physiological classification of the materia medica · . i. physiologicalclassification*...
TRANSCRIPT
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. I.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION *
MATERIA MEDICA,
.BY
Dr DUNCAN junior.
External Agents act,
I. By nourishing the Body, . ALIMENTA.a. Drink Potus.
When they act medicinally, . . . Diluentia.
b. Food Cibi.
When they act medicinally, . . . Demulcentia.
* By the expression Physiological Classification is here meant an arrange-
ment of substances according to the effects which they produce upon the body in
a state of health, in contradistinction to their therapeutical effects, which dependon the presence of certain diseases. The physiological effect is constant bothin health and disease
; but the therapeutical effects are various according to thenature of the disease present. Thus, Cinchona is febrifuge if it stop an ague
—
antiseptic if it check gangrene—antispasmodic if it cure hysteria—anthelminticif it expel worms. To a physiological classification of the Materia Medica au-thors have been gradually approaching
; but a few therapeutical orders are still
retained, as antispasmodics, lithontriptics, anthelmintics, antiseptics, &c. ; whileothers have admitted too much of hypothesis into their principle of classifica-
tion. I have attempted to avoid therapeutical distinctions entirely, and to
derive the characters of the orders from the obvious and recognized effects ofmedicinal agents.
A
2
II. By Evacuation, .... EVACUANTIA.a. By the skin insensibly, Diaphoretica.
sensibly, Sudorifica.
b. By the mucous membrane,
of the Nostrils, Errhina.
of the Lungs, Expectorantja.
of the Stomach, Emetica.
of the Intestines, Cathartica.
of the Uterus, Emmenagoga.
c. By Glandular Secretion,
The Kidneys, Diuretica.
The Salivary Glands, Sialogoga.
III. By exciting the vital powers,... STIMULANTIA.
a. Chiefly of the parts to which 1-pOPICA
they are applied, . . J
Applied externally.
Causing redness, Rubefacientia.
serous secretion, . . . Vesicantia.
purulent secretion, . . Suppurantia.
Administered internally,
Condimenta when alimentary.
When acting medicinally, . • Carminativa,
b. Of the system generally, . GENERALIA.
a. Obscurely, but more1 pERMANENTIA.
durably, . . . J
Producing no immediate obviousMonica.
effect, . • •,
f
Constricting fibres and coagu-l AstringeNTIA .
lating fluids, J
b. More evidently but less ^TRANSITORIA.durably, . . . J
Acting on the organic functions,... Calefacientia.
Acting on the mental functions, ... Inebriantia.
IV. By depressing the vital powers,...DEPRIMENTIA.
Acting on the organic functions, . . • Refrigerantia.
Acting on the mental functions, • • • Narcotica..
V. By chemical influence on the \ EjjEmICA.fluids, f
Acidifying, ' *
Alkalizing,
Acida.
Alkalina.
3
IT.
OFFICINAL EMOLLIENTS AND DEMULCENTS *.
VEGETABLE.
I. Amylaceous, Mucilaginous, or Saccharine +.
MaLVAC EEMalva sylvestris
—
Herha.
Althaea officinalis
—
Radix—Fo-
lia.
LlNEE.Linum usitatissimum
—
Semina.
PaPAVERACEE.
Papaver somniferum— Capsuke.
LeAuMINOSE.
Acacia vera
—
Gummi Arabicum.
Astragalus Tragacantha—Gum-
mi Tragacantlia.
Glycyrrhiza glabra
—
Radix—extractum.
RoSACEE.
Pyrus Cydonia
—
Semina.
Prunus domestica
—
Fructus.
Umbellifere.
Daucus Carota
—
Radix.
Composite.
Anthemis nobilis
—
Flores.
Inula Helenium
—
Radix.
Composite.
Tussilago Farfara
—
Folia.
Lactuca sativa
—
Folia.
Boraginee.
Anchusa tinctoria
—
Radix.
Solanee.
Solanum Dulcamara
—
Stipites.
Labiate.
Marrubium vulgare
—
Herba.
Urticee.
Ficus Carica
—
Fru'ctus.
Smilacee.
Smilax Sarsaparilla
—
Radix.
Graminee.Avena sativa
—
Semina.
Hordeum distichum
—
Semina.
Triticum hybernum
—
Semina.
Saccharum officinarum
—
Sac-
charum.
Lichenes.
Lichen Islandicus.
* That these lists may not extend to too great a length, I have thought it
expedient to limit them to the articles which are officinal in some of the British
Pharmacopoeias, subjoining occasionally a short notice of some other substances.
-j- The substances in this order agree in being digested and assimilated whentaken into the stomach. In their general effect on the system, they are alimen-
tary, and not medicinal. The action for which they are used in medicine is purely
local. As fluids, they soften the tissues to which they are applied, and fromtheir viscidity they protect it from irritants. In their nature they are either
oily, or saccharine, or glutinous. The last section includes all such substances
as gum, starch, albumen, and gelatine, and is the most bland of the whole ; while
the saccharine substances are not devoid of stimulus.
4
II. Oleaginous.
Linens.
Linum usitatissimum—Oleum.
Oleineje.
Olea Europaea
—
Oleum.
Rosacea.
Amygdalus communis
—
Semi-
na—Oleum.
PalMjE.
Cocos butyracea--Oleum palmce.
ANIMAL.
Mucaginous.
Ichthyocalla.
Cornu cervi
—
Gelatina.
Mel.
Oleaginous.
Adeps suillus.
ovillus.
Cetaceum.
Cera.
III.
OFFICINAL DIAPHORETICS AND SUDORIFICS.
VEGETABLE *.
Rutace^e.
Guaiacum officinale—Cortex
—Lignum—Resina.
Ruta graveolens
—
Herba.
CRUCIFERvE.
Sinapis nigra
—
Semina.
PaPAVERACEjE.
Opium.
Polygale.®.
Polygala Senega
—
Radix.
Leguminos;e.
Copaifera officinalis
—
Resina.
Caprifolle.
Sambucus nigra
—
Flores.
Rubiacete.
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha—/tWA. -
Valeriane/e.
Valeriana sylvestris
—
Radix.
