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INSTALLATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC

GENERATORS ON HIGHWAY

PAVEMENTS

A MINI-PROJECT REPORT

Submi tted by

A.RAJAMOHAMED (AC09UCE067)

A.SANTHANA KARTHICK (AC09UCE077)

M.VIGNESHKUMAR (AC09UCE110)

P.YUVARAJ (AC09UCE116)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

ADHIYAMAAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER 2012


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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certify that this project report INSTALLATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC

GENERATORS ON HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS is the bonafide work of

A.RAJAMOHAMED, A.SANTHANAKARTHICK, M.VIGNESH

KUMAR and P.YUVARAJ who carried out the project work under my

supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Ms T.KARTHIKA Dr.S.SURESH BABU

INTERNAL SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering,

Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur-635109.

Hosur-635109.

Submitted for the project work held on ________ at, Adhiyamaan College

of Engineering, Hosur, 635109.

Internal Examiner External Examiner


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we praise the Almighty God for showering his

blessings on us and who helped us all the way in our career.

We highly express our earnest and sincere thanks to our beloved

Principal Dr.G.RANGANATH, M.E., Ph.D., Adhiyamaan College of

Engineering, Hosur.

We express our gratitude to Dr.S.SURESH BABU, M.E., Ph.D.,

Head of the department, Department of Civil Engineering, Adhiyamaan

College of Engineering, Hosur, for his valuable suggestions throughout this

project.

Our sincere thanks to our Internal Supervisor, Ms.T.KARTHIKA,

M.E., Assistant Professor and other faculties of Department of Civil

Engineering, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, for her guidance

and their support throughout this project.


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ABSTRACT

Due to shortage of electricity, environmental hazards caused due to

electricity generation and limited resources available for power generation

inspired us to produce electricity by utilizing moving loads in highways by

installing piezoelectric generators.

This study aims to install piezoelectric generator on highway

pavements to generate electricity by utilizing the moving loads on the

highways.

Piezoelectric generators are placed beneath the pavements, when thevehicles moves over it, the generators will convert the mechanical stress in

to electrical energy.

This method of producing electricity is cheaper, environmental

friendly, renewable and long lasting.

i


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List of tables

ii

Table no. Description of table Page no.

5.1 Thickness of various layers in model

pavement

20

6.1 Output voltage table 22


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List of figures

Fig. no. Name of the figure Page no.

1.1 Piezoelectric effect 3

1.2 Chennai-Bengaluru highway 5

4.1 C/S of pavement with PEG 10

4.2 Location of PEGs on pavement 11

5.1 Placing PEG on concrete cubes 16

5.2 Laying of sub grade 17

5.3 Laying of base course 18

5.4 Placing of PEGs in model 19

5.5 Laying of surface course 20

5.6 c/s of model pavement 21

5.7 Dynamic signal analyzer 21

6.1 Load vs voltage graph 22

7.1 Availability chart 257.2 Cost spent for generation of 1MW chart 26

7.3 Duration of construction chart 27

7.4 Lifetime chart 28

7.5 Operational and maintenance cost chart 29

iii


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE

NO.

ABSTRACT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

i

ii

iii

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1.GENERAL

1.2.PIEZOELECTRICITY

1.3.HIGHWAY1.4.POWER SCARCITY

1

1

3

56

2. OBJECTIVE 7

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1.ISRAEL NATIONAL ROADS COMPANY

3.2. INNOWATTECH IN ISRAEL

3.3. PIEZOELECTRIC ROADS IN CALIFORNIA

8

8

8

9

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 GENERAL

4.2. DESIGN OF PAVEMENT

4.2.1. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

4.2.2. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO METHOD

4.2.3. DESIGN OF WHEEL LOAD

4.2.4. TYRE PRESSURE

4.2.5. MODEL DESIGN

10

10

12

12

13

14

14

15


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5. EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND MODEL

