PIA 2501

Training and Education for Development

Training vs. Education

Education: Pre-Service

Basic Education

Higher Education

Training: In-Service

Training vs. Education

Pedagogy- Childhood Learning

Andragogy- Adult Centered Learning as Training

Knowledge vs. Skills

Terms

Human Resource Development

Social Development

Health

Education

Terms Management Development

Long term disjointed learning process

Individual absorbs education and training through out his/her career

Overseas, University Education and Training Courses

Terms

Management Education

Classroom orient education

Focus on cognitive learning and knowledge acquisition

Not immediately applicable

Terms

Management Training

Skills oriented

Job-Specific and organizationally related

Aimed at increasing individual’s ability to do his or her job

Training Methods

Designer Training vs. Off the shelf

Facilitator vs. Trainer

Participatory vs. Lectures

Approaches to Training

Formal Training

Lectures

Case Studies

Simulation

Approaches to Training

On-the job Training

Coaching

Mentoring

Job Rotation

Learning Cycle

Concrete Experiences

Observation And

Reflection

Active Experimentation

Abstract Generalization

On-the Job Behavioral Influences

Physical-climate-office-Food

Personal Characteristics

-Intelligence-Culture

Biological, etc

Environmental And Interpersonal

-Colleagues-Superiors

-Subordinates, etc.

Social-Educational

-Ideology-Social and Religious

Norms

BehaviorCharacteristics

Approaches to Training

Action Training/Organizational Development (OD)

Field Analysis

Process Observation

Problem Diagnosis

Approaches to Training

Non-Formal Training

Support Groups

Professional Associations

Study Circles

Travel and site Visits

Sources of Training

International Institutes and Universities

Local Universities

Government Institutes

Private Institutes

Regional Institutes/Third Country Training

Problems

International Boondoggles

Local Universities- Educate rather than train

The NIPA (National Institute of Public Administration) Problem- Dead End

Problems

Bridging Training- Limited

Nuts and Bolts and Tunnel Vision

Paper Collection

Bounded Knowledge

Problems

Expatriate Consultants- Lack Knowledge

All trainers- Rote Training, Off the Shelf

Ethnocentric Skills (U.S. or U.K.) dominate

Francophone or Spanish- Secondary

PIA 2501

TEN MINUTE BREAK

Human Resource Development, Development Management, Planning and Policy

The Focus of Education

Public administration vs. development administration

Potential for development administration

The role of NGOs and PVOs social movements, unions and cooperatives

Human Resource Development

Project vs. program management planning

Implementation, institutional capacity and assessment

Focus of HRD Efforts

Human Resource Development: Who Pays

International Involvement: Scholarships, Training, Institutional Development

Part of Donor Activities: Technical Assistance and Training

HRD: The Transformation

Motivation:

Theory x vs. Theory y

Motivation

Theory X:

Basic Needs: Money

Time in Motion

Frederick Taylor, Taylorism and Scientific Management

Motivation Theory Y

Hawthorne Experiments- Chicago

Need to feel Human and part of social system

Consulting, Sensitivity Training, “Suggestion Boxes”

Maslov’s Hierarchy of Needs (Theory z)

First Level: Survival Needs--poverty culture and political uncertainty-Violation of the social contract

Second level: Non-economic motivations- Social and egocentric

Third Level: Self-actualization Ego-highest level

Education and Training:

Knowledge Base

The problem of: bounded knowledge no short cuts to education

The key to the short-term experience: designer training

Organizational Development

Public Sector Higher Education System

Temptations of “Bridging” Training

Short 3-6 Week Training Program, in-country or overseas

Can substitute for the Experience of a University Education

Training best focused on skills not complex systems and knowledge

Temptations of “Bridging” Training

Extent to which the administrative culture reflects a high degree of paternalism

One needs flexible people, with flexible minds

Temptations of Bridging Training

The new administrators in Transitional states

First vs. second generation: The bridging generation can block the next generations

Problem of Bounded Knowledge

The Concept

Need for gradual retirement of existing Administrators and a staggered bridge

Problem of Bounded Knowledge The time factor

Professional and technical skills and "the art of management"

Administrative culture Issue of debate and discussion within the

public service (problem of conformity) Criticism of tunnel vision

Mentality of the old nuts and bolts mechanisms within the context of a centralized state

Education and Training:

Education:

Entry Requirements The MPA style degree?

The role of University programs

Education and Training

The Prospects and Limits of training: Problems of management skills Basic Techniques and Processes (e.g.

Computers and Quantitative Skills) How much Consciousness Raising?

Development Management vs. Management Development The debate over Human Resource

Development Chicken and Egg Redeux

Education and Training:

Education in Public Management, Personnel, Financial Management, Management Information Systems (Masters Degree as a Professional Degree)

Public Policy Analysis and Issue Areas Public Administration Political Institutions and Processes Macro and Micro Economics Development Policy and Management (NGOs)

Training and Education

The role of overseas training and education: Problems of technical assistance Role of donors and the policy process Donor provision of planners and

administrators The attractiveness of Bridging

Training The Brain Drain Issue

The Transformation

Human Resource development planning: The Importance of a BASE LINE planning

Rule of Thumb: The Wider the target the less precise the planning

Base Line Planning

Macro-planning- Country Wide Sectoral Planning-single sector, eg.

agriculture Functional Planning- engineers Sub-national Planning- local level Institutional planning or

organizational- single unit Skills analysis- focus on individual

Discussion:

Civil Service Training in Eritrea- Picard

Each group prepare a five minute critique

Break into groups 20-30 minutes