CoMPOSITiE—CORYMB IF ERjE.
Inula Helenium
—
Radix.
Arnica moutimn-Radix-Hcrbo—Flores.
CYNAROCEPHALE/E.
Arctium Lappa
—
Radix.
ERICINEiE.
Rhododendron Chrysanthum—
Folia.
SoLANEiE.
Capsicum annuura
—
Fruclus.
Solanum Dulcamara
—
Slipiles.
Labiate.
Hyssopus officinalis
—
Herba.
Melissa officinalis
—
Herba.
Mentha pulegium
—
Herba.
Rosm arinus o ffi cinal is
—
Herba .
Salvia officinalis
—
Herba.
* Besides the vegetables here enumerated, many others act upon the skin,
when their operation is directed to that organ, by dilution conjoined with warmth.
Of this nature are all vegetables which contain acrid resins, all spices, all fra-
grant herbs containing volatile oil, and all herbs possessed of a volatile pungent
principle, as the cruciform plants and the onion tribe.
5
Laurine®.
Laurus Sassafras—Corlex.
nobilis
—
Folia.
Camphora
—
Camphora.
Thymale®.Daphne Mezereon
—
Cortex.
Aristolochi®.
Aristolochia Serpentaria-Rrtrfa’.
Euphorbiace®.
Croton cascarilla
—
Cortex.
Monimi®.
Dorstenia Contrayerva—Radix.
Smilace®.
Smilax Sarsaparilla
—
Radix.
Junce®.
Acorus Calamus
—
Radix.
Moschus.
Alcohol.
Vinum.
iEtherea.
Olea volatilia.
ANIMAL.
Castoreum.
INORGANIC.
Olea empyreumatica.
Ammonia; sales.
Antimonialia.
Hydrargyrum *.
IV.
OFFICINAL ERRHINES f
.
VEGETABLE.
Cucurbitace®.
Momordica Elaterium—Succus
spissatus.
SoLANE®.
Nicotiana Tabacum
—
Folia.
Labiat®.
Hyssopus officinalis
—
Herba.
Lavandula vera
—
Flores.
Marrubium vulgar©
—
Herba.
Melissa officinalis
—
Herba.
Mentha Pulegium—Herba.viridis
—
Herba.
Piperita
—
Herba.
Origanum Majorana
—
Herba.
vulgare
—
Herba.
Rosmarinus officinalis
—
Herba.
Labiat®.
Salvia officinalis
—
Herba.
Teucrium Chamaepitys—iLeria.
Teucrium Marum
—
Herba.
Aristolochi®.
Asarum Europaeum
—
Herba.
Euphorbiace®.
Euphorbiaofficinarum--Resina.
Iride®.
Iris Florentina
—
Radix.
Colchicace®.
Veratrum album
—
Radix.
Gramine®.
Saccharum officinarum
—
Sac-
charum purijicatum.
INORGANIC.
Subsulphas hydrargyri.
* The most powerful and certain sudorifics are heat, and exercise of all kinds
and in all forms, especially when assisted by diluents.
+ Every substance possessed of any degree of acrimony becomes an errhine
when applied to the membrane lining the nostrils ; and If it be snuffed up in theform of a fine powder is apt to prove sternutatory.
6
V.
OFFICINAL EXPECTORANTS.
A. Topical,
Applied in theform of liquid to thefauces
.
Emollients and Demulcents in general.
Applied in theform of gas or vapour to the mucous membrane of the lungs.
Nicotiana Tabacum
—
Folia.
Datura Stramonium
—
Herba.
Myrrha.
Pix liquida.
Olea volatilia.
Aqua.
Alcohol.
iEtherea.
Acidum Benzoicum.
aceticum.
Ammonia.Ammonia:- carbonas.
B. General,
Taken into the stomach, and acting through the circulation *.
VEGETABLE. *
Terebinth ace®.Amyris Gileadensis
—
Terebin-
thina.
Kataf ?
—
Myrrha.
Toluifera Balsamum
—
Balsa-
mum.
Polygale.®.
Polygala Senega
—
Radix.
Leguminos®.
Copaifera officinalis
—
Terebin-
thina.
Myroxylon peruiferum
—
Bal-
samum.
Umbellifer®.
Bubon Galbanum
—
Gummi-re-
sina.
Ferula Assafcetida-GM?w.-re«w«
FerulaFerulago ? Ammoniacum+
Ferula ? Sagapenum.
the experiments
are absorbed into
by which they are
sionally employed
tainted by these
+mi/erum.
Rubiace®.
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha—Radix.
Ebenace®.
Styrax officinale
—
Balsamum.
Benzoin
—
Balsamum.
Solanace®.
Datura Stramonium
—
Semina.
Labiat®.
Hyssopus officinalis
—
Hei'ba.
Marrubium vulgare
—
Herba.
Melissa officinalis
—
Herba.
Mentha Pulegium
—
Herba.
sativa
—
Herba.
Salvia officinalis
—
Herba.
Aristolochi®.
Asarum Europaeum
—
Folia.
Lichenes.
Lichen Islandicus.
* The existence of this order of expectorants can no longer be doubted, since
of recent physiologists have proved that medicinal substances
the circulating system, and that they stimulate the organ
excreted. That the mucous membrane of the lungs is occa-
for this purpose, appears from the smell of the breath being
unassimilable substances.
t Probably from a species of Ferula, certainly not from the Heracleum gum-
7
INORGANIC.
Tavtras antimonii.
VI.
OFFICINAL EMETICS *
I. VEGETABLE.
CrUCIFERjE.
Sinapis nigra—Seminum pulvis.
Rubiace^e.
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha—Radix.
Composite—Corymbifer^e.
Anthemis nobilis
—
Flores.
SoLANEiE.
Nicotiana Tabacum
—
Folia.
ArISTOLOCHIjE.
Asarum Europaeum
—
Folia.
LlLIACEvE.
Scilla maritima
—
Bulbus.
Ammoniae carbonas.
Antimonium tartarizatum.
II. INORGANIC.
Zinci sulphas.
Cupri sulphas.
VII.
OFFICINAL CATHARTICS.
LEGUMINOSiE.
