.25 and distance (R) from the surface into the depth of the

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accumulating screen in the direction outward from the collapse zone. The distance R andthickness R are the same for the whole layer and all chemical elements for a singleexperiment. For different experiments, the values of R and R may be different, but theratio R/R is the same.

The authors (S.Adamenko, A.Adamenko and V.Visotskii, 2004) come to conclusion,that these results are possible only if all detected elements were born in each cluster duringthe nuclear transmutation of unknown particles. They demonstrate also that suchdistributions over the surface and radius cannot be a result of the ordinary process ofCoulomb deceleration for different fast ions. They supposed, that such a distribution ofdifferent chemical elements and isotopes is possible only at the following conditions:

1) The nature of initial unknown (decelerated and stopped) particles, born in the processof explosion of target, must be the same (identical);

2) For stability of the charge of particles, their velocities (v) must be lower thanvelocity of valence electrons:

v0 e2/ 2.5 108cm/s 25.1

3) For a large distance of deceleration R at a low velocity vv0, the mass M ofunknown particle must be very large, because of the big momentum and kinetic energy arenecessary;

4) Different chemical elements and isotopes observed in the screen layer are created bythe nuclear transmutation of these unknown identical particles after stopping at the distanceR.

The authors evaluated the mass of these unknown superheavy primary particles as M~5700. Their initial velocity, following from Maxwell distribution is: v 3kT/M1/2

~ 4 106 cm/s. The duration of deceleration up to immobilization is ~ 0.8 109 s1.The authors assumed that this primary superheavy primary particle is similar to that,

proposed by Migdal (1978; 1991) and is resulted from Fermi condensation of pions. If thishypothesis is correct, then superheavy nuclei in the environment created in the active zonecan absorb “ordinary” nuclei of the target and accumulating screen. This transmutationleads to a growth of these superheavy nuclei up to Amax.

The high transparency of the Coulomb barrier in fusion process was explained by veryfew electrons outside the volume of these nuclei. During such a fusion the energy isreleased. There are different channels for the release of the excessive energy (g-emission,emission of neutrons and nuclear fragments, etc.).

It is supposed by S.Adamenko, A.Adamenko and V.Visotskii (2004), that the electricfield of protons in the volume of superheavy nucleus may turn out to be essentiallycompensated with compressed electron gas in the same volume. The process of regularnucleus emission from superheavy ones competes with other ways of cooling the nuclearsubstance. In this case the -particles and C12, O16,..., Pb208, existing already in the volumeof a superheavy nucleus, tends to be emitted. In fact, every superheavy nuclear work as“specific microreactor” for the transmutation of “usual” target nuclei to differentconfigurations of nucleons. In this microreactor, the process of transmutation terminatesafter the utilization of all target nuclei or after the evolution of a superheavy nucleus to thefinal stable state with Amax.

The mentioned authors have carried out the model of the evolution of heavy nuclei inthe action zone. The degenerate electron-nucleus plasma initially includes the mixture of allnuclei (usual stable nuclei and growing superheavy ones) and electrons and is preventedfrom a decay due to the action (pressure) of the electron beam. Their fusion leads to the fastgrowth of initial “critical” nuclei up to A ~ 104 105 during the action time of the

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coherent driver 100 ns.We would like to propose some modifications to described scenario of induced

nucleosynthesis, based on Unified Theory and new model of nucleus, as a microscopicBose condensate.25.1. New model of atomic nuclei, as a microscopic Bose condensate of nucleons Cooper

pairsin the volume of 3D de Broglie standing wave of these pairs

No one of currently existing models of nucleus, like drop model, shell model,superfluid, cluster, etc. can not be considered as satisfactory.

We suppose that the micro Bose condensation BC of Cooper pairs of proton neutron: pn with opposite spins and similar pairs of the excessive neutrons nn inthe volume of these pairs 3D standing de Broglie wave is a basic principle of nucleiconstruction. The parity of nuclei, which determines their integer (bosonic) or semiinteger(fermionic) spin is 1. The latter take a place, in the case of uneven number ofnucleons with uncompensated spin. The macro Bose condensation display itself assuperfluidity and superconductivity. The mesoscopic Bose condensation, discovered bycomputer simulations, based on Hierarchic theory of condensed matter (Kaivarainen, 2001;http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0102086) represent the coherent molecular/atomic cluster in thevolume of 3D de Broglie wave, determined by librations (in liquids) and by translations andlibrations in solids.

The advantage of our new model of atomic nuclei is that it easily explains the existingof ’magic nuclei’ of maximum stability, when the number of protons and/or neutrons areequal to A 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126. It has some common features with superfluid modelof nuclei.

New model is also in accordance with known experimental fact, that interactionbetween protons and neutrons pn is bigger, than that between the same kinds ofnucleons, like in pairs p p

and nn. From the table of chemical elements it is easy

to see, that starting from helium atom, the number of neutrons is the same or bigger, thanthat of protons.

It is demonstrated in the table below, that the magic numbers correspond to the integernumber of nucleons pairs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 in the edge of cube with the same volume, as astanding de Broglie wave of pairs pn and n n. These pairs can be connected witheach other by the double virtual guides, described in chapter 14.

