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PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

INTERNATIONAL LAW (IL)

- Traditiona !on!"#t- a $od% o& r' "and #rin!i# " o& a!tion *i!* ar"$indin+ '#on !i,i i "d tat" int*"ir r" ation it* anot*"r.

- /!* ar "n$"r+"r- i t*" $od% o& "+a r' " *i!* a## % $"t ""no,"r"i+n tat" and '!* ot*"r

"ntiti" a *a," $""n +rant"dint"rnationa #"r ona it%.

DIVISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW1. Laws of pea e - +o,"rn t*" nor a

r" ation o& tat" .!. Laws of wa" - *"n ar $r"a o't

$"t ""n or a on+ o " o& t*"t*" r" ation o& t*" " tat" !"a "to $" r"+' at"d 'nd"r t*" a o& #"a!" and !o " 'nd"r t*" a o&

ar.#. Laws of $e%&"a' & * t*o " tat"

not in,o ,"d in t*" ar !ontin'" to$" r"+' at"d 'nd"r t*" a o& #"a!" in t*"ir r" ation int"r ".*o ","r t*"ir r" ation it* t*"$" i+"r"nt or t*o " in,o ,"d int*" ar ar" +o,"rn"d $% t*" ao& n"'tra it%.

INTERNATIONAL LAW V. +UNICIPALLAW

1. +o$ s&s - T*"r" i no '$ tantiadi tin!tion $"t ""n int"rnationa

a and 'ni!i#a a $"!a' "t*"% $" i"," in t*" on"n" or'nit% o& a a

2. D%a' s&s - *o $" i"," in t*"di!*oto % o& t*" a t*"r" ar"!"rtain " " ta$ i *"d di3"r"n!"$"t ""n int"rnationa a and

'ni!i#a a .

+UNICIPALLAW

INTERNATIONAL LAW

I '"d $% a#o iti!a

'#"rior &oro$ "r,an!" $%

t*o " 'nd"r ita't*orit%

I not i #o "d'#on $'t i # %ado#t"d $%

tat" a a

!o on r' " o& a!tion a on+t*" " ,"

Con i t ain %o& "na!t "nt&ro t*" a -

a in+a't*orit% o& "a!*

"ri,"d not &roan% #arti!' ar

"+i ation $'t&ro o'r!" aint"rnationa!' to

int"rnationa!on,"ntion andt*" +"n"ra#rin!i# " o& a

R"+' at" t*"r" ation o&

indi,id'aa on+t*" " ," or

it* t*"ir o ntat"

A## i" to t*"r" ation int"r "

o& tat" andot*"rint"rnationa#"r on

5io ation o& t*"'ni!i#a a

ar" r"dr" "dt*ro'+* o!aad ini trationand 6'di!ia#ro!"

7'" tion o& int"rnationa aar" r" o ,"dt*ro'+* tat"-to-

tat"tran a!tionran+in+ &ro#"a!"&'

"t*od i "n"+otiation andar$itration to t*"*o ti "ar$itra "nt o&

i " r"#ri a and","n ar

Br"a!*" o& 'ni!i#a a

+"n"ra % "ntaion % indi,id'ar" #on i$i it%

R" #on i$i it% o& in&ra!tion o& int"rnationa ai ' 'a %!o "!ti," in t*"

"n " t*at it

atta!*" dir"!t %ot t*" tat" andnot to itnationa .

It i #o i$ " &or a #rin!i# " o& 'ni!i#aa to $"!o " #art o& int"rnationa a a*"n t*" #rin!i# " i " $odi"d in a tr"at%

or !on,"ntion.

TWO THEORIES AS TO +ANNER OFADOPTING INTERNATIONAL LAW ASPART OF THE LAW OF THE LOCALSTATE

1. DOCTRINE OF INCORPORATION- Int"rnationa a ar" ado#t"d a

#art o& a tat"8 'ni!i#a a $%a9r in+ t*"ir r"!o+nition o& t*"#rin!i# " o& int"rnationa a int*"ir !on tit'tion .

!. DOCTRINE OFTRANSPOR+ATION

- :"n"ra % a!!"#t"d r' " o& int"rnationa a ar" not #"r "

$indin+ '#on t*" tat" $'t ' t;r t $" " $odi"d in "+i ation"na!t"d $% t*" a - a in+ $od%and o tran &or "d into 'ni!i#a

a .

CRITERIA TO BE APPLIES INRESOLVING CONFLICTS BETWEEN

1




INTERNATIONAL LAW AND +UNICIPALLAW

- To att" #t to r"!on!i " t*"a##ar"nt !ontradi!tion and t*"r"$%+i," "3"!t i& #o i$ " to $ot*

% t" o& a .

It *o' d $" #r" ' "d t*at 'ni!i#a ai a a% "na!t"d $% "a!* tat" it* d'"r" #"!t &or and n","r in d";an!" o& t*"+"n"ra % a!!"#t"d #rin!i# " o& int"rnationa a .

CONSTITUTION V. TREAT,

:"n"ra % t*" tr"at% i r"6"!t"d in t*"o!a &or' $'t i '#*" d $% int"rnationa

tri$'na a d" anda$ " o$ i+ation o& t*"i+natori" 'nd"r t*" a<i #a!ta 'nt

"r,anda. T*" #o ition o& t*" P*i i##in" r"+ardin+t*i att"r i ! "ar "no'+*. T*"r" !an $"no do'$t a to t*" "anin+ o& o'r!on tit'tion *"n it a't*ori " t*" /C tod"!id" a on+ ot*"r a !a " in,o ,in+t*" !on tit'tiona it% o& =an% tr"at%int"rnationa or "<"!'ti," a+r"" "nt

a >?

BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

1. Na&%"a' s& s -oo' of &-o% -& -t*"r" i a nat'ra and 'ni,"r a#rin!i# " o& ri+*t and ron+ind"#"nd"nt o& an% 't'aint"r!o'r " or !o #a!t *i!* i

'##o "d to $" di !o,"r"d andr"!o+ni "d $% ","r% indi,id'at*ro'+* t*" ' " o& *i r"a on and*i !on !i"n!".

!. Pos & / s&s* *o t*at t*" $indin+&or!" o& int"rnationa a i d"ri,"d&ro t*" a+r"" "nt o& o,"r"i+n

tat" to $" $o'nd $% it.#. E 'e & s o" G"o& a$s* $ot* t*"

a o& nat'r" and t*" !on "nt o& tat" a t*" $a i o& int"rnationaa .

SANCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

1. B" i"& *ar"d $% an% tat" in t*"in*"r"nt r"a ona$ "n" o& int"rnationa a and t*"ir !o on!on,i!tion t*at it o$ "r,an!" ir"do'nd to t*" " &ar" o& t*" *o "

o!i"t% o& nation .2. B't r"+ard " o& t*" intrin i! "rit

o& t*" r' " o& int"rnationa at*"% a% ti $" o$ "r,"d $%tat" $"!a' " o& t*" nor a

*a$it o& o$"di"n!" in+rain"d int*" nat'r" o& an a o!ia $"in+.

@. R" #"!t &or t*" or d o#inion *" d$% o t tat" or t*"ir d" ir" to#ro6"!t an a+r""a$ " #'$ i! i a+"in ord"r to aintain t*" +ood i

and &a,o'ra$ " r"+ard o& t*" r" t o& t*" &a i % o& nation .

4. T*" !on tant and r"a ona$ " &"ar#r" "nt ","n in t*" o t #o "r&'

tat" t*at ,io ation o& int"rnationa a i+*t ,i it '#on

t*" !' #rit t*" r"ta iation o& ot*"rtat" .. T*"r" i t*" a!*in"r% o& t*" UN

*i!* it*in t*" #*"r" o& iti it"d #o "r *a on an%

o!!a ion #ro,"d to $" an "3"!ti,"d"t"rr"nt to int"rnationa di #'t"!a' "d $" di r"+ard o& t*" a o& nation .

FUNCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

1. To " ta$ i * #"a!" and ord"r in t*"!o 'nit% o& nation and to#r","nt t*" " # o% "nt o& &or!"in! 'din+ ar in a int"rnationar" ation

2. It tri," a " to #ro ot" or d&ri"nd *i# $% "," in+ t*" $arri"ra o& !o or or !r""d t*at *a," o&ar o$ tr'!t"d t*" &o t"rin+ o& a! o "r 'nd"r tandin+ in t*" &a i %o& nation .

@. To "n!o'ra+" and "n 'r" +r"at"rint"rnationa !oo#"ration in t*"

o 'tion o& !"rtain !o on#ro$ " o& a #o iti!a "!ono i!!' t'ra or *' anitarian !*ara!t"r

4. Ai to #ro,id" &or t*" ord"r %ana+" "nt o& t*" r" ation o& tat" on t*" $a i o& t*"'$ tanti," r' " t*"% *a," a+r""d

to o$ "r," a " $"r o& t*"int"rnationa !o 'nit%.

DISTINCTION WITH OHERS CONCEPTS

1. I$&e"$a& o$a' 0o"a' & o" e&- -t*o " #rin!i# " *i!* +o,"rn t*"r" ation o& tat" &ro t*" *i+*"r

tand#oint o& !on !i"n!" ora it% 6' ti!" and *' anit%.2. I$&e"$a& o$a' o0 & - t*o " r' "

o& !o'rt" % o$ "r,"d $% tat" int*"ir 't'a r" ation in t*at,io ation o& it #r"!"#t ar" notr"+ard"d a !on tit'tin+ +ro'nd&or "+a ! ai .

@. I$&e"$a& o$a' p'o0a - r" at"to t*" o$6"!t o& nationa orint"rnationa #o i!% and t*"!ond'!t o& &or"i+n a3air orint"rnationa r" ation .

4. I$&e"$a& o$a' a 0 $ s&"a& /e'aw - t*at $od% o& a andr"+' ation no *i+* % d"," o#"d!r"at"d $% t*" a!tion o& int"rnationa !on&"r"n!" or!o i ion *i!* r"+' at" t*"r" ation and a!ti,iti" o& nationaand int"rnationa a+"n!i" it*r" #"!t to t*o " at"ria and

2




"r+"d 'nd"r a 'ni;"da't*orit% o t*at t*"% &ora in+ " int"rnationa #"r ont*ro'+* *i!* t*"% a!t aon" "ntit%.

!. Fe e"a' %$ o$* i a

!o $ination o& t o or or"o,"r"i+n tat" *i!* '#on"r+"r !"a " to $" tat"

r" ' tin+ in t*" !r"ation o& an" tat" it* &'int"rnationa #"r ona it% tor"#r" "nt t*" in t*"ir"<t"rna r" ation a " aa !"rtain d"+r"" o& #o "ro,"r t*"ir do " ti! a3airand t*"ir in*a$itant . i.". U/

#. Co$fe e"a& o$* i anor+ani ation o& tat" *i!*r"tain t*"ir int"rna

o,"r"i+nt% and to o "d"+r"" t*"ir "<t"rna

o,"r"i+nt% *i "d" "+atin+ to t*" !o "!ti,"$od% #o "r to r"#r" "ntt*" a a *o " &or !"rtain

i it"d and #"!i;"d#'r#o " .