Cassia fistula—Leguminis pulpa.
Taraarindus Indica
—
Legumen.RoSACEiE.
Frunus domestica
—
Fruclussic-
catus.
Rosa canina
—
Fructus.
CAPRIFOLIyE.
Sambucus nigra
—
Baeca.
Oleines.
Fraxinus ornus—Succus concre-
tus—Manna.Urtice^e.
Ficus carica—Fructus siccatus.
GraMINEjE.
Hordeum distichon
—
Semina.
Saccharum officinarum
—
Sac-
charum impuruni.
Thegreat
vomiting.
* The number of substances capable of exciting vomiting is very great,operation of all of them is assisted by repletion of the stomach
; and wheretorpor exists, titillation of the posterior fauces will sometimes provoke
1. VEGETABLE.
a. Emollient, Mucilaginous, Saccharine.
VIOLACEjE.
Viola odorata
—
Flores.
Saumentace^e.
Vitis vinifera—Baccce siccatce.
CoMPOSITjE—
C
lCHORACEjE.
Leontodon Taraxacum—Radix.
8
OLEINE/E.
Olea Europrea
—
Oleum.
EuPHORBIACEjE.
Ricinus communis
—
Oleum.
Croton Tiglium
—
Oleum.
c.
Guttifer/e.
Gambogia *.
Terebinthace/e.
Pistacia Terebinthus—Terehin
thina Chia.
Amyris Gileadensis
—
Terebin-
thina.
Leguminos.e.
Copaifera officinalis
—
Terebin-
thina.
O/7/y.
Conifers.
Pinus sylvestris—Oleum volatile.
Resinous.
CoNVOLVULACEjE.
Convolvulus Scammonia
—
Re-
sina.
Jalapa
—
Radix—Resina.
Eupiiorbiace/e.
Euphorbia officinarum— Resina.
CoNIFERAS.
Pinus Larix
—
Terebiiithina.
Canadensis-Tcreb'mthina.
d. Extractive, nauseous, bitter, or acrid.
LinE/E.
Linum catharticum
—
Herba.
Crucifers.
Sinapis nigra—Semina Integra.
Frangulace>e.
Rhamnus catharticus
—
Bacca?.
Leguminos^e.
Cassia Senna
—
Folia.
Spartium Scoparium
—
Sunmi-
tates.
Geoffroya inermis
—
Cortex.
Caprifoli/e.
Sambucus nigra
—
Cortex.
Composite—cinarocephaLuE.
Arctium Lappa
—
Radix.
CuCURBITACEjE.
Cucumis colocynthi s
—
Peponcs.
Momordica Elaterium—Succus
concretusJruclus.
Gentiane.*.
Menyanthes trifoliata
—
Herba.
Spigelia Marilandica
—
Herba.
Labiate.
Gratiola officinalis
—
Herba.
Iride^e.
Iris Florentina
—
Radix.
Filices.
Aspidium Filix-mas
—
Radix.
e. Narcotic.
Ranunculace^e. Colchicaceas.
Helleborus niger
—
Radix. Colchicum autumnale-B«Z6/«.
fcetidus
—
Radix. Veratrum album
—
Radix.
Solanace^e.
Nicotiana Tabacum
—
Folia.
* Gamboge is probably the product of a non-descript species of Garcitm,
certainly not of the Stalagmilis Camboghides.
9
f. Astringent.
Rosacea. Polygon e.®.
Rosa centifolia—Petala. Rheum Turcicum *
—
Radix.
Rumex aquaticus
—
Radix.
II. ANIMAL.
Emollient.
Honey.
III. INORGANIC.
a. Saline.
Potassae supertartras.
acetas.
Sodas murias.
phosphas.
sulphas.
et potassae tartras.
b. Metallic.
Pulvis Antimonialis.
Tartras Antimonii.
c. Inflammable.
Sulphur.
VIII.
OFFICINAL EMMENAGOGUES f.
VEGETABLE.
RaNUNCULACE^E. Ru’^ACEiE.
Helleborus niger. Ruta graveolens.
* Turkey rhubarb is now known to be the product of the Rheum amtrale.
+ The existence of this class has been altogether doubted ; and Vhen weconsider the great variety of causes upon which the defect of the menstrual secre-
tion may depend, it may be granted that the power of exciting the secretion in all
cases is not possessed by any substance. But upon the same grounds, the exist-
ence of many other classes of medicines might be denied. A better founded ob-
jection would be, that the uterus is not an organ intended for the elimination of
foreign matters, which therefore seldom reach it. Increased action may be ex-
cited in it by any stimulus directly applied, as electricity, friction, or heat ; or bysympathy, by stimulating the rectum, bladder, and neighbouring parts.
B
Magnesia.
Magnesiae carbonas.
sulphas.
Potassae sulphas.
supersulphas.
tartras.
/
Calomelas.
Pilulae Hydrargyri.
10
GuTTIFER/E.
Gambogia.
Crucifers.
Sinapis alba
—
Semina.
UMBELLIFERjE.
Gummi foetida.
RuBIACEjE.
Rubia tinctorum
—
Radix.
Valerianeje.
Valeriana officinalis
—
Radix.
Composite—corymbifer;e.
Artemisia Abrotanum
—
Herba.Tanacetum vulgare
—
Herba.
ARISTOLOCIIIiE.
Aristolochia Serpentaria.
CoNIFERjE.
Juniperus Sabina
—
Folia.
iRIDEjE.
Crocus sativus
—
Stigmata.
LiLIACEjE.
Aloes Socotorina
—
Extractum.
IX.
OFFICINAL DIURETICS *
I. VEGETABLE.
a. Stimulant.
TeREBINTHACEjE.
Gambogia.
LoMENTACEjE.
Copaifera officinalis
—
Terebin-
thina.
Spartium Scoparium
—
Summi-
tates.
Myrti.
Melaleuca Leucadendron— Ole-
um volatile.
Conifers.
Juniperus communis— Oleum
volatile.
Pinus sylvestris—Oleum volatile.
* The action of Diuretics, and indeed of internal medicines in general, has
been much elucidated by the experiments of recent physiologists, especially of
Dr Wohler and Dr Stehberger. They have ascertained more precisely than had
been previously done, the state in which, and the time at which, various sub-
stances appear in the urine after being taken into the stomach.
