pia 2501 week five. presentation one the african group
TRANSCRIPT
PIA 2501
WEEK FIVE
Presentation One
THE AFRICAN GROUP
Development Planning: An Overview- Four Themes
Planning Defined
Planning Goals
Anti-Planning
Structural Adjustment and Projects
Development Planning Prologue: The European and Colonial
Origins of Planning Soviet Union--New Economic Period in the
1920s and the use of the five-year plan British India--1930s. National planning and
industrialization Britain in the 1950s--Labour Party flirts with
plans Eastern vs. Western Europe after WWII Two varieties: Command vs. Keynesianism
Definitions of Development Planning
Planning is the application of rational ordered choice to social and economic
affairs.
Definitions of Development Planning
Development planners and development administrators are action-oriented and goal-oriented civil servants striving to promote economic and social development
Development planning is the setting of priorities for the use of scarce resources
Goals of Development Planning
Foster economic growth Strengthen human and
organizational capacities Plan and develop physical
infrastructure (roads, dams, railways, buildings, etc.)
Promotion of greater equality in distribution of opportunities
Goals of Development Planning, cont.
Provide framework for wider participation in the economic system
Support social capital development in the form of stronger families, communities, interest associations and grass-root institutions
Development Planning as a Process
Goal is to change societal behavior: At the center: original goal planning the
National Plan monitoring and managing the economy includes setting targets and achievement
of goals In regions and districts, planner has a
coordination responsibility that includes in some cases social mobilization
Development Planning and Organization
At the center, overall goals are set through National Plan (the wish list) and through monitoring and “managing” the economy
planners set targets and measure goals
Key emphasis placed on local government authorities, extension services, and district administrations for service delivery
Development Planning At regional and local level, goals are
regional planning, coordination and mobilization
Overall--government agents or their contractors act as change agents, and provide “stimulus” to society
PLANNING AND SOCIETY
Development Planning as Socialization Planning includes secondary and
tertiary socialization, but not primary socialization Primary—Family; before school Secondary--Primary and Secondary
Education Tertiary--Adult (including Higher
education and On the Job) Problem: Social Engineering
Development Planning Overall
Classical Assumption
Role of the government agent is:
ACT AS A CHANGE AGENT and provide necessary stimulation to
society to ensure change
Development Planning Assumptions
Development Planning as a Concept
State will continue to serve as engine of development
Goal will be to change society, economy and political structures
Assumptions
Assumed that development occurs because of planned change
Originally, Keynesian planners saw state taking a major role in providing leadership to improve standards of living in LDCs
Development Planning Assumptions Development Planning accepts
premises of Development Administration:
State bureaucracy should take major role in social mobilization, economic transformation and increases in productivity; define policy goals for society
Rejected by some advocates of Development Management
Political Assumptions
Assumes political and administrative leadership have made the decision to effect changes in the system
This is a meeting point of both counter-dependency strategy and modernization
Need to strengthen administrative capacity in development economics and planning area
Administrative Assumptions
Depends upon “administrative capacity”:
Institutional arrangements for planning, planning agencies, management systems and processes that are innovative
Social Assumptions Assumes that there can be state
managed social mobilization
Basic premise: planning is setting of priorities for use of scarce resources through use of rational rather than political processes
Implementation Major responsibility for development
lies with Planning official at the national and local level
Development change occurs because of planned action
Assumes Political and administrative leadership have made decision to effect improvement in the social system
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
Problems
Bad Planning Discovered
From Program to Project Planning
Ethiopia- Mengistu Haile Mariam declares a Leninist state in 1983
13 million face starvation in Horn of Africa
"We are the World" leads to Donor Fatigue
Bad Planning Discovered Illness and death of Brezhnev in
Soviet Union The Change: Russia and Structural
Adjustment Planning- The “Ivory Tower” problem Ronald Reagan and Margaret
Thatcher at height of their power
End of assumption- Progress is inevitable
1983- Robert MacNamara resigns from World Bank- New and Different Demands
Institutions and basic needs abandoned Export Economies--Minerals, agricultural
commodities and livestock Orthodoxy: Overseas capital investment Foreign or "Pariah" group ownership and control
of trade and commerce Local soft political institutions, weak private
sectors
Change: the Counter-Orthodoxy
The Realities: 1980s Focus on anti-Marxist, growth regimes
Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Chile, South Africa
Politics not important
Contemporary Themes of Development-Review
Except for the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs), the failure of Development Management as a method
Question: does failure occur as a result of state collapse? (Goran Hyden)
What is the future of Development Planning
The Problem: Bad Planning and Foreign Aid
1. Bureaucrats/practitioners ignored development theories
2. Development Institutes were largely irrelevant as training centers--donors used overseas training
The Problem
3. Development administration did little to deal with issues of population control, food production and rural development
4. Foreign aid little more than a front for foreign policy
Anti-Planning: Neo-Orthodoxy
Issue of soft-state and inability of state to impose its will on society
Neo-Orthodoxy and privatization No development management,
development programs are “bad” Can’t make planning better
Structural Reforms The Change: Overemphasized the Anti-
State theme Result
Since 1985, privatization, public sector reform and structural adjustment
New Theories Neo-orthodoxy based upon Public and Social
(Rational Choice) ideas What was “Developmental” in the 1990s?