9. Pe"so$a' %$ o$* !o "into $"in+ *"n t o or

or" ind"#"nd"nt tat"ar" $ro'+*t to+"t*"r 'nd"rt*" r' " o& t*" a "

onar!* *o n","rt*" "do" not $"!o " on"int"rnationa #"r on &or t*"#'r#o " o& r"#r" "ntin+ an%or a o& t*" .

:. I$ o"po"a&e %$ o$* t o oror" tat" 'nd"r a !"ntra

a't*orit% " #o "r"d todir"!t $ot* t*"ir "<t"rnaand int"rna a3air and#o " "d o& a "#arat"int"rnationa #"r ona it%.

NEUTRALI;ED STATES

An ind"#"nd"nt tat" *"t*"r it$" i # " or !o #o it" a% $"n"'tra i "d t*ro'+* t*" a+r"" "nt it*ot*"r tat" $% ,irt'" o& *i!* t*" att"r

i +'arant"" it int"+rit% andind"#"nd"n!" #ro,id"d it r"&rain &rota in+ an% a!t t*at i in,o ," it in ar orot*"r *o ti " a!ti,it% "<!"#t &or d"&"n i,"#'r#o " .

DEPENDENT STATES

An "ntit% *i!* a t*o'+*t*"or"ti!a % a tat" do" not *a," &'&r""do in t*" dir"!tion o& it "<t"rnaa3air . It &a into t o +"n"ra !at"+ori" F

a. P"o&e &o"a&e - *i!* i " ta$ i *"dat t*" r"D'" t o& t*" "a "r tat"&or t*" #rot"!tion $% trin+ #o "r

$. S%4e"a $& * *i!* i a r" ' t o& a!on!" ion &ro a tat" to a&or "r !o on% t*at i a o "d to $"ind"#"nd"nt '$6"!t to t*"r"t"ntion $% t*" &or "r o,"r"i+no& !"rtain #o "r o,"r t*" "<t"rna

a3air o& t*" att"r.UNITED NATIONS

UN i not i tat" or a '#"r tat"$'t a "r" or+ani ation o& tat" it ir"+ard"d a an int"rnationa #"r on &or!"rtain #'r#o " .

THE VATICAN CIT,

T*" *o % "" *a a t*" !on tit'"nt" " "nt o& tat"*ood ( #"o# " t"rritor%F10 .G a!r" H +o,"rn "nt it* t*" #o#" a

*"adH and ind"#"nd"n!" $% ,irt'" o& t*"Lat"ran Tr"at% o& "$r'ar% 11 1J2J *i!*!on tit't" t*" 5ati!an a a t"rritor% 'nd"rt*" o,"r"i+nt% o& t*" o % /"". It *a at*" ri+*t o& a tat" in! 'din+ di# o ati!int"r!o'r " i 'nit% &ro &or"i+n

6'ri di!tion.

COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES

A !o on% or a d"#"nd"n!% i #art and#ar!" o& t*" #ar"nt tat" t*ro'+* *i!*a it "<t"rna r" ation ar" tran a!t"d

it* ot*"r tat" . A '!* t*"r"&or" it*a no "+a tandin+ in t*" &a i % o& nation . N","rt*" " '!* "ntiti" *a,"$""n a o "d on o!!a ion to #arti!i#at" int*"ir o n ri+*t in int"rnationa'nd"rta in+ and +rant"d #ra!ti!a % t*"

tat' o& a o,"r"i+n tat".

+ANDATES AND TRUST TERRITORIES

T*" % t" o& andat" a " ta$ i *"da&t"r t*" Wor d War I in ord"r to a,oido'tri+*t ann"<ation o& t*"'nd"rd"," o#"d t"rritori" ta "n &ro t*"d"&"at"d #o "r and to # a!" t*"irad ini tration 'nd"r o " &or o& int"rnationa '#"r,i ion.

2 $ s of &"%s& &e"" &o" es6

1. T*o " *" d 'nd"r t*" andat"'nd"r t*" "a+'" o& nation

2. T*o " t"rritori" d"ta!*"d &ro t*"d"&"at"d tat" a&t"r or d ar II

@. T*o " ,o 'ntari % # a!"d 'nd"r t*"% t" $% t*" tat" r" #on i$ "

&or t*"ir ad ini tration.

BELLIGERENT CO++UNITIES

W*"n a #ortion o& t*" #o#' ation ri " '#in ar a+ain t t*" "+iti at" +o,"rn "nto& t*" tat" . T*" '#*"a,a i ordinari %r"+ard"d a a "r" % int"rna a3air at

"a t d'rin+ it initia ta+" . T*" tat" i*" d r" #on i$ " &or a in6'ri" !a' "d

4




'#on t*ird tat" . or t*" #'r#o " o& t*"!onKi!t and #"ndin+ d"t"r ination o&

*"t*"r or not t*" $" i+"r"nt !o 'nit%*o' d &' % r"!o+ni "d a a tat" it i

tr"at"d a an int"rnationa #"r on and$"!o " dir"!t % '$6"!t to t*" a o&

ar and n"'tra it%.A in!*oati," tat"- it i ," t"d it* &'ri+*t o& ,i itation "ar!* and "i 'r" o& !ontra$and arti! " on *i+* "a $ o! ad"and t*" i ".

INTERNATIONAL AD+INISTTATIVEBODIES

Cr"at"d $% a+r"" "nt a on+tat" a% $" ," t"d it* int"rnationa

#"r ona it% *"n t o !ondition !on!'r toit t*at t*"ir #'r#o " ar" ain % non-

#o iti!a and t*at t*"% ar" a'tono o' .

