pig anatomy

8/12/2019 pig anatomy

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Vipera Caudi-Sona Americana, Or the Anatomy of a Rattle-Snake, Dissected at the Repositoryof the Royal Society in January 1682/3 by Edw. Tyson M.D. Coll. Med. Lond. Cand. &R. S. Soc.Author(s): Edw. TysonSource: Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 13 (1683), pp. 25-46Published by: The Royal SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/102217.

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Philosophical Transactions

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tIhe CONT ENTS.Vt I PE R A C A 11 D I-S O N A Atnericana)Or /JEnatollly fd Rattle*SnaltefieSedat fte Repo-fitoryoft/veRoyalSeciety#Janualy 168) by EdssrardTyfon AI.1) Coll.Med.Lond. Zznt.Reg.Socierat a.An Accountof FomeBooks: 1* 7 ^farltiz1iKiJferS. 7VIJONJ.DEFONTI BV S; AI1F ) / f fl TI S w4 NG-L I ASS X*PrS#t-iOlO;n S riOr.l ;7O.Cl,tJJROJfn}*}llj atOlitnRZiXI4t15EJEOSvroafzDforiwE 31 0 ;7[ ) s

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V I P E R A C A LI D I-S O N A AlllericanaOr tbeAXatomyf8sRattle-Snake DilTeSszt tfyeRepolitoryoftSbeoyal Society zozJanuaryx68J. yF:dwTyfonWI.DColl Med.Lond.CAs/d.t S S*

rrHe Obferstatzlsnlallhere gixrere llcllasa fingleSzzbjeSvould fford, lot s7hatuigllt ompleathe/tozy offo CYr.iozzsn /Zzimal.Andt10 it sseremightilyO be wiillt 11at vehad ar leaR he moRaccurateaccount and exaEteR atonzy, of one of esZ7 dRindtSi?iswof /Zgiezals;yet tllis can't be expSed but ofD thMe


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( 26 )ahore that are moRcomulon sshese iequelltrepeatedDilpeSiosls tDhtullynformsQfNstarewdmirableonw

,triYAnCtaNd MeCfYam0 05zZ2t1 BodiesvThiswhichWeDigeSedttas fetlt o Mr.Het1ry,oadesa Merchantntondoztfromwniv;who waspleafednotonlyto gratify he curiofity f the t. Societynfllessringit themalivet but likewifegave t themwhendead,and--fOfforded heman opportunity f [artber atisfaAioninobSel-vinghe zlmardpartsf it ; svhich End oconforomable a almoI} llrefipeAso thofeof a er, that Ihavetakentlle llbercy f placing t in that Clayeand f1nceit hasnotyet tllae knov of, anyLatineName)of give-ing ir tElas f Jrztbervudi0ona for as I am infortnsdbyAlerthart5XtrisVivsrolls) and the EpitEvetufficientlydAlSczencest frotlzhcSSChit havenotvttle . although fthete roo thec oup,>ttobetzxadeaSllbditifion ButIJhallcol,crl^rl nyfelf at prefcat only vith vile SizJrztoszyrhich 1 tilink isye. givexaby lC;atzetho o me it teClnSthe moll princip=l air in a lMatarali//01ySuimtzEs;and ;or therAccounsI ffi 1llrefer oGeoXtIarrigragvizzsGa1.Pifo fohJ/on Niere,a7zbergzzisyon^ /eLver) rds/.S-iternrzdct)ndotllershar lavewrogofit ; whode-fctibe t u{wderheNames f BozSiszin^a)rBaigirzizigasandBozqrvXvhicharetize3r ajC e NaTnes. Bythe Port*/Xaess>iscalled Xcvvels and T?Zi,dor; by the DzzfcEvs.&n*)tel-S/vIdAtge; byg}zofeof A;le*X*icozTeBtlarocazzX>uisL'geXl)tldcot and froznrs-fisviftnotionn theRtocltsike theWind,Hoscoat/.Batas to ourBu/eJ4s before se 1ookwithin rethalltharnve ille2edXvJs + foor5 Inchesong; the girthofthe iSa.dyIl tlle largeRlace)gThichvashe 7niti>9 wasfi;5nches ,rlze ith ahouthe tertk3 nches nearthetvttle 2 inches; tlleHead laton the top-as s thebte;andby heprotuberancef the Afa*XSiEEmonlewhatewprefentinghe laead f a earagsrZnrron;?; at the extremityof ir werethel\q,.rilZsnbetvQell lleLll and rhe Ers) lSXb^*Ft>+;bur



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v 7 )* tsa6 s bllt fomewllat loltet , wttre tvo other tOrljircew)wliich;g * b took for theE8res but afterfiorlnd hey only ledinto aboneElatad a pretty large cavity, butnoperforationbtiperwehavedatheSe tiices in thehead a.ndCharasaitithae hey hdar y theNoitrillsandthato thelnounnotonly the OlfaSory;,ut Szldttsr-vervesalCothe ye

was round,aboutofan Inch (liteter; in ColoarJhemakeofthe P0ill, and otherrefOd) likea Yipers,s in-deedexceptn theRK,attle,tasthe wholeexternalAh;apefthis Animal. here wasa lslrgeSraleEtting oveorheEye,thich feemed to Serveas a P4ltelrrvor defending t fromany thingfallingon it ; but1 czuld not perceivessvvtasapable ofclofing, tho inrrardsc eem'd o have membranahi^2itatisX vsThichemoves nyduXt-that ightadhere otheEye.Thescalewn the A^eatlereth-e inalleft f any; thofeon theLBactarget and o proportionablyreater o thebiggeR part of the Body and fo dirllinilllinghenceawgain eo the fettingon of the tattle; all in figureSomeswhat refemblingParfnitSeeds. Their colotwrariolls;thofeonthe HesX, like thecolour f the feathers n thebaclsof a Green.fi1lcA^;tecliled with fmall DIact/potsvwhereof there vrere otcrarger and more relllarkable,Tllofe oxl he ba;twerea dark e271lewtorte, a blackand aelatkiffi ellowt and fpeckled nluking curious hecquerordappling hthe back by t-his ntermxxturef colours; but as they grew nearer he Tvil& hey becamedarker,arld t lall almoi}Blact.The ScJlewrahebacthadan cdgedri/istgn themiddle,zihich^ras till eEsprotu-berantas they grewnearerlle fides, where heywereflat.the Bellyfeemed lat coveredwith longSaalewf ayellowii colour, peckled lack. From heNec' to theAnuwwenumbevsds68;beyondheWeamsstreletz;halfScales; thence 19 wholescalewof ablack leadroxourwith yelIowishEdges;rom hFenceo the&vttle6 ordersor rowsof rmaller calesof vlae amecolourvD 2 Tlle



