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Page 1: Physiological classification of the materia medica · . I. PHYSIOLOGICALCLASSIFICATION* MATERIAMEDICA,.BY DrDUNCANjunior. ExternalAgentsact, I.BynourishingtheBody,. ALIMENTA. a.Drink
Page 2: Physiological classification of the materia medica · . I. PHYSIOLOGICALCLASSIFICATION* MATERIAMEDICA,.BY DrDUNCANjunior. ExternalAgentsact, I.BynourishingtheBody,. ALIMENTA. a.Drink

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. I.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION *

MATERIA MEDICA,

.BY

Dr DUNCAN junior.

External Agents act,

I. By nourishing the Body, . ALIMENTA.a. Drink Potus.

When they act medicinally, . . . Diluentia.

b. Food Cibi.

When they act medicinally, . . . Demulcentia.

* By the expression Physiological Classification is here meant an arrange-

ment of substances according to the effects which they produce upon the body in

a state of health, in contradistinction to their therapeutical effects, which dependon the presence of certain diseases. The physiological effect is constant bothin health and disease

; but the therapeutical effects are various according to thenature of the disease present. Thus, Cinchona is febrifuge if it stop an ague

antiseptic if it check gangrene—antispasmodic if it cure hysteria—anthelminticif it expel worms. To a physiological classification of the Materia Medica au-thors have been gradually approaching

; but a few therapeutical orders are still

retained, as antispasmodics, lithontriptics, anthelmintics, antiseptics, &c. ; whileothers have admitted too much of hypothesis into their principle of classifica-

tion. I have attempted to avoid therapeutical distinctions entirely, and to

derive the characters of the orders from the obvious and recognized effects ofmedicinal agents.

A

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II. By Evacuation, .... EVACUANTIA.a. By the skin insensibly, Diaphoretica.

sensibly, Sudorifica.

b. By the mucous membrane,

of the Nostrils, Errhina.

of the Lungs, Expectorantja.

of the Stomach, Emetica.

of the Intestines, Cathartica.

of the Uterus, Emmenagoga.

c. By Glandular Secretion,

The Kidneys, Diuretica.

The Salivary Glands, Sialogoga.

III. By exciting the vital powers,... STIMULANTIA.

a. Chiefly of the parts to which 1-pOPICA

they are applied, . . J

Applied externally.

Causing redness, Rubefacientia.

serous secretion, . . . Vesicantia.

purulent secretion, . . Suppurantia.

Administered internally,

Condimenta when alimentary.

When acting medicinally, . • Carminativa,

b. Of the system generally, . GENERALIA.

a. Obscurely, but more1 pERMANENTIA.

durably, . . . J

Producing no immediate obviousMonica.

effect, . • •,

f

Constricting fibres and coagu-l AstringeNTIA .

lating fluids, J

b. More evidently but less ^TRANSITORIA.durably, . . . J

Acting on the organic functions,... Calefacientia.

Acting on the mental functions, ... Inebriantia.

IV. By depressing the vital powers,...DEPRIMENTIA.

Acting on the organic functions, . . • Refrigerantia.

Acting on the mental functions, • • • Narcotica..

V. By chemical influence on the \ EjjEmICA.fluids, f

Acidifying, ' *

Alkalizing,

Acida.

Alkalina.

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3

IT.

OFFICINAL EMOLLIENTS AND DEMULCENTS *.

VEGETABLE.

I. Amylaceous, Mucilaginous, or Saccharine +.

MaLVAC EEMalva sylvestris

Herha.

Althaea officinalis

Radix—Fo-

lia.

LlNEE.Linum usitatissimum

Semina.

PaPAVERACEE.

Papaver somniferum— Capsuke.

LeAuMINOSE.

Acacia vera

Gummi Arabicum.

Astragalus Tragacantha—Gum-

mi Tragacantlia.

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Radix—extractum.

RoSACEE.

Pyrus Cydonia

Semina.

Prunus domestica

Fructus.

Umbellifere.

Daucus Carota

Radix.

Composite.

Anthemis nobilis

Flores.

Inula Helenium

Radix.

Composite.

Tussilago Farfara

Folia.

Lactuca sativa

Folia.

Boraginee.

Anchusa tinctoria

Radix.

Solanee.

Solanum Dulcamara

Stipites.

Labiate.

Marrubium vulgare

Herba.

Urticee.

Ficus Carica

Fru'ctus.

Smilacee.

Smilax Sarsaparilla

Radix.

Graminee.Avena sativa

Semina.

Hordeum distichum

Semina.

Triticum hybernum

Semina.

Saccharum officinarum

Sac-

charum.

Lichenes.

Lichen Islandicus.

* That these lists may not extend to too great a length, I have thought it

expedient to limit them to the articles which are officinal in some of the British

Pharmacopoeias, subjoining occasionally a short notice of some other substances.

-j- The substances in this order agree in being digested and assimilated whentaken into the stomach. In their general effect on the system, they are alimen-

tary, and not medicinal. The action for which they are used in medicine is purely

local. As fluids, they soften the tissues to which they are applied, and fromtheir viscidity they protect it from irritants. In their nature they are either

oily, or saccharine, or glutinous. The last section includes all such substances

as gum, starch, albumen, and gelatine, and is the most bland of the whole ; while

the saccharine substances are not devoid of stimulus.

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4

II. Oleaginous.

Linens.

Linum usitatissimum—Oleum.

Oleineje.

Olea Europaea

Oleum.

Rosacea.

Amygdalus communis

Semi-

na—Oleum.

PalMjE.

Cocos butyracea--Oleum palmce.

ANIMAL.

Mucaginous.

Ichthyocalla.

Cornu cervi

Gelatina.

Mel.

Oleaginous.

Adeps suillus.

ovillus.

Cetaceum.

Cera.

III.

OFFICINAL DIAPHORETICS AND SUDORIFICS.

VEGETABLE *.

Rutace^e.

Guaiacum officinale—Cortex

—Lignum—Resina.

Ruta graveolens

Herba.

