pia 2528 local government, governance and civil society
TRANSCRIPT
PIA 2528PIA 2528
Local Government, Local Government, Governance and Civil Governance and Civil
SocietySociety
Local Governance: A Cultural Local Governance: A Cultural PerspectivePerspective
A Palolem local A Palolem local government government meeting in East meeting in East IndiaIndia
Governance, an Overview of Governance, an Overview of IssuesIssues Basic Terms: The Environment of Development Basic Terms: The Environment of Development
(Review)(Review) GovernanceGovernance
Manner in which the state is created, modified or Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrownoverthrown
Local GovernmentLocal Government Primary unit of government that has both political Primary unit of government that has both political
leadership and bureaucratic structuresleadership and bureaucratic structures Civil SocietyCivil Society
Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs or for profit sector)state organs or for profit sector)
Institutional Legacy- Institutional Legacy- Discussion: Samuel P. Discussion: Samuel P.
Huntington(1927-2008) Huntington(1927-2008) Culture Matters?Culture Matters?
The Institutions Debate: The Institutions Debate: Huntington’s Regions -Huntington’s Regions -Culture vs. RationalityCulture vs. Rationality
Institutional LegacyInstitutional Legacy
The cultural organization The cultural organization contrasts the contemporary contrasts the contemporary world with the classical notion of world with the classical notion of sovereign states. To understand sovereign states. To understand current and future conflict, current and future conflict, cultural rifts cultural rifts must be must be understood, and culture — rather understood, and culture — rather than the State — must be than the State — must be accepted as the locus of war.accepted as the locus of war.
Gender Representation: Gender Representation: Government of New Government of New
ZealandZealand
The Nature of Local The Nature of Local GovernmentGovernment
Part of the Part of the Institutional StateInstitutional State
Based on Devolution of AuthorityBased on Devolution of Authority
Culture defines ParticipationCulture defines Participation
Links Governance to Civil SocietyLinks Governance to Civil Society
IndonesiaIndonesia
Forms of Local GovernmentForms of Local Government
Concept: Transfer of authority to Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of governmenta lower level of government
Role of intermediate Government Role of intermediate Government (s)(s)
Primary Unit of Government: Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with itbureaucracy with it
Commonwealth Commonwealth Provincial GovernanceProvincial Governance
Functions of Urban Local Functions of Urban Local Governance: A South African Governance: A South African
ViewView
Historical LegacyHistorical Legacy Imperial and Colonial Impact: The Imperial and Colonial Impact: The
Dilemma of the Local StateDilemma of the Local State
The Best Predictor of InstitutionsThe Best Predictor of Institutions
Try to Diagram the colonial structure Try to Diagram the colonial structure for your part of the world and be for your part of the world and be prepared to discuss next week.prepared to discuss next week.
Issue: Land Based vs. Sea Based Issue: Land Based vs. Sea Based EmpiresEmpires
Imperial Germany (Russia, Imperial Germany (Russia, Austria, Turkey)Austria, Turkey)
The Imperial ModelThe Imperial Model
French Colonial SystemFrench Colonial SystemFrench National Assembly (Nominal African Reps)
Ministry of Overseas Affairs
Sub-Chief
District Chief
Commandant
Governor (Guinea- Conakry)
Governor-General (West Africa-Dakar)
The French Empire and The French Empire and Culture: North America, Culture: North America, Caribbean, Africa and Caribbean, Africa and
AsiaAsia
British Colonial SystemBritish Colonial SystemParliament (No Rep.)
