physiology of cell, body fluids, excitable tissue & muscle
DESCRIPTION
Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle. Choesnan Effendi Physiology Dep. Airlangga University 2012. Episode Kedua. Cair Tubuh & Transport bahan melewati membran Body Fluids & Transport of substances through the cell membrane. Cair Tubuh. Extracellular. Intracellular. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable
tissue & Muscle
Choesnan EffendiPhysiology Dep. Airlangga University
2012
![Page 2: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Episode Kedua
![Page 3: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cair Tubuh & Transport bahan melewati membran
Body Fluids &
Transport of substances through the cell membrane
![Page 4: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cair Tubuh
Extracellular Intracellular
Plasma darah
Interstitial
Transcellular
![Page 5: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
VolumeVolume % BB % BB ( Berat ( Berat Badan )Badan )
Indikator Indikator
Total body water Total body water (cair tubuh total)(cair tubuh total)
6060 Deutrium ( D2O / Deutrium ( D2O / 22HH22O ), Tritium O ), Tritium
( ( 33HH22O ), AntipyrineO ), Antipyrine
Cair Cair EkstrasellularEkstrasellular
2020 Inulin *C Inulin *C 1414 , Thiosulfate , Thiosulfate
Cair IntrasellularCair Intrasellular 4040 Total body water − Cair Total body water − Cair EkstrasellularEkstrasellular
Plasma darahPlasma darah 55 Evans blue ( T- 1824 ) , Evans blue ( T- 1824 ) , 125125I-I-Albumin Albumin
DarahDarah 7 – 8 7 – 8 5151Cr-labeled red blood cellsCr-labeled red blood cells{ Volume plasma darah : ( 100 % { Volume plasma darah : ( 100 %
− Hct )}− Hct )}
Cair InterstisialCair Interstisial 1515 Volume ekstrasellular − Volume Volume ekstrasellular − Volume plasmaplasma
![Page 6: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Hematocrit
Plasma darah
Whole
blood
![Page 8: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
X100 % = 36 – 45 %Volume Eritrosit
Volume Darah
= Hct
![Page 10: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
HCT = Hematocrit
= PCV ( Packed Red Cell Volume )
Adalah volume kumpulan erithrocytes yang dinyatakan
dengan % terhadap volume darah keseluruhan
![Page 11: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Interstitiel / Plasma darah
Cytoplasma
1. Osmosa
2. Diffusi sederhana
3. Diffusi fasilitasi
4. Transport aktif
5. Exocytosis / endocytosis
Beberapa cara masuk / keluarnya bahan melewati membran sel
![Page 12: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pertukaran cairan didaerah kapiller
![Page 14: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ruang interstitiel
Plasma darah
Sitoplasma / sitosol
![Page 15: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Arteriole
Venule
Capillary
Fluid exchange : Arteriole capillary venule
![Page 16: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Filtrasi / pertukaran cairan
daerah kapiller
Dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor :
•Tekanan onkotik plasma
•Tekanan onkotik interstisial
•Tekanan hidrostatik plasma
•Tekanan hidrostatik interstisial
Tekanan hidrostatik plasma = tekanan darah
![Page 17: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Tekanan kolloid osmotik = Tekanan onkotik
Tekanan onkotik plasma darah
Oleh karena adanya Protein plasma ( p )
Protein Protein plasmaplasma
Gram %Gram % P mm Hg
AlbuminAlbumin 4,54,5 21,821,8
GlobulinGlobulin 2,52,5 6,06,0
FibrinogenFibrinogen 0,30,3 0,20,2
TotalTotal 7,37,3 28,028,0
![Page 18: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dari ketiganya, jumlah terbanyak adalah ALBUMIN
![Page 19: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sebagai contoh :
Arteriole VenuleKapiller
Interstisial
Pint : 1 mm Hg ( hidrostatik )
Part : 37 mm Hg Pven : 17 mm Hg
Ponkotik - int : 8 mm Hg
Ponkotik - art ( ven ) : 28 mm Hg
Pkap : 25 mm Hg
NFP ( Net Filtration Pressure ) = Pkap – Pint - p kap + p int
25 – 1 – 28 + 8 = + 4
+ ( positip ) : artinya cairan keluar dari kapiller, sisanya ini akan di absorbsi oleh limfe
![Page 20: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
NFP ( Net Filtration Pressure ) =
Pkap – Pint - p kap + p int
25 – 1 – 28 + 8 = + 4
+ ( positip ) :
artinya cairan keluar dari kapiller,
sisanya ini akan di absorbsi oleh limfe
![Page 21: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Mengapa hypoproteinemia
udema
Bagaimana mengenai tekanan oncotic protein
plasma ???