CRUCIFERvE.

Sinapis nigra

Semina.

PaPAVERACEjE.

Opium.

Polygale.®.

Polygala Senega

Radix.

Leguminos;e.

Copaifera officinalis

Resina.

Caprifolle.

Sambucus nigra

Flores.

Rubiacete.

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha—/tWA. -

Valeriane/e.

Valeriana sylvestris

Radix.

CoMPOSITiE—CORYMB IF ERjE.

Inula Helenium

Radix.

Arnica moutimn-Radix-Hcrbo—Flores.

CYNAROCEPHALE/E.

Arctium Lappa

Radix.

ERICINEiE.

Rhododendron Chrysanthum—

Folia.

SoLANEiE.

Capsicum annuura

Fruclus.

Solanum Dulcamara

Slipiles.

Labiate.

Hyssopus officinalis

Herba.

Melissa officinalis

Herba.

Mentha pulegium

Herba.

Rosm arinus o ffi cinal is

Herba .

Salvia officinalis

Herba.

* Besides the vegetables here enumerated, many others act upon the skin,

when their operation is directed to that organ, by dilution conjoined with warmth.

Of this nature are all vegetables which contain acrid resins, all spices, all fra-

grant herbs containing volatile oil, and all herbs possessed of a volatile pungent

principle, as the cruciform plants and the onion tribe.

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5

Laurine®.

Laurus Sassafras—Corlex.

nobilis

Folia.

Camphora

Camphora.

Thymale®.Daphne Mezereon

Cortex.

Aristolochi®.

Aristolochia Serpentaria-Rrtrfa’.

Euphorbiace®.

Croton cascarilla

Cortex.

Monimi®.

Dorstenia Contrayerva—Radix.

Smilace®.

Smilax Sarsaparilla

Radix.

Junce®.

Acorus Calamus

Radix.

Moschus.

Alcohol.

Vinum.

iEtherea.

Olea volatilia.

ANIMAL.

Castoreum.

INORGANIC.

Olea empyreumatica.

Ammonia; sales.

Antimonialia.

Hydrargyrum *.

IV.

OFFICINAL ERRHINES f

.

VEGETABLE.

Cucurbitace®.

Momordica Elaterium—Succus

spissatus.

SoLANE®.

Nicotiana Tabacum

Folia.

Labiat®.

Hyssopus officinalis

Herba.

Lavandula vera

Flores.

Marrubium vulgar©

Herba.

Melissa officinalis

Herba.

Mentha Pulegium—Herba.viridis

Herba.

Piperita

Herba.

Origanum Majorana

Herba.

vulgare

Herba.

Rosmarinus officinalis

Herba.

Labiat®.

Salvia officinalis

Herba.

Teucrium Chamaepitys—iLeria.

Teucrium Marum

Herba.

Aristolochi®.

Asarum Europaeum

Herba.

Euphorbiace®.

Euphorbiaofficinarum--Resina.

Iride®.

Iris Florentina

Radix.

Colchicace®.

Veratrum album

Radix.

Gramine®.

Saccharum officinarum

Sac-

charum purijicatum.

INORGANIC.

Subsulphas hydrargyri.

* The most powerful and certain sudorifics are heat, and exercise of all kinds

and in all forms, especially when assisted by diluents.

+ Every substance possessed of any degree of acrimony becomes an errhine

when applied to the membrane lining the nostrils ; and If it be snuffed up in theform of a fine powder is apt to prove sternutatory.

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V.

OFFICINAL EXPECTORANTS.

A. Topical,

Applied in theform of liquid to thefauces

.

Emollients and Demulcents in general.

Applied in theform of gas or vapour to the mucous membrane of the lungs.

Nicotiana Tabacum

Folia.

Datura Stramonium

Herba.

Myrrha.

Pix liquida.

Olea volatilia.

Aqua.

Alcohol.

iEtherea.

Acidum Benzoicum.

aceticum.

Ammonia.Ammonia:- carbonas.

B. General,

Taken into the stomach, and acting through the circulation *.

VEGETABLE. *

Terebinth ace®.Amyris Gileadensis

Terebin-

thina.

Kataf ?

Myrrha.

Toluifera Balsamum

Balsa-

mum.

Polygale.®.

Polygala Senega

Radix.

Leguminos®.

Copaifera officinalis

Terebin-

thina.

Myroxylon peruiferum

Bal-

samum.

Umbellifer®.

Bubon Galbanum

Gummi-re-

sina.

Ferula Assafcetida-GM?w.-re«w«

FerulaFerulago ? Ammoniacum+

Ferula ? Sagapenum.

the experiments

are absorbed into

by which they are

sionally employed

tainted by these

+mi/erum.

Rubiace®.

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha—Radix.

Ebenace®.

Styrax officinale

Balsamum.

Benzoin

Balsamum.

Solanace®.

Datura Stramonium

Semina.

Labiat®.

Hyssopus officinalis

Hei'ba.

Marrubium vulgare

Herba.

Melissa officinalis

Herba.

Mentha Pulegium

Herba.

sativa

Herba.

Salvia officinalis

Herba.

Aristolochi®.

Asarum Europaeum

Folia.

Lichenes.

Lichen Islandicus.

* The existence of this order of expectorants can no longer be doubted, since

of recent physiologists have proved that medicinal substances

the circulating system, and that they stimulate the organ

excreted. That the mucous membrane of the lungs is occa-

for this purpose, appears from the smell of the breath being

unassimilable substances.

t Probably from a species of Ferula, certainly not from the Heracleum gum-

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INORGANIC.

Tavtras antimonii.

VI.

OFFICINAL EMETICS *

I. VEGETABLE.

CrUCIFERjE.

Sinapis nigra—Seminum pulvis.

Rubiace^e.

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha—Radix.

Composite—Corymbifer^e.

Anthemis nobilis

Flores.

SoLANEiE.

Nicotiana Tabacum

Folia.

ArISTOLOCHIjE.

Asarum Europaeum

Folia.

LlLIACEvE.