It was shown by Rayleigh that the density of standing waves of any type of the length( is:

n 43

13 25.2

The volume of corresponding standing wave is:

V 1n 3

4 3 25.3

The most probable length of de Broglie wave is determined by most probablemomentum of Cooper pairs of two fermions with opposite spins:

hp hmpnv

25.4

The most probable velocity may be determined by recoil antirecoil dynamics of the

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whole nuclei, accompanied the counterphase C W pulsation of nucleons with oppositespins. This means that the dependence of velocity in any selected direction (x,y,z) on themass of nuclei should be like: v ~ 1/ 3 Npn mpn x,y,z

, where Npn is a number of

nucleon pairs in the nuclei.The known formula for radius of atomic nuclei: R aA1/3 (where constant a is close to

the meson Compton wave m h/c 1.41 1013cm. Consequently, the volume ofnuclei is proportional to number of nucleons (A), composing it.

The number of pairs pn and n n in the edge of cube with the same volume(V l3 as a standing de Broglie wave (25.3) can be calculated from formula:

lV/Npn

1/3 43

1/3Npn1/3 l

1.612 Npn1/3 l

25.5

where: Npn is a number of Cooper pairs of nucleons; V/Npn is volume occupied byone Cooper pair of nucleons; l/ is a geometrical factor for standing de Broglie wave,which may vary a bit around the unit (1).

Explanation of the magic nuclei stability as a result of coincidence of quantumand steric parameters of corresponding microscopic Bose condensate of nucleons

Cooper pairs p n and n n.The Magic numbers (Nm 2 8 20 28 50 80 126Geometric factor (l/m 0.984 0.93 0.913 1.02 1.00 0.998 0.90

The number of Cooper pairs in the edge of cube 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

We can see, that the magic nuclei of maximum stability correspond to integer numberof nucleons in the edge of cube with the same volume, as has standing de Broglie wave ofCooper pairs: V l3 3

4 3. On the contrary, the number of nucleons pairs,

corresponding to semiinteger value of should provide the minimum stability of nuclei.Our model is consistent with experimental fact, that the charge density is almost

permanent in the internal volume of nuclei and exponentially drops outside this volume.We have to keep in mind, that in accordance to our theory the cumulative virtual clouds ofcharged unpaired sub-elementary fermions, as a part of protons is a carrier of charge intheir Wave [W] phase. This explains nonzero charge density even outside the core ofnuclei.

25.2 Possible scenario of induced nucleosynthesis,based on Unified Theory and new model of nucleus

This author propose a following stages of the implosion and explosion of the targetmaterial, accompanied the nucleosynthesis, some of them in accordance with scenario ofAdamenko and Visotskii (2004):

1. The collapsing of the electron shells of the target atoms, induced by the externalrelativistic electron beam, destabilizing these shells, because of violation of standing deBroglie waves conditions of the electrons on atomic orbits. If the velocity of the electronsin beam is enough for forced resonance with high frequency Bivacuum virtual pressurewaves VPW VPW q2,3, this a 1st factor of the ’free energy’ of reaction.

The Coulomb repulsion between the electron beam and the electron shell of the targetatoms can be overcomed easily, if the coherent electrons of beam and atoms of target are inthe [W] phase with minimum charge density;

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2. This stage destabilize the nuclei of targets as a coherent microscopic Bosecondensate and induce their dissociation on different by size clusters, representingnucleonic - electronic plasma, composed from the triplets:pe n. The output ofenergy in the process of induced nucleosynthesis exceeds many times the input energy.This can be a result of big amount of energy liberation due to bigger binding energy, thanstarting one, at formation of big clusters from pe n in the dense electrons nucleonsplasma after primary nuclei disassembly. It is known, that the heavier is nuclei (M), thebigger is a binding energy:

Ebind Zmp Nmnc2 - Mc2 25.6

Zmp and Nmn are the masses of isolated protons and neutrons.As far the mass of nucleus after nucleosynthesis and their binding energy (EbindII in

described above experiments is usually bigger than starting binding energy (EbindI , theirdifference is a main source of the excessive kinetic energy:Ebind EbindII EbindI Tk 0. Just this energy may provide the explosion effects,following the implosion and nuclei transmutation.

3. The excessive kinetic energy of newborn neutral big clusters from p e n andtheir scattering on surrounding atoms of the target and accumulating screen is responsiblefor concentric picture of nucleosynthesis. The interaction of the neutral electron nuclearsclusters with each other and with nuclei of the intact - primary atoms of target and screen isfollowed by origination of new nucleus. After finishing of the destructive/collapsinginfluence of the electron beam on atomic shells, the restoration of the regular atomicstructure with electronic shell occur.

4. The isotopic shift between protons and neutrons can be a result of theirinterconversions and neutrons decay in conditions of superdense nucleons plasma:

Zp Nn Zp Np e e 25.7

The neutralization of radioactivity can be a result of conversion of nuclei from theexcited to stable state, corresponding to microscopic Bose condensation of Cooper pairs ofnucleons with opposite spins in the volume of their de Broglie standing waves.

5. The inhomogeneity in atomic mass and isotopic composition of new atoms is aconsequence of inhomogeneity in dimension and isotopic contents of the neutral clustersfrom triplets pe n, fusing with each other and primary atoms of target andaccumulating screen.

Main Conclusions1. A new Bivacuum model is developed, as the infinite dynamic superfluid matrix of

virtual dipoles, named Bivacuum fermions (BVF)i and Bivacuum bosons (BVB i,formed by correlated torus (V and antitorus (V, as a collective excitations ofsubquantum particles and antiparticles of opposite energy, charge and magnetic moments,separated by energy gap. In primordial symmetric Bivacuum, i.e. in the absence of matterand fields, these parameters of torus and antitorus totally compensate each other. Theirspatial and energetic properties correspond to three generations of electrons, muons andtauons (i e,,. The symmetric primordial Bivacuum can be considered as theUniversal Reference Frame (URF), i.e. Ether, in contrast to Relative Reference Frame(RRF), used in special relativistic (SR) theory. The elements of Ether - ethons correspondto our Bivacuum dipoles. It is shown in our work, that the result of Michelson - Morleyexperiment can be a consequence of ether drug by the Earth or Virtual Replica of the Earthin terms of our theory. The positive and negative Virtual Pressure Waves (VPWq

and

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Virtual Spin Waves (VirSWqS1/2 are the result of emission and absorption of positive and

negative energy Virtual Clouds (VCq, resulting from transitions of torus V and antitorusV between different states of excitation, symmetrical in realms of positive and negativeenergy: j k q;

2. The symmetry shift between V and V actual and complementary mass and chargeto the left or right, opposite for Bivacuum fermions BVF and antifermions BVF, has therelativistic and reverse to that dependence on these dipoles external tangential or puretranslational velocity. It is shown, that the value of Bivacuum dipoles symmetry shift is acriteria of their external absolute velocity, characterizing properties of secondaryBivacuum. This shift is accompanied by sub-elementary fermion and antifermionformation. The formation of sub-elementary fermions/antifermions and their fusion tostable triplets of elementary fermions, like electrons or protons F F Fe,p,following by the rest mass and charge origination, become possible at the certain rotationvelocity (v) of Cooper pairs of BVF BVF around their common axis. It is shown, thatthis rotational-translational velocity value is determined by Golden Mean condition:(v/c)2 0.618. The close values of centripetal and Coulomb interaction, calculated onthe base of most important parameters of paired sub-elementary fermions in theirCorpuscular phase, following from our model of elementary particles and time theory, isvery important fact. It is a strong evidence in proof of our Unified theory of Bivacuum,elementary particles, mass and charge origination at Golden mean conditions and theoryof time;

3. The fundamental physical roots of Golden Mean condition: (v/c)2 vgrext/vphext arerevealed, as the equality of internal and external group and phase velocities of torus andantitorus of sub-elementary fermions, correspondingly: vgrin vgrext; vphin vphext. Theseequalities are named ’Hidden Harmony Conditions’;

4. The new expressions for total, potential (V) and kinetic (Tk energies of de Brogliewaves of elementary particles were obtained. One of the expressions represents theextended basic Einstein - de Broglie formula Etot m0c2 0 for free particle:

Etisot V Tk 12 mV

mVc2 1

2 mV mV

c2

or : Etot mVc2 CW 1 v/c2 m0c2 h2/mV

B2

or : Etot CW 1 v/c2 0 hB

where: V 12 mV

mVc2; Tk 1

2 mV mV

c2; mV m0/ 1 v/c2 and

mV m0 1 v/c2 are the actual (inertial) and complementary (inertialess) mass of

torus and antitorus of sub-elementary fermion, correspondingly; CW mVc2/ is the

resulting frequency of C W pulsation of sub-elementary fermion; 0 m0c2/h is theCompton frequency of internal C W pulsation.

The new formulas take into account the contributions of the actual mass/energy of torus(V and those of complementary antitorus (V, correspondingly, of asymmetricsub-elementary fermions to the total ones. The shift of symmetry between the inertial andinertialess mass and other parameters of torus and antitorus of sub-elementary fermions aredependent on their internal rotational-translational dynamics in composition of triplets andthe external translational velocity of the whole triplets. The latter determines the externaltranslational momentum and the empirical de Broglie wave frequency: B mV

v2/h andlength: B h/mV

v;5. A dynamic mechanism of [corpuscle (C) wave (W)] duality is proposed. It

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involves the modulation of the internal (hidden) quantum beats frequency between theasymmetric ’actual’ (torus) and ’complementary’ (antitorus) states of sub-elementaryfermions or antifermions by the external - empirical de Broglie wave frequency of thewhole particles (triplets), equal to beats of similar states of the ’anchor’ Bivacuum fermion.In nonrelativistic conditions such modulation stands for the wave packets origination. Theprocess of transition of corpuscular phase to the wave phase is accompanied by reversiblechange of translational degrees of freedom to rotational ones;

6. The high-frequency photon is a result of fusion (annihilation) of two triplets ofparticle and antiparticle. It represents a rotating sextet of sub-elementary fermions andantifermions with axial structural symmetry and minimum energy 2m0

ec2. The regularphotons of different energy and frequency are the result of excitation of secondary anchorsites of the electrons or protons excitation. The secondary anchor site represents threecorrelated Cooper pairs 3[BVF BVFasi . Its excitation can be a result of chargeacceleration, like in ondulators or that, accompanied the transitions between excited andground states of atoms and molecules. The electromagnetic field is a result of Corpuscle -Wave pulsation of photons, exciting VPW VPW and their fast rotation with anglevelocity (rot), equal to C W pulsation frequency. The clockwise or anticlockwisedirection of photon rotation, as respect to direction of its propagation, corresponds to itsspin sign: s ;