E<a # " F int"rnationa a$oror+ani ation &ood and a+ri!' t'raor+ani ation or d *"a t* or+ani ation

INDIVIDUALS

Indi,id'a on % a an o$6"!t o& int"rnationa a *o !an a!t on % t*ro'+*t*" in tr' "nta it% o& *i o n tat" in

att"r in,o ,in+ ot*"r tat" .

CHAPTER 9

THE UNITED NATIONS

" "+at" o& ;&t% nation "t at t*" /anran!i !o !on&"r"n!" &ro A#ri 2 to 'n"

2 1J4 and #r"#ar"d and 'nani o' %a##ro,"d t*" !*art"r o& t*" Unit"dNation . T*i !a " into &or!" on O!to$"r24 1J4 .

THE U.N. CHARTER

- I a "n+t*% do!' "nt !on i tin+ o&

111 arti! " $" id" t*" #r"a $ "and t*" !on! 'din+ #ro,i ion .- Ma% $" !on id"r"d a tr"at%

$"!a' " it d"ri," it $indin+ &or!"&ro t*" a+r"" "nt o& t*" #arti"to it.

- Int"nd"d to a## % not on % to t*"" $"r o& t*" or+ani ation $'t

a o to non- " $"r tat" o &ara a% $" n"!" ar% &or t*"

aint"nan!" o& int"rnationa #"a!"and "!'rit%.

A+END+ENTS

- W*"n t*"% *a," $""n ado#t"d $%t*" ,ot" o& 2 @ o& t*" " $"r o& t*" +"n"ra a " $ % and rati;"da!!ordan!" it* t*"ir r" #"!ti,"!on tit'tiona #ro!" " $% 2 @ o& t*" " $"r o& t*" U.N. in! 'din+

a t*" #"r an"nt " $"r o& t*"/"!'rit% Co'n!i .

- a :ENERAL CON ERENCE a% $"!a "d $% a6orit% ,ot" o& t*"+"n"ra a " $ % and an% nin"

" $"r o& t*" "!'rit% !o'n!i &or

t*" #'r#o " o& r",i" in+ t*"!*art"r. A "nd "nt a% $"#ro#o "d $% t*" ,ot" o& 2 @ o& t*"

" $"r o& t*" +"n"ra a " $ %and rati;"d a!!ordan!" it* t*"irr" #"!ti," !on tit'tiona #ro!" "$% t*" 2 @ o& t*" " $"r o& t*"U.N. in! 'din+ a t*" #"r an"nt

" $"r o& t*" /"!'rit% Co'n!i .

THE PREA+BLE OF THE CHARTER

- introd'!" t*" !*art"r and "t t*"!o on int"ntion t*at o,"d t*"ori+ina " $"r to 'nit" t*"ir iand "3ort to a!*i"," t*"ir!o on #'r#o ".

PRINCIPAL PURPOSES OF U.N.

1. to aintain int"rnationa #"a!" and"!'rit%

2. to d"," o# &ri"nd % r" ation a on+nation

@. to a!*i"," int"rnationa!oo#"ration in o ,in+ int"rnationa#ro$ " and in #ro otin+ and

"n!o'ra+in+ r" #"!t &or *' anri+*t and &'nda "nta &r""do .4. To $" a !"nt"r &or *ar oni in+ t*"

a!tion o& nation in t*" attain "nto& t*" " !o on "nd

PRINCIPLES

1. T*" or+ani ation i $a "d on t*"#rin!i# " o& t*" o,"r"i+n "D'a it%o& a it " $"r

2. A " $"r in ord"r to "n 'r" toa o& t*" t*" ri+*t and $"n";tr" ' tin+ &ro " $"r *i# *a&' ; in +ood &ait* t*" o$ i+ationa ' " $% t*" in a!!ordan!"

it* t*" #r" "nt !*art"r.@. A M" $"r *a "tt " t*"ir

int"rnationa di #'t" $% #"a!"&'"an in '!* a ann"r t*at

int"rnationa #"a!" and "!'rit%and 6' ti!" ar" not "ndan+"r"d.

4. A M" $"r *a r"&rain in t*"irint"rnationa r" ation &ro t*"t*r"at or ' " o& &or!" a+ain t t*"t"rritoria int"+rit% or #o iti!aind"#"nd"n!" o& an% tat" or inan% ot*"r ann"r in!on i t"nt it*t*" P'r#o " o& t*" Unit"d Nation .

. A M" $"r *a +i," t*" Unit"dNation ,"r% a i tan!" in an%a!tion it ta " in a!!ordan!" it*t*" #r" "nt C*art"r and *ar"&rain &ro +i,in+ a i tan!" toan% tat" a+ain t *i!* t*" Unit"d




Nation i ta in+ #r","nti," or"n&or!" "nt a!tion.

. T*" Or+ani ation *a "n 'r" t*attat" *i!* ar" not M" $"r o&

t*" Unit" Nation a!t ina!!ordan!" it* t*" " Prin!i# " o

&ar a a% $" n"!" ar% &or t*"aint"nan!" o& int"rnationa #"a!"and "!'rit%.

G. Not*in+ !ontain"d in t*" #r" "ntC*art"r *a a't*ori " t*" Unit"dnation to int"r,"n" in att"r

*i!* ar" " "ntia % it*in t*"do " ti! 6'ri di!tion o& an% tat"or *a r"D'ir" t*" M" $"r to

'$ it '!* att"r to "tt " "nt'nd"r t*" #r" "nt C*art"rH $'t t*i#rin!i# " *a not #r"6'di!" t*"a## i!ation o& "n&or!" "nt

"a 'r" 'nd"r C*a#t"r 5II

+E+BERSHIP

IN /F

1. O" $a'* t*o " tat" *i!**a,in+ #arti!i#at"d in t*" U.N!on&"r"n!" on int"rnationaor+ani ation at /an ran!i !o or*a,in+ #r",io' % i+n"d t*"d"! aration $% U.N o& an'ar% 11J42 i+n"d and rati;" t*"!*art"r o& t*" U.N.