Scilla maritima

Bulbus.

Ammoniae carbonas.

Antimonium tartarizatum.

II. INORGANIC.

Zinci sulphas.

Cupri sulphas.

VII.

OFFICINAL CATHARTICS.

LEGUMINOSiE.

Cassia fistula—Leguminis pulpa.

Taraarindus Indica

Legumen.RoSACEiE.

Frunus domestica

Fruclussic-

catus.

Rosa canina

Fructus.

CAPRIFOLIyE.

Sambucus nigra

Baeca.

Oleines.

Fraxinus ornus—Succus concre-

tus—Manna.Urtice^e.

Ficus carica—Fructus siccatus.

GraMINEjE.

Hordeum distichon

Semina.

Saccharum officinarum

Sac-

charum impuruni.

Thegreat

vomiting.

* The number of substances capable of exciting vomiting is very great,operation of all of them is assisted by repletion of the stomach

; and wheretorpor exists, titillation of the posterior fauces will sometimes provoke

1. VEGETABLE.

a. Emollient, Mucilaginous, Saccharine.

VIOLACEjE.

Viola odorata

Flores.

Saumentace^e.

Vitis vinifera—Baccce siccatce.

CoMPOSITjE—

C

lCHORACEjE.

Leontodon Taraxacum—Radix.

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OLEINE/E.

Olea Europrea

Oleum.

EuPHORBIACEjE.

Ricinus communis

Oleum.

Croton Tiglium

Oleum.

c.

Guttifer/e.

Gambogia *.

Terebinthace/e.

Pistacia Terebinthus—Terehin

thina Chia.

Amyris Gileadensis

Terebin-

thina.

Leguminos.e.

Copaifera officinalis

Terebin-

thina.

O/7/y.

Conifers.

Pinus sylvestris—Oleum volatile.

Resinous.

CoNVOLVULACEjE.

Convolvulus Scammonia

Re-

sina.

Jalapa

Radix—Resina.

Eupiiorbiace/e.

Euphorbia officinarum— Resina.

CoNIFERAS.

Pinus Larix

Terebiiithina.

Canadensis-Tcreb'mthina.

d. Extractive, nauseous, bitter, or acrid.

LinE/E.

Linum catharticum

Herba.

Crucifers.

Sinapis nigra—Semina Integra.

Frangulace>e.

Rhamnus catharticus

Bacca?.

Leguminos^e.

Cassia Senna

Folia.

Spartium Scoparium

Sunmi-

tates.

Geoffroya inermis

Cortex.

Caprifoli/e.

Sambucus nigra

Cortex.

Composite—cinarocephaLuE.

Arctium Lappa

Radix.

CuCURBITACEjE.

Cucumis colocynthi s

Peponcs.

Momordica Elaterium—Succus

concretusJruclus.

Gentiane.*.

Menyanthes trifoliata

Herba.

Spigelia Marilandica

Herba.

Labiate.

Gratiola officinalis

Herba.

Iride^e.

Iris Florentina

Radix.

Filices.

Aspidium Filix-mas

Radix.

e. Narcotic.

Ranunculace^e. Colchicaceas.

Helleborus niger

Radix. Colchicum autumnale-B«Z6/«.

fcetidus

Radix. Veratrum album

Radix.

Solanace^e.

Nicotiana Tabacum

Folia.

* Gamboge is probably the product of a non-descript species of Garcitm,

certainly not of the Stalagmilis Camboghides.

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f. Astringent.

Rosacea. Polygon e.®.

Rosa centifolia—Petala. Rheum Turcicum *

Radix.

Rumex aquaticus

Radix.

II. ANIMAL.

Emollient.

Honey.

III. INORGANIC.

a. Saline.

Potassae supertartras.

acetas.

Sodas murias.

phosphas.

sulphas.

et potassae tartras.

b. Metallic.

Pulvis Antimonialis.

Tartras Antimonii.

c. Inflammable.

Sulphur.

VIII.

OFFICINAL EMMENAGOGUES f.

VEGETABLE.

RaNUNCULACE^E. Ru’^ACEiE.

Helleborus niger. Ruta graveolens.

* Turkey rhubarb is now known to be the product of the Rheum amtrale.

+ The existence of this class has been altogether doubted ; and Vhen weconsider the great variety of causes upon which the defect of the menstrual secre-

tion may depend, it may be granted that the power of exciting the secretion in all

cases is not possessed by any substance. But upon the same grounds, the exist-

ence of many other classes of medicines might be denied. A better founded ob-

jection would be, that the uterus is not an organ intended for the elimination of

foreign matters, which therefore seldom reach it. Increased action may be ex-

cited in it by any stimulus directly applied, as electricity, friction, or heat ; or bysympathy, by stimulating the rectum, bladder, and neighbouring parts.

B

Magnesia.

Magnesiae carbonas.

sulphas.

Potassae sulphas.

supersulphas.

tartras.

/

Calomelas.

Pilulae Hydrargyri.

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GuTTIFER/E.

Gambogia.

Crucifers.

Sinapis alba

Semina.

UMBELLIFERjE.

Gummi foetida.

RuBIACEjE.

Rubia tinctorum

Radix.

Valerianeje.

Valeriana officinalis

Radix.

Composite—corymbifer;e.

Artemisia Abrotanum

Herba.Tanacetum vulgare

Herba.

ARISTOLOCIIIiE.

Aristolochia Serpentaria.

CoNIFERjE.

Juniperus Sabina

Folia.

iRIDEjE.

Crocus sativus

Stigmata.

LiLIACEjE.

Aloes Socotorina

Extractum.

IX.

OFFICINAL DIURETICS *

I. VEGETABLE.

a. Stimulant.

TeREBINTHACEjE.

Gambogia.

LoMENTACEjE.

Copaifera officinalis

Terebin-

thina.

Spartium Scoparium

Summi-

tates.

Myrti.

Melaleuca Leucadendron— Ole-

um volatile.

Conifers.

Juniperus communis— Oleum

volatile.

Pinus sylvestris—Oleum volatile.