7. It is shown, that the information, encrypted in ancient Sri-Yantra diagram, can beinterpreted as a confirmation of proposed mechanisms of corpuscle - wave duality andorigination of the rest mass and charge of elementary particles just at the Golden Meanconditions;

8. The electrostatic and magnetic fields origination is a consequence of reversiblerecoil antirecoil effects in Bivacuum matrix, generated by correlatedCorpuscle Wave pulsation of sub-elementary fermions/antifermions of triplets andtheir fast rotation, accompanied by Bivacuum dipoles symmetry shift and shift ofequilibrium of Bivacuum fermions [BVF BVF to the left (North pole) or to the right(South pole). The linear and axial alignment of Bivacuum dipoles and their dynamics areresponsible for electrostatic and magnetic fields ’force lines’ origination, correspondingly.Zero-point vibrations of particles and evaluated zero-point velocity of these vibrations arealso the result of recoil antirecoil effects, accompanied by C W pulsation oftriplets in state of rest, when their external translational velocity is zero;

9. The gravitational waves and corresponding field are the result of positive andnegative energy virtual pressure waves excitation (VPWq

and VPWq by the in-phase

C W pulsation of pairs F F of triplets F F F, counterphase to thatof unpaired F. Such virtual waves provide the attraction or repulsion between pulsingremote particles, depending on phase shift of pulsations, like in the case of hydrodynamicBjerknes force between pulsing objects.

The potential gravitational energy of huge number of Bivacuum dipoles in spacebetween gravitating objects is equal to sum of the absolute values of energies of torus andantitorus of these dipoles:

EG0 N

mV mV

c2 N

m0c22n 1

When the in-phase pulsations of pairs of remote triplets turns to counterphase,depending on distance between objects or under magnetic field action, changing spin stateof these fermions, the gravitation turns to antigravitation. The antigravitation is responsiblefor so-called negative pressure or dark energy.

This attraction gravitational energy of ’empty’ Bivacuum, when mV mV

m0 is

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generated by VPWq, radiated and absorbed in the process of symmetric transitions of torus

and antitorus between excited and ground states: EVPWq q 0, compensating each

other: q 0 q 0. Such mechanism of huge volumes of ’empty’ Bivacuumdetermines the cold dark matter effect;

10. Maxwell’s displacement current and the additional instant currents are theconsequences of Bivacuum dipoles (BVF and BVB) in empty space symmetricexcitations and vibrations, correspondingly. Their vibrations, corresponding to properties ofsecondary Bivacuum, represent reversible elastic deformations of Bivacuum matrix,induced by presence of fields and remote matter. The increasing of the excluded forphotons volume of toruses and antitoruses due to their rotations and vibrations, enhance therefraction index of Bivacuum and decrease the light velocity near gravitating and chargedobjects. The nonzero contribution of the rest mass energy to photons and neutrino energy isa consequence of the enhanced refraction index of secondary Bivacuum and correspondingdecreasing of the effective light velocity (for details see section 8.11). The latter can berevealed by small shift of Doppler effect in EM radiation of the probe in gravitational field.The ’Pioneer anomaly’ is a good example of such phenomena;

11. It is shown that the Principle of least action and realization of 2nd and 3d laws ofthermodynamics for closed systems - can be a result of slowing down the dynamics ofparticles and their kinetic energy decreasing, under the influence of basic - lower frequencyVirtual Pressure Waves (VPWq1

with minimum quantum number q j k 1. This is aconsequence of forced combinational resonance between [C W pulsation of particlesand basic VPWq1

of Bivacuum;12. The dimensionless ’pace of time’ (dt/t dTk/Tk) and time of action t itself for

each closed conservative system are determined by the change of this system kineticenergy. The time is positive, if dynamics of particles is slowing down and negative in theopposite case. This new concept of time is more advanced, than that of Einstein relativistictheory. For example, our formula for time includes not only velocity, but also accelerationof the object and frequency of its orbital rotation:

t vdv /dt

1 v/c2

2 v/c2W 1

1 r/c2

2 r/c2C

where: vdv /dt

1 v /r 2 is the angular frequency of the object rotation

with radius of orbit r .In contrast to time definition, following from special relativity, the time of action is

infinitive and independent on velocity in any inertial system of particles, when accelerationis zero. However, at any nonzero acceleration: a dv/dt 2r G M

r2 const 0,including case of orbital rotation, the time is dependent on velocity of these objects in morecomplex manner, than it follows from special relativity. In fact, there are no physicalsystems in our expanding with acceleration Universe which can be considered, as perfectlyinertial. This means, that relativistic formula for time (12.15) is not valid in general case. Itis demonstrated, that proposed ’time of action’ theory confirms our model of elementaryparticles from sub-elementary fermions, including mass and charge origination, explainsthe Fermat principle and all experiments, which where considered, as a confirmation ofspecial and general relativity;

13. The resulting Virtual Replica of macroscopic object (VR) represents superpositionof the surface and volume VR VRsur VRvol. The primary VR (ether body), coincideswith object itself. Like a hologram, it represents a three-dimensional (3D) interferencepattern of coherent basic reference waves - Bivacuum Virtual Pressure Waves (VPWq1

)

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and Virtual Spin Waves (VirSWq11/2) with similar kinds of the object waves. The latter are

VPWm and VirSWm

1/2, modulated by C W pulsation of elementary particles andtranslational and librational de Broglie waves of molecules of macroscopic object, locatedon its surface and volume (chapter 13). The infinitive multiplication of primary VR inspace in form of 3D packets of virtual standing waves, representing set of secondary VR:VRM(r), is a result of interference of all pervading basic VPWq1

(astral body) andnonlocal VirSWq1

1/2 (mental body). This phenomena may stand for such Psi phenomena, asremote vision and remote healing.