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z )TheJ^calesoftheellywereoyn'do .elc11therbydiRindrmzlfcles;he lowerTerldonf eachm20cleeingn-ferredllto the upper dg-ofthefollowipg;Jevakvndtheolherie)Z#onf lle rame A ufcle xierteda60uthemiddle ftheforegoiIlgfcale.hxSe MizAcleseremorq T;tIeSSSsflethytosfirardshenliddlef the/cal; andthcn tsfibrewdidrunobliquelySctadingt oeachsalewa$ ppropri-ated Rb, hore pointdidjoynwiththe extrramfit,which liUftmuch dvantagehe uCeN4ttzrefeemso de-fign thex]for, by {trengthenitlghenlto performheirreptilenerioszs;ol tIlevaIewreasio manyfeetrhichbeingffee,-andpenfdowlnxvardsXhey tllerebyakeholdof theground, and So contraft theirbodyorwards, nd then{kOQt OUt aDain, andrOperform heitnlottosl.hence tiScBbCelvedbyl\tireonbegi14s,llat on tOGZs theirmotions mucllquicker, thanon the lWartAs)rPlailX;whichheeeded nor to mslkea wonderof, lillcehere hey havev1axlc)ntradtrtoanElfyp or an cute angle,tila} rO vlleymay ake he deeperSlold,sJ haveobSer-red n abriper.Since they mnR ealwaysgrovellingnthegroantl,eisa glearprovilionf Natare nfurtlifllinghemwithtlliscoatof almoror heir efeace xuhichsfo curioullycontlved,thatho tcovershewhole,yet by tsfrequentqys1tingstadmitsfallmotioS.And or histoo,thever-txbr CofllespineSeemdmirablyontrived;herebeinga louxd allnttle owerpart ftheupperertebrawhichentersafecket^oftheupperparcofelaver verteb4;asthe toundhead of cheTbighbonedoes vlie met4&lvtnof theowlcAvlz)y^rilichmeans t can turn iqtelfanywayHavilig placecl it on its bSct, we opened it ; andobw{erved that tile TendoFsf the ilDdotninaluficlewadeAizleaJIb6ll tbemidllof thefiales ftheBelly;where ike-xvife idutn ^ arge * Plood epf, ariEngrom hqI/esn if ig. 1, rrsavaowardshe owelpartof theLiver.8uotvobe$oo_ ^ 4 , .. 5a H;J;. exocc..4* l^t(,1.

alce



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( 9)ice01ere)eproceedede exanzinae F@er) and halhelegivetberemarksn{hort)which xlladeftheXnd-tx2se,Lgngs,oefopZvagus)Stonsaclt, 6atif Heart) tzver}GaZl-bladderJ kSplee.y) IpinKne7S OrX,s1ls of,^>enerntzotl, thetSent-bag,nd he;xlxGxrtbedl


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f to)thefrequent ranchings ndchecquernfhebloodvejrelsthere, appearedof a florrldred. This part a-pers troportionably o theBody; thelow-eRartof itneartheHeartmoderatelylown was incompaSsInches; a little lower, for the Space f + IncllesXhecells raduallyiEappeatedfothat hey:eemedatlall toformonlyaren8larompvgesf valvul connzventes ontheinfidcof the membraneftheLangs ancXhecompuEsfthe greateRplaceherewasabout , Inches butfromthence o the endof theL?ngs was on;ya largeaBladbler; ctewithoatanyCell; conlp-oSedf a-thns but Rtongranf-parent 7nembranefl, the coulpafsf whichblovva s thefornneras 8 ^Irlches.The Lantsof theSalama7sirowf84tZGAw and4>5.)me-tl1er qnimvSareonlytvvZoargeblv2.


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ttedwhetVr heyhaVF-ty on -of hoRpal s svhichtsrequiredor drawi ngnfrdhAir n tnEpiration.utiTnceheir life heres 1o nlperceptiblend mall thi$I}OCkaY be fi]ffiCient the deCaY eing SOittle, SO hessli2mandraaquatiocathat lives UnderWater, fOrLUngShastwo lar,geBiaziVerwXot unlilzely ot this Reafon;that z mighrwnote forced fo often to taifiet felfout offe Water o breath n freAlaxrwhen he fUrmers [pentandOcayed.In a er I latdlyDidedetlsu lich emained lsse Womedaiesafier heS4in, ndmoll partof the cera were e-parated, I obServedhe wtuztwll tllis while not rifingai fdlling,asn In@arJtion,nd Expir4tzon. utconffinr)equally re-ldedwithSir; thatas foonas tdyed, t enc-ptred,and theyfe# FButlle Stomactwas Jnpty} and 1chubtnot was fo f{ me confidet ble timfieefore as wasthe b iVttk?*Snake'Ls,hicz or 4 Mogthsat leaRhadeat-{en-nothing FOhar Ithou> nlleycatl ive fo long gritl-out . yet Natare s nlightvt1ovident in fupplyingthemwith v+ar,n beRovxlgoxl;hemo largeRxeaeptaclesfcerecevingXt SO heEpJ5eweron,he Szl4JwormXndtherBgt>t3iSet)hithall rIlesr lieimeb when nthat Itate,d-cynoc;ator talsen sny oM,yethave lleirBroncJ^ize,rLengs, emarkablyarge,andnunterous, s if theywerefutficittltaloneformaintainin?ileirtipeS fbr if-theybeocclllidwithOylXrotllertifeZheyareArait afocatedaand dS sonv2WAFz1.B"t wee fhal i now ta-ke notxce af thore parsthat arefOr reteivinghe Food^,AndirR of tl1eOfophag7gsnrGgla,which erves or the tranfimivinga ntc) heJ/omact;andinedeedhis feemS he only ufe of thispart in mofl; -therAMnimalsbut hereNaturemaybe thollght o intenditfor fomethiagMore , andto nzaker^f ,t wporl cca-fion as a *tomdst, rDr Stwmactsot; forupers hlowlng

t Fig. t. df. IJpthis parts obSetsed wo largednoellin2,sas -reprenSb ANDrranf 0X4i 5 9+ " Seevtes dozi aler JoDent tque dxaTe anaKm"tcp^dgrareatX tiboxlloX4ae,N;crembWrg 0. yat 1* t2. tP.l ted



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(*32 3ted inthe ];@e-; norwasti trueStatsvGk,apable fthtenctefonsthefewete Thew.hPlvength fahe e/o-us was tvo Foot 3 F Inches , the--lengtllf tilepro-per Stomact lnches, ying na itraite inewitlltlle6+o- t *phags bur lztclierthan lt} havgngaremarkableoatmore n the irufidesja(;lydiRxngnsfhabley itS colourffubRance aslvIics and;erting ver he inrldef theGu;let 3 and n:all:rsefpedss intbe Fiper. Fron}hePyIorthe* DuStz iraitenedgain esr1 inch; andthen br *Fig. 3. g,meda large Inte0yznehtchaffbrdedpleafantight,by11 e rtile meaved, 4gE 0 its inwardaQar whichGatafterfome finall w-indsugs, nded t laR ntllet KeEZer,S fwhofecapacityswasuche1fshanhe or mrwXnhe5ZFmsct ndGuts1 obferlredaband-anceoftt;ricgteretgrwhlchU a di6eafeZitersik-es/ifre arc Eubjedto. Tlzewheleiengthfrom.tileThroat othegn?zSs iS+ut n-tined DuEZusthooft variounyiftintilla,