1. Substances which pass off by Urine unchanged.
Carbonate of Potass.
Nitrate of Potass.
Chlorate of Potass.
Sulpho-cyanate of Potass.
Hydrosulpljuret of Potass.
Ferro-cyanate of Potass.
Silicate of Potass.
Tartrate of Nickel and Potass.
Borax.
Muriate of Barytes.
Astringency of Uva Ursi.
Colouring Principles.
Indigo.
Madder.
Rhubarb.
Gamboge.
Dogwood.
Red radishes.
Mulberry.
Black cherry.
Cassia fistula.
Elder rob.
11
b. Narcotic.
Composite—cichoracejB-
Lactuca virosa—Succus concre-
tus.
Leontodon Taraxacum--Radix.
SoLANEAS.
Nicotiana Tabacum
—
Folia.
Personate.
Digitalis purpurea
—
Folia
.
Gratiola officinalis
—
Herba.
Liliace.®.
Scilla maritima
—
Bulbus.
CoLCHICACEiE.
Colchicum autumnale
—
Bulbus.
Odorous principles somewhat altered.
Oil of Turpentine. Assafoetida.
of Juniper. Garlic.
Valerian. Castor.
Saffron. Opium.
The narcotic principle of the Agaricus muscarius.
2. Substances which pass in a state of combination.
Sulphur, as sulphuric acid and sulphuretted hydrogen.
Iodine, as hydriodic acid.
Oxalic
Tartaric
Gallic acids hi combination with an alkali.
Succinic
Benzoic
Tartrate
Citrate
Malate
Acetate
3. Substances which pass in a decomposed state.
> of Potass or Soda<c^anSec^ *nto the Carbonate of the same
' alkali. i
Hydro-sulphuret of Potass, changed in a great measure into the sulphate
of potass.
Oxy-ferro-cyanate of Potass, changed into the Ferro-cyanate of potass.
4. Substances which did not re-appear in the Urine..
Iron. Cochineal.
Lead. Litmus.Alcohol. Sap green.
Sulphuric ether. Alkanet.
Dippel’s oil. Quassia.
Musk. Camphor.Carbonic acid not increased in quantity.
Madder and Indigo appeared in the urine 15 minutes after they were takeninto the stomach ; Rhubarb and Gallic Acid in 20 ; Logwood in 25 ; Vacciniummyrtillus in 30 ; Black Cherries and Uva Ursi in 45
;pulp of Cassia fistula in 55
;
Ferro-prussiate of Potass in 66 ; and Elder rob in 75.
12
II. ANIMAL,.
Cantharis vesicatoria.
1. Volatile.
Alcohol.
Spiritus setheris nitrosi.
in. INORGANIC.
Stimulant.
2. Fixed.
a.
Murias ferri.
Murias hydrargyri.
Pilula hydrargyri.
Tartras antimonii.
b. Refrigerant.
1. Rendering the urine acid. Sod® et potass® tartras.
Acida mineralia diluta.
Rendering the urine alkaline.
Potass® carbonas.
-— supercarbonas.
acetas.
> tartras.
supertras.
Sod® carbonas.
supercarbonas.
3. Not rendering the urine either
acid or alkaline.
Potass® nitras.
chloras.
hydrosulphuretum.
ferro-cyanas.
Sod® subboras.
Baryt® murias.
X.
OFFICINAL SIALAGOGUES *.
VEGETABLE.
Hesperideje.
Citrus Aurantium—Fructus im-
maturi—Curasao.
Crucifers.
Coclilearia Armoracia
—
Radix.
Terebinthace.®.
Pistacia Lentiscus
—
Resina—Mastiche.
Polygalem..
Polygala Seneka
—
Radix.
LEGUMINOSiE.
Pterocarpus Draco
—
Resina.
Myrti.
Myrtus Pimenta
—
Fructus.
Eugenia caryophyllata
—
Fruc-
tus.
UmBELLIFERjE.
Angelica archangelica
—
Radix.
Composite
—
coRYMBiFERiE.
Anthemis Pyrethrum
—
Radix.
* Sialagogues, besides the increased flow of saliva, cause also an increased
secretion of mucus from the membrane of the mouth and fauces. Mercury is
the only substance which produces salivation through the medium of the circula-
tion ; but every acrid substance chewed, or applied directly to the orifices of the
salivary ducts, acts as a topical sialagogue. The stimulus of food received into
the stomach, and even the sight or expectation of food, produces an increased se-
cretion of saliva.
13
SoLANEiE-
Nicotiana Tabacum
—
Folia.
Capsicum annuum
—
Fructus.
Laurine®.Laurus Cassia
—
Fructus imma-
tnri.
MyRISTICEjE.
Myristica moschata—Fructus.
Thymaleie.
Daphne Mezereon
—
Cortex.
Urticeje.
Piper nigrum
—
Baccw
.
longum
—
Fructus.
DrYMYRRHIZjE.
Amomum Zingiber
—
Radix.
Cardamomum-jFVwc-tus.
Irideje.
Iris Florentina
—
Radix.
JuNCEjE.
Acorus Calamus
—
Radix.
INORGANIC.
Hydrargyrum.
OFFICINAL EPISPASTICS ; INCLUDING RUBE-
FACIENTS and ESCHAROTICS.
VEGETABLE.
RanunculaceJE.
Delphinium Staphisagria
—
Se-
mina.
Ranunculus acris
—
Herba.
RuTACEjE.
Ruta graveolens
—
Herba.
Guaiacum officinale
—
Oleum.
Crucifers.
Sinapis alba
—
Seminum pulvis.
Cochlearia Armoracia
—
Radix.
TEREBINTHACEiE.
Amyris elemifera
—
Resina.
Myrti.
Melaleuca Leucadendron— Ole-
um Cajeput.
Eugenia caryophyllata
—
Fruc-
tus oleum volatile.
UMBELLIFERjE.
Gummi-resina Ammoniacum.Gummi-resina Sagapenum.
Bubon Galbanum
—
Gummi-reT
sina.