The ability of enough complex system of VRM(r,t) to self-organization innonequilibrium conditions, make it possible the multiplication of primary VR not only inspace but as well, in time in both time direction - positive (evolution) and negative(devolution). The feedback reaction between most probable/stable VRM(r,t) and nervesystem of psychic, including visual centers of brain, can by responsible for clairvoyance.The VRM of elementary particles coincides with notion of their secondary anchor sites,representing three conjugated Cooper pairs 3[BVF BVFasi of asymmetric Bivacuumfermions. The stochastic jumps of CVC of [W] phase of particle from one anchor site toanother and the ability of interference of single particle with its own anchor site explainsthe mechanism of particle propagation in space and two slit experiment;

14. The new general presentation of wave function, based on our wave-corpuscleduality model, takes into account not only the external translational dynamics of particle,but also the internal rotational-translational one, responsible for the rest mass and chargeorigination;

15. The eigen wave functions, as a solutions of Shrödinger equation, describe the linearsuperposition of multiple anchor site, as a possible alternatives for realization of particle’s[C] phase;

16. A possible Mechanism of Quantum entanglement between remote coherentelementary particles: electrons and nuclears of atoms of Sender(S) and Receiver(R) viaVirtual Guides of spin, momentum and energy (VirGS,M,E is proposed. The singleVirGS,M,E

BVB can be assembled from Bivacuum bosons BVB i by ’head-to-tail’ principle.The doubled VirGS,M,E

BVFBVF from the adjacent microtubules, rotating in opposite directions,can be formed by Cooper pairs of Bivacuum fermions [BVF BVFi, polymerized bythe same principle. The spin/information transmission via Virtual Guides is accompaniedby reorientation of spins of tori and antitori of Bivacuum dipoles. The momentum andenergy transmission from S to R is realized by the instant pulsation of diameter of suchvirtual microtubule with frequency of beats, equal to difference between frequencies ofC W pulsation of S and R. The length of VirGS,M,E, connecting fluctuating in spaceparticles of (S) and (R), also can correspondingly vary, because of immediateself-assembly/disassembly of VirGS,M,E from the infinitive source of Bivacuum dipoles.The Virtual Guides of both kinds represent the quasi 1D virtual Bose condensate withnonlocal properties, similar to that of ’wormholes’. The bundles of VirGSME, connectingcoherent atoms of Sender (S) and Receiver (S), as well as nonlocal component ofVRM(r,t), determined by interference pattern of Virtual Spin Waves, are responsible fornonlocal weak interaction;

17. The mechanism of extraction of free energy from Bivacuum has been proposed. Itwas used for explanation of the overunity effects, revealed in Biefeld - Brown effect,Podkletnov - Modanese and Chashin - Godin experiments. The cold nuclear fusion,involving overcoming the Coulomb threshold and overheating also can be explained on thebase of our dynamic corpuscle - wave model of elementary particles, creating in narrowcavities a huge virtual pressure.

18. The new kind of nucleosynthesis, induced by impulse electron beam, was analyzed

212

and explained on the base of new model of atomic nuclei, as a microscopic Bosecondensate of nucleons Cooper pairs in the volume of 3D de Broglie standing wave ofthese pairs.

19. The introduced Bivacuum Mediated Interaction (BMI is a new fundamentalremote/nonlocal interaction between macroscopic objects, resulting from superposition ofVirtual replicas of Sender and Receiver, because of VRM(r,t) mechanism, includingconnection of their coherent atoms viaVirGSMES R bundles. The system: [S R] should be in nonequilibrium state. It is demonstrated that unusual phenomena,incompatible with existing paradigma., discovered by Kozyrev, Shnoll, Tiller, etc. can beexplained via BMI.

20. The mechanism of Remote Genetic Transmutation (RGT), Remote Morphogenesis(RM) and Remote Healing (RH) is proposed. It is based on conjecture, that the system:

[pair of orthogonal Centrioles Chromosomes]

stands for sending and receiving of specific genetic information via bundles ofVirGSMEi S R, connecting coherent elementary particles of [S] and [R];

21. Different Psi phenomena, like remote vision, telepathy, telekinesis, clairvoyance,etc. where considered. The telepathic signal transmission from Sender [S] to Receiver [R]may be provided by multiplication of virtual replicas of microtubules VRMMT

S r, t andvirtual replica of DNA VRMDNA

S r, t, and their superposition with correspondingVRMMT,DNA

R r, t of the Target/Receiver. The modulation of dynamics of[assembly disassembly] of microtubules and corresponding gel sol transitions inthe ’tuned’ nerve cells ensembles in [Receiver] by directed mental activity of [Sender] canprovide telepathic contact and remote viewing between [Sender] and [Receiver]. Theresonance remote informational/energy exchange between two living organisms or psychicsis dependent on ’tuning’ of their [Centrioles Chromosomes] systems in complementaryneuron ensembles viaVirGSMES R bundles;