!. E'e & /e

T*" di tin!tion $"t ""n t*" t o i $a "don % on t*" ann"r o& t*"ir ad i ion anddo" not in,o ," an% di3"r"n!" in t*""n6o% "nt o& ri+*t or t*" di !*ar+" o& o$ i+ation .

<UALIFICATIONS6

1. It ' t $" a tat"2. It ' t $" #"a!"- o,in+@. It ' t a!!"#t t*" o$ i+ation o&

t*" C*art"r4. It ' t $" a$ " to !arr% o't t*" "

o$ i+ation. It ' t $" i in+ to !arr% o't t*" "

o$ i+ation

AD+ISSION

"!i ion o& 2 @ o& t*o " #r" "ntand ,otin+ in t*" +"n"ra a " $ % '#ont*" r"!o "ndation o& at "a t nin"(in! 'din+ a t*" #"r an"nt) " $"r o& t*" /"!'rit% Co'n!i

SUSPENSIONE3"!t"d $% 2 @ o& t*o " #r" "nt

and ,otin+ in t*" +"n"ra a " $ % '#on&a,o'ra$ " r"!o "ndation o& at "a tnin" " $"r o& t*" /"!'rit% Co'n!iin! 'din+ t*" #"r an"nt " $"r

T*" ' #"n ion a% $" i&t"d a on"$% t*" /"!'rit% Co'n!i a o $% a D'a i;"d

a6orit% ,ot".

/' #"nd"d " $"r i #r","nt it&ro #arti!i#atin+ in t*" ""tin+ o& t*"+"n"ra a " $ % or &ro $"in+ " "!t"d toor !ontin'in+ to "r," in t*" /"!'rit%Co'n!i t*" "!ono i! and o!ia !o'n!io& t*" tr' t"" *i# !o'n!i . Nationa o& t*"

' #"nd"d " $"r a% *o ","r!ontin'" "r,in+ in t*" /"!r"tariat and t*"IC a t*"% r"+ard"d a int"rnationao9!ia or !i,i "r,ant a!tin+ &or t*"Or+ani ation it " &.

E=PLUSION

2 @ ,ot" o& t*o " #r" "nt and,otin+ in t*" +"n"ra a " $ % '#onr"!o "ndation o& a D'a i;"d a6orit% o& t*" "!'rit% Co'n!i on +ro'nd o& #"r i t"nt % ,io atin+ t*" #rin!i# "!ontain"d in t*" C*art"r.

WITHDRAWAL

No #ro,i ion on it*dra a &ro" $"r *i# a in! 'd" in t*" C*art"r

$"!a' " o& t*" &"ar t*at it i+*t"n!o'ra+" '!!" i," it*dra a t*at

o' d "a "n t*" or+ani ation.

A " $"r i+*t it*dra &ro t*" U.N i&F

1. T*" or+ani ation a r","a "d to$" 'na$ " to aintain #"a!" or!o' d do o on % at t*" "<#"n " o&

a and 6' ti!"2. T*" " $"r8 ri+*t and o$ i+ation

a '!* "r" !*an+"d $% a !*art"ra "nd "nt in *i!* it *ad not!on!'rr"d or *i!* it ;nd it " & 'na$ " to a!!"#t

@. An a "nd "nt d' % a!!"#t"d $%t*" n"!" ar% a6orit% "it*"r in t*"+"n"ra a " $ % or in a +"n"ra!on&"r"n!" i not rati;"d.

ORGANS OF THE UNITED STATES

PRINCIPAL ORGANS

1. Ge$e"a' asse05' (G.A)- Con i t o& a t*" " $"r o& t*"

or+ani ation "a!* o& *i!* i"ntit "d to "nd not or" t*an r"#r" "ntati," and a t"rnat"

- Ea!* " $"r o& t*" :.A *a on",ot"

F%$ & o$s of &-e Ge$e"a'Asse05'

a. De' 5e"a& /e - initiatin+t'di" and a in+

r"!o "ndation to ardt*" #ro+r" i,"d"," o# "nt o&




int"rnationa a and it!odi;!ation andr"!o "ndin+ "a 'r" &ort*" #"a!"&' ad6' t "nt o& an% it'ation

$. S%pe"/ so" - r"!"i,in+ and

!on id"rin+ ann'a and#"!ia r"#ort &ro t*"ot*"r or+an o& t*" U.N

!. F $a$ a' - t*"!on id"ration and a##ro,ao& t*" $'d+"t o& t*"or+ani ation t*"a##ortion "nt o& "<#"n "a on+ it " $"r and t*"a##ro,a o& ;nan!iaarran+" "nt it*

#"!ia i "d a+"n!i" .d. E'e & /e - t*" " "!tion o&

non- #"r an"nt " $"ro& t*" /"!'rit% Co'n!i

". Co$s& &%e$&- ad i ion o& t*" " $"r and t*"a "nd "nt o& t*" C*art"ro& t*" U.N

!. Se %" & o%$ '- "% or+an o& t*" U.N in t*"

aint"nan!" o& t*" int"rna #"a!"and "!'rit% !o'n!i

- #"r an"nt " $"ro C*inao ran!"o Unit"d in+doo R' iao Unit"d tat"

- 10 " "!ti," " $"ro A&ri!an and A ian tat"o 2 atin A "ri!an tat"o 2 " t"rn E'ro#"an and

ot*"r tat"o 1 "a t"rn E'ro#"an tat"