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( 33 )ings n ts whel4theymky erefipieed,*illrecoutiingtsiox?i3 lr ivesluetnnotherift) andupqna ThirdeRottt ltt-. \\8i]0lly t jettstluem. And f what s cor.Sdently e-

pos tecl [)y n1 nys t)( trut) thdt on occat10n of dan clr tltyreive the it yotlk3st,@izohe izMozztl>s)hefeare fit ptacsforre:l.lllens*ttomacis,crl't fte llow xcallbeperformedloutby covret;onA principalm/J7rzw1glldc)ingthis,,talvoetc)betllGtliquorX whichs tliich.lrge(lythelFlandshataxc-CateclnfomeEt the;begining fthe f hrozlt,andre calledSslivalXol 3uR bove heStomack )rGir,ardf Birds anclcalledtheLcAvnus,ornothers n theKtomackts belf,andcalledcheglatlolalovsost;and uch 1take he inward oatof theStomact ofoUr t>*zzttleSnalQeto be.WIlencomminutedis difshargedintohe Gats;whicllthat he chyle might notpaEsS, slth the ^f areoften

* rig. .eee.onvoluted,orwindint, s5 here that fo by ilnpedingtooquickdefeent f ir thisway, orbyValves,{eparationmaythe better bemade;and henthe Fces tS urelss,cant qllickerbediSchargedllan by the rCatZZZI; whichwherethe Fxcesarehard,sfuraiDltwith ltrongermtGfcle hebe^terohelp ts aSios .ancliJcheemed herccfamhere and heFaecewarder henuSllulnZipersSo that he wholeVtwHz/sltmentalAs froInts ufesX m.lyordinarily e di^7idednto 4 parts I Thatwhicllconveysthe Food, the Oe*fophag z That whichdigeRs rcorrodes r,thestomac1


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( S4 )tranictfbmembrvir,nto d2ven diRinA amera's; Sutthefeinzembranestl the middle have a holeharleadsfrom ne intotheother: butbythepouchingQutofeachfide cachof thefemaybereckoned lfotwo; inall wemaynumber,(rherebeing IO or tI of thefeCame-rn's) befideshoGe long otles ghichat lallruntothetaile)atleaRwo, fnot our ndwenTy Stomaslts,uttlleeStn whicllyesbetweenheforkingf the 2 laft ongSacczz-lzJortomack,is-uelall,and fiOI t in reXpedt:f thewhole; butof thisperhapsmorenmyAnatomyfthisAnimal. ToproceedWe flzzllnexttale n6tice f tllet HevrtXwhichwas Fig. I. t.placednear hebotronzef thefracA>aork the- ight ideof ir.The length ()fit was s Inch, itsfigureratherlatthanroun(l; encompa(Teditha Pertcardium, rld lle-xSrzcle largerhan:heheart t felfv It 113th utone *btetztrzcle,he valvesinall,and le{hy and-thenfide f2hebtentriclc iftinguith'cy4 or5croEsurrows.WhyChnrashJtildmake tle HartoftheViterohave uogeZtrzcls,fee no re(aSon;Woulclmuchllloreeafilyallow a double uricle, neattheentrance fthebtenozcavaof which herearetwo14ranhesdeScendingnd 11n aontaCcend;ng;heocheror heAtterzaorts,whtcfl astwo aCcendingndonedefcendin:n branch s in the[1 mnnJ.figure.A littIe below he Heareiesthe ?*Liver; whichwas * oo.about nInch viden the argeRlace,andSeemedisri-dedon one ideby theVenacavaintotwoloDesofanne-qua1ength forthatoll theleftflde wasabout o lnches,.nd tllatonthetightfideabcut footlong itscolourStown redvandirsufenodoubtfor hefcparatingtheGall .hatsas c()ntained ll a t bladder [eatedar fome di- Pftance belowit. It wasoncetheopinionofSylstm,thattIze GalIwastranEnlittedence nto the ;aver obe mix-edwith thebloodJandnor here epararedromir; tzurwllar he famousXalpghiwrore o the contrarysnagreat meaSurerougZltimoff t;alldurSubjed ere,is nAr-



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w - - - ' w l - * -

c RerxmMed ,Wz HiEpan. ig, lib. 9* c. a7. p. 3X8.E 2 whlch

( 3S )Argemen tagAinR im* where the GallB>ddersplacecl*lg . I9 2. t fo remoreram heLiver, ndS $ V8Zz for conveying

it into r-heZntei?ne,s foevident s whereas thatwhichbrings t fromthe L iver is more bEcure, ndhard o bebund. T]le Gall-bladder1erewas2.InchesIong thecolouroftIzeGallcontainednagrarsgreeawhich weawringvlnrowghr'scoateshad eetplyingedall head acerltpa-rts tw taa cf it in a hperwhicheems hefame,forI diunot vaCtt here? as fil i falt,then a fweetbirter.The DuHz CyJ}ictlshy whicht trptyes it felf nto hetntepls7v, arifes from rhe top of rhe Bl


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( 36 Jwhich nco.npaXedll partscontainedn this lowerSeGy;andwas oyned oborll idesofthe ibw,fo unningo thehteQut,nd ormingbagghat nvelopedhepartsherebut wasfreeZ ndnoeconcyrledtowardstheselly.he10wer Belly I call t to dillinguifbt from hereI}of theTrank>,or thewhole was but onecontinuedcairy;therebeingnopariitionf it by any Dia,phragmeandhave reprefentedhepartscontainedere, intnyJecond- gare) as theothers re n- he iirMt;utpl-ot cilrtionablymuch argeras appearsby tleDeScriptions.For the rwo Wv,idneys,hich lay to the backoneachfide fthe Spine,butnot very firmly cnjoyned) were a,bollt 7 Inches longi thaton the righe fide fomethiIlglonger than the left ; and about lnch 1oroadach thoone continuedbody,yetplainlydiRinguiShablento feveralleffierKwidneys,s 1remember n one I numbered1 5, buta11 fo x7ery curiolillycontrived ndw;itho reatbeauythat I want Words o exprefs whatthe lencilcouldorimitate much lefs canbereprefenedn aPrint. I flnalltherefore n my Defcription, thebtrer to helporitandillufirate nly meaning,havea conRant eferenceo the,ares ; whichb-ingcovetous f mal ngas wellas migntbee, fpent fo muchine, thatI hadnot an opportuzwityof fatisfyingmycurioGtryna11 efpedsthepartsdrving)as t defired;burdidobServe,s likewife everal therwhoviezedrhem vzhenrit taken utof thebody, hattllewhole eemed delicare omy7aXewfvef^eIs,nd he inStermixtureefhcifeftlaeblood,withthofetherwrhiteones,rhatarehe Secretory)ompoSed oflreglllarlyor,medBodys. amyiXS^gurewfThatnthe eft iaeeeprefents FiSthe uy)peIzllver,ficzesf rlre&?dneyX hichappearsStAnthe DifileHio7W;hectherXtheoweride which lyes to thebact; if1holh- hereare zwo argeblzxode s runtngdosvn ach idP oneInarked a1 z: v theorher) llerethevm deferem runs; bllrs not herereprefelltedandfsomrheSe riCeeveraleffierrancheso o o ,) at ferdi-hances whichcuriouIlyfpreadingilemfUlvesofoameas