![Page 22: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Starving Children in Nigeria
![Page 23: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1.Bendungan vena : tumor, dekompensasi jantung kanan,
bendungan aliran limfe
2.Cairan dari intersitial yang menuju plasma < dibanding yang
masuk
Udem akan terjadi apabila
![Page 24: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cairan dari intersitial yang menuju plasma << dibanding yang
masuk
Tekanan osmotik plasma yang rendah
O.K.
O.K.
Kadar protein plasma yang rendah
= HIPOPROTEINEMIA
![Page 25: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
HIPOPROTEINEMIA
O.K.
1.Under nutrition : kurang gizi /rendah protein.
2.Sintesa protein ( terutama Albumin ) terganggu : a.l pada penyakit hati :
cirrhosis hepatis
3.Sekresi protein : yang seharusnya tidak terjadi , yaitu terjadi proteinuria ( pada
nephrotic syndrome )
![Page 26: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tekanan osmotik plasma
Berperanan untuk reabsorbsi kembali cairan yang dari
interstisial
![Page 27: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Beberapa cara masuk / keluarnya bahan melewati membran sel
![Page 28: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
1.Osmosa
2.Diffusi sederhana
3.Diffusi fasilitasi
4.Transport aktif
H2O yg bergerak dari larutan hipotonis kearah hipertonis
Bahan yang terlarut bergerak dari tekanan
tinggi ketekanan rendah
Seperti No. 2,
menggunakan mediator (carrier system)
Bahan yang terlarut bergerak dari tekanan rendah
ketekanan tinggi, menggunakan mediator,
energi ( ATP )
![Page 29: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
1.Osmosa
2.Diffusi sederhana
3.Diffusi fasilitasi
4.Transport aktif
Contoh :H2O
CO2 , O2 , Ureum
glukosa, asam amino
Na, K, Ca
![Page 30: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mediator = carrier system
![Page 31: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion &
osmosis:
are passive transport, without ATP
Active transport, sodium potassium pump,
calcium pump, exocytosis:
are active, need ATP
![Page 32: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is a
process of passive transport, facilitated by integral proteins (mediator).
Without energy (ATP)
![Page 33: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Osmosis (movement of water across membranes) depends on the relative concentration of solute molecules on either side of the membrane
Osmosis
Water move from low concentration to high concentration
![Page 34: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
How do about erythrocytes if in:
- hypotonic solution
- isotonic solution
- hypertonic solution
![Page 35: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Crenated / wrinkled ery in hypertonic medium
Normal Ery structure in isotonic medium
Swollen ery & rupture in hypotonic medium
![Page 36: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Crenated / wrinkled ery in hypertonic medium
Normal Ery structure in isotonic medium
Swollen ery & rupture in hypotonic medium
![Page 37: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Simple Diffusion
Diffusion; the flow substances or matter from a higher concentration to a lower
concentration
![Page 38: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Alveoli:
O2: Diffusion from alveoli into blood stream capillary
CO2: Diffusion from blood capillary into
alveoli
![Page 39: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
PO2 alv : 104 mmHG
PO2 cap : 40 mmHg
PcO2 alv : 40 mmHG
PcO2 cap : 46 mmHg
![Page 40: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
O2 diffusion into blood capillary, then enter to the erythrocyte, bound by
hemoglobin → HbO2
CO2 diffusion into blood capillary, then enter to the erythrocyte, bound with H2O → H2CO3
→dissociation
Becomes: H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)
at alveoli or at respiratory membrane
at tissue; tissue membrane and endothelium capillary
![Page 41: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) flow out from erythrocyte into blood stream, to the capillary
beds of respiratory membrane
In blood stream:
at respiratory membrane
HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) flow in from blood stream into erythrocyte, then bind with H+
, become H2CO3, H2CO3 dissociation,
Become H2O + CO2
![Page 42: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
at respiratory membrane
CO2 flow out to blood (exit from erythrocyte) and then diffusion into alveoli lumen
![Page 43: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
In blood stream:
O2 bound by hemoglobin → HbO2
→ to tissues and cells all the body
![Page 44: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
O2 simple diffusion from HbO2 into cytosol, and then into mitochondria. Glucose move into cytosol by glucose transporter
(facilitated diffusion)
at tissue
![Page 45: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Facilitated Diffusion
Like simple diffusion, but requires interaction of a carrier protein
that bind the molecules or ions to aids passage through the
membrane
Carrier protein = mediator or transporter
![Page 46: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is a
process of passive transport, facilitated by integral proteins (mediator).