22. The telekinesis and remote healing, as example of mind-matter interaction, shouldbe accompanied by strong collective nonequilibrium process (excitation) in the nervesystem of Sender. The excessive momentum and kinetic energy are transmitted fromSender to Receiver or ’Target’ due to superposition of VRMr, tS VRMr. tR andmultiple bundles of Virtual Guides, connecting ’tuned’ elementary particles (Cooper pairsof the electrons, protons and neutrons) of [S] and [R]:

VirGSMEe,p,n S R Psi channels

We put forward a conjecture, that even teleportation of big number of coherent atomsbetween very remote regions of the Universe is possible via coherent Psi-channels.

23. A number of innovative important applications, based on Unified Theory (UT), areproposed:

a) the Bivacuum Virtual Guides mediated nonlocal signals transmitters and detectors(section 15.1);

b) the GeoNet of sensitive detectors of water properties, as a Supersensor of Terrestrialand Extraterrestrial Coherent Signals, based on Bivacuum mediated interaction (section15.2);

c) the Audio/Video signals skin transmitter, as a possible stimulator of Psi abilities(section 20.12).

These devices in the case of success, besides a huge impact on science and technology,will serve also, as the additional strong evidence in proof of Unified Theory.

213

The correctness of our Unified Theory (UT), involving new fundamental BivacuumMediated Interaction, is confirmed by its ability to explain not only a conventionaldata, but a lot of unconventional experiments, like Kozyrev, Shnoll and Tiller ones,the remote genetic transmutation, remote vision, mind-matter interaction and otherwithout contradiction with fundamental laws of nature (for details seehttp://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0103031). In the framework of new approach, the’paranormal’ phenomena turns to normal or natural ones.

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APPENDIX

I. Possible Role of Golden Mean in Properties of AtomsI.1 The Bohr’s Model and the Alternative Duality Model of Hydrogen AtomII. Unified Theory (UT) and General Theory of RelativityII.1 The Difference and Correlation Between our Unified Theory (UT)and General Theory of RelativityII.2 The Red Shift of Photons in Unified Theory

I. Possible Role of Golden Mean in the Properties of Atoms.

I.1 The Bohr’s Model and the Alternative Duality Model of Hydrogen AtomThe radius of the Hydrogen atom after Bohr can be evaluated from the equality of

Coulomb attraction force between proton and electron and centripetal force, acting on theelectron, rotating around proton:

e2

r2 mv2r I.1

The Coulomb potentials of the electron and proton in hydrogen atom with their restmass and charge, determined by Golden mean, should be equal. It means a condition:

mVv2e

mVv2p

I.2

where: mV eme0/ and mV p

mp0/ are the actual masses of the electron andproton, corresponding to GM conditions for hydrogen atom; ve c1/2 is zero-pointvelocity of the electron.

The most probable zero-point group velocity of the proton vibration in H-atom from(I.2) is:

vp ve memp

1/2

c1/2 me

mp

1/2

I.3

From (I.2 and I.3) we can get the following ratio of the effective de Broglie radiuses ofzero-point oscillations for the electron and proton:

Le0LP0

mV p

vpmV e

ve0 ve

vp mp

me1/2

~42 I.4

This relation is valid, when the difference in mass of the electron and proton in atom iscompensated by the difference in their most probable velocities of vibrations:

219

mV e

mV p

v2pv2e

I.5

It leads from the quantization of the angular momentum, that

mvr nwhere n 1,2,3. . .

I.6

Excluding the velocity (v from eqs. I.1 and I.6, we get the quantized radius of thehydrogen orbit:

rn 2

me2 n2 I.7

For the 1st stationary orbit (n 1, assuming that the mass of the electron is equal to itsrest mass (m m0, formula (I.7) turns to the 1st Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom (aB :

aB rn1 2

me2 L0

m0c I.8

where the Compton radius of the electron is L0 m0c

The energy of the electron on the n orbit of the hydrogen atom, after Bohr is equal to:

En me4

21n2 I.9

In another form this energy can be presented as:

En 2m0c2 1n2 I.10

where the fine structure constant is:

e2/c 1/137 I.11

In accordance to our Unified theory, just the Golden Mean conditions of elementaryparticles gyration v/c2 0.618 stand for the rest mass and electric chargeorigination. The translational zero-point oscillation of the electron, accompanied C Wpulsation are responsible for its external electric potential.The spatial image of the hydrogen atom at Golden mean conditions represents the

pair of triplets from sub-elementary fermions of different lepton generation: the proton F F F p and the electron F F F e , each of them characterizingby the own rotational-translational dynamics and frequency of C W pulsation.The electron with resulting dimension in [C] phase, equal to Compton radius:

L0 /m0c LL1/2, participate in three dynamic process:a) fast gyroscopic spinning/rotation with Compton frequency, equal to Golden mean

one and to the fundamental frequency of Bivacuum: 0e m0

ec2/;b) zero-point vibrations with most probable velocity: ve c1/2, caused by

C W pulsation of the unpaired sub-elementary fermion F;c) rotation around the proton along the 1st orbit with Bohr radius (aB L0/ of the

atom with velocity (vB c, corresponding to its standing de Broglie wave condition.In [W] phase of the electron, the uncompensated subquantum particle of the electron

turns to pair [BVF cumulative virtual cloud (CVC].