* The action of Diuretics, and indeed of internal medicines in general, has

been much elucidated by the experiments of recent physiologists, especially of

Dr Wohler and Dr Stehberger. They have ascertained more precisely than had

been previously done, the state in which, and the time at which, various sub-

stances appear in the urine after being taken into the stomach.

1. Substances which pass off by Urine unchanged.

Carbonate of Potass.

Nitrate of Potass.

Chlorate of Potass.

Sulpho-cyanate of Potass.

Hydrosulpljuret of Potass.

Ferro-cyanate of Potass.

Silicate of Potass.

Tartrate of Nickel and Potass.

Borax.

Muriate of Barytes.

Astringency of Uva Ursi.

Colouring Principles.

Indigo.

Madder.

Rhubarb.

Gamboge.

Dogwood.

Red radishes.

Mulberry.

Black cherry.

Cassia fistula.

Elder rob.

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b. Narcotic.

Composite—cichoracejB-

Lactuca virosa—Succus concre-

tus.

Leontodon Taraxacum--Radix.

SoLANEAS.

Nicotiana Tabacum

Folia.

Personate.

Digitalis purpurea

Folia

.

Gratiola officinalis

Herba.

Liliace.®.

Scilla maritima

Bulbus.

CoLCHICACEiE.

Colchicum autumnale

Bulbus.

Odorous principles somewhat altered.

Oil of Turpentine. Assafoetida.

of Juniper. Garlic.

Valerian. Castor.

Saffron. Opium.

The narcotic principle of the Agaricus muscarius.

2. Substances which pass in a state of combination.

Sulphur, as sulphuric acid and sulphuretted hydrogen.

Iodine, as hydriodic acid.

Oxalic

Tartaric

Gallic acids hi combination with an alkali.

Succinic

Benzoic

Tartrate

Citrate

Malate

Acetate

3. Substances which pass in a decomposed state.

> of Potass or Soda<c^anSec^ *nto the Carbonate of the same

' alkali. i

Hydro-sulphuret of Potass, changed in a great measure into the sulphate

of potass.

Oxy-ferro-cyanate of Potass, changed into the Ferro-cyanate of potass.

4. Substances which did not re-appear in the Urine..

Iron. Cochineal.

Lead. Litmus.Alcohol. Sap green.

Sulphuric ether. Alkanet.

Dippel’s oil. Quassia.

Musk. Camphor.Carbonic acid not increased in quantity.

Madder and Indigo appeared in the urine 15 minutes after they were takeninto the stomach ; Rhubarb and Gallic Acid in 20 ; Logwood in 25 ; Vacciniummyrtillus in 30 ; Black Cherries and Uva Ursi in 45

;pulp of Cassia fistula in 55

;

Ferro-prussiate of Potass in 66 ; and Elder rob in 75.

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II. ANIMAL,.

Cantharis vesicatoria.

1. Volatile.

Alcohol.

Spiritus setheris nitrosi.

in. INORGANIC.

Stimulant.

2. Fixed.

a.

Murias ferri.

Murias hydrargyri.

Pilula hydrargyri.

Tartras antimonii.

b. Refrigerant.

1. Rendering the urine acid. Sod® et potass® tartras.

Acida mineralia diluta.

Rendering the urine alkaline.

Potass® carbonas.

-— supercarbonas.

acetas.

> tartras.

supertras.

Sod® carbonas.

supercarbonas.

3. Not rendering the urine either

acid or alkaline.

Potass® nitras.

chloras.

hydrosulphuretum.

ferro-cyanas.

Sod® subboras.

Baryt® murias.

X.

OFFICINAL SIALAGOGUES *.

VEGETABLE.

Hesperideje.

Citrus Aurantium—Fructus im-

maturi—Curasao.

Crucifers.

Coclilearia Armoracia

Radix.

Terebinthace.®.

Pistacia Lentiscus

Resina—Mastiche.

Polygalem..

Polygala Seneka

Radix.

LEGUMINOSiE.

Pterocarpus Draco

Resina.

Myrti.

Myrtus Pimenta

Fructus.

Eugenia caryophyllata

Fruc-

tus.

UmBELLIFERjE.

Angelica archangelica

Radix.

Composite

coRYMBiFERiE.

Anthemis Pyrethrum

Radix.

* Sialagogues, besides the increased flow of saliva, cause also an increased

secretion of mucus from the membrane of the mouth and fauces. Mercury is

the only substance which produces salivation through the medium of the circula-

tion ; but every acrid substance chewed, or applied directly to the orifices of the

salivary ducts, acts as a topical sialagogue. The stimulus of food received into

the stomach, and even the sight or expectation of food, produces an increased se-

cretion of saliva.

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SoLANEiE-

Nicotiana Tabacum

Folia.

Capsicum annuum

Fructus.

Laurine®.Laurus Cassia

Fructus imma-

tnri.

MyRISTICEjE.

Myristica moschata—Fructus.

Thymaleie.

Daphne Mezereon

Cortex.

Urticeje.

Piper nigrum

Baccw

.

longum

Fructus.

DrYMYRRHIZjE.

Amomum Zingiber

Radix.

Cardamomum-jFVwc-tus.

Irideje.

Iris Florentina

Radix.

JuNCEjE.

Acorus Calamus

Radix.

INORGANIC.

Hydrargyrum.

OFFICINAL EPISPASTICS ; INCLUDING RUBE-

FACIENTS and ESCHAROTICS.

VEGETABLE.

RanunculaceJE.

Delphinium Staphisagria

Se-

mina.

Ranunculus acris

Herba.

RuTACEjE.

Ruta graveolens

Herba.

Guaiacum officinale

Oleum.

Crucifers.

Sinapis alba

Seminum pulvis.

Cochlearia Armoracia

Radix.

TEREBINTHACEiE.

Amyris elemifera

Resina.

Myrti.

Melaleuca Leucadendron— Ole-

um Cajeput.

Eugenia caryophyllata

Fruc-

tus oleum volatile.