Without energy (ATP)
![Page 47: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Glut = Glucose transporter
Skeletal Muscle requires GLUT – 4 ,
GLUT-4 stand-by in cytosol of muscle fiber, they ‘ll move into the membrane if insulin
receptors are stimulated by insulin
Glut = Glucose transporter is mediator/transporter of glucose enter
into cytosol
![Page 48: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
InsulinInsulin
Receptor ( IR )
Cell membrane
IRS-1
Glucose – facilitated diffusion
GLUT- 4
vesicle contains GLUT- 4 PI3
kinase translocation
![Page 49: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Glucose enter into cytosol of skeletal muscle fiber by;
Signal transduction by insulin
Insulin activate insulin rec → form IRS1
IRS1 activates PI3-Kinase
PI3-Kinase stimulate translocation vesicle, which contains GLUT-4
GLUT- 4 is mediator / transporter of glucose
In skeletal muscle fiber
![Page 50: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
There are 2 processes:
* Signal transduction by insulin
** Facilitated diffusion by GLUT- 4
![Page 51: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Active Transport
Active Transport is
the Pumping of Solutes Against their Gradients
![Page 52: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Active Transport is the Pumping of Solutes Against their Gradients
1. Cell must expend ATP/ energy to pump a molecule across a membrane2. Performed by embedded proteins3. Na-K Pump (sodium-potassium)- exchanges Na+ for K+ in animal cells when ATP changes protein conformation by transferring its terminal phosphate group to the transport protein
![Page 53: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Active transport is the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).
active transport: energy-requiring, carrier-mediated transport system in which molecules can be moved across cell membrane against electrochemical gradient
![Page 55: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Axon
+ + + + + + +
– – – – – – –
K+ 140 mEq/L Na+ 14 mEq/L CL- 5 mEq/L
Na+ 142 mEq/L Cl- 120 mEq/L K+ 4 mE/L
Electrolyte inside & outside the cell membrane
Resting
![Page 56: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
3 molecules Na+ carried out into extracellular, changed by 2 molecules K+ (carried into cytosol)
![Page 57: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Exocytosis
![Page 58: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Exocytosis is the cellular process in which intracellular vesicles in
the cytoplasm fuse with the plasma
membrane and release or "secrete" their contents into the
extracellular space
![Page 59: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Exocytosis is the process by which cells excrete waste products and other large
molecules from the cytoplasm
![Page 60: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Exocytosis is the cellular process in which intracellular vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the plasma membrane and release or "secrete" their contents into the extracellular space
Exocytosis is the process secretion substances into the extracellular space or into the blood stream.
![Page 63: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Endocytosis is like phagocytosis
Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis.
![Page 64: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Exocytosis
![Page 67: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Exocytosis & Endocytosis Transport Large Molecules
1. Exocytosis- transport vesicles migrate to plasma membrane & fuse & release contents2. Endocytosis- large molecules enter cells
within vesicles pinched inward from the membrane
--> Phagocytosis- cell engulfs particles “cell eating”
--> Pinocytosis- cell engulfs droplets of extracellular fluid “cell drinking”
![Page 69: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
The other way of transport across membrane
![Page 70: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Cotransport:
also known as coupled transport or secondary active transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes.