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The most probable radius of CVC, as a carrier of EM potential is equal to(Kaivarainen, 2004):

LWel 1/2/L0 0.786 L0 0.786 aB I.12

which is about 108 times more than the Compton radius (L0, pertinent for [C] phase of theelectron.The proton, pulsating like the electron between [C] and [W] phase, participates only in

Golden mean (GM) spinning, providing his mass of rest (m0P origination and zero-pointoscillation, responsible for its electromagnetic potential.

The frequency of correlated [C W pulsation of triplets of sub-elementary particles of generation, forming proton, is much higher (about 1800 times), than that of the electron:

CWP P m0Pc2

CWe e m0ec2

I.13

There are no charge in [C] phase of the electron and proton and no EM interactionbetween them in hydrogen atom. So, the EM interaction in H-atom is switched on and offin the process of the electron and proton C W pulsation.As far, the charge density is oscillating, as a consequence of C W pulsation of the

spinning electron and its rotation around nuclear, the interpretation of dispersiveVan-der-Waals attraction, as a consequence of coherently flickering charge of atoms andmolecules, remains valid in our model.In complex neutral atoms, containing the same number of the electrons and protons, the

C W cycles of each selected [electron proton] pair - are accompanied bycorresponding quantized 3D standing waves formation.

Standing waves, formed by pairs of electrons with opposite spins and counterphaseC W and [W C pulsation, are more symmetric and stable, than in atoms withunpaired electrons.

Formation of molecules from atoms in a different chemical reactions is a result ofunification of unpaired electrons and creation of additional symmetrical standing waves B.

In accordance to our model, the pulsations of all electrons with opposite spins arecounterphase in atoms and small molecules. This condition defines spatial compatibilityand stability of [electron-electron] and [electron-proton] pairs.

II. Unified Theory (UT) versus Special and General Theory of RelativityThe absence of any difference of light velocity in the direction of Earth orbiting around

the Sun and in the direction normal or opposite to this one in Michelson-Morley experimentwas interpreted by Einstein, as the absence of the ether. This conclusion was used byEinstein in his Special Relativity (SR) for postulating of permanency of light velocity, butdifferent time in different inertial systems. The time of inertial system in SR is dependenton system velocity as respect to the light velocity. The principle of relativity of SR statesthat, regardless of an observer’s position or velocity in the universe, all physical laws willappear constant. From this principle, it follows that an observer cannot determine either hisabsolute velocity or direction of travel in space. This principle includes statement of theabsence of the absolute velocity in Nature.

In accordance to our new approach to time problem (section 12.3), the time is acharacteristic parameter of conservative system, equal to infinity in the absence ofacceleration at any permanent kinetic energy of particles, forming such systems. So, incontrast to special relativity, the time in our theory is infinitive and independent on velocityin any inertial system. For the other hand at any nonzero acceleration, for example,

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centripetal in the case of orbital rotation of particles/objects the time is dependent ontangential velocity of these objects (12.18).

II.1 The Difference and Correlation BetweenUnified Theory (UT) and General Theory of Relativity

General relativity is based on a set of fundamental principles which guided itsdevelopment:The general principle of relativity: The laws of physics must be the same for all

observers (accelerated or not).The principle of general covariance: The laws of physics must take the same form in all

coordinate systems.The principle that inertial motion is geodesic motion: The world lines of particles

unaffected by physical forces are timelike or null geodesics of spacetime.The principle of local Lorentz invariance: The laws of special relativity apply locally

for all inertial observers.Spacetime is curved: This permits gravitational effects such as freefall to be described

as a form of inertial motion. Spacetime curvature is created by stress-energy within thespacetime.

The equivalence principle, which was the starting point for the development of generalrelativity, ended up being a consequence of the general principle of relativity and theprinciple that inertial motion is geodesic motion. From this principle, Einstein deduced thatfree-fall is actually inertial motion. By contrast, in Newtonian mechanics, gravity isassumed to be a force.

In general relativity, geodesics are the world lines of a particle free from all externalforce. In this theory, gravity is not a force but is instead a curved spacetime geometrywhere the source of curvature is the stress-energy tensor. Thus, for example, the orbitalpath of a planet around a star is the projection of a geodesic of the curved 4-D spacetimegeometry around the star onto 3-D space.

In contrast to GR, our UT assumes, that there are no physical systems in Nature, whichcan be considered, as perfectly inertial, i.e. where any acceleration is absent at all.However, the situations are possible where the opposite accelerations and forcescompensate each other and the resulting one is zero. For example, this takes a place infreefall process, where the freefal force is compensating the inertial force:

FIf ma mg FFf II.1

Also in satellite systems, when centripetal, i.e. gravitational: acp GM/r2 andcentrifugal (acf ) accelerations and forces compensate each other and resulting force Fres iszero:

Fres mares macp macf 0 II.2

It is so called equivalence principle, used in General Relativity (GR) theory. The kineticenergy of such mechanical system/object can be permanent, however the potential energyand force of stretching Fstr of object increases proportianal to sum:

|acp | |acf | ~ 2GM/r2 II.3

and elastic deformation of the object. At certain big enough stretching energy, equal tostress-energy, the object can be destroyed and the kinetic energy of such system willincrease also.