Umbellifer^e.
Pastinaca Opoponax
—
Gummi-
resina.
CoMPOSITjE—CORYMBIFER^E.
Anthemis Pyrethrum
—
Radix.
SoLANEffi.
Capsicum annuum
—
Baccae.
LaURINEjE.
Laurus Cinnamomum—Oleum.
Sassafras
—
Oleum.
Camphora
—
Camphora.
Thymaleje.
Daphne Mezereon
—
Cortex.
Euphorbiace;e.
Euphorbia officinarum-i2e«?ja.
Urticeje.
Piper oigrum
—
Baccae.
longum
—
Fructus.
CoNIFERjE.
Pinus Larix— Tercbinthina-Olc-
um terebinthinoe—Resina.
Juniperus Sabina—Fo&a-Ofamvolatile.
14
Aroide,®.
Arum maculatum—Radix re-
cens.
DrYMYRRHIZjE.
Zingiber officinale
—
Radix.
LlLIACE/E.
Allium sativa
—
Bulbils.
Cepa
—
Bulbils.
ANIMAL.
Cantharis vesicatoria.
INORGANIC.
Alcohol fortius.
/Ether sulphuricus.
Acida mineralia fortiora.
Acidum aceticum fortius.
Ammonia.Potassa.
Calx.
Calcis murias.
Argenti nitras.
Hydrargyri murias.
— oxidum rubrum.Cupri sulphas.
subacetas.
Zinci sulphas.
Antimonii tartras.
murias.
XII.
OFFICINAL CARMINATIVES.
UmBELLIFERjE.
Anethum Foeniculum
—
Semina.
graveolens
—
Semina.
Angelica archangelica
—
Radix.
Carum Carui
—
Semina.
Coriandrum sativum
—
Semina.
Cuminum Cyminum
—
Semina.
Daucus Carota
—
Semina.
Pimpinella Anisum
—
Semina.
Labiate.
Hyssopus officinalis
—
Herba.
Lavandula Spica
—
Flores.
Melissa officinalis
—
Herba.
Mentha Piperita
—
Herba.
Pulegium
—
Herba.
viridis
—
Herba.
Origanum Majorana
—
Herba.
vulgare
—
Herba.
Rosmarinus officinalis
—
Herba.
Salvia officinalis—Herba.
15
XIII.
OFFICINAL SPICES AND ACRID STIMULI.
MaGNOLIACEjE.
Drymis aromatica-Cortex fVin-
teri.
Rutace.e.
Guaiacum officinale
—
Lignum-
Cortex—Resina.
Ruta graveolens
—
Herba.
HeSPERIDEjE.
Citrus aurantium
—
Cortexfruc-
tus.
. medica
—
Cortexfrudus.
Meliace/e.
Canella alba
—
Cortex.
PoLYGALEiE.
Polygala Senega
—
Radix.
Myrti.
Melaleuca Leucadendron— Ole-
um Cajeputi.
Myrtus Pimenta
—
Frudus.
Eugenia caryophyllata
—
Fruc-
tus.
COMPOSITE—CORYMBIFER.E.
Anthemis Pyrethrum
—
Radix.
Arnica montana
—
Radix-Flores
Folia.
S0LANE.E.
Capsicum annuum—Frudus.Laurine.e.
Laurus Cinnamomum
—
Cortex.
— Cassia—•Cortex.
Laurine.®.
Laurus nobilis
—
Baccce.
Sassafras
—
Lignum.
Camphora
—
Camphora.
MyRISTICEjE.
Myristica moschata
—
Nux—Macis.
Aristolochi.®.
Aristolochia Serpentaria
—
Ra-
dix.
Asarum Europaeum
—
Folia.
Euphorbiace^e.
Croton Eleutheria
—
Cortex.
MoNIMIiE.
Dorstenia Contrayerva-Cwto.
Urtice^e.
Piper nigrum
—
Frudus.
longum
—
Frudus.
Cubeba
—
Frudus.
Conifers.
Juniperus Sabina
—
Folia.
Aroide®.
Arum maculatum
—
Radix.
DrYMYRRHIZjE.
Zingiber officinale
—
Radix.
Amomum Zedoaria
—
Radix.
AmomumCardamomum-i'V?/o
tus.
Junce#:.
Acorus Calamus—Radix.
16
XIV.
OFFICINAL TONICS.
I. VEGETABLE.
Menisperme.®.
Menispermum palmatum—Ra-dix Columbce.
SlMARUBE®.
Quassia excelsa
—
Cortex.
Quassia Simaruba
—
Cortex.
Rutace®.
Bonplandia trifoliata
—
Cortex
Angusturce.
RuBIACE®.
Cinchona officinalis
—
Cortex.
Composite—corymbifer®.
Anthemis nobilis
—
Flores.
Composite—corymbifer®.
Artemisia Absinthium—Herba.
Santonica—iSWmz/a-
tes.
CYNAROCEPHAL®.
Tanacetum vulgare
—
Herba
.
Cnicus benedictus
—
Herba.
Gentiane®.
Gentiana lutea
—
Radix.
Menyanthes trifoliata
—
Herba.
Spigelia Marilandica
—
Herba.
Chironia Centaurium
—
Summi-
tates.
Murias sodae.
— calcis.
Arsenicum.
Ferrum.
Zincum.
Cuprum.
II. MINERAL.
Saline.
Murias baryta?.
Metallic.
Argentum.
Stannum.
Bismuthum.
XV.
OFFICINAL ASTRINGENTS.
VEGETABLE.
Meliace®.
Swietenia Mahagoni
—
Cortex.
febrifuga
—
Cortex.
ACERINE®.
iEsculus Hippocastanum—Cor-
tex.
PoLYGALE®.
Krameria tri&ndra.-Radix Rka-
tanicc.
Leguminos®.
Acacia vera
—
Succus spissatus.
Acacia Catechu—Extraction.
17*
Leguminos^e.
Butea frondosa-—Sticcus spissa-
tus, var. Kino.
Haem&toxylon Campechianum
—Extractum ligni.
Pterocarpus Africanus—Succus
spissalus, Kino verum.
Rosacem.