Secretary of State for Colonies (Dominions) or India
Chief
District Officer
District Commissioner
Regional / Divisional Commissioner
Governor / High Commissioner*
Sub-Chief
Headman Tribal Council
Tribal Secretary and Clerks
Tribal Treasury
Tribal Court
Tribal Police
* Governor-General / High Commissioner with Resident Commissioners in Bechuanaland, Basutoland and Swaziland under Dominions Office
The British ImageThe British Image
Reformed British Reformed British AdministrationAdministration
Prime Minister (UK) Colonial Office
Secretariat
Para-Chief DEODistrict Commissioner
Provincial Commissioner PEO
Sub-Chief
Headmen
Parliament
EXECO
LEGCO Governor / Governor Secretary
MED WORKS EDUC AGRIC
London
Dar es Salaam
SAA MOJA Village
KilimanjaroProvince
Moshi
Traditional Administration Traditional Administration &&
GovernanceGovernance
National Systems
Paramount Chief (King)
Sub-Chiefs
Village Meeting Place
Judicial System
Advisors (Native Councils)
Headmen
Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule
The Dilemma of Traditional The Dilemma of Traditional Local GovernanceLocal Governance
Imperial SystemsKing
Chief King’s Representative
Inner Council
Sub-Chief
Outer Council
Meeting Place
Judicial System
King’s Representative
Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule
Traditional Administration Traditional Administration &&
GovernanceGovernance
Assimilation: replacement of traditional authorities by soldiers• Chief as government official• Façade of Direct Rule• Grassroots similarity
Assimilation vs. Indirect Rule
Indirect Rule and “Tribal Administration”• Legal / Rational Model• Modification of Tradition• Training of tribal administrator
•Inherited vs. Age Grade Systems•Nature of traditional Civil Society
Traditional Administration Traditional Administration &&
GovernanceGovernance
Mini-DiscussionMini-Discussion
How Does One Create How Does One Create Local Government Out of Local Government Out of
this?this?
Historical LegacyHistorical Legacy
1.1. General Patterns: Linked to General Patterns: Linked to Cultural Sub-NationalismCultural Sub-Nationalism
2.2. Unique Cultural Patterns: Differ Unique Cultural Patterns: Differ from Region to Region (eg. Middle from Region to Region (eg. Middle East: Religious Parallel Governance East: Religious Parallel Governance OrganizationsOrganizations
3.3. What are the Universals of Local What are the Universals of Local GovernanceGovernance
Coffee BreakCoffee Break
Fifteen MinutesFifteen Minutes
The Nature of the The Nature of the MunicipalityMunicipality
The Primary Unit of GovernmentThe Primary Unit of Government
Anglo-American- Town separate from Anglo-American- Town separate from country (County)country (County)
Continental Europe- Integration of Town Continental Europe- Integration of Town and Countyand County
One of these two patterns exported One of these two patterns exported overseasoverseas
Danish Local GovernmentDanish Local Government 1. Amtman- Danish Prefect (Royal, Simbolic)1. Amtman- Danish Prefect (Royal, Simbolic)
2. Amt- Provinces- Higher Services 2. Amt- Provinces- Higher Services (Hospitals, Higher Schools and Colleges\(Hospitals, Higher Schools and Colleges\
3. Commune- Urban and Rural smaller 3. Commune- Urban and Rural smaller services- Primary Education, Marketsservices- Primary Education, Markets
4. Provincial and Local Government 4. Provincial and Local Government Associations (System Support)Associations (System Support)
Accountability in New Accountability in New ZealandZealand
What Local Government What Local Government Does- Basic ServicesDoes- Basic Services
Primary RoadsPrimary Roads WaterWater Waste RemovalWaste Removal Primary EducationPrimary Education Basic HealthBasic Health Basic Energy SuppliesBasic Energy Supplies MarketsMarkets ParkingParking
Lord Mayor’s TraditionLord Mayor’s Tradition
U.K. SystemU.K. System
Models of Local GovernmentModels of Local Government
1.1. Strong MayorStrong Mayor
2.2. Strong Council- Executive Committee Strong Council- Executive Committee with Chair and Department Headswith Chair and Department Heads
3.3. City Manager (Town Clerk) System City Manager (Town Clerk) System with appointed departmentswith appointed departments
City Manager SystemCity Manager System
Services Depend Upon-Services Depend Upon-
1.1. Fiscal/budget allocation- taxes, user Fiscal/budget allocation- taxes, user fees and transfersfees and transfers
2.2. Planning- strategic prioritiesPlanning- strategic priorities
3.3. Managing- implementationManaging- implementation
4.4. Personnel- Access to skilled Personnel- Access to skilled professionals (Power to Hire and Fire)professionals (Power to Hire and Fire)
5.5. Community TrustCommunity Trust
6.6. Social CohesionSocial Cohesion
““Rainbow Nation”- 1Rainbow Nation”- 1
““Rainbow Nation-” 2Rainbow Nation-” 2
Review: Distinctions:Review: Distinctions: Local state vs. Local GovernmentLocal state vs. Local Government
Functional vs. Territorial ControlFunctional vs. Territorial Control
Devolution- Urban vs. Rural Devolution- Urban vs. Rural
Subsidiarity- Subsidiarity-
higher units should not do what can be higher units should not do what can be done by lower unitsdone by lower units
Myth of the Panchayat?Myth of the Panchayat?