UMBELLIFERjE.

Gummi-resina Ammoniacum.Gummi-resina Sagapenum.

Bubon Galbanum

Gummi-reT

sina.

Umbellifer^e.

Pastinaca Opoponax

Gummi-

resina.

CoMPOSITjE—CORYMBIFER^E.

Anthemis Pyrethrum

Radix.

SoLANEffi.

Capsicum annuum

Baccae.

LaURINEjE.

Laurus Cinnamomum—Oleum.

Sassafras

Oleum.

Camphora

Camphora.

Thymaleje.

Daphne Mezereon

Cortex.

Euphorbiace;e.

Euphorbia officinarum-i2e«?ja.

Urticeje.

Piper oigrum

Baccae.

longum

Fructus.

CoNIFERjE.

Pinus Larix— Tercbinthina-Olc-

um terebinthinoe—Resina.

Juniperus Sabina—Fo&a-Ofamvolatile.

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14

Aroide,®.

Arum maculatum—Radix re-

cens.

DrYMYRRHIZjE.

Zingiber officinale

Radix.

LlLIACE/E.

Allium sativa

Bulbils.

Cepa

Bulbils.

ANIMAL.

Cantharis vesicatoria.

INORGANIC.

Alcohol fortius.

/Ether sulphuricus.

Acida mineralia fortiora.

Acidum aceticum fortius.

Ammonia.Potassa.

Calx.

Calcis murias.

Argenti nitras.

Hydrargyri murias.

— oxidum rubrum.Cupri sulphas.

subacetas.

Zinci sulphas.

Antimonii tartras.

murias.

XII.

OFFICINAL CARMINATIVES.

UmBELLIFERjE.

Anethum Foeniculum

Semina.

graveolens

Semina.

Angelica archangelica

Radix.

Carum Carui

Semina.

Coriandrum sativum

Semina.

Cuminum Cyminum

Semina.

Daucus Carota

Semina.

Pimpinella Anisum

Semina.

Labiate.

Hyssopus officinalis

Herba.

Lavandula Spica

Flores.

Melissa officinalis

Herba.

Mentha Piperita

Herba.

Pulegium

Herba.

viridis

Herba.

Origanum Majorana

Herba.

vulgare

Herba.

Rosmarinus officinalis

Herba.

Salvia officinalis—Herba.

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XIII.

OFFICINAL SPICES AND ACRID STIMULI.

MaGNOLIACEjE.

Drymis aromatica-Cortex fVin-

teri.

Rutace.e.

Guaiacum officinale

Lignum-

Cortex—Resina.

Ruta graveolens

Herba.

HeSPERIDEjE.

Citrus aurantium

Cortexfruc-

tus.

. medica

Cortexfrudus.

Meliace/e.

Canella alba

Cortex.

PoLYGALEiE.

Polygala Senega

Radix.

Myrti.

Melaleuca Leucadendron— Ole-

um Cajeputi.

Myrtus Pimenta

Frudus.

Eugenia caryophyllata

Fruc-

tus.

COMPOSITE—CORYMBIFER.E.

Anthemis Pyrethrum

Radix.

Arnica montana

Radix-Flores

Folia.

S0LANE.E.

Capsicum annuum—Frudus.Laurine.e.

Laurus Cinnamomum

Cortex.

— Cassia—•Cortex.

Laurine.®.

Laurus nobilis

Baccce.

Sassafras

Lignum.

Camphora

Camphora.

MyRISTICEjE.

Myristica moschata

Nux—Macis.

Aristolochi.®.

Aristolochia Serpentaria

Ra-

dix.

Asarum Europaeum

Folia.

Euphorbiace^e.

Croton Eleutheria

Cortex.

MoNIMIiE.

Dorstenia Contrayerva-Cwto.

Urtice^e.

Piper nigrum

Frudus.

longum

Frudus.

Cubeba

Frudus.

Conifers.

Juniperus Sabina

Folia.

Aroide®.

Arum maculatum

Radix.

DrYMYRRHIZjE.

Zingiber officinale

Radix.

Amomum Zedoaria

Radix.

AmomumCardamomum-i'V?/o

tus.

Junce#:.

Acorus Calamus—Radix.

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XIV.

OFFICINAL TONICS.

I. VEGETABLE.

Menisperme.®.

Menispermum palmatum—Ra-dix Columbce.

SlMARUBE®.

Quassia excelsa

Cortex.

Quassia Simaruba

Cortex.

Rutace®.

Bonplandia trifoliata

Cortex

Angusturce.

RuBIACE®.

Cinchona officinalis

Cortex.

Composite—corymbifer®.

Anthemis nobilis

Flores.

Composite—corymbifer®.

Artemisia Absinthium—Herba.

Santonica—iSWmz/a-

tes.

CYNAROCEPHAL®.

Tanacetum vulgare

Herba

.

Cnicus benedictus

Herba.

Gentiane®.

Gentiana lutea

Radix.

Menyanthes trifoliata

Herba.

Spigelia Marilandica

Herba.

Chironia Centaurium

Summi-

tates.

Murias sodae.

— calcis.

Arsenicum.

Ferrum.

Zincum.

Cuprum.

II. MINERAL.

Saline.

Murias baryta?.

Metallic.

Argentum.

Stannum.

Bismuthum.

XV.

OFFICINAL ASTRINGENTS.

VEGETABLE.

Meliace®.

Swietenia Mahagoni

Cortex.

febrifuga

Cortex.

ACERINE®.

iEsculus Hippocastanum—Cor-

tex.

PoLYGALE®.

Krameria tri&ndra.-Radix Rka-

tanicc.

Leguminos®.

Acacia vera

Succus spissatus.

Acacia Catechu—Extraction.

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17*

Leguminos^e.

Butea frondosa-—Sticcus spissa-

tus, var. Kino.

Haem&toxylon Campechianum

—Extractum ligni.

Pterocarpus Africanus—Succus

spissalus, Kino verum.

Rosacem.

Agrimonia Eupatoria

Herba.

Geum urbanum

Radix.

Rosa Gallica

Petala.

Tormentilla erecta

Radix.

SaLICARIjE.

Lythrum Salicaria

Radix.

Myrti.

Punica Granatum

Cortex ra-

dicis— .Flores—Cortex

(Epicarpium) fructus.

Eucalyptus resinifera

Succus

spissatus, varietas Kino.

RuBIACEiE.

Cinchona rubra

Cortex.

Rubia tinctorum

Radix.

Ericine;e.

Arbutus Uva-ursi

Folia.

PoLYGONEiE.

Polygonum Bistorta

Radix.

Rheum australe

Radix.

Rumex aquaticus

Radix.

Laurine.®.

Laurus Cinnamomum

Cassia

—Cortex.

AMENTACEiE.

Quercus Robur

.Cortex.

infectoria

Gallce.

Salix alba, fragilis, Caprea

Cortex.

Ulmus campestris

Cortex.

Coniferm.

Pinus Larix

Cortex.

Acetas plumbi.

Sulphas cupri.

zinci.

Acrdurn sulphuricum.

aceticum.

Mineral Styptics.

Mimas ferri.

Nitras argenti.

Saline Styptics.

Alumen.

XVI.

OFFICINAL RESINOUS STIMULI.

Rutace^e.

Guaiacum officinale

Resina.

TEREBINTHACEiE.

Amyris Gileadensis

Terebin-

thina.

Pistacia Lentiscus

Resina.

terebinthus

Terebin-

thina.

TEREBINTHACEiE.

Toluifera balsamurn

Balsa-

mum.

Leguminos/e.

Copaifera officinalis

Terebin

-

thina.

Myroxylon peruiferum

Bal-

samum.

c

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18

EbENACEE.

Styrax officinale-—Balsamum—Resina.

——— Benzoin

Balsamum—Resina.

EuPHORBIACEE.

Euphorbia officinarum-Jfo.?ma.

CoNIFERE.

Pinus;plurimae species,

Terebinthina vulgaris.———— Veneta.

Balsamum Canadense—Te-

rebinthina.

Resina sponte concreta.

Juniperus Lycia— Olibanum *.

XVII.

OFFICINAL FCETID STIMULI.—ANTISPASMODICSof Authors.

VEGETABLE.

UMBELLIFER.E.

Bubon Galbanum

Gummi-re-

sina.

Ferula Assafcetida

Gummi-re-

sina.

Pastinaca Opoponax

Gummi-

resina.

Umbellifere.

Gummi-resina Ammoniacum.Gummi-resina Sagapenum.

Valerianee.

Valeriana sylvestris

Radix.

Iridee.

Crocus sativa

Stigmata.

ANIMAL.

Moschus. Castoreum.

INORGANIC.

Petroleum. Volatile Oils—Oil of Turpentine

Empyreumatic Oils

Animal— —Oil of Cajeput.

Dippel’s oil—Burnt feathers

—Oil of Amber.

There are other substances which act as Antispasmodics, upon dif-

ferent principles

:

Narcotics—as Opium. Tonics—as Wormwood.

Intoxicators—as Ether. Mineral Tonics—as Copper—Sil-

ver—Zinc.

* The Olibanum of the shops is furnished by the Boswcllia serrate.

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XVIII.

OFFICINAL VOLATILE PUNGENT STIMULI,

ONE ORDER OF ANTISCORBUTICS.

Crucifer.®.

Cardamine pratensis

Herba.

Cochlearia Armoracia

Radix.

officinalis

Herba.

Sinapis alba

Semina.

nigra

Semina.

Liliace®.

Allium sativum

Bulbus.

Cepa

Bulbus.

Porrum

Radiculce.

There are other substances which are also useful in scurvy, but theyoperate upon very different principles.

Acid Fruits-—as Lemons. Spices—as Winter’s Bark.Acid Vegetables—as Sorrel. Fresh Animal Food.Bitter Vegetables—as Dandelion.

XIX.

OFFICINAL REFRIGERANTS *

VEGETABLE +.

Hesperide®.

Citrus Aurantium-i'Vwe/w.y sue-

cus.—— medica—Fructus succus.

GeRANIACE® OXALIDE®.

Oxalis Acetosella.

Leguminos®.

Tamarindus IndicB—Legumen.

Rosace®.

Prunus domestica

Fructus.

Rosa canina

Fructus.

CoMPOSIT® CICHORACE®.

Lactuca sativa

Herba.

PoLYGONE®.

Rumex Acetosa

Folia.

Urtice®.

Morus nigra

Fructus.

* The most powerful, if not the only, refrigerant is Cold ; cold air, cold bath,cold drink

; all of which not only abstract heat from the body, but have a ten-dency to reduce the calorific function. But the substances commonly consideredas Refrigerants act by evacuation or by inducing nausea.

+ There are many other subacid fruits, which are used as refrigerant articles ofchet, although not officinal

; also some animal products, as butter.milk, and acid07 riO-tr

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20

INORGANIC.

Dilute Mineral Acids, especially the Sulphuric.

All Vegetable Acids.

All Acid Salts, as Supersulphate of Potass and Alum, and Supertar-

trate of Potass.

Neutral Salts, largely diluted, especially

Nitrate of Potass.

Subborate of Soda.

Some Metallic Salts,

Acetate of Lead.

Tartrate of Antimony.

XX.

OFFICINAL NARCOTICS.

VEGETABLE.

RaNUNCULACEjE.

Aconitum Napellus

Folia.

Helleborus niger

Hcrba.

Delphinium Staphisagria

Se-

mina.

Menisperme,®.

Menispermum Cocculus— Se-

mina.

Papaverace/e.

Opium.

Papaver somniferum--Capswte.

Papaver Rhaeas

Petala.

TEREBINTHACEiE.

Rhus Toxicodendron

Folia.

Rosacea.

Amygdalus communis

Amyg-

dalae amarcc.

Persica

Folia.

Prunus Laurocerasus

Folia.

U MBELLIFERA3.

Conium maculatum

Folia.