- T*" non-#"r an"nt " $"r ar"NOT " i+i$ " &or i "diat" r"-" "!tion

- T*" #"r an"nt " $"r "r" +i,"#r"&"rr"d #o ition $"!a' " o& t*"&"" in+ t*at t*"% "r" t*" tat"t*at o' d $" !a "d '#on to#ro,id" t*" "ad"r *i# and #*% i!a&or!" t*at i+*t $" n""d"d to#r" "r," t*" #"a!" o& t*" or d

- T*" +"o+ra#*i!a di tri$'tion o& non-#"r an"nt " $"r a ar"!o+nition o& t*" r" ati,"i #ortan!" o& t*" a3"!t"d in t*"

aint"nan!" o& int"rnationa ord"r.- C*air an *i#- rotat"d ","r%

!a "ndar ont* on a $a i o& En+ i * a #*a$"t ord"r o& na "- ,ALTA FOR+ULA - d",i "d at t*"

!ri "a !on&"r"n!"o Ea!* " $"r *a *a,"

on" ,ot" $'t t*" di tin!tioni ad" $"t ""n t*" Bi+

i," and t*" non-#"r an"nt

" $"r in t*" r" o 'tiono& '$ tanti," D'" tion

o PROCE URAL MATTER/ ar"to $" d"!id"d $% t*"a9r ati," ,ot" o& an% nin"or or" " $"r .

o

NON-PROCE URALMATTER/ r"D'ir" t*"!on!'rr"n!" o& a o at "a tnin" " $"r $'t in! 'd"da t*" #"r an"nt " $"r$'t in! 'din+ t*" #"r an"nt

" $"r .o No " $"r #"r an"nt or

not i a o "d to ,ot" onD'" tion !on!"rnin+ t*"#a!i;! "tt " "nt o& adi #'t" to *i!* it i a#art%.

- PROCE URAL MATTER/ in! 'd"D'" tion r" atin+ to t*"or+ani ation and ""tin+ o& t*"

"!'rit% !o'n!i t*" " ta$ i * "nto& '$ idiar% or+an and t*"#arti!i#ation o& tat" #arti" indi #'t" in t*" di !' ion o& t*"or+an.

- NON-PROCE URAL MATTER/ ar"t*o " t*at a% r"D'ir" t*" "!'rit%!o'n!i 'nd"r it r" #on i$i it% o&

aint"nan!" or r" ortin+ or d#"a!" to in,o " "a 'r" o&

"n&or!" "nt- PERMENENT MEMBER/ a% !a t a5ETO an t*"r"$% #r","nta+r"" "nt on a non-#ro!"d'raD'" tion ","n i& it i '##ort"d $%a t*" ot*"r " $"r o& t*"/"!'rit% Co'n!i

- PERMENENT MEMBER/ a% a o"<"r!i " t*" o !a "d OUBLE5ETO $% "an o& *i!* it !andi a##ro," an% #ro#o a to!on id"r a D'" tion "r" %#ro!"d'ra and t*"r"a&t"r ,ot"a+ain t t*" D'" tion it " & on t*"

"rit- A$ t"ntion or a$ "n!" o& an%

#"r an"nt " $"r in !onn"!tionit* a ,otin+ on a non-#ro!"d'ra

D'" tion i not !onn"!tion it* a,otin+ and t*" #ro#o a id"" "d ado#t"d i& a##ro,"d $% at

"a t nin" " $"r o& t*" /"!'rit%Co'n!i in! 'din+ t*" r" t o& t*"#"r an"nt " $"r .

- P'r#o " o& t*" ALTA ORMULA ito "n 'r" t*" 'nit% ( ) o& t*"#"r an"nt " $"r in t*"

"a 'r" to $" ta "n in t*" #'r 'ito& it #ri ar% &'n!tion o&

aintainin+ int"rnationa #"a!"and "!'rit%.

#. E o$o0 a$ so a' o%$ '- E "!t"d $% :.A &or @ %"ar t"r and

a% $" r"-" "!t"d i "diat" %

G




- Ea!* " $"r *a on" ,ot" andd"!i ion ar" r"a!*"d $% a a6orit%o& t*o " #r" "nt and ,otin+

- Or+an *o' d "<"rt "3ort to ardFo i+*"r tandard o& i,in+

&' " # o% "nt and

!ondition o& "!ono i! ando!ia #ro+r" andd"," o# "nt

o /o 'tion o& int"rnationa"!ono i! o!ia *"a t* andr" at"d #ro$ " andint"rnationa !' t'ra and"d'!ationa !oo#"rationHand

o Uni,"r a r" #"!t &or ando$ "r,an!" o& *' an ri+*tand &'nda "nta &r""do&or a it*o't di tin!tion a

to ra!" "< an+'a+" orr" i+ion.

9. T"%s&ees- p o%$ '- C*ar+"d it* t*" d't% o& a i tin+

t*" /"!'rit% Co'n!i and t*"+"n"ra a " $ % in t*"ad ini tration o& t*" int"rnationatr' t"" *i# % t" .