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The statement of General Relativity, that condition II. 2, true for geodesic motion, is acondition of inertial motion of object, as defined by the 1st Newton law, is not correct. TheNewton law of inertia is strictly applicable for ideal conditions, where any kind of forces,acting on material point/object’s external or internal dynamics (kinetic or potential energy)are absent.

In General Relativity (GR), geodesics are the idealized world lines of a particle freefrom all external force. In GR the gravity is not a force but a curved spacetime geometrywhere the source of curvature is the stress-energy tensor. This means, that gravitationalforce do not act on particle itself, but on space curvature, changing correspondingly thetrajectory of particle. This principle of GR looks very artificial and nonrealistic. In allknown real examples of geodesic motion, the object/particle is not free from all externalforce, but is a result of opposite forces compensation of each other.

Einstein found out, that gravitational field changes the trajectory of probe body fromthe straight-line to geodesic one due to curving of conventional two-dimensional surface.The Lobachevskian geometry on curved surface was used in Einstein’s classic theory ofgravitation. The criteria of surface curvature of sphere is a curvature radius (R), defined as:

R S II.4

where S is a square of triangle on the flat surface; R is a sphere radius; is a sum ofangles in triangle.

The sum of angles in triangle ( on the flat surface is equal to 1800 and curvatureR . For the other hand, on curved surface of radius 0 R , the sum of angles is

S/R2 II.5

When 0, the curvature R 0 is positive; when 0, the curvatureis imaginary (iR.

In our Gravitation theory instead space-time curvature [R], we introduce BivacuumSymmetry Curvature (LCur. It is defined, as a radius of sphere of virtual Bosecondensation (VirBC), equal to that of domain of nonlocality in secondary Bivacuum,generated by gravitating particle with mass (mV and reduced velocity v/c2 0.618 :

R~LCur LG

VirBC L0

2 v/c2 3/2 II.6

where L0 /m0c is the Compton length of particle.The Bivacuum curvatures, induced by particles with mass, equal to that of the electron

and proton where calculated in this work (chapter 8).The analogy between R and LCur is obvious. However, we have to mention, that in

accordance to 13.3 the Universe is not flat, but very close to such, even in the absence ofexternal motion of Bivacuum dipoles, when v 0. This phenomena can be responsible forgravitating cold dark matter, pertinent even for primordial Bivacuum, i.e. in the absence ofmatter and fields. For the other hand, the negative pressure energy in the Universe is aconsequence of antigravitation effect. Its possibility follows from our hydrodynamic modelof gravity, in conditions, when the phase of pulsing particles became opposite.

II.2 The explanation of Red Shift of Photons in Unified TheoryAs well, as General theory of relativity (GR), UT can explain the red shift of photons in

gravitational field. The known relation between the negative gravitational potential ( andthe light frequency in this field (, following from GR (Landau and Lifshitz, 1988) is:

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01 /c2 can be expressed via gravitational field energy of elementary particle:EG mV

and the total energy of this particle: Etot mVc2 as:

0 1 mV

mVc2 0 1 EGEtot

II.7

We can see, that the frequency of light/photon is increasing with increasing thegravitational field energy.

Using (8.10) for energy of gravitational field and taking into account that mV

m0/ 1 v2/c2 we get for the ratio EGEtot

c2 :

EGFF /mVc2 /c2 r

r i 1 m02

mV 2

FF

Dis

or : /c2 rr

i2 v2/c2FFDis

II.8

II.8a

where: m02

mV 2 mV

mV; rr is a ratio of unitary vector to the distance from particle.

The known relation between the shift of light frequency ( 1 2 and thedifference in gravitational potentials in place of photon emission (1 and its registration(2 is: 112/c2. This formula,, can be easily expressed via difference incorresponding energies of gravitational fields, taking into account that the both potentialsare negative:

1 EG2 EG

1 II.9

If, for example, EG2 and EG

1 correspond to gravitational fields energies on the Earthand Sun, i.e. EG

2 EG1, the frequency shift: 1 2 will be negative. This

phenomena is named a red shift.The increasing of the photons frequency in stronger gravitational field, as compared to

weaker one, follows also from our Unified theory. The energy/frequency of photons in both- corpuscular and wave phase can be expressed from (7.13 and 7.13b) as:

Eph hph CVC CVC 2mV c2 2m0c2

1 LphC rotc

2 II.10

This relation for photon frequency has certain similarity with formula for gravitationalenergy/frequency (8.10a,b), also including a sum of energies of positive and negativecumulative virtual clouds: CVC CVC , emitted absorbed in the process of C Wpulsation of pairs of sub-elementary fermion and antifermion:

EGFF hG i CVCF CVC

F II.11

We may see from comparison of II.10 and II.11 that the more is energy and frequencyof gravitational field EGFF hG, determined by energy of CVC and CVC,accompanied by excitation of positive and negative virtual pressure waves: VPWq

andVPWq

, the more is the positive increment to energy/frequency of photon.Consequently, the results of GR are reinforced and got a concrete physical

interpretation in the framework of our Unified Theory.