- Symport
- Antiport
![Page 71: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Several types transport across membrane
(facilitated diffusion)
![Page 72: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Symport
![Page 73: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Sodium – glucose symport /
Na-Glucose co-transport
![Page 74: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Antiport
An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is an integral membrane protein
involved in secondary active transport of two or more different molecules or ions (i.e., solutes) across a phospholipid membrane such as the
plasma membrane in opposite directions.
or called IONS EXCHANGE
![Page 76: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Na+ Glucose
Ca++
Na+Amino acid
![Page 77: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
For example, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, used by many cells to
remove cytoplasmic calcium, exchanges one calcium ion for three sodium ions
![Page 78: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
the Na+ - Ca2+ exchanger (transporter)
![Page 79: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
The other example
Na+ - H+ antiport
![Page 80: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
PI-3 kinase :
( Phosphatidyl Inositol 3’ kinase )
Menyebabkan translokasi vesikel yang berisi GLUT – 4 menuju sel membran
Contoh transduksi signal oleh insulin yang diikuti diffusi fasilitasi glukosa
melalui GLUT - 4
GLUT – 4 : Glucose transporter – 4
![Page 81: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
InsulinInsulin
Receptor ( IR )
Membran sel otot
IRS-1
Diffusi fasilitasi glukosa
GLUT- 4
vesikel yang berisi GLUT- 4
PI3 kinase
Translokasi
![Page 82: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Apa beda :
Diffusi fasilitasi
?
Transport aktif
dengan
![Page 83: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Acidosis ?
Alkalosis ?
![Page 84: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
pH darah 7,35 – 7,45
terlalu asam : disebut
ASIDOSISterlalu basa / alkali : disebut
ALKALOSIS
Diare yang berlebihan ( gastro-enteritis ) pada anak dapat menimbulkan dehidrasi
yang disertai asidosis o.k.
Kehilangan cairan ( H2O ) + bikarbonat ( HCO3 )
![Page 85: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Sodium – glucose symporter /
Na-Glucose cotranspor
![Page 86: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Resume
Cair Tubuh & Transport bahan melewati membran
1.Komposisi cair tubuh
2.Cara pengukuran
3.Pertukaran cairan didaerah kapiller
4.Mekanisme terjadinya udem
5.Pengertian osmosa, diffusi, diff fasilitasi, aktif transport
![Page 87: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Modul / P. R. :
Seorang ibu sedang membaca buku ilmiah populer, ada artikel yang menyebutkan bahwa sel pada manusia dapat membelah diri,
juga artikel tersebut tertulis bahwa chromosome pria dan wanita berbeda, selanjutnya artikel itu menyebutkan bahwa tempat produksi energi terjadi didalam sel.
Si ibu tersebut kesulitan memahami isi buku tersebut, kemudian bertanya pada anaknya, yang kebetulan kuliah di Universitas Airlangga.
![Page 88: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Pertanyaannya :
Bagaimana cara suatu sel dapat membelah diri ?
Chromosome itu apa ? Dimana tempatnya, tersusun oleh apa, berapa jumlahnya, apakah berbeda antara pria dan wanita ?
Apa yang dimaksud produksi energi didalam sel ?
![Page 89: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Seorang anak wanita umur 12 tahun – siswa SD Kelas 6 akan menghadapi Ujian Nasional, belajar mengenai Biologi. Si anak bertanya pada ibunya, orang yang sedang berjalan dan berlari apakah membutuhkan sumber energi, darimana sumber energi tersebut. Kalau dari makanan bagaimana makanan tersebut bisa memberi energi tubuh orang yang sedang berjalan dan berlari tersebut. Ibunya kesulitan untuk menjawab dan menjelaskan, kemudian bertanya pada kakak anak tersebut yang sedang Kuliah di UNAIR
![Page 90: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Pertanyaannya :
Organ apa yang aktif sehingga seseorang dapat berjalan dan berlari.
Bagaimana mekanismenya sehingga makanan dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi sehingga dapat sampai ke sel-sel organ tersebut.
Apakah glukosa dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi ? Kalau bisa bagaimana caranya masuk kedalam sel ?
![Page 91: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Sugar Crystals This electron microscope
image of raw cane sugar reveals the shape of sugar crystals.
![Page 92: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Sugar = sucrose
Glucose – fructose
![Page 93: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
To Be Continued
![Page 94: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
NEXT EPISODE
![Page 95: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
- 70 mV
+30 mV
- 55 mV
- 0 mV
Firing level
depolarization
repolarization
Action potential
Overshoot
![Page 96: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Local anesthesia
Block konduksipotensial aksi / impuls
Block impuls dengan cara :- menghambat pembukaan saluran ion Natrium ( Na channel penting untuk konduksi potensial aksi )
![Page 97: Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56812bbb550346895d8ffe6f/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)