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as it \vereramifcattonwf lorees. AsmanyasherewerecsftheSemulgentiels CforO Irale vllenlobe)SQmany&?dney.f werein each the IntrJbcesp tp ) of thefe6100degelwwere illedupwith therW/nteones; which1doubtnotarefor lleJecretzozf (1zeJraR;canelon t:hisficiedidappearmore numercousE?anntlaeorller; tDtttis impoffibleoreprefent he (SIsOUS interxveavingsfbotll; bur herein the underSidzof th{r1glattdaeJoinfone places they appeal*ednore*di,lind;for ( t6' Jth-ws the largebloogle/%cl,htrceRI iiS rhcj alult,rents(rrr) which fprealins rhemfWlvAsreryEhickintothcXbodwsss) malie Tl1Un1 appealall b'tody) betuzeenwhlctabr little rpCe therelppeAl S a Small o,lyv} rheWhite Secretoryefels ttt)ThiscurioustruEturef theKzdwasysXncl eculiarrderof thevefel) doftlrtllerenfirtzemein myepinionconZcerning l-emake) nd abrick ftlaefepa1tS buthavingarlargedelivered yvlloughtsereof)nmy C^lc71010,ff,iaorDiScourf;oncel ing+rhe /antlsftheBodywbichtmaybe may f redftCr publ i(ll J J Chall or atprefentfurthernflItusonit: kuta11 onlyremark, that inBirnlsvlQJhJnd;teptilesX the g:idneysreufuallyong; n o-therHoz?malsftenmore ompadt; he evet lCl^lclzzlomsbodyshar ornpoCeIlem, }ng conglemerut{3)nd leferrettogether, ho infeme }-ey ppearpetfWtlydiRindas Llle Bear the Otter, the lvaa^'>C8J?rzdryeecv ancl as Ihaveremarkedll Ihe dParpefs>}nachof tlwe;>hereAmayeobierveddkftindE;malgentw,areterwPeZves,l rticalc, Glcznt1z411)z43art,andtheCGSaSafillare)A7hicn 15madeup of the rEubu;tiWrinarij,ntchconve:y he Igri} intothe Pelzoi3. And theKidy in amaraho ;vSeetn.sutalingleonv yet it is rea}ixmadeupo f as njanyz astllere are gorpors Papillarts SO llerF n oul SubjeLl,thc)the Sub{tanceftile ,rtzdno>een conXinued ) yerthereoughto be reci


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( 38 )tyJtem ndOrdess f Ve&lJ; eachmaking peculiar,landorfnlallidney; which ccordirsgo theadvantageof thebodyoflliS Animal,areplacedheretlengrinotpiledononeanother.Tlle uSeof thenls forcarryingofftheLiscivialndfuperfluous eramf thebloodwhich s of Sogreat conSequence that even thoSeAnimals thar drink not at a11 or hurvery littl> yer byNature are furnifhrwith Bletll) as thetsttle Slnakemay beXhought. When tlle fcparation f this humouris nlade n the ltidneys, 'ris conveyed rhenceby tlle arestersninto bladder,ifhe too frequentexclufionof ir tnit,htbe inconvenientto the Animal, or if irbe made n leffierquanriry into a Cloaca)ufic t the An and fo to be ejFdenl.The lfretersnourSubjeEt run lmoLthe engthfthe KgHney;einga common Iunck l


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CQlOUr as intheMiper,Tllis differenceTfiuppiemayiaccidental Tlle Liquorncludednthemnas fiomeehingcrafs andof a ltrongandvervunpleafantmell; ruch

bUt in amore ntenfede*ree, dS theAnimal idemittbeXforediffiedion, hichd MartialikewiSeakes noticeoff,havin:^zlacedt in rhe1attburone nhis CatalogueofStinkswherehe raitlo

Quodz41ywisilga;,zitercabzle,Malles, uamgodlew,lereafa.And -,FO. deLaetmalzesmetlrionf Comenakesn theweJ ndieshatItinkW>rCehxnanyFoncrPole-cat.Ihave long finceraken noticehos the Ftors of allfirong centedqnimsb,areolleAedntheteBaggwX butdewfigning helemaybehereafter fartherEtEay nthis-SubjeZt IShallnct herenlargelpon t: * Onlytakenotice,tharourcommon nakeshaa7efargreater tor (WhichIyes n the fame a,ggs)hanourAdglersrMipersXArldharre een told by Travellers,hat omeCrocodilesill

{eave a {trOng., butgratefullemellbelaindhem: whichif SO doubtnot, bur it maybaupon heEameauSe.ButuEusllyllo thisLiquoru hetlnew, andn great t9antitybe oftenlive,andof an ll fmell and uchs Civetikewirewhich isnothing lfe) yevwhendryandn leSerPropor-tans it nlayprovemoregratefull. Thus theliquorinthe Scent ba,ffgsf aK evfell,beingdryed, onaPaper ndkeptComeimeJdidotfeemunpleafant ne; butratherthecontrary and I feeno reafonwhyPole-Catsaynotbe Civet-Cats,houghhey maynotturntothataccollnt.Putna LyonzgitIed;ed,vheiquor containedntheScentwbaggs as n the opin,ion f a11 hat Stneltt, mucll ikethat of Oyl ofSnzfe rFennelfeed;rhich lmoItwastheonly difference couldfiudbetween heLyonnda Cat,for inaCathisLiquorsEfcented.d Martnal: 1. ^ ERigr 4. e Hz0. IttdiX Othi4edt. l. 15* c. 6. p-NSSvf X Dr. Plotst#Yal Hig. of Ox.;ldrc. , * . 3O-S But


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(*4 )Butsve(hall iowcolut o tile


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(4t )

kablc,noronly ortheir{trudrure,Ut numberlike-ssrife, herebeillg4 in all,tssooneach ide,llich lay{heathedn eheBo;3y llat lpon Wrftpenillg t theyverenot obeperceived,ut nly heargeriMlcewwherethey*vere ratvnn as afingerfa Glox?eaybebyathreadfaftnejdo the cnd. ButhavingprotbudedthenaFzg. , P tDy a Probe}tzeyappeared cs is repreSented in tlie 10Fi-gure.AndI did oo1^eI ve that iwoartl hesvAs, r0,oot,they vere fingle of cach fides and thar here they werelllick befet ssir zplickleswhosc points looked backwardsand Eere rery fharp ) and fi+Ined. eXpecially when dry,like the fuSftance of tlle BriJ//es of aHedg-X^og:ut hencethey x^>eredivided. and did form two round bodysX ofthe bignefs of a fntall GooSe qtlill , abour 1 of an Inch longof a re(l CO10UIs but the Nzhole, as p otrudeds was abovean Inch long. Brllen }rotruded I found tlley could eafily

j t, .'. be retradted, and dl awn in by the help of large t AS?W0clethat Nere faflned to tilem and did run along under, andwere at lall inferteel at the end oftlle fEvyle at the fettingonof tlle firfi attle; wllichuponherlialzvas o plainthatwteneednot doubt ftlle uSeof hcm, andI{halltherefole all them