Has local Government Has local Government Failed?Failed?
Implementation and Implementation and Administrative ProblemsAdministrative Problems
Skills ShortagesSkills Shortages Absence of RevenueAbsence of Revenue The Need for Institutional TrainingThe Need for Institutional Training International Donors and the International Donors and the
Training AgendaTraining Agenda
Implementation: Rube Implementation: Rube GoldbergGoldberg
Has local Government Has local Government Failed?Failed?
Failure to make a Needs AssessmentFailure to make a Needs Assessment
Bridging Training vs. the Synthetic Bridging Training vs. the Synthetic Mode of ThoughtMode of Thought
Local Government- Urban vs. Rural Local Government- Urban vs. Rural NeedsNeeds
Functions as Local StateFunctions as Local State
Local Government and Local Government and Development?Development?
How Developmental Is Local How Developmental Is Local Government? Government?
We Need Assess Local We Need Assess Local Government Comparatively in Government Comparatively in light of Case Histories Readings. light of Case Histories Readings.
Decentralization IssuesDecentralization Issues
1. Democracy and decentralization1. Democracy and decentralization
2. Critiques of indirect Democracy2. Critiques of indirect Democracy
3. Decentralization and NGOs (Are NGOs 3. Decentralization and NGOs (Are NGOs dangerous?)dangerous?)
4. Decentralization and ethnic and 4. Decentralization and ethnic and
regional conflict- the dangers of regional conflict- the dangers of decentralizationdecentralization
Decentralization and Decentralization and Foreign AidForeign Aid
Decentralization IssuesDecentralization Issues
5. The dichotomy: Communal/municipal 5. The dichotomy: Communal/municipal models vs. urban/rural governance: towns models vs. urban/rural governance: towns and counties. Problem of urban biasand counties. Problem of urban bias
6. Decentralization as a failure-Issues:6. Decentralization as a failure-Issues:
a. financial limitationsa. financial limitations
b. local government staff: "bush postings.“b. local government staff: "bush postings.“
c. community distrustc. community distrust
Specialized Developmental Specialized Developmental FunctionsFunctions
Planning and Land Use PatternsPlanning and Land Use Patterns
Issues- Ownership and Issues- Ownership and distribution.distribution.
Land- its use and access to Land- its use and access to water. At the core of grass roots water. At the core of grass roots development in the rural areasdevelopment in the rural areas
Regional Planning for agriculture, forestry, Regional Planning for agriculture, forestry, recreation , land use, waterfowl, ungulates recreation , land use, waterfowl, ungulates
and sport fish capability (Canada)and sport fish capability (Canada)
Books of the WeekBooks of the Week
The Comedians byThe Comedians by
Graham Greene Graham Greene (top)(top)
Things Fall ApartThings Fall Apart
Chinua Achebe Chinua Achebe (bottom)(bottom)
Geographical Patterns: The Geographical Patterns: The Institutional Legacy Institutional Legacy
(Readings)(Readings)
Break into Regional Groups for Fifteen Break into Regional Groups for Fifteen MinutesMinutes
Identify FOUR regional patterns of Identify FOUR regional patterns of Institutionalized Governance, Local Institutionalized Governance, Local Governance and Civil SocietyGovernance and Civil Society
Identify the (reading) source of patternIdentify the (reading) source of pattern
Summary DiscussionSummary Discussion
What if anything have we learned What if anything have we learned about Governance, Local about Governance, Local Government and Civil Society?Government and Civil Society?