Composite—cichoraceas.

Lactuca virosa

Succus concre-

tus.

sativa

Succus concre

-

lus.

Strychnei£.

Strychnos Nuxvomica

Nuces

SoLANEjE.

Atropa Belladonna

Folia.

Datura Stramonium

Hcrba—

Capsulce—Semina.

Hyoscyamus niger

Folia.

Nicotiana Tabacum

Folia.

Verbascum Thapsus—Folia.

Personate.

Digitalis purpurea

Folia.

Gratiola officinalis

Hcrba.

Laurineas.

Laurus Camphora

Camphora.

Crocus sativus

Stigmata.

CoLCHICACEiE.

Colchicum autumnal©

Bulbus.

INORGANIC.

Acidum hydrocyanicum. Acidum oxalicum.

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21

XXI.

OFFICINAL ACIDS.\

Acidum sulphuricum.

nitricum.

muriaticum.

aceticum.

Acidum citricum.

^—— tartaricum.

benzoicum.

— succinicum.

XXI.

OFFICINAL ALKALINES.

Potass.

Soda.

Ammonia.

Lime.

Magnesia.

and their combinations with

carbonic acid.

\

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- •' !,!!>/ a; :

.w 's- ; ’ ;

.u(Wn-y.l it

trmotfW'

i

; r;

iwr/i it))Ujf()9 inui) : A

i'tliit

i•' - -

< b r

!'

. <! «*: -• 'm -

.

,-J i: <

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23

LIST

or

OFFICINAL PLANTSIN THE

BRITISH PHARMACOPEIAS,

ARRANGED

ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL ORDERS *.

/

DICOTYLEDONES.

Ranunculacea:.—Acrid, narcotic,

purgative, emetic.

Aconitum Napellus, var. pani-

culatum, Dec.

Delphinium Staphisagria.

Helleborus niger.

foetidus.

Magnoliace/E.—Stimulant ; aro-

matic.

Drymis (Wintera) aromatica.

Menisperme/E.—Bitter, narcotic

.

Menispermum Cocculus (C. su-

berosus, Dec.)

Colomba ; C. palmatus.

* In this list I have followed the system adopted by M. De Candolle in his

Essay on the Medical Properties of Plants, as that best adapted for the purpose.

Of the various principles upon which the numerous articles of the vegetable

Materia Medica may be considered in a course of Lectures, the classification ac-

cording to a Natural Botanical Arrangement seems to me to possess many advan-

tages. It not only is the most suitable for combining in one discourse the natu-

ral, medicinal, and pharmaceutical history of each vegetable, but, by the great

similarity which exists in these respects among the individuals forming each fa-

mily, much repetition is avoided ;while a great deal of information can be easily

given concerning articles, which, though not officinal in this kingdom, are pos-

sessed of virtues that render them valuable in other countries, and may lead to

their introduction into more general use. Accordingly, Professor Murray of

Gottingen, in his celebrated Apparatus Medicaminwn,followed the natural ar-

rangement of LinnjEus; and modifications of that of Jussieu have been adopted

by De Candolle and Richard.On the present occasion I have confined myself to the plants officinal in the

British Pharmacopoeias as those of most importance to British practitioners, re-

serving to a future opportunity the publication of a general list, for which mycollections, although considerable, are not complete.

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Malvace®.—Mucilag'mous ; de-

mulcent.

Malva sylvestris.

Althaea officinalis.

Simarube®.—Bitter, trnic.

Quassia excelsa.

Siitiarttba.

Rutace®.—Stimulant.

a. Zygophyllece.

Guaiacum officinale.

b. Rutacece verce.

Ruta graveolens.

c. Diosmece.

Diosma crenata.

d. Cusparice.

Bonplandia trifoliata (Cusparia

febrifuga).

Caryophylle®.—Fragrant.

Dianthus Caryophyllus.

Line®.

Mucilaginous, oily, bitter,

cathartic.

I.inum usitatissimum.

catharticum.

Violace®.—Fragrant, emetic.

Viola odorata.

Hesperide®.— Rind aromatic ;

juice acidulous.

Citrus aui’antium.

medica.

Meliace® .

Aromatic, astringent.

Canella alba.

Swietenia Mahagoni.

Sarmentace®.—Fruit sweet, sub-

Vitis vinifera, [acid.

GeRANIACE®—OXALIDE®.—Add.

Oxalis. Acetosella.

GuTTJEF'ERJE.-Resi?ious,purgative.

Stalagmitis cambogioides.

Dryabalonops Camphova.

Crucifer®.— Volatile pungency,

stimulant.

Siliquosce.

Cardamine pratensis.

Sinapis alba.

nigra.

Crucifer.®.

Sisymbrium Nasturtium.

Siliculosae.

Cochlearia Armoracea.

officinalis.

Papaverace®.—Anodyne.

PapaYer somttifierum.

Rhaeas.

Frangulace®.—Demulcent, pur-

gative.

Rhamnus catharticus.

Terebinthace®.—Resinous, sti-

mulant.

Amyris elemifera.

Gileadensis.

Boswellia serrata.

Pistacia Terebinthus.

Lentiscus.

Rhus Toxicodendron.

Toluifera Balsamum.

Polygale®.—Acrid, bitter, as-

tringent.

Polygala Senega.

Krameria triandra.

Leguminos®.—Gummy, amylace-

ous, saccharine, purgative, re-

sinous, astringent.

Acacia Arabica.

vera.

Catechu.

Astragalus Tragacantha.

vefrus.

Creticus.

Cassia Senna.

fistula.

Copaifera officinalis.

Dolichos pruriens.

GeofFraea inennis.

Glycyrrhiza glabra.

Haematoxylon Campechianum.

Myroxylon Peruiferum.

Pterocarpus Santolinus.

Draco.

erinacea.

Spartium Scoparium.

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25

LeGUMINOSjE.

Tamarindus Indica.

Rosaceas .

Saccharine, emulsive,

astringent, narcotic.

Amygdalus communis.

var. amara.

Persica.