- Co #o "d o& Fo T*" " $"r o& t*" U.N

ad ini t"rin+ tr' tt"rritori"

o

T*" #"r an"nt " $"r o& t*" "!'rit% !o'n!i notad ini t"rin+ tr% tt"rritori"

o A an% ot*"r " $"r" "!t"d &or @ %"ar t"r $%+"n"ra a " $ % a a% $"n"!" ar% to "n 'r" t*att*" tota n' $"r o&

" $"r o& t*" tr' t"" *i#!o'n!i i "D'a % di,id"d$"t ""n t*o " " $"r o& t*" Unit"d Nation *i!*

ad ini t"r tr' t t"rritori"and t*o " *i!* do not.- Ea!* " $"r *a on" ,ot" and

d"!i ion ar" r"a!*"d $% a a6orit%o& t*o " #r" "nt and ,otin+

- Und"r it a't*orit% it a%Fo Con id"r"d r"#ort

'$ itt"d $% t*"ad ini t"rin+ a't*oriti"

o A!!"#t #"tition and"<a in" t*" in!on ' tation it* t*"ad ini t"rin+ a't*oriti"

o

Pro,id" &or #"riodi! ,i it totr' t t"rritori" at ti "a+r"" '#on it* t*"ad ini t"rin+ a't*oriti"

o Ta " '!* ot*"r a!tion in!on&or it% it* t*" t"r o& t*" D'" tionnair" on t*"#o iti!a "!ono i! o!iaand "d'!ationa

ad,an!" "nt o& t*"in*a$itant o& t*" tr' tt"rritori"

- Tr' t"" *i# !o'n!i i ar+" %$"!o " o$ o "t" it* t*"!on,"r ion o& #ra!ti!a % a tr' t

t"rritori" into &' -K"d+"diniat'r" tat" .

:. I$&e"$a& o$a' o%"& of >%s& e- 'di!ia or+an o& t*" U.N *i!*

&'n!tion in a!!ordan!" it* t*"tat't".

- Co #o "d o& 1 " $"r *o ar"" "!t"d $% a$ o 't" a6orit% in t*":.A and t*" "!'rit% !o'n!i

- T*" 6'd+" ' tFo $" o& *i+* ora !*ara!t"ro #o " t*" D'a i;!ation

r"D'ir"d in t*"ir r" #"!ti,"!o'ntri" &or a##oint "nt tot*"ir !o #"t"n!" inint"rnationa a

- No t o o& t*" a% $" nationa o& t*" a " tat" and in t*" ","ntt*at or" t*an on" nationa o& t*"

a " tat" o$tain t*" r"D'ir"da6oriti" on % t*" " d" t *a $"

!on id"r"d " "!t"d- M" $"r *a," a t"r o& J %"ar

and a% $" r"-" "!t"d.- No 6'd+" !an $" r" o,"d 'n " in

t*" 'nani o' o#inion o& t*" ot*"r" $"r *" *a !"a "d to &' ;

t*" r"D'ir"d !ondition .- Co'rt a% " "!t it #r" id"nt and

,i!" #r" . W*o *a "r," &or @%"ar and a% $" r"-" "!t"d

?. Se "e&a" a&- C*i"& ad ini trati," or+an o& t*"

U.N- "ad"d $% /ECRETAR :ENERAL

o C*o " $% t*" :.A '#onr"!o "ndation o& t*"

"!'rit% !o'n!io i<"d %"ar t"r $%

r" o 'tion o& t*" :.A anda% $" r"-" "!t"d

o i+*" t r"#r" "ntati," o& t*" U.N and i a't*ori "d toa!t in it " &

o W*"n a!tin+ in *i !a#a!it%*" i "ntit " to &'di# o ati! i 'niti" and#ri,i "+" *i!* on % t*"

"!'rit% !o'n!i a% ai,"o T*" i 'niti" and

#ri,i "+" o& ot*"r "%o9!ia o& t*" 'nit"d nation

a% $" ai,"d $% t*""!r"tar% +"n"ra

o i d't% i to $rin+ to t*"att"ntion o& t*" "!'rit%!o'n!i a% att"r *i!* in*i o#inion a% t*r"at"n




int"rnationa #"a!" and"!'rit%

o A!t a "!r"tar% in a t*"""tin+ o& t*" :. A t*""!'rit% !o'n!i t*"

"!ono i! and o!ia !o'n!i

and t*" tr' t"" *i# !o'n!iand #"r&or '!* ot*"r&'n!tion a a% $"a i+n"d to *i $% t*" "or+an .

o " #r"#ar" t*" $'d+"t o& t*" U.N &or '$ i ion tot*" :.A #ro,id" t"!*ni!a&a!i iti" to $" di3"r"ntor+an o& t*" or+ani ationand in +"n"ra !oordinat"it ,a t ad ini trati,"

a!*in"r%

- /"!r"tar% +"n"ra and t*"" $"r o& *i ta3 ar" int"rnao9!"r o " % r" #on i$ " to t*"Or+ani ation and ar" #ro*i$it"d&ro "" in+ or r"!"i,in+in tr'!tion &ro an% +o,"rn "nt oran% a't*orit% "<t"rna to t*" U.N

SECONDAR, ORGANS - t*o " *i!* *a,"$""n !r"at"d $% or in a!!ordan!" it* t*"!*art"r '!* a t*" i itar% ta3 !o itt"" t*" int"rnationa a!o i ion and t*" !o i ion on*' an ri+*t .

CHAPTER :

THE CONCEPT OF THE STATE

CREATION OF STATES

- B% r",o 'tion- B% 'ni;!ation- B% "!" ion- B% a "rtion o& ind"#"nd"n!"- B% a+r"" "nt and attain "nt o&

!i,i i ation

E=TINCTION OF STATES

- B% "<tin!tion or " i+ration "na " o& it #o#' ation

- B% o o& t"rritor%- B% o,"rt*ro o& +o,"rn "nt

r" ' tin+ in anar!*%

PRINCIPLES OF STATE CONTINUIT,

- T*" tat" !ontin'" a 6'ri ti!

$"in+ not it* tandin+ !*an+" init !ir!' tan!" #ro,id"d on %t*at t*"% do not r" ' t in o o& an% o& it " "ntia " " "nt .