Agrimonia Eupatoria
—
Herba.
Geum urbanum
—
Radix.
Rosa Gallica
—
Petala.
Tormentilla erecta
—
Radix.
SaLICARIjE.
Lythrum Salicaria
—
Radix.
Myrti.
Punica Granatum
—
Cortex ra-
dicis— .Flores—Cortex
(Epicarpium) fructus.
Eucalyptus resinifera
—
Succus
spissatus, varietas Kino.
RuBIACEiE.
Cinchona rubra
—
Cortex.
Rubia tinctorum
—
Radix.
Ericine;e.
Arbutus Uva-ursi
—
Folia.
PoLYGONEiE.
Polygonum Bistorta
—
Radix.
Rheum australe
—
Radix.
Rumex aquaticus
—
Radix.
Laurine.®.
Laurus Cinnamomum
—
Cassia
—Cortex.
AMENTACEiE.
Quercus Robur
—
.Cortex.
infectoria
—
Gallce.
Salix alba, fragilis, Caprea
—
Cortex.
Ulmus campestris
—
Cortex.
Coniferm.
Pinus Larix
—
Cortex.
Acetas plumbi.
Sulphas cupri.
zinci.
Acrdurn sulphuricum.
aceticum.
Mineral Styptics.
Mimas ferri.
Nitras argenti.
Saline Styptics.
Alumen.
XVI.
OFFICINAL RESINOUS STIMULI.
Rutace^e.
Guaiacum officinale
—
Resina.
TEREBINTHACEiE.
Amyris Gileadensis
—
Terebin-
thina.
Pistacia Lentiscus
—
Resina.
terebinthus
—
Terebin-
thina.
TEREBINTHACEiE.
Toluifera balsamurn
—
Balsa-
mum.
Leguminos/e.
Copaifera officinalis
—
Terebin
-
thina.
Myroxylon peruiferum
—
Bal-
samum.
c
18
EbENACEE.
Styrax officinale-—Balsamum—Resina.
——— Benzoin
—
Balsamum—Resina.
EuPHORBIACEE.
Euphorbia officinarum-Jfo.?ma.
CoNIFERE.
Pinus;plurimae species,
Terebinthina vulgaris.———— Veneta.
Balsamum Canadense—Te-
rebinthina.
Resina sponte concreta.
Juniperus Lycia— Olibanum *.
XVII.
OFFICINAL FCETID STIMULI.—ANTISPASMODICSof Authors.
VEGETABLE.
UMBELLIFER.E.
Bubon Galbanum
—
Gummi-re-
sina.
Ferula Assafcetida
—
Gummi-re-
sina.
Pastinaca Opoponax
—
Gummi-
resina.
Umbellifere.
Gummi-resina Ammoniacum.Gummi-resina Sagapenum.
Valerianee.
Valeriana sylvestris
—
Radix.
Iridee.
Crocus sativa
—
Stigmata.
ANIMAL.
Moschus. Castoreum.
INORGANIC.
Petroleum. Volatile Oils—Oil of Turpentine
Empyreumatic Oils
—
Animal— —Oil of Cajeput.
Dippel’s oil—Burnt feathers
—Oil of Amber.
There are other substances which act as Antispasmodics, upon dif-
ferent principles
:
Narcotics—as Opium. Tonics—as Wormwood.
Intoxicators—as Ether. Mineral Tonics—as Copper—Sil-
ver—Zinc.
* The Olibanum of the shops is furnished by the Boswcllia serrate.
XVIII.
OFFICINAL VOLATILE PUNGENT STIMULI,
ONE ORDER OF ANTISCORBUTICS.
Crucifer.®.
Cardamine pratensis
—
Herba.
Cochlearia Armoracia
—
Radix.
officinalis
—
Herba.
Sinapis alba
—
Semina.
nigra
—
Semina.
Liliace®.
Allium sativum
—
Bulbus.
Cepa
—
Bulbus.
Porrum
—
Radiculce.
There are other substances which are also useful in scurvy, but theyoperate upon very different principles.
Acid Fruits-—as Lemons. Spices—as Winter’s Bark.Acid Vegetables—as Sorrel. Fresh Animal Food.Bitter Vegetables—as Dandelion.
XIX.
OFFICINAL REFRIGERANTS *
VEGETABLE +.
Hesperide®.
Citrus Aurantium-i'Vwe/w.y sue-
cus.—— medica—Fructus succus.
GeRANIACE® OXALIDE®.
Oxalis Acetosella.
Leguminos®.
Tamarindus IndicB—Legumen.
Rosace®.
Prunus domestica
—
Fructus.
Rosa canina
—
Fructus.
CoMPOSIT® CICHORACE®.
Lactuca sativa
—
Herba.
PoLYGONE®.
Rumex Acetosa
—
Folia.
Urtice®.
Morus nigra
—
Fructus.
* The most powerful, if not the only, refrigerant is Cold ; cold air, cold bath,cold drink
; all of which not only abstract heat from the body, but have a ten-dency to reduce the calorific function. But the substances commonly consideredas Refrigerants act by evacuation or by inducing nausea.
+ There are many other subacid fruits, which are used as refrigerant articles ofchet, although not officinal
; also some animal products, as butter.milk, and acid07 riO-tr
20
INORGANIC.
Dilute Mineral Acids, especially the Sulphuric.
All Vegetable Acids.
All Acid Salts, as Supersulphate of Potass and Alum, and Supertar-
trate of Potass.
Neutral Salts, largely diluted, especially
Nitrate of Potass.
Subborate of Soda.
Some Metallic Salts,
Acetate of Lead.
Tartrate of Antimony.
XX.
OFFICINAL NARCOTICS.
VEGETABLE.
RaNUNCULACEjE.
Aconitum Napellus
—
Folia.
Helleborus niger
—
Hcrba.
Delphinium Staphisagria
—
Se-
mina.
Menisperme,®.
Menispermum Cocculus— Se-
mina.
Papaverace/e.
Opium.
Papaver somniferum--Capswte.
Papaver Rhaeas
—
Petala.
TEREBINTHACEiE.
Rhus Toxicodendron
—
Folia.
Rosacea.
Amygdalus communis
—
Amyg-
dalae amarcc.
Persica
—
Folia.
Prunus Laurocerasus
—
Folia.
U MBELLIFERA3.
Conium maculatum
—
Folia.
Composite—cichoraceas.
Lactuca virosa
—
Succus concre-
tus.
sativa
—
Succus concre
-
lus.
Strychnei£.
Strychnos Nuxvomica
—
Nuces
SoLANEjE.
Atropa Belladonna
—
Folia.
Datura Stramonium
—
Hcrba—
Capsulce—Semina.
Hyoscyamus niger
—
Folia.
Nicotiana Tabacum
—
Folia.
Verbascum Thapsus—Folia.
Personate.
Digitalis purpurea
—
Folia.
Gratiola officinalis
—
Hcrba.
Laurineas.
Laurus Camphora
—
Camphora.
Crocus sativus
—
Stigmata.
CoLCHICACEiE.
Colchicum autumnal©
—
Bulbus.
INORGANIC.
Acidum hydrocyanicum. Acidum oxalicum.
21
XXI.
OFFICINAL ACIDS.\
Acidum sulphuricum.
nitricum.
muriaticum.
aceticum.
Acidum citricum.
^—— tartaricum.
benzoicum.
— succinicum.
XXI.
OFFICINAL ALKALINES.
Potass.
Soda.
Ammonia.
Lime.
Magnesia.
and their combinations with
carbonic acid.
\
- •' !,!!>/ a; :
.w 's- ; ’ ;
.u(Wn-y.l it
trmotfW'
i
; r;
iwr/i it))Ujf()9 inui) : A
i'tliit
i•' - -
< b r
!'
. <! «*: -• 'm -
.
,-J i: <
23
LIST
or
OFFICINAL PLANTSIN THE
BRITISH PHARMACOPEIAS,
ARRANGED
ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL ORDERS *.
/
DICOTYLEDONES.
Ranunculacea:.—Acrid, narcotic,
purgative, emetic.
Aconitum Napellus, var. pani-
culatum, Dec.
Delphinium Staphisagria.
Helleborus niger.
foetidus.
Magnoliace/E.—Stimulant ; aro-
matic.
Drymis (Wintera) aromatica.
Menisperme/E.—Bitter, narcotic
.
Menispermum Cocculus (C. su-
berosus, Dec.)
Colomba ; C. palmatus.
* In this list I have followed the system adopted by M. De Candolle in his
Essay on the Medical Properties of Plants, as that best adapted for the purpose.
Of the various principles upon which the numerous articles of the vegetable
Materia Medica may be considered in a course of Lectures, the classification ac-
cording to a Natural Botanical Arrangement seems to me to possess many advan-
tages. It not only is the most suitable for combining in one discourse the natu-
ral, medicinal, and pharmaceutical history of each vegetable, but, by the great
similarity which exists in these respects among the individuals forming each fa-
mily, much repetition is avoided ;while a great deal of information can be easily
given concerning articles, which, though not officinal in this kingdom, are pos-
sessed of virtues that render them valuable in other countries, and may lead to
their introduction into more general use. Accordingly, Professor Murray of
Gottingen, in his celebrated Apparatus Medicaminwn,followed the natural ar-
rangement of LinnjEus; and modifications of that of Jussieu have been adopted
by De Candolle and Richard.On the present occasion I have confined myself to the plants officinal in the
British Pharmacopoeias as those of most importance to British practitioners, re-
serving to a future opportunity the publication of a general list, for which mycollections, although considerable, are not complete.
Malvace®.—Mucilag'mous ; de-
mulcent.
Malva sylvestris.
Althaea officinalis.
Simarube®.—Bitter, trnic.
Quassia excelsa.
Siitiarttba.
Rutace®.—Stimulant.
a. Zygophyllece.
Guaiacum officinale.
b. Rutacece verce.
Ruta graveolens.
c. Diosmece.
Diosma crenata.
d. Cusparice.
Bonplandia trifoliata (Cusparia
febrifuga).
Caryophylle®.—Fragrant.
Dianthus Caryophyllus.
Line®.
—
Mucilaginous, oily, bitter,
cathartic.
I.inum usitatissimum.
catharticum.
Violace®.—Fragrant, emetic.
Viola odorata.
Hesperide®.— Rind aromatic ;
juice acidulous.
Citrus aui’antium.
medica.
Meliace® .
—
Aromatic, astringent.
Canella alba.
Swietenia Mahagoni.
Sarmentace®.—Fruit sweet, sub-
Vitis vinifera, [acid.
GeRANIACE®—OXALIDE®.—Add.
Oxalis. Acetosella.
GuTTJEF'ERJE.-Resi?ious,purgative.
Stalagmitis cambogioides.
Dryabalonops Camphova.
Crucifer®.— Volatile pungency,
stimulant.
Siliquosce.
Cardamine pratensis.
Sinapis alba.
nigra.
Crucifer.®.
Sisymbrium Nasturtium.
Siliculosae.
Cochlearia Armoracea.
officinalis.
Papaverace®.—Anodyne.
PapaYer somttifierum.
Rhaeas.
Frangulace®.—Demulcent, pur-
gative.
Rhamnus catharticus.
Terebinthace®.—Resinous, sti-
mulant.
Amyris elemifera.
Gileadensis.
Boswellia serrata.
Pistacia Terebinthus.
Lentiscus.
Rhus Toxicodendron.
Toluifera Balsamum.
Polygale®.—Acrid, bitter, as-
tringent.
Polygala Senega.
Krameria triandra.
Leguminos®.—Gummy, amylace-
ous, saccharine, purgative, re-
sinous, astringent.
Acacia Arabica.
vera.
Catechu.
Astragalus Tragacantha.
vefrus.
Creticus.
Cassia Senna.
fistula.
Copaifera officinalis.
Dolichos pruriens.
GeofFraea inennis.
Glycyrrhiza glabra.
Haematoxylon Campechianum.
Myroxylon Peruiferum.
Pterocarpus Santolinus.
Draco.
erinacea.
Spartium Scoparium.
25
LeGUMINOSjE.
Tamarindus Indica.
Rosaceas .
