Physiology of CellsChapter 4

Anatomy and Physiology

Transportation Processes Passive transport:

no energy needed Diffusion Dialysis Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Filtration

Active Transport: energy used Sodium-potassium

pump Endocytosis

Phagocytosis Pinocytosis

Exocytosis

Diffusion Tendency of small

particles to spread out evenly in any given space

Occurs down a concentration gradient-from high concentration to low concentration

Dialysis Form of diffusion in

which a selectively permeable membrane causes separation of smaller solute particles from larger solute particles

Osmosis Diffusion of water

through a selectively permeable membrane

Facilitated Diffusion Movement of

molecules is facilitated by the action of carrier mechanisms in cell membrane

Filtration

Passage of water and solutes through a membrane by the force of hydrostatic pressure

Sodium-potassium pump Transports sodium

out of cells and potassium into cells

Endocytosis Phagocytosis:

microorganisms are other large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane

Pinocytosis: process in which fluid and substances dissolved in fluid enter the cell

Exocytosis Process in which

large molecules can leave the cell

Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell

Cell Metabolism Enzymes Catabolism-Cellular respiration

Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron transport System

Anabolism DNA Transcription Translation

Enzymes

Functional proteins Act as chemical catalyst

Structure of Enzymes Active site: portion of the enzyme that

chemically “fits” substrate molecules

Function of Enzymes Enzymes are

specific in their action

Allosteric effect: various physical or chemical agents activate or inhibit enzyme action by changing the shape of enzyme

End Product Inhibition Chemical product

at end of a metabolic pathway binds to the enzyme & inhibit the synthesis of more product

Cellular respiration Process by which

cells break down glucose into CO2 and water

Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport

System

Glycolysis Glucose 2

pyruvic acid Anaerobic (no O2) Releases energy in

the form of ATP & NADH

Occurs in cytosol

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle) Aerobic Pyruvic acid

Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle

Occurs in mitochondria

Electron Transport System Protons build up in

outer chamber of mitochondria then begin movement thru the membrane into the inner chamber, energy is transferred to ATP

Anabolism

DNA Transcription Translation

DNA Sugar + phosphate

group+nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous bases Purines

Adenine Guanine

Pyrimidines Thymine Cystosine

Transcription Synthesis of mRNA

from DNA Introns removed

from the mRNA molecule leaving only exons

Occurs in nucleus

Translation At the ribosome tRNA carry amino

acids for placement in the sequence

Mitosis Process of

organizing and distributing nuclear DNA during cell division

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Mitosis Meiosis One phase Remain diploid #

Somatic cells

Two phases From diploid to

haploid # Sex cells

Image Citations Slide 3: Diffusion animation, 7/11/06,

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/diffusion-animated.gif Slide 4: Dialysis, 7/11/06,

http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/jrobertus/ch339k/overheads-1/ch5_dialysis.jpg

Slide 5: Osmosis, 7/11/06, http://w3.uokhsc.edu/human_physiology/presentation/osmosis1/index.htm

Slide 6: Facilitated diffusion, 7/11/06, http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/problem_sets/membranes/07t.html

Slide 8: Sodium-potassium pump animation, 7/11/06, http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Laboratories/Bio%20Pix%204%20U/Bio%20Pix.htm

Slide 10: Animation showing exocytosis, 7/11/06, http://www.aber.ac.uk/gwydd-cym/cellbiol/transport/

Slide 15: Competitive inhibition of enzyme activity, 7/11/06, http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/genetics/protsyn/regulation/u4fg5a.html

Image Citations Slide 16: Cellular respiration, 7/12/06,

http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes-respiration.html Slide 17: Glycolysis, 7/12/06,

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookGlyc.html Slide 19: Animation of ATP synthesis in mitochondria, 7/12/06,

http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/ATPmito.html Slide 21: DNA, 7/12/06, http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/DNA.html Slide 22: Transcription, 7/12/06,

http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/TT/TscriptD.html Slide 23: Translation, 7/12/06,

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/GenWeb/Molecular/Theory/Translation/translation.htm

Slide 24: Mitosis animation, 7/12/06, http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/dna1/src/mpage2.html