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haye bGeruedllere hefaitb, waildatl*;ga'dia,,t,t e-travzotea2ar?2littantzlr s atiJewpeS;udavla?widirn?4S.Peneshancfiarmameferre asteb a,R7erQ Nt Eranacetu, Fo r snZite:rsheyare HifFd to the end; butnotin the ,atOtle-Snv};e,sis plainlyreprefented tl the figuresof both.Tl}erearefeveralAnimalshavenoPenzat a11butFa.radeferetztia,smollFJbes.All feenls a difficultyo me. A-nlongEtmanyConjetturesI have 11ad bout t) hatIeemsthe tlzoRo fatisfyme, sthis: That hey11avehePenishere on eachfidedouble)or forkedJhat o beingenterXdthet?terivy fpreading-theinSelvesike the Pyt/vagvreals, they lilaythe becterandmore irmly ererained here till they haveperformedheirDuty..;\nd histooDeemsneuSe fthe tYlei or BriJ/lesoZ^sXtdstheoot of thenl; forhavingtheirpcints lookg[zackwardsv-hennce theyllaveenterd hePanZetldumXt}ley muI}needsock them in) and z-etainhemthere, tillluchtime as the partsbeing tired, and fubfiding.haveleave to retreae For in Animals which11ave o VefwslwleNezninalew,iR equifitehattheCoitaselong) that fo theSeed vllicll aunot uickly> mayleaEurelyetranEmittedtzrotn the [eJ/es:but xvherctisbefore 1zandtorcdupinthe 'eJ/saIw,herethe Coitas is roon over balc rhenheytnull expebt the Generation, or at leaR a nuggishde-1centof ir s Natllremakesprovifionor tlle more conve-n ent performing it. Soin Dosgs)vhicla avenoreScaflzfemznsles


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JenZitaales} aeartheRoot of the boneyPe's therei-sa largcbody made lpof an abundancef C:ellsazdVeffiels;whichupon he rufhing n of the blood-v-ndfpix its is fomig}ltllyxtendedvnd welled, har l force-ab1ykeepshin)in, tillfuthtitleasthete>xbeorer,and lle-p;rtuSf-tdes.o th Lvst-Jh OhtitSBreaR asa large oundbodyriou;;y col,rtIveXd.ike-he tail of aLeeGg or -the24veta;7zZlzmf t-lePolypas; by which t canXrtulyadhereotheFemalet, ndEobybis means} hc}itS Petts be very ho1l yerbe Gble o perfo-rmCottuw.fntw}yons)&c. svhich Ia?e ikesvife ery hortPtnesf1hartfkiymaytheetter-clillgsreForcedo makeuSeoftheirTecth) ndCl .ws andfXm theplin of thefe) Ottrom la Scaldingf theSeedvcome hofeSelceJCtECkSairldideous oulings.Threfores]oalr ,attle*JenattjfwhereXs svehave Wtervedshere renoviicE, an^d here he as dtferesis a11alongcrimpledndwind-ing andfo uponboah c-counts MUa t thought to be long inZttZ'07Z) thecontrio?atse) and ItrllAut of theSeparts ixlnvery requifite.For aItho n thisadtiontiqewFithetltidy) whichmaybe iomeadvaxfawe;tooertnseEticxerst lone for o-therwxfepcsnlittleoccafionhepartswouldk apt oflipout, wllichnow heytanotb bbing rkeds ndhookedan to bytheAv1aor Bi1esF But heDefreitltiae,wBgt&^tinuedzothe-ead of:thePrordo likewlfe (hewtES asU0be tQ uGe fXhantbht tbattlitFmalemayrecieve no inuty 6y thefe pi#.PC >ature has{nadehatpartof the Vteriwhich heyenterfirong and griRly aswe obrerved n a vifer: andthat theblaletoomightmt be hzwd by xn over Exwentionfthefeparts, hoSenng P2fufcle-sohBJlWe for retxaEinganddrawingthem n, do liwk"lfeccure-themn thisrefpedr**- Imay e ikesi*- onfidered,finalieyarenaturallyocolda-ndWigid, whednerthefe3culei maynot Xrveao incitethem.andRir. hemup. Bu-e IhallpaSs S frc)lnhefeparts)hat-ferlteiarncreafinghesnfelvesto tbofethatP 2 often


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ofFenprove the De(Erudrionf others, TheP4 0ONOXf7kth.But irRI Ihallremark omethingof theotherpart$in theMouth astheIangxesheLarynJc,nd hefmaller'[ee;th:nd nGeneral, havheHead sras utEmallsyetthe tiX was very large, buttheReabn of itwe{hallgive when wefpeakof theBones.Andas toTbetiortRaeit as nall reEpedrso ike thatofthe nt t tg -s*zepes^)hattic l)efcriprion f the onemay uit heotherTwascoMpoSedftwolongroundBodyweontiguous ndjoyned ogether rom the Root ^ of it's length withglearAaility heycould- ar-tbenout, andretraEthemagaira andchatpartwhichappeared ut was ofa blackCOIOUIwllereas hatwhich lay Iheathedwhin wasRed; for 'twasfaftened elow heThroat, andthencewais overed%ith-ai1t.'a, or{heatll, o theplacewhereit ifhues utt whichwasnear o tlle Endot the Larynnc;and for ehebetter Ejaculation f it, theundergam oowai here* divided leaving aconfiderablepace For * Fig.s.j.if t-wereconjoyned sinotherAn?rnalx rzdbeSec.withTeeththeywouldbeapt to in ureXthieongu;e; rat leaPtit tnightproveacommodiouso th-euM Xtisdefignedit,hich inpart llufpeA lvith Chara to befor catchingFlys, and fuchfluallCreaturesheybave;Fa ind o d5tour.But-i%a.#/ta Pna thinks b ravl:w.rfErpidsitxghedittutX oftheir ofew,vrhichwouldbeaptt1fio ilufftlln iVe theytaFealways fotelli4nth e Ground orwi-i>-gaverZofheFarthOverthe l Xe e i ;;lY^e the Latynx9 bot.brmed1F,g.S.f.wIthbthatvatletyQ(Qrtiages.sasXufuallnotherhlInals;t)'U t fioRStO mffficientlyprovidedon by the Itri&tI'ofure f theno vAnd


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of otller parts fol nzocJulXltingr1 canouly mlke fuchafound aswe obServe n theirhilllnfr.t;g **h- Thefeethareof v LortsXt. Tt1e eX^er,whichrefeatedln each7am , andfervefor rlle atclling.ndreaining*FFge65d-d-hefoodS* ThePoyfonoustangswhichkillitsndate