ANALYSIS

16

6. LOADING AND RESULT 22

7. COMPARISON BETWEEN PEG AND OTHER

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

25

8. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

8.1. SCOPE

30

31

9. REFERENCE 32

10. APPENDIX 33


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1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERALElectricity generation is the process of generating electric energy from

other forms of renewable and non renewable sources of energy. There are

seven fundamental methods of directly transforming other forms of energy

into electrical energy:

Static electricity, from the physical separation and transport of charge(examples: triboelectric effect and lightning)

Electromagnetic induction, where an electrical generator, dynamoor alternator transforms kinetic energy (energy of motion) into

electricity. This is the most used form for generating electricity and is

based on Faraday's law. It can be experimented by simply rotating a

magnet within closed loop of a conducting material (e.g. copper wire)

Electrochemistry, the direct transformation of chemical energy intoelectricity, as in a battery, fuel cell or nerve impulse

Photoelectric effect, the transformation of light into electrical energy, asin solar cells

Thermoelectric effect, the direct conversion of temperature differences toelectricity, as in thermocouples, thermopiles, and thermionic converters.


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Piezoelectric effect, from the mechanical strain of electricallyanisotropic molecules or crystals. Researchers at the US Department of

Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have

developed a piezoelectric generator sufficient to operate a liquid crystal

display using thin films of M13 bacteriophage.

Nuclear transformation, the creation and acceleration of charged particles(examples: betavoltaics or alpha particle emission)


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3

1.2. PIEZOELECTRICITYPiezoelectricity is the charge that accumulates in certain solid

materials (notably crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as

bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress.

The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure. It is

derived from the Greek piezo or piezein which means to squeeze or press,

and electric or electron, which stands for amber, an ancient source of electric

charge. Piezoelectricity was discovered in 1880 by French

physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie.

Fig 1.1 Piezoelectric effect

The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical

interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline

materials with no inversion symmetry. The piezoelectric effect is

a reversible process in that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect

(the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an applied

mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal

generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field).

For example, lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable


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piezoelectricity when their static structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the

original dimension. Conversely, those same crystals will change about 0.1%

of their static dimension when an external electric field is applied to the

material. The inverse piezoelectric effect is used in production of ultrasonic

sound waves.

Piezoelectricity is found in useful applications such as the production

and detection of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency

generation, microbalances, and ultrafine focusing of optical assemblies. It is

also the basis of a number of scientific instrumental techniques with atomic

resolution, the scanning probe microscopies and everyday uses such as

acting as the ignition source for cigarette lighters and push-start propane

barbecues.


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1.3. HIGHWAYA highway is any public road or other public way on land; in which

many number of vehicles are travelling from one place to another carrying

people and goods. Due to the vehicle movement vast amount of kinetic

energy was generated. This energy was not utilized and it goes in vain.

Fig. 1.2 Chennai-Bengaluru highway


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1.4. POWER SCARCITYPower scarcity is a significant issue today and sources for power

generation is inadequate. Also the existing sources of power generation have

greater impact on environment and uneconomical.

India currently facing a power deficit of 17000MW affects the

industrial growth and overall national growth of our country.

In order to bring relief to citizens of India we are focusing on

producing electricity using piezoelectric effect which can be implemented on

highways.


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7

Chapter 2

OBJECTIVE

This project is to utilize enormous energy wasted on highways due tovehicle movements.

To harvest electricity by placing piezoelectric generators underneaththe pavement.

To produce a cheaper, eco friendly and renewable source of energy.


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8

Chapter 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1. ISRAEL NATIONAL ROADS COMPANY (October 2010)

In Israel, engineers are about to begin testing a road contains

piezoelectric crystals that produce electricity. The system is expected to

produce up to 400 kilowatts from a 1 kilometre stretch of dual carriageway

and the technology is also applicable to airport runways and rail roads.