Geum urbanum.

Prunus domestica.

Laurocerasus.

Pyrus Cydonia.

Rosa canina.

centifolia.

Gallica.

Tormentilla erecta.

Salicari.®.

Lythrum Salicaria.

Myrti.—Aromatic ; astringent.

Melaleuca Leucadendron.

Myrtus Pimenta.

Punica Granatum.

Eucalyptus resinifera.

Eugenia caryophyllata.

UmbelliferjE.—Aromatic, foetid

stimuli.

Anethum Fceniculum.— graveolens.

Angelica Archangelica.

Bubon Galbanum.Carum Carui.

Conium maculatum.Coriandrum sativum.

Cuminum Cyminum.Daucus Carota.

Ferula Assafcetida.

Heracleum gummiferum.Pastinaca Opoponax.Pimpinella Anisum.

Ca prifolijE—Laxative.

Sambucus nigra.

Rubiacem.—

T

onic, emetic.

Cinchona cordifolia.

lancifolia.

" oblongifolia.

Rubiaceae.

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha.

Rubia tinctorum.

Valeriane/e.—Foetid stimulant.

Valeriana officinalis.

Composite.-Bitter stimulant, nar-

cotic.

a. Corymbtferce.

Anthemis nobilis.

Pyrethrum.

Arnica montana.

Artemisia Absynthium.

Chinensis.

Indica.

Santonica.

Inula Helenium.

Tanacetum vulgare.

Tussilago Farfara.

b. Cynarocepkalce.

Arctium Lappa.

Cnicus (Centaurea) benedictus.

c. Cichoracece.

Lactuca virosa.

sativa.

Leontodon Taraxacum.Cucurbitacee.—Bitter, purga-

tive.

Cucumis Colocynthis.

Momordica Elaterium.

Ericinee.—Astringent, narcotic.

Arbutus Uva-ursi.

Rhododendrum Chrysanthum.Pyrola umbellata.

Ebenacee.—Resinous, balsamic.Styrax officinale.

Benzoin.

Oleinee—Oleaginous, demulcent.Olea Europaea.

Fraxinus Ornus (Manna).StrychnEjE—Bitter, narcotic.

Strychnos Nux-vomica.Gentians.—Bitter, tonic.

Chironia (Erythra?a) Centau.Gentiana lutea. H-pnm

D

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26

GENTIAN®.Menyanthes trifoliata.

Spigelia Marilandica.

Convolvulace/e .

Resinous, pur-

gative.

Convolvulus Scammonia.

Jalapa.

Boragine®.— Mucilaginous, co-

Anchusa tinctoria. flouring.

Solane®.—Narcotic, acrid.

Atropa Belladonna.

Capsicum annuum.

Datura Stramonium.

Hyoscyamus niger.

Nicotiana Tabacum.

Solanum Dulcamara.

Verbascum Thapsus.

Personate.—Narcotic, diuretic.

Digitalis purpurea.

Gratiola officinalis.

Scrophularia nodosa.

Labiat®.—Fragrant.

Hyssopus officinalis.

Lavandula spica (vera.)

Marrubium vulgare.

Melissa officinalis.

Mentha Piperita.

Pulegium.

viridis.

Origanum Majorana.

vulgare.

Rosmarinus officinalis.

Salvia officinalis.

Polygone.®. Astringent, acid,

purgative.

Polygonum Bistorta.

Rheum palmatum.

undulatum.

Rumex aquaticus.

- Acetosa.

Laurine®.—Aromatic, narcotic.

Laurus Cinnamomum.

. Cassia.

Laurine®.

Laurus nobilis.

Sassafras.

— Camphora.

Myristice®.

Aromatic.

Myristica moschata.

Thymale®.

Acrid.

Daphne Mezereum.

Aristolochi®.

Acrid.

Aristolochia Serpentaria.

Asarum Europseum.

Euphorbiace®.

Stimulant pur-

gative, resinous, oily.

Croton (Eleutheria) Cascarilla.

Tiglium.

Euphorbia officinarum.

Canariensis.

Ricinus communis.

Monimie®.

Stimulant.

Dorstenia Contrayerva-

Urtice®.

Acrid, bitter, demid-

Ficus Carica. {cent.

Humulus Lupulus.

Morus nigra.

Piper nigrum.

longum.

Cubeba.

Amentace®.

Astringent, muci-

Quercus Robur. jAaginous.

— infectoria.

pedimculata.

Salix fragilis.

alba.

_ Caprea.

Ulmus campestris.

Conifer®.

Resinous.

Pinus Abies (Abies picea).

sylvestris. ,

Larix (Larix Europaea).

. Balsamea (Abies bals.)

Juniperus communis.

Sabina.

Lycia.

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27

MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Drymyrrhiz.e.—Aromatic, amy-

Zingiber officinale. [laceous.

Amoraum Zingiber (Z. offici-

nale).

Cardamomum.— repens (Matonia

Cardamomum)

Curcuma longa.

Iride.se.—Fragrant.

Crocus sativus.

Iris Florentina.

SmilacEzE.—Mucilaginous.

Smilax Sarsaparilla.

Liliace.se.—Pungent, bitter, pur-

gative, emetic.

Allium sativum.

-t Cepa.

Porrum.

Aloe spicata.

LlLIACEiE.

Aloe vulgaris.

Scilia maritima,

Colchicace^e.—Narcotic.

Colchicum autumnale.

Veratrum album.

Palm^e.—Oily, amylaceous.

Cocos butyracea.

Junce^s.-—Fragrant.

Acorus Calamus.

Gramine^:.—Amylaceous, saccha

-

Avena sativa. \rine.

Hordeum distichon.

Saccharum officinarum.

Triticum hybernum.

Filices.

Aspidium (Polypodium) Filix

mas.

ACOTYLEDONES.

Lichenes.—Amylaceous, colour-

ing.

Lichen (Cetraria) Islandicus.

Rocella tinctoria.

Fungi!

Boletus igniarius.

Alg.se.

Fucus vesiculosus.

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