Fg. ;. placed witil


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-Ihewinghem lllorediPrin&.Forthe2 d root9s upon ai^Iingt a did lye moreon thefide of thcWrR;nd heo-therbeingfaRenedonly toMaJnslesr Tendonshschare Hexiblestisdifficultoasgn t-hemheirpofture.Inall thefeTeethv eEpeciallyhe larger we tooknoticeofaprettyargeZoramenr Holetowards heRoot ofir,andto>Jardsllepoint vllerewasaplainarifiblend argeSlitt, liketheclltofa Pen Op2ng; and thatpartfromtheSlittotheRoot wasperfedtly ollow whlchSrltofallHvvasifcoveredous,bypreXlngentlywithourfint,erthefideofthe Gamme;orNthenvedid perceive hatvllePoyfoudidreadily rifethlough hehollowof theTootha-ndSued our of the Slgt.This we tryedSeveraliUltS swhichtryalsos likewifie ur fearcllingorall theIeeth veec0w11dlere firld,daipoyl our Enquity into the Bvggsandthe Glandsthat furtlifhhenlwith thatfviquol.Butour defed herein maywell be fupplyedwit'nvat Monf.Charrnd en.Rvediavewroteof thP farneart5 iN l4/tSS,W7ordoI hinktheremaybeany m2terialdifi^;+fwacesX0 X1TrE particularsn hothSubjed


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f invlleVerclewf tlte Gz4PtARteS 0 t]le t/SgJrS} i5 tlle onlyand rue eatof thePoySon Tlat this*iswzcesaorrene^


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moreforSeniolX,edibsopinion,lseybeingthusollow,and avinghatarge ittowardshe nd and his iceforeadily nl natllrallyffiuinghroughhem; thisfeemsome oargtleXhatNatureeGgnest fior ther -fes thanNourifhment,oriffo7;bygivinghenlfo argea vent{hewouldbewfrurcsted f her nd. But heybe-ingfoiarp and irongat heends,and henit too placdtowardsitheback,otinfildeoftheTooth; what canbemorecontrenientlycontrilr'doth forInaking he wollndand nfuntlinghePoyron For f then was nwards, ytheRrugling and vithdrawing f theAnimal Ifaulted,thisQitwouldbe-aptto e fiOpt and occludediandthedeScentofthe oyron revented; butbeing husformed,irgivesa greater dvlnrage or its infuEon. Thus theScorpion^,heBee, heEmmet, ay theSting of a mNettleXat the Cameime they make wound, hey eavebehindthemdrop f iquor,whichxcites tbofedreadfulynstouns;whereashewoundwithourit,ollldbencon-Hlderable.olNierembergizz,oratherHernandez,ronlwhom etranfcribeshewholeH ftoryfthisZiper:,ellsus Caninisnzzf4/sMedicowervatisungunt exicani e-dici ollumJervicemqae,olorzICafitisplacanizgratiS;utfirRI preFumehey learlhenl well roul hePoySon,wllicll xxorehanhe rritationf theSnimal piritsnlightotherwiCendangerhcexcitingmoFdreadfullainss.am onSdentn aNettle heres notthatitritation f SpiritsandFury,uhichyet to a confidesableegreewill(whena{I^ulted)reate ainsandfwellings tho not ofatal as theotherPoyfions.or amnor er ofully on-vinc'dtho 1 havea juItDeferenceorMounfeurAvarand a dueregard ;orhis laboriousVeSearchesnd lnqtliries,1f his entimentfthe nnocencef thlsLiquorandwhat as hadomeweightwithme, is a Relarion

___S -, * _ S_1 .1

m tHoo)s Micrograpbia. ob;. 2f p. r44 n Rer^ med.NovebirpAn,Hi0. 1. i. C, I7. p 3zY. Jo'ln.fende Serpent.. t. p. ;7'd tety


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Je1Ylad rom an Intelllentand knouillg PEXfOn9110afollnedme T stltbelaglntt5cfrlt/teJ ,tlel C calc tolliln,andisConlp.lny,n 1RI{I/aXith[evXl {OI[SOfScrpentssandoffetel tonlesv vllelllfolzle F.,xptitllents {t-bouttheforceof theirPeyfion,alldhedid=C*tncet tilemand t}lAt tbts PraSticc s (^OlklSOI \\tith t1l(^S1l: flvingtlierefore i ft pull'iOUt a;lare Vt?.fitolold [lilstllarthis woulddono lraiwlr;lleregoc tuking (l rJig,;taleonllisArmss the)doir; sttitlgtzlood, eexpofel t abked othe Serpent)5avixlgil t uthipc1la1] itatedbitnto aliliehimbiteit llle blood htltcamcCUt of tlletoundsmalc y Fifl^Ceh hegzltherdwithIliS ingersand aid t on his1laked higiz ill hehadgor nearaSPOOnfUI. fter vl1iSLe akeSOUt notllerall2d obrmcC4bZlU)hiC11W(IS1CfrCI)Rndn1XIOUSmUCI1POn l1egrCAtWneESOf L)S OYFOn; n(lO nlcW1CS iDP1rE nTnlLanCCOf1t) SrArP;IRgt al)OUthENeCI(, hO X[)rCSCSOUtSOt11eCf I1C iqUORn the fafy,>,sftlle G?ztnsSO the QBantity, as he thoughtXof; a graine andthis he putso thccoagulatedlood rl lis flligfl whicll s oon smixtWitllr ItraightUt it inroa reeltFermerlarion)ndorkioglike rtlIe cllange(licintoYe]lowsllliquor.The fame asbeen ikewiSeb[elved yoallersandoesfecIn to give us Sorneiglot howtiS that bisPoyfon AsandconfirulesheknownobServcLtion,hat hebitinaOf ;perv7ill cauGeheyellowZvdgcc. A pre:terlentt-dote or hisPsyCons faid o be he cnaIeIlone,luierredeCobraecabelotis calledbytheIvortuztze/es,nclsEsmous alloYer thelndies;risdeScribedyG;arciewt -IootoJ yWirchernd thers;particularlyy2Seniortedi,,who enders erymuchuEpeEtedheLtelationslltt; reconlrnonlyadof tssgreatorcearxdirtue; for in atuabundanceof Experiments which he madewithtX hecouldnevernleetwith nyhappyacctEs: ndalthotheTryalhappenedtherwifeo Fatherzrcherna lXg; and

o DtePocSylv}Ztax. Mc..l*I.c*47. p Fr*tedlExpcr^menta eirca Res Nat. p S f c.G Care


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soFarol7zAlagnitin a man atRome wilere beatt diduell;yer he aCcribes ir rather ro the force of Nature,, than theStone, chat was able fioutly to withfiand and conquer theweak force of the Poyfon Indeeed t 1lll aclKnowledgethe faying ef 4Hipponratewobe vrue, Xcsc "xe*E be-rientiaal>=, v^wm*Js a and there is nothing morecommonS then impofing upon our felves an EIBnSlWS091CateproCaxfa.Thatirfhould always fiscceed, may asSuXUybc queRioned , as that it {hould allways fiIle ; arldthat it does not the lavter, fome Accounts I have had ofPerfons elieved yit here sn EnXlvndemake me think fo.()nc inIlancesremarkable,havwastold meby anEmi-*zenl PllyStianin Londonf a PerSonnear the Town thatwas bir by a hiper;his Hand and Arm foon fwelled*vith great Extremiry of Paine; but upon the Applicationof this Stoxleforone Nighr borh were afwaged s and hethoughr himftlfwell, andtnkoftheStone, whichltilldid firnxly adhere bt: not long after his former sCmparnwviolently rerurning, he had recourfe > his Aidote, andthen f(lliered t roconrinue there 'till it fellof it felf andfo was cured O^her Trvals likewife the fame PhyStiaahas made of ix in differeat cages; and he thinks :vhasdonehim fome fervice One I fhall mention. 1 formerly didmy felf, in a Patient groubledwith the at in her Stot

t , having removed it therxce, it feized her Foe; butfhebeingmpatientf thePain ) that I might eem o dofomething,nd o hinder eruGeingbountancef Medi-cxnes,which very dy wasready to advifeher to,andmightbeaptto ltrike t to her Stomackagaintiloughtf tllis; holdinghc Stonehereforenmyhand,andwiehout cquaxringher,Iput t near hejoyntwhereherpainwasmoti; a.nd eingreryneart, L perceivedit move 011tof my hand, and readilyadhere to the