3.2. INNOWATTECH IN ISRAEL (2010)

The technology developed by Innowattech Ltd. was recently tested in a

complete-system pilot project along a ten-meter stretch of Road 4 north of

Hadera, Israel. This is the first practical test of the innovative green energy

technology developed by Innowattech, in association with Technion I.I.T

(Israel Institute of Technology). The pilot is being conducted in cooperation

with the Israel National Roads Company. The technology is based on

piezoelectric materials that enable the conversion of mechanical energy

exerted by the weight of passing vehicles into electrical energy. The first of

its kind project demonstrated how Israeli technology can generate electricity

from generators installed beneath a road's asphalt layer, presenting a

pioneering invention for "parasitic energy harvesting." The technology does

not increase the vehicles' fuel intake or affect the road infrastructure,

harvesting the energy, which would have otherwise been wasted on road

deformation, rendering this energy as "parasitic."The system developed by

Innowattech includes IPEGs (Innowattech Piezoelectric Generators), a

harvesting module and a battery charging mechanism. During the pilot, the


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IPEG were placed at a depth of five centimeters beneath the road's upper

asphalt layer on a stretch of ten meters, capable of producing some 2,000

watt-hours (Wh) of power per hour on average on that stretch. The team of

scientists involved in the development of the IPEG system included the

co-founders of Innowattech, Prof. Haim Abramovich, CEO and faculty

member at the Technion I.I.T., Dr. Eugeny Harash, Chief Scientist and Prof.

Charles Milgrom of the Hadassah University Hospital. The development

team also includes Dr. Eugeny Tsikhotsky, Chief Technology Officer, Dr.

Michael Gavshin, Senior Research Scientist, Dr. Lucy Edery-Azulay, Senior

Technologist and Project Manager, and Sergey Yusimov, Senior Researcher

and Production Controller.

3.3. PIEZOELECTRIC ROADS IN CALIFORNIA (2011)

The piezoelectric energy generating road has been proposed in the car

capital of the world California. This design is based on the concept of

piezoelectricity that is produced in response to the mechanical stress applied.

"A major source of renewable energy is right beneath our feet or, more

accurately, our tyres. California is the car capital of the world. It only makes

sense to convert to electricity the energy lost as cars travel over our

roads" said Assemblyman Gatto.

This pilot project aims how PEGs can be installed on Indian road andtraffic conditions.


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10

Chapter4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 GENERAL

The piezoelectric generators have to be placed beneath the pavements at

certain depths so that the loads from moving vehicle can trigger the

generator and the electricity is produced.

Multilayer Piezoelectric generators (0.25mx0.25m) (refer Appendix1.1) are placed on concrete cubes. Concrete cubes are used in order toprovide stability to generator and also to resist displacement of PEGs.

Sub grade and sub-base course are laid and casted concrete cubesmounted with piezoelectric generators are placed in between base

course and surface course.

Fig 4.1 C/S of pavement with PEG


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Finally the pavement is asphalted. When vehicles moves over it produces mechanical stress on generator

which in turn produces electric energy.

The produced electricity is taken out through wires and stabilized inpower houses for every one kilometer and can be fetched into power

grid.

PEGs are positioned based on the axle track (refer Appendix 1.2) ofthe vehicles. By average the axle track for all vehicles is taken as 2m.

The PEGs are placed 2m centre to centre spacing laterally on

roadways for single lane.

Fig 4.2 Location of PEGs on pavement

Power output from this series of generators is calculated by measuringthe traffic density (refer Appendix 1.3) of roadway.


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4.2. Design of pavement

4.2.1. Flexible pavement

The flexible pavements are built with number of layers. In the design

process, it is to be ensured that under the application of load none of the

layers is overstressed. This means that at any instance no section of the

pavement structure is subjected to excessive deformation to form a localized

depression or settlement.

In the design of flexible pavements, it has yet not been possible to

have a rational design method where in design process and service behavior

of the pavement can be expressed or predicated theoretically by

mathematical laws.

Various flexible pavement design methods

i. Group index method

ii. California bearing ratio method

iii. Triaxial text method

iv. Bur mister method

We will take the California bearing ratio method (CBR) for the design of our

model pavement.