—
Saccharine, emulsive,
astringent, narcotic.
Amygdalus communis.
var. amara.
Persica.
Geum urbanum.
Prunus domestica.
Laurocerasus.
Pyrus Cydonia.
Rosa canina.
centifolia.
Gallica.
Tormentilla erecta.
Salicari.®.
Lythrum Salicaria.
Myrti.—Aromatic ; astringent.
Melaleuca Leucadendron.
Myrtus Pimenta.
Punica Granatum.
Eucalyptus resinifera.
Eugenia caryophyllata.
UmbelliferjE.—Aromatic, foetid
stimuli.
Anethum Fceniculum.— graveolens.
Angelica Archangelica.
Bubon Galbanum.Carum Carui.
Conium maculatum.Coriandrum sativum.
Cuminum Cyminum.Daucus Carota.
Ferula Assafcetida.
Heracleum gummiferum.Pastinaca Opoponax.Pimpinella Anisum.
Ca prifolijE—Laxative.
Sambucus nigra.
Rubiacem.—
T
onic, emetic.
Cinchona cordifolia.
lancifolia.
" oblongifolia.
Rubiaceae.
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha.
Rubia tinctorum.
Valeriane/e.—Foetid stimulant.
Valeriana officinalis.
Composite.-Bitter stimulant, nar-
cotic.
a. Corymbtferce.
Anthemis nobilis.
Pyrethrum.
Arnica montana.
Artemisia Absynthium.
Chinensis.
Indica.
Santonica.
Inula Helenium.
Tanacetum vulgare.
Tussilago Farfara.
b. Cynarocepkalce.
Arctium Lappa.
Cnicus (Centaurea) benedictus.
c. Cichoracece.
Lactuca virosa.
sativa.
Leontodon Taraxacum.Cucurbitacee.—Bitter, purga-
tive.
Cucumis Colocynthis.
Momordica Elaterium.
Ericinee.—Astringent, narcotic.
Arbutus Uva-ursi.
Rhododendrum Chrysanthum.Pyrola umbellata.
Ebenacee.—Resinous, balsamic.Styrax officinale.
Benzoin.
Oleinee—Oleaginous, demulcent.Olea Europaea.
Fraxinus Ornus (Manna).StrychnEjE—Bitter, narcotic.
Strychnos Nux-vomica.Gentians.—Bitter, tonic.
Chironia (Erythra?a) Centau.Gentiana lutea. H-pnm
D
26
GENTIAN®.Menyanthes trifoliata.
Spigelia Marilandica.
Convolvulace/e .
—
Resinous, pur-
gative.
Convolvulus Scammonia.
Jalapa.
Boragine®.— Mucilaginous, co-
Anchusa tinctoria. flouring.
Solane®.—Narcotic, acrid.
Atropa Belladonna.
Capsicum annuum.
Datura Stramonium.
Hyoscyamus niger.
Nicotiana Tabacum.
Solanum Dulcamara.
Verbascum Thapsus.
Personate.—Narcotic, diuretic.
Digitalis purpurea.
Gratiola officinalis.
Scrophularia nodosa.
Labiat®.—Fragrant.
Hyssopus officinalis.
Lavandula spica (vera.)
Marrubium vulgare.
Melissa officinalis.
Mentha Piperita.
Pulegium.
viridis.
Origanum Majorana.
vulgare.
Rosmarinus officinalis.
Salvia officinalis.
Polygone.®. Astringent, acid,
purgative.
Polygonum Bistorta.
Rheum palmatum.
undulatum.
Rumex aquaticus.
- Acetosa.
Laurine®.—Aromatic, narcotic.
Laurus Cinnamomum.
. Cassia.
Laurine®.
Laurus nobilis.
Sassafras.
— Camphora.
Myristice®.
—
Aromatic.
Myristica moschata.
Thymale®.
—
Acrid.
Daphne Mezereum.
Aristolochi®.
—
Acrid.
Aristolochia Serpentaria.
Asarum Europseum.
Euphorbiace®.
—
Stimulant pur-
gative, resinous, oily.
Croton (Eleutheria) Cascarilla.
Tiglium.
Euphorbia officinarum.
Canariensis.
Ricinus communis.
Monimie®.
—
Stimulant.
Dorstenia Contrayerva-
Urtice®.
—
Acrid, bitter, demid-
Ficus Carica. {cent.
Humulus Lupulus.
Morus nigra.
Piper nigrum.
longum.
Cubeba.
Amentace®.
—
Astringent, muci-
Quercus Robur. jAaginous.
— infectoria.
pedimculata.
Salix fragilis.
alba.
_ Caprea.
Ulmus campestris.
Conifer®.
—
Resinous.
Pinus Abies (Abies picea).
sylvestris. ,
Larix (Larix Europaea).
. Balsamea (Abies bals.)
Juniperus communis.
Sabina.
Lycia.
27
MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Drymyrrhiz.e.—Aromatic, amy-
Zingiber officinale. [laceous.
Amoraum Zingiber (Z. offici-
nale).
Cardamomum.— repens (Matonia
Cardamomum)
Curcuma longa.
Iride.se.—Fragrant.
Crocus sativus.
Iris Florentina.
SmilacEzE.—Mucilaginous.
Smilax Sarsaparilla.
Liliace.se.—Pungent, bitter, pur-
gative, emetic.
Allium sativum.
-t Cepa.
Porrum.
Aloe spicata.
LlLIACEiE.
Aloe vulgaris.
Scilia maritima,
Colchicace^e.—Narcotic.
Colchicum autumnale.
Veratrum album.
Palm^e.—Oily, amylaceous.
Cocos butyracea.
Junce^s.-—Fragrant.
Acorus Calamus.
Gramine^:.—Amylaceous, saccha
-
Avena sativa. \rine.
Hordeum distichon.
Saccharum officinarum.
Triticum hybernum.
Filices.
Aspidium (Polypodium) Filix
mas.
ACOTYLEDONES.
Lichenes.—Amylaceous, colour-
ing.
Lichen (Cetraria) Islandicus.
Rocella tinctoria.
Fungi!
Boletus igniarius.
Alg.se.
Fucus vesiculosus.
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