_.q Hit. 3tbor.Sa s, 3pb I.

part


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f 51)part 5oon after lae cqllainted e5 thatt1Avery fenSlblyperctived greatdrawing nd ricklingal dosvn etLeg andThigh; and +tersYardsnlYnednabat-ementfherPaine. In TJeftilentialwel'ings eryprobablytrnayhe of afe. But I 11atealreadytoo far digret14;dndtllallnowgo on infinilhingmyAccountoftheAnatoneof the twatte-/47?at>,e indeIcribing he SkeletoZz, and Ihilltnake amendsor my formery}rolixnefs y being noreconciSeAnd hortn thIs.Andfiz icof the Bonewf theHeacls I obferved hat

tfi$. f. #. the k Aawamherewas entire,withoutSutures, s renreSentednourFigure: onlywhere fomeoeherSoneswerejoynedothem, asforwards verthe o j y r t l s s wereA ccw tsvo8 flnallBones, towhichwere faftnedv1]e18Cartid lagtws)r ratherBoneswhichdividetheN+e. The o-therBsnes eemedadrnirablyontrivedor thegreatEx-venfionv ndwider.ingoftfie Maxallw;wllichfetmsagreatproviSion f Slacure forfince t muItwallowallthingswhole,and ts Head s butImallJwithout hismoRMechanicalontrivancetwereimpobletodoit. ThewZ)perioS forwarclAs joynedtothe BonehatrecievesthePc:>yfonousange; andwhichhadalarge tity ln it,^ Fits b whicl]openedouIwardvndwaSthoughttobethe+ Fee

romen c)f vE.ear;butinwards eobEervedoperforation oraNerve, nleEsheremightbeonethatcomes a>n: s. c. itunderhat t Bonewhich onoynes tro theCranttm.ThisArticulatiorzeems dvantagious,)oth or he nlovion of theFang, which yes fometimesouch'dZometimesereded; astheJaw oo: but its principalndmoRremarkableadvantageor Swallowing argebodies, isthecuriousArticulatioaftheMgz backwardso theCrwum,by twobaes, whichfromtheiruSe IiQCe wCknow no Nameto dillinguifhhemby) we Ihall callaWrumJilagorts.Theirffiape,bigaEs, udaptnefsforthismotionwill readily nolig be concievedby thene,6,^0. Eye, in oKerving heFigure ORor he owerJawbeingG a nos



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fSz )norcano)nedat tile Ment?zmas isurualnatherAniZmalsX butpartedatagooddiftance;upon helseceivingalargebody, asthe-Membrane ereto whichtheyarefaflcenedafilyextends fo byliftint,up, asaxfo ybringding thefe tso Bonesmoreto a &raitinev it mui}needsconfiderably iden heh4v,iSusfthe Mouth alid orthiscauSe oo theyaremade wovnoroneXfor performingtiliS >norionnreeafily This Articulationrof thel)i- * mir;r,reswhichqverycuzouonewas for recievinghefusall eeth, thehinderoards theArticulatiorlrevv road; aslikewiCeidthePjone f t'neupperJawanfwerableo this piacein theloaet. But liS upperJawowardstheoyponous Fatagdividcdntotv; Bones; OnewasfaItenedotheBon otthcpoySonousangoutwards; heother) which eciev-edthe Imallteeth wasinfiertedntothe-lameBonemoren ^7ards.TheZertebraccor(Sint,o thewhc,le igure f thebody,

s^.reEmalleRow-ardsothextreems andlargei}n themiddle. FrolnrheNteckO theSnzls herevere smanyobServed^ScalesntheBellyS vig. I68. bur rom heXntStotlle ettingQl2f the7t4ttle 9morennumbethanheScales.The ornerertebrtad {lat upright pineo j;ig. 8. .wardsthebacl


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r M;ffZZn Acg Secet. pag, 5 I, tia

( 53 )+ c.4 tllofteS8ptneuR mentioued. there were other *t J'ro-seFla's for vlleadvantageof Settir}gonofthe libs) andtlleArticulationwithoneane hel ; F)Ut z iza wasmoll teFlleatkatle is ( ssllat I haare lready 11inted ) tllat roundt (. F-Ball; n the lower part of the upper Vertebra,llichen-ters a Socket of the upper p3I t O the lou er Mertebralikeas the head of tlle 47sIemorts3oes the Scetabul of the6.rIfcAvy;y which contrivance, as alSothe Articulation

87it hone anowllnr, they have that free notion of windingtsif lr horXits any wayes. The Rsbsin the Nec-k erefm.]t) loutalg,er towzrds liemiddle fthe body wherettteywereaboltt InchPsong; hutto^ar.dslatTail lleygXew fserand horrerasn;anddidsallterminatet whetcJginning o the kicale of the belly In the Vertebr f thebrcJrtebrhere ssas butOne; aslikewiletherewrr-ere11 C tranSx7erEbexlderl}Proces's fomeehing analc)gous toRibsttf O the laft Vertebrafthe Tail was faftenPd the * 1sd oynedC tO it 3 yethaveeveryone of them the like; fo asthecTaile of everyuppermo{tGnerunswithintwoof thebones below i; by which artifice they ha+7e not only a' moveable coherence, but alfo make a more nlultiplyedC ound ; eachbone hittingagaintttwo orhersat theEam.t time.The uSeof this,attle (fince I knov no tother) IIhallgive tnthe wordsoff Gz4lielm.;wfo,o tells lJs; Haictotmvernzciofool?wbro)enigna aturowvationgquvfgrst



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( 54 Jtiacta9sFlamWdidilp"dwtFr;4tlli^4 ostgcFdmtitasqgilzbetomoonJo{mfedd qxlecanfueozs,wlSumentGm X ttrrffeiZivF ^ taveat ^ snttno#,e, Butwhy he{houldmake t fo dangerous,f thrai}ntoa mansFun-damertshichhow it can dos wellfee) asto bemorefatalchan the poiSonof his1*eeth;I knowno reaGon.-Bothhe and Nbtrgiuw and othersdo ailere, thatcveryyear there s an addition f a newtattle, whichDr. Grew urpeds, orthen he mull ive 16years,forfoany ioynts there are oblervedxn Sonle in our ReFoFlitory o I havebeen oldin omehere avebeenabove20 ThefeRattlesareplacedwith heirbroadeRartperpendicularo ahebody}not Horizontal.And e 1.is faflcenedothe all ertetra of theTaileby r]eansf athick* Mufcle nderz, andby themembrantrharc)n-joyn it to theSkin. I havenotgiven hefiSugc)fXhewholeScelevon,incewhatis anting may be Iu-+iScienrrIy underRoodythedefcriptionandwhoFoleaies nay ,.ig, iview he SceletoniTrelf, intheRepofitoryftheRoyalSociety. vcrycaxrioullyrepared ythat ngenousyoungGentleman ,zb. Walycrfq; a uotthy lUembxr f heSociety whofiereatalIance to me, f muRheargrate-fully acknowledge; as to the Defilgns and therwifieohis curiollsPenfil illuRratingwhatmy Pen was oftenleEsable O defcribe

M_- . S X

f Glsit ifode odS XtRtGr4bf rgNat.* wF. {** c. ze a7s,

THX



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T H EEXPLAOF THE

I G U R S.