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4.2.2. California bearing ratio method (refer Appendix 2):

In order to design a pavement by CBR Method, first the soaked CBR

value of the soil sub grade is evaluated. Then the appropriate design curve is

chosen by taking the design wheel load. Thus the total thickness of flexible

pavement needed to cover the sub grade of the known CBR value is

obtained. In case there is a material superior than the soil sub grade, such

that it may be used as sub-base course then the thickness of construction

over this material could be obtained from the design chart knowing the CBR

value of the sub-base.

Some of the important points recommended by the IRC for the CBR

method of design (IRC: 37-1970)

[ ]

1/2

t=pavement thickness, cm

P=wheel load, kg

CBR=California bearing ratio, percent

p =tyre pressure, kg/cm

A=area of contact, cm


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4.2.3. Design of Wheel load

The wheel load configurations are important are important to know

the way in which the loads of a given vehicle are applied on the pavement

surface.

For highways the maximum legal axle load as specified by Indian

road congress is 8750kg with a maximum equivalent single wheel load

4085kg.

4.2.4. Tyre pressure

Tyre pressure and inflation pressure mean exactly the same. The

contact pressure is found to be more than tyre pressure when the tyre

pressure is less than 7kg/cm and it vice versa when the tyre pressure

exceeds this value. Contact pressure can be measured by the relationship

Contact pressure = load on wheel/contact area

The ratio of contact pressure to tyre pressure is defined as rigidity

factor. Thus value of rigidity factor is 1.0 for an average tyre pressure of

7kg/cm


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4.2.5. Model design

1. Wheel load=8170kg

2. CBR value=5%

3. Tyre pressure=7kg/cm

Total thickness of a pavement:

[ ]

1/2

[ ]

1/2

Thickness of pavement (

Model ratio we adopted is 2:1


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Chapter 5

EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND MODEL

Based on model ratio 2:1, a wooden box of size 1mx0.3mx0.3m ismade for model pavement in our pilot studies.

Piezoelectric generators are mounted on concrete cubes of 5cmx5cm.

Fig. 5.1 Placing PEGs on concrete cubes


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The sub grade and base course are laid using well graded soil and20mm aggregates respectively.

Fig. 5.2 Laying of subgrade


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Fig. 5.3 Laying of base course


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Piezoelectric generators mounted in concrete cubes are placed beneaththe surface course of various depths (2mm-3.5mm).

Fig. 5.4 Placing of PEGs


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Fig. 5.5 Laying of surface course

Thickness of the various layers adopted for our model is given below:

Table 5.1

Layers Thickness

Sub grade 12.5cm

Base course 8.4cm

Surface course 4.0cm


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Fig. 5.6 C/S of model pavement

Using different weights (0.5kg, 1kg3.5kg), loads are applied on thePEGs and the corresponding output voltage has been measured by

using dynamic signal analyzer (refer Appendix 3.1).

Fig. 5.7 Dynamic signal analyzer 359 70A


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Chapter 6

LOADING AND RESULT

The results are tabulated and a load vs voltage graph has been plotted.

Table 6.1: For model pavement

Load applied

(N)

Depth of

PEGs

(mm)

Output

voltage (v)

Depth of

PEGs

(mm)

Output

voltage(v)

5 2 1.7 3.5 0.9

10 2 3.3 3.5 1.7

15 2 5.2 3.5 2.7

20 2 6.6 3.5 3.9

25 2 8.4 3.5 4.5

30 2 11 3.5 5.6


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Fig 6.1

LOAD VS VOLTAGE GRAPH FOR MODEL PAVEMENT

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40

output

voltag

einv

load applied in N

Output voltage for 2 mm

depth

output voltage for 3.5mm

depth


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For original pavement

In existing roadways, both single layer PEGs (refer Appendix 3.2) andmulti layer PEGs of 25cm diameter can be placed alternatively.

These PEGs can work for a minimum load of 0.5KN to a maximumload of 100KN

Most of the vehicle loads falls within these limits hence PEGs candeliver high voltage and high current which can be coupled in power

houses.


