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PAP CHEMISTRY. Pick up the PPT notes and the practice paper off the front demo table. . ACIDS AND BASES. PAP Chem Chapter 1: Intro to Chem. www.lab-initio.com. electrolytes electrolytes. Properties. ACIDS. BASES. bitter taste. sour taste. turn litmus red. turn litmus blue. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Pick up the PPT notes and the practice paper off the front
demo table.
PAP CHEMISTRY
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ACIDS AND BASES
www.lab-initio.com
PAP ChemChapter 1:Intro to Chem
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Properties
electrolytes electrolytes
turn litmus red
sour taste
react with metals to form H2 gas
slippery feel
turn litmus blue
bitter taste
ChemASAP
vinegar, milk, soda, apples, citrus fruits
ammonia, lye, antacid, baking soda
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Acids are Proton (H+ ion) Donors
Strong acids are assumed to be 100% ionized in solution (good H+ donors).
Weak acids are usually less than 5% ionized in solution (poor H+ donors).
HCl
H2SO4 HNO3
H3PO4 HC2H3O2 Organic acids
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Strength
Strong Acid/Base• 100% ionized in water• strong electrolyte
- +
HClHNO3
H2SO4
HBrHIHClO4
NaOHKOHCa(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
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Strength
Weak Acid/Base• does not ionize completely• weak electrolyte
- +
HFCH3COOHH3PO4
H2CO3
HCN
NH3
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Acids Taste Sour
Citric acid in citrus fruit Malic acid in sour apples Lactic acid in sour milk
and sore muscles Butyric acid in rancid
butter
Organic acids are weak acids. Some are used as flavoring agents in food.
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Acids Effect
IndicatorsBlue litmus paper turns red in contact with an acid.
Methyl orange turns red with addition of an acid
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Acids React with Active Metals
Acids react with active metals to form salts and hydrogen gas.
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2(g)
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2(g)Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2(g)
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Acids React with Carbonates
2HC2H3O2 + Na2CO3
2 NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2
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Effects of Acid Rain on Marble(calcium carbonate)
George Washington:BEFORE
George Washington:AFTER
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Acids Neutralize Bases
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
Neutralization reactions ALWAYS produce a salt and water.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O
OH- (hydroxide) in base combines with H+ in acids to form water
H+ + OH- H2O
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Definitions
Arrhenius - In aqueous solution…
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl– • Acids form hydronium ions (H3O+)
H
HH H H
H
Cl ClO O–+
acid
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Definitions
Arrhenius - In aqueous solution…• Bases form hydroxide ions (OH-)
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
H
H
HH H
H
N NO O–+
HH
H H
base
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Definitions
Brønsted-Lowry
HCl + H2O Cl– + H3O+
• Acids are proton (H+) donors. • Bases are proton (H+) acceptors.
conjugate acidconjugate base
baseacid
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Definitions
H2O + HNO3 H3O+ + NO3–
CBCAAB
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Definitions
Amphoteric - can be an acid or a base.
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
CA CBB A
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Definitions
F -
H2PO4-
H2O
HF
H3PO4
H3O+
Give the conjugate base for each of the following:• (these are acids)
Polyprotic - an acid with more than one H+
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Definitions
Br -
HSO4-
CO32-
HBr
H2SO4
HCO3-
Give the conjugate acid for each of the following:• (these are bases-accept protons)
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Definitions
Lewis• Acids are electron pair acceptors. • Bases are electron pair donors.
Lewis base
Lewis acid
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Acid/Base Definitions
Type Acid BaseArrhenius H+ producer OH- producer
Bronsted-Lowry
H+ donor H+ acceptor
Lewis Electron-pair acceptor
Electron-pair donor
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Anion Ending Acid Name
-ide hydro-(stem)-ic acid
-ate (stem)-ic acid
-ite (stem)-ous acid
Acid Nomenclature
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HBr
H2CO3
H2SO3
• 2 elements, -ide
• 3 elements, -ate
• 3 elements, -ite
hydrobromic acid
carbonic acid
sulfurous acid
Acid Nomenclature
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hydrofluoric acid
sulfuric acid
nitrous acid
• 2 elements
• 3 elements, -ic
• 3 elements, -ous
HF
H2SO4
HNO2
Acid Nomenclature
H+ F-
H+ SO42-
H+ NO2-
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Properties of Bases Bases are proton (hydrogen ion, H+) acceptors
Bases have a pH greater than 7 Bases taste bitter Bases effect indicators
Red litmus turns blue Phenolphthalein turns purple
Solutions of bases feel slippery Bases neutralize acids
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Bases are Proton (H+ ion) Acceptors
Sodium hydroxide (lye), NaOH Potassium hydroxide, KOH Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2
Calcium hydroxide (lime), Ca(OH)2
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Bases Effect Indicators
Red litmus paper turns blue in contact with a base.
Phenolphthalein turns bright pink in a base.
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Bases Neutralize Acids
Milk of Magnesia contains magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, which neutralizes stomach acid, HCl.
2 HCl + Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 + 2 H2O