PIGURE I.Reprefentslsat art fthebody pened,which onZtainesheLangs.heHeart,the alletJtengastJc.a2a 1he ArteriaaSpera,r Zi7dpipe.B TheapperpertftheLungss fyichsVefloZ.cc c c c TheowerpartftheLungt^,hich ates largeBladderd The-lvJweEiie3erophagusa7alWesto7Nxt.e ee ZheOefophagusor Ga#st ondhata? of it} where ttts-.

f RheJ9condwelling,of theOefophagus.>r pecondalJ^eStownact.,.g 7AwergeStotasth XJhortffrakbtesxgftheGxtva littlebelomhePyloruss1 The nte.k TheHeart.1 the vricle.mmm Threertert'e) wJiereof theremef oXfcOngs a^tdOnwDe0vendin,.nnn Threeatoe-Vns)w13ereof two aredefcendng,gndthehzrdGaJenX,Z tobichaltdoeweeemo divide hc Liva intotwo Jbes.

The Liver.P TheGallbladGer.q TheSpSx, -atiscalN6ythenttent.;gtbr harashePancreas. X



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( s6)r r r X larieBlood eJpI, hatruns n them?d/t ftheSaX affDe ellv.,5s e Mj6ge1a.belonginga he talewf hfbsS'y.FIGIIRE LI.

ShevvshoSepastsa lvt arecontained in tlle Ioarcrpartief the body.a The.Inteitines8tofjxjtbeGonptheylorus.b 7CheGagbladderc The DudusBilarius, thatpatestErrouX,}hemiddle theSpleen,ras alld byCharas.theancreas; and e.fers t/velargeGut.d the 5>pleenJrPancreas.e e fhe lnteitines hich asveryarge ndwindirg'8ti^J't t.f f TheA,ed wmg EheSnuwh h flheIeJ/e.

b * * *1111 ZheV^ra eserentiak k fhePenewn ashfida,rwhichfirgttheR,oot reconloynedandare hictbe eet ith rilYlew1 1 TheMuJclewEvatJverveforhedramzngntheJvenew.tn m 75heengfiag>;S.n n X largeBloodvefelthat rfinwnoneJ^def he eft KidneyO SheEmulgentshatazzJefromhe ame.P P P 5Cheecretory veels.q q 2hevrgeBlood-veJfeDftheightKX,idney.r r r 7heECnsalgentsrzfnXfromt.s 5s X roundoclyf Bloodvefelw.t t t secretoryefels.u z2,erater-

FIGURE llIZReprefentshePenewf one ideofa Vtper.tbeVasde .srens,which fterwardsWitidewand ans,othea ezld fthePeneb Ehe eszer.tDe-7WIzzficlesich retrW he Penewin. FlGs



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tF'IGURB INrwReprefentspartot tlleltlngwopineel by the W.f Z r./;

a aa a. fJveAJteri;zrper.l)Hivi.zAedn /3 nzid,/Aewb bb. ^bomen1 Jorr s1( ewfBloode/;sels.c cc. 71icVf1cult,orcclYrfthe 8;tg.I;[GURE V.Exhibites he Headof the0,att>*Sra4ze ss itb its ttlouth Jpenedto nff\ hisTeeth, and otner parts therc.a. I1Xeole J?heNoJfrils1) o/veForanzenl'X3iC]JeaStonlaraeCzz; it, rAvirA}24S }.'OPestiorntzollfo) vnv iArere isxl7ards, bzltarttzs t/7O ft7t ta betO1'/2rat zZo.c c. F/, JinailertA3)zis zltpergim,dd . ElxeargeaR]g f ) Ot' O/O)/OllS fest^.e e e. Tbe plare 1vereAvelsHtiersfPoyJ>ostyof. I IJALaynx.g. The,for4,,zf 7josMgfe,h. 'Llve[ret/ZZ/;C loSlnes iaJ^?i. TAveSlace-?rAvsteDe-lomerctt?sdizwidedt tEve entum.iFloU&E vr.

RepreSe lrsthe Scull,S WJE Cran Q M19it/702f/l)'Xt?z1ESbb 'L/verbirsof8the yes.

CC. 1#?}O/insll bonartr Eveofe.d. TheGriitlytorrnt/ve1oneySepmentimoftheNofeee XfimallBote, Jâtlyesbetroeent/veCranitlmXZ*.4thAt30t/GGtZ }2/2SC/9S Xt thePofotto1wvv*f f. 24Cavityia hvtBore,to- rAgAvsfatMteadtGhtoyfozzozzssag}?X)JxoJcvtnvardO)ifrewretteJertedtt the 4tAw FisoZf? bytX>eetter b ) and tEvoa,^,AlWobe i7rO

g t73B largeoyfiohotzf Fan> whishs+ned to heEvrXotfeh. a@2Jet/ztrPoyf01WouseethXbich renottijct n thebogclltto MJcZesOii TXêtjby7erMaxilla,/w*wcAcorvassshef?asatlIeetAiBk k OttelzBef tbcloraer axilla, with*w dogbteom f teer;nvAvich1tAveiddleyeeemsobe oined yaftltzlr.1 72wDzJlfnncettAêenvum,betmeenEvewofidesf t/ve ors-tr AIaxillaorsap H 1;f to.



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(46 )m m Wharethe?oMaxilltareoinedogZoesact*2UarMJanzlyyaTendonrefZ0fensXtonottberAxe,wAwicf)romtw z z f e vandfordi#ZZiots.*grecnllDilatoresMaxillariamXn n. 1he l)illatoresiftfmealv.Oo. jq JbortboneaJicbes tZe Dilatores o tZoeczzllCranium.p. The 7ercelvrxftheN&4:FlGURE VII.Reprefents he Poytonous eethFlGURE VlIl.Shewsoneof theMertebrftheBacka fI>>e O?wtrnardffiincf tbeVertwbra2r/viaJwsJivtoxgrvvyesb. rEhe22vardPinefthe-Vertebrt,r/vicA awrouZ.x:t x r g e f l a t Procelus,i o r theSrtlMion of thc Vertebr;rd. Stnallunrver9roceXusesortAveJhizz

pig anatomy

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