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Chapter 7

COMPARISON BETWEEN PEG AND OTHER

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Fig. 7.1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Availability per year

Days PE

wi

so


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Fig. 7.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Cost spent for generation of 1MW

Rupeesin

million

PEG

wind

solar


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27

Fig. 7.3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Duration of construction for producing 50MW

months PEG

wind

solar


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28

Fig. 7.4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Life time

years PEG

wind

solar


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Fig. 7.5

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

Operational and maintainance cost

Percentag

eofinitialinvestmentrequ

iredperannum

PEG

win

sola


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Chapter 8

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

Hosur-krishnagiri section of NH7 has an average traffic density of 36vehicles per km for an instant of time.

By placing multilayer PEGs (capable of producing high current pertrigger) in 52.1km long hosur-krishnagiri section of NH7 can produce

800kw of electrical energy per km which is enough to power 800-

1000 households.

On average entire stretch of 52.1km long highway can produce41.7MW of electricity which is environmental friendly, renewable and

low cost.

PEGs does not have any impacts on road characteristics and effects ofwater and temperature on PEGs are also negligible.

PEGs has high lifetime and requires very low operational andmaintenance cost.

It does not require new space to install; it can be done on existingroadway.

India has currently built 18000km length of 4/6 lane highway and ifPEGs are installed in highways which can produce 10000MW of

electricity.


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India currently facing a power deficit of 17000MW and if this methodof power generation is implemented, it can provide a quick relief to

citizens of India as it is

Quicker to construct, Low cost to invest, Friendly to environment.

8.1. SCOPE

PEG method of power generation can also be implemented on railway

tracks, airport runways, irrigation structures and also in framed structure.


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REFERENCE:

DR.S.K.Khanna & DR.C.E.G.Justo, Highway Engineering, NemChand & Bros, Roorkee(U.A.).

DR.Kadiyali, Design of Pavements, Mcgraw Hill Book Co. Inc. DR.Mitchell L. Thompson, Thesis on piezoelectric power

generation.

S.G.Rangwala Highway Engineering, Charotor Publisher house B.L.Gupta & Amit Gupta Highway Engineering Stantard

Publishers

Cady, W G; Piezoelectricity McGraw Hill, New York (1946)Reprint : Dover Press, New York (1964).

International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology. www.wikipedia.org,www.sciencedirect.in,www.americanpiezo.com
http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.sciencedirect.in/http://www.sciencedirect.in/http://www.sciencedirect.in/http://www.americanpiezo.com/http://www.americanpiezo.com/http://www.americanpiezo.com/http://www.americanpiezo.com/http://www.sciencedirect.in/http://www.wikipedia.org/


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APPENDIX 1:

1.1 Multi layer PEGs

Multilayer piezo generators consist of a stack of very thin (sub-

millimeter-thick) piezoelectric ceramics alternated with electrodes.

The electrical energy produced by a multilayer piezo generator is of a

much lower voltage than is generated by a single-layer piezo

generator. On the other hand, the current produced by a multilayer

generator is significantly higher than the current generated by a

single-layer piezoelectric generator.

1.2 Axle track

The axle track in automobiles and other wheeled vehicles which

have two or more wheels on an axle, is the distance between the

centerline of two road wheels on the same axle, each on the other side

of the vehicle.

1.3 Traffic density

The average number of vehicles that occupy one mile or one

kilometer of road space, expressed in vehicles per mile or per

kilometer.


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APPENDIX 2

2.1 CBR method


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APPENDIX 3

3.1 Dynamic signal analyzer


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Vibration analyzer that uses digital signal processing and the

Fast Fourier Transform to display vibration frequency components,

voltage, resistance. DSAs also display the time domain and phase

spectrum, and can usually be interfaced to a computer.3.2 Single layer PEGs

Electrical energy in a single-layer piezo generator is released

very quickly, is very high voltage, and very low current.

piezo electric crystal

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