To what extent is the state planning approach possible?
Bureaucratic, administrative and political constraints constitute a major limitation
Development strategies often parallel but ignore political realities
Five year plans of over 1500 pages for a country of less than a million people
Part of unfulfilled rhetoric of development
To what extent is the state planning approach necessary?
Mandated by technical assistance Expanded government meant specialized
planning organizations and the rise of development economics as a discipline
The issue of grass roots participation was raised
There was rhetoric of a command economy as opposed to a market economy with two extremes and the soft state in-between
Limitations of Planning
To what extent is the state planning approach possible? Issue of growth vs. distribution Issue of planning vs. ways in which
budget priorities are set Debate about the coordination of
planning voluntary vs. hierarchical authority
Failures of Planning
A Problem: The limits on political compromise and local level autonomy
Failure of Development and the limits of the econometric model
Failure of planning blamed on weak planning and administrative capacity
Planning was a “shopping list”
Planning Bad- 1990 The Change International conflict shifts from East-West rivalry
and cold war to ethnic, regional and internal conflicts culminating in September 11. Cambodia, Nicaragua Transitional conflicts in Angola, Mozambique CIS and Central Europe become part of development
portfolio Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, Kosovo, Iraq
Perception of Development Problems
Contemporary Themes of Development
Problem of government as a negative; a state centric vs. society centric view
How does that translate into public private partnerships? (Robert Bates, Eleanor Ostrom)
Issue of "implementation," the neglected component of development policy (Pressman)
Contemporary Themes of Development
• Institution building is a pre-requisite
• Development Policy is environmentally bound;
• Importance of micro-macro linkages (Kathleen Staudt)
Change: the Counter-Orthodoxy Bureaucracies are socio-economic actors
Good example: Land reform and bureaucracies
A study of 25 major land reforms--in 15 cases the bureaucracy was major beneficiary in the process
The Middle View
The Moderate Interpretation of Development Administration Failures
Goal:
Balance Public-Private Partnerships-
The New OrthodoxyThe PROJECT as an operational concept The Problems of Development
Management Project management means loss of
control over programs and policy Project Characteristics:
-Discrete tasks-Time Bound-fixed amount of money
Focus Next Week: The Project Cycle
Level of Analysis Issue & Planning
Public Policy Overall decisions to take action
Programs Ongoing areas of activity within a policy
area, a nucleus to carry out program Projects
Discrete time-bound, often sector or spatially based activity
Discussion:
In Our Image Is assimilation the answer? In the Philippines, South East Asia,
Middle East / Africa? Progress? (Joyce Cary)
Is progress the answer? Violence? (Fuentes and Singh)
Is development the answer?
The Problems of Development Management: Discussion
Quote of the Week:
"The Human Condition being what it was, let them fight, let them love, let them murder, I would not be involved."
Graham Greene
Graham GreeneThe Quiet American
Themes The US Mission The Third Force The Advantage of the Revolutionaries The French View?
Graham GreeneThe Quiet American
Characters The American and the American’s
theory of development The British Journalist--Engage? The Vietnamese Woman (Passive?)
Conclusions about Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy?