pianc wg 155 – ship behaviour in locks and lock approaches

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PIANC WG 155 – Ship behaviour in locks and lock approaches Carsten Thorenz, D. Bousmar, J.-P. Dubbelman, Li Jun, D. Spitzer, J.J. Veldman, J. R. Augustijn, W. Kortlever, A. Hartley, A. Moreno, R. Salas, J. Wong, M. Vantorre, O. Weiler, P. Hunter, S. Roux, Wu Peng

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PIANC WG 155 – Ship behaviour in locks and lock approaches

Carsten Thorenz, D. Bousmar, J.-P. Dubbelman, Li Jun, D. Spitzer, J.J. Veldman, J. R. Augustijn, W. Kortlever, A. Hartley, A. Moreno, R. Salas, J. Wong, M. Vantorre, O. Weiler, P. Hunter, S. Roux, Wu Peng

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

PIANC InCom WG 155 „Ship Behaviour in Locks and Lock Approaches“

• Successor to WG „Innovation in navigation lock design“, which was focused on the construction of locks

• Focus on interaction between lock operation and ship behaviour

• Inaugurated in September 2011 in New Orleans during the SmartRiversConference

• WG 155 currently has 14 senior and 4 young professional members from 9 countries

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Meetings of PIANC InCom WG 155 „Ship Behaviour in Locks and Lock Approaches“

• Work meetings took roughly three days

• Work meetings were planned to combine three half day work sessionswith technical tours

• Work meetings in Delft (Deltares), Lyon (CNR), Panama (ACP, IMPA) and short meeting in Maastricht

• Organized workshop on locks during PIANC SmartRivers Conference 2013 (in Maastricht / Liege)

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Working group meeting in Panama City

WG 155 with hosts and guests at the old Panama Canal locks

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Workshop at PIANC SmartRivers Conference 2013

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Goals of PIANC WG 155 „Ship Behaviour in Locks and Lock Approaches“

Give designers of locks and organizations that operate locks an idea about the troubles they might encounter and what to do against it. Which factors are important for safe locking? The following points were evaluated:

• What are the relevant physical processes?• How to evaluate the forces on the vessel?• What is the vessels reaction?• What does the captain/pilot think on this?• What to do prevent misery?

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant tasks for the WG

• Point out relevant physics of the interaction between lock and vessel(focusing on what is special for locks)

• Gather data from scientific studies and user experience

• Produce a comprehensible report (not only for scientists)

• Enhance interaction between experts working in the field Workshop during PIANC SmartRivers Conference 2013

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Overview on identified topics

• Sink and surge waves in approaches and adjacent canals

• Local flow fields from lock discharge

• Density driven flows when opening the gate

• Piston effects when entering or leaving the lock

• Impact of the filling process on the vessel

• …

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Why are the identified topics important?• Sink and surge waves in approaches

Vessels can hit bridges or ground

• Local flow fields from lock discharge Vessels loose their course

• Piston effects when entering or leaving the lock Vessels hit the sill or are difficult to control

• Density driven flows when opening the gate Vessels hit the gate or the lock walls

• Impact of the filling process on the vessel Vessel‘s mooring lines brake

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Discharge from lock emptying

• Local scale: Flow fields Bad for manoeuvring when entering or leaving a lock

• Large scale: Long waves in adjacent reaches Forces on moored ships Hitting bridges Grounding Generates local flow fields at crossings, harbours etc. Waves can amplify at the next lock

For the lock filling, the local effects are much less pronounced (potential flow) but the large scale effects are similar!

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Real world: Waves are significant

Water level and water slope recordings from Henrichenburg Lock, nearDortmund, Dortmund-Ems-Kanal (Germany).

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Large scale influence in canals

Computed and measured water table downstream the lock Rothensee

h [m

+NN

]

g

38,85

38,90

38,95

39,00

39,05

39,10

39,15

39,20

39,25

39,30

39,35

39,40

23.10.0020:00:00

23.10.0021:00:00

23.10.0022:00:00

23.10.0023:00:00

24.10.0000:00:00

24.10.0001:00:00

24.10.0002:00:00

24.10.0003:00:00

24.10.0004:00:00

24.10.0005:00:00

24.10.0006:00:00

Zeit

SimulationNaturversuch

Berechnungsgrundlage:Ausbauzustand 1Elbe: MNW

Numerical1D-model

In-situ measurements

Time [dd.mm.yy] [hh:mm:ss]

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Example: Surge wave on double lock

Lock and weir Zeltingen at river Mosel, Germany

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Example: Surge wave on double lock

Lock and weir Zeltingen at river Mosel, Germany

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Example: Surge wave on double lock

Lock and weir Zeltingen at river Mosel, Germany

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Example: Surge wave on double lock

Simulation result for surge/sink wave

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Example: Surge wave on double lock

Simulation result for surge/sink wave

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Example: Surge wave on double lock

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Example: Surge wave on double lock

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Example: Surge wave on double lock

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Example: Surge wave on double lock

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Example: Surge wave on double lock

• High forces on ship in neighbouring chamber• 3D simulation of flow field• Validated with on-site measurements• Significant forces on vessels due to surge/sink wave

