physiology of the female reproductive system. 1. different periods of female neonatal period : 4...
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Physiology of the female Physiology of the female reproductive systemreproductive system
1. 1. Different periods of FemaleDifferent periods of Female
Neonatal period : 4 weeks childhood: 4 weeks to age of 12 adolescence: menarche, age of 12-17 sexual maturity: begain 18, maintains for 30
years peri-menopausal period:begain 40, maintains for
10-20 years pre-menopause, menopause(last time of menorrhae), post-
menopause senility
2.2.The definition of The definition of menstruationmenstruation
Menarche: the onset of the first menses
occurs about two years after the onset of pubert
occurs between 13 and 15 years of age
anovulatory for first two years
The first day of menstrual bleeding is considered day 1 of the menstrual cycle
The length of menstrual cycle is 28 –30 days
The duration of flow is 2-7 daysThe volume of menstrual blood loss is
30ml-50mL(<80mL),darkness and nonclotting.
The Founction of ovaryThe Founction of ovary Produce oocyte Endocrine: produce female
hormone
3.3.Reproductive cycleReproductive cycleDevided into 3 phasesMenstruation: 1-4days the follicular phase:5-14 days a number of follicles developing, only one dominant follicle others become atretic ovulation:14th, releasing oocyte luteal phase: 15-28 days unless pregnancy
occurs
1) 1) Development of ovaryDevelopment of ovaryOvarian cycle is divided into four phases
Development of follicles primitive folliclesprimary follicles secondary follicles antrun/ developing follicles maturity follicles ovulation corpus luteum corpus albican
2)2)Ovarian steroid hormonesOvarian steroid hormones
Estrogensrise in plasma by 4th day of cycle from granulosa cells and theca cellsnegative feedback to FSHpositve feedback to LH
Progesterone: from corpus luteum maximal production occurs 3-4 days
after ovulation and maintained for 11 days
negative feedback on FSH and LH
4.4.Clinical manifestations of Clinical manifestations of hormone changeshormone changes
1)Endometrium be sloughed to a basal level in menstruation proliferative phase: 5-14 days (stroma thickens,gland elongated) in follicular
phase, a maximal thickness in ovulation Secretory phase :15-28 days (stroma loose, edematous, vesseltwisted, gland tortous) in corpus luteum
Menstrual phase:1-4 days Endomitrium is sloughed and bleeding onset
2)2)endocervixendocervix
Cervical also changes in response to the reproductive cycle
Cervical gland secrete thin,clear,watery,mucus in follicular phase
maximal in ovulation
Mucus becomes thick,opaque,tenacious in corpus luteum phase
3)3)vaginavaginaThickening and maturation of the
surface epithelial cells responed to E2 in follicular phase
thickening and secretory changes of vaginal epithelium in corpus luteum phase
4)4)Hypothalamic Hypothalamic thermoregulating centerthermoregulating center
Progesterone shifts the Basal body temperature upward(BBT)
BBT record is a useful tool to evaluate the reproductive cycle
5.5.H-P-O axisH-P-O axis The control of menstruation is based
on a feedback loop of H-P-O axis Hypothalamus Producing GnRH(gonadotropin-releasing
hormone) be secreted in a pulsatile manner be a pulse generator of cycle be influenced by E and neurotransmitters
PituitaryProducing Gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) luteinizing hormone(LH)be protein hormones secreted by the
anterior pituitary glandbe pulsatile mannerbe influenced by E,P, and other factors
Ovaries ovarian sex steroid hormones
estradiol (E), progesterone(P)
Feedback of H-P-O axisFeedback of H-P-O axis
Concept of feedback
the magnitude and the rate of GnRH, FSH, LH are determined by E, P,
negative feedback : resulting in decreased secretion ofGnRH FSH,LH
positive feedback: resulting in increased secretion of LH,which triggers ovulation
Key wordsKey words reproductive cycle menstruation ovarian cycle H-P-O axis feedback