Cured by using a slower valve schedule for emptying the chamber

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Density driven flows

Observed salt exchange in IJmuiden

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Density driven flows

Observed salt exchange in IJmuiden

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Density driven flows

Physical model test with symmetric configuration (by Flanders Hydraulics)

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Density driven flows

Physical model test with one-sided closed wall (by Flanders Hydraulics)

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Density driven flows

Computed salt intrusion in a sea lock (by BAW)

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Density driven flows

Possible mitigation: Air bubble screen(Photos by Deltares)

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Density driven flows

• Occur in locks of the coastal regions

• Difficult for manoeuvring because „what you see is not (always)what you feel“

• Can last very long for maritime locks (~30 minutes)

• Can be mitigated by technical devices (bubble screens, flushing, pumping), but this is expensive

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Piston effects

• When entering, vessels observe sudden strong deceleration• When exiting, the vessel is slow and may hit the sill

(Vrijbucht, 2000)

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Piston effect

Lock „Pierre Benite“, River Rhone, France

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Piston effect

… five minutes later

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Piston effects

• When entering, vessels observe sudden strong deceleration• When exiting, the vessel is slow and may hit the sill

Effect on lock cycle time should not be underestimated!

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Impact of filling systemson forces on the vessel

• Ideal filling-empyting system spreads flow equally over the whole lengthof the chamber

• Real filling-empyting systems are more or less imbalanced

• More complex filling systems enable faster lock operation, but are moreexpensive to build and more expensive to operate

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Impact of filling systemson forces on the vessel

SpeedSpeed

CostsCostsForcesForces

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Ship forces, hawser forces or mooring forces?

We have to be specific:

• Forces of the water acting on the vessel (“Ship forces“, “Hydrodynamic forces”)

• Forces in the mooring lines (“Line forces“, “Hawser forces“)

• Forces exerted on the mooring equipment (“Mooring forces”)

Attention: In many publications, these are mixed up! (Or are even used in the wrong way …)

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Forces on vessels in the lock chamber

• Evaluate water slopes and estimate ship forces, line force and mooringforces from them or

• Measure forces on the hull and compute line forces and mooring forcesfrom them or

• Measure forces in the mooring lines or on the bollards directly- Sounds best, but introduces many uncertainties:

Hawser types, pretension, orientation, handling, …- Hard to reproduce

not feasible

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Impact of filling systemson forces on the vessel

Most simple:Filling through the gate

More complex:Filling through the bottom

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Impact of filling systems on forces

Numerical results for a partially balanced „through the sill“ system

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Impact of filling systems on forces

Sophistocated filling system of locks at the Main-Danube-Canal

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Impact of filling systems on forces

Sophistocated filling system: Dead ends fill with debris

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Relevant Effects: Impact of valve operationon forces on the vessel

• The operation of the lock valves balances between smoothness andspeed

• Allowable speed strongly depends on chosen filling system

• Speed changes should be carefully evaluated!

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Lock Roselies, River Sambre, Belgium: Impact of a discontinuous valve opening schedule on the water surface (from PIANC 155 report draft)

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

10:52 10:54 10:56 10:58 11:00 11:02

Water level (m

)

Disc

harg

e (m

³/s)

DischargeWater level

Relevant Effects: Impact of valve operationon forces on the vessel

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

0

15

30

45

60

75

90

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

10:52 10:54 10:56 10:58 11:00 11:02

Valve opening (°)

Wat

er s

urfa

ce s

lope

(1/1

000)

Water slopeValve opening

Relevant Effects: Impact of valve operationon forces on the vessel

Lock Roselies, River Sambre, Belgium: Impact of a discontinuous valve opening schedule on the water surface (from PIANC 155 report draft)

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Physical model tests for the lock Kiel-Holtenau: Emergency stop creates significant forces (from PIANC 155 report draft)

Relevant Effects: Impact of valve operationon forces on the vessel

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Methods: How to evaluate forces on the vessel

Analytical formulae:• Simple• Fast• Depend on coefficients

Numerical models (1D, 2D, 3D and combinations of them)• Need specialists for sound results• Full 3D simulations with moving ship „not there yet“

Physical model tests• Hard to set up• Fast to operate• Much experience

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Ineffective mooring

Other aspects: Treatment of pleasure crafts

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

“Rough” filling (left) and reaction of crafts (right)

Other aspects: Treatment of pleasure crafts

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Yes, this is a lock for commercial traffic

Other aspects: Treatment of pleasure crafts

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

HAZOP brainstorming during PIANC SmartRivers Conference 2013

Other aspects: Analysis of possible hazards

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Future report structure: Point of view of the user

Based on a timeline of events for the vessel that transits through a lock:

• leaving normal navigation• waiting in front of the entrance• entering the lock• the locking process• leaving the lock• returning to normal navigation

It should also contain basic information for operators and designers, whichare not necessarily experts on the topic

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Status of WG 155 report

• All of the topics mentioned above are covered(And many more)

• Report is more or less final

• Currently in last editing steps

… hopefully you can have it pretty soon

PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014

Thank you for your attention!

… and to the members of WG 155 for the work done so far