- T*i #rin!i# " a## i"d in t*"a##*ir" !a " *"r" a&t"r E #"ror

Lo'i na#o "on ; "d a da a+" 'iton $"*a & o& ran!" in an A "ri!an!o'rt *" a d"#o "d.

Non"t*" " t*" a!tion a nota$at"d and !o' d !ontin'" '#onr"!o+nition o& t*" d' % a't*ori "dr"#r" "ntati," o& t*" n"+o,"rn "nt o& ran!".

SUCCESSION OF STATES

- Ta " # a!" *"n on" tat"a ' " t*" ri+*t and o " o& t*" o$ i+ation o& anot*"r $"!a' "o& !"rtain !*an+" in t*" !onditiono& t*" att"r.

- Ma% $" "it*"rFo U$ /e"sa' s% ess o$

- *"n a tat" i ann"<"d toanot*"r tat" or i tota %di " $"r"d or "r+"

it* anot*"r tat" to &or an" tat"

o Pa"& a' s% ess o$ - ta "# a!" *"n a #ortion o& t*"t"rritor% o& t*" tat" or i!"d"d to anot*"r or *"nan ind"#"nd"nt tat"$"!o " a #rot"!torat" or a

' "raint% or *"n ad"#"nd"nt tat" a!D'ir"&' o,"r"i+nt%.

CONSE<UENCES OF STATESUCCESSION

- A "+ian!" o& t*" in*a$itant o& t*"#r"d"!" or tat" in t*" t"rritor%a3"!t"d i tran &"rr"d to t*"

'!!" or tat". T*"% ar" a onat'ra i "d "n a "

- Po iti!a a o& t*" &or "r ar"a'to ati!a % a$ro+at"d and a%$" r" tor"d on % $% a #o iti," a!ton t*" #art o& t*" n" o,"r"i+n.B't non-#o iti!a a '!* at*o " d"a in+ it* &a i iarr" ation ar" d"" "d !ontin'"d'n " t*"% ar" !*an+"d $% t*"

n" o,"r"i+n or ar" !ontrar% tot*" in tit'tion o& t*" '!!" ortat".

- Tr"ati" o& a #o iti!a and ","n!o "r!ia nat'r" a " atr"ati" o& "<tradition ar" a odi !ontin'"d "<!"#t t*o " d"a in+

it* o!a ri+*t and d'ti" '!* at*o " " ta$ i *in+ "a " "nt and

"r,it'd" .- A t*" ri+*t o& t*" #r"d"!" or

tat" ar" in*"rit"d $% t*"'!!" or tat" $'t t*i i not o

*"r" ia$i iti" ar" !on!"rn"d.

SUCCESSION OF GOVERN+ENT

- W*"r" t*" +o,"rn "nt r"# a!"anot*"r "it*"r #"a!"&' % or $%,io "nt "t*od . In $ot* in tan!"

J




t*" int"+rit% o& t*" tat" i nota3"!t"dH t*" tat" !ontin'" a t*"

a " int"rnationa #"r on "<!"#ton % t*at it a &' r"#r" "ntati," i!*an+"d.

- T*" ri+*t o& t*" #r"d"!" or

+o,"rn "nt ar" !on!"rn"dH t*"%ar" in*"rit"d in too $% t*"'!!" or +o,"rn "nt.

- W*"r" t*" n" +o,"rn "nt aor+ani "d $% ,irt'" o& a!on tit'tiona r"&or d' % rati;"din # "$i !it" t*" o$ i+ation o& t*"r"# a!"d +o,"rn "nt ar"!o # "t" % $% t*" &or "r.

- W*"r" t*" n" +o,"rn "nt a" ta$ i *"d t*ro'+* ,io "n!" a $%a r",o 'tion it a% a &' % r"6"!tt*" #'r" % #"r ona or #o iti!ao$ i+ation o& t*" #r"d"!" or+o,"rn "nt $'t not !ontra!t"d $%it in t*" ordinar% !o'r " o& o9!ia$' in" .

CHAPTER ?

RECOGNITION

BASIC RULES IN RECOGNITION OS

STATES- It i #o iti!a a!t and ain % a

att"r o& #o i!% on t*" #art o& "a!*tat".

- it i di !r"tionar% on t*" #art o& t*" r"!o+ni in+ a't*orit%.

- it i "<"r!i "d $% t*" #o iti!a("<"!'ti,") d"#art "nt o& t*"

tat".- T*" "+a it% and i do o&

r"!o+nition i not '$6"!t to 6'di!iar",i" .

THEORIES ON RECOGNITION

1. De 'a"a&o" (0a>o" & / ew) - "r" % a9r t*" #r"-"<i tin+ &a!t

t*at t*" "ntit% $"in+ r"!o+ni "da r"ad% #o " t*" tat' o& anint"rnationa #"r on .

- Po iti!a and di !r"tionar%!. Co$s& &%& /e (0 $o" & / ew)- It i a t indi #"n a$ " " " "nt t*at

!on,"rt or !on tit't" t*" "ntit%$"in+ r"!o+ni "d into anint"rnationa #"r on.

- Mandator% and "+aOB7ECTS OF RECOGNITION

1. Re o $ & o$ of a s&a&e - *" dirr",o!a$ " and i #ort t*"r"!o+nition o& t*" +o,"rn "nt

2. Re o $ & o$ of a o/e"$0e$& -a% $" it*dra n and do" not

n"!" ar% i+ni&% t*" "<i t"n!" o& atat" a t*" +o,"rn "nt a% $"

t*at o& a "r" !o on%.@. Re o $ & o$ of 5e'' e"e$ -

do" not #rod'!" t*" a " "3"!ta t*" r"!o+nition o& tat" and

+o,"rn "nt $"!a' " t*" r"$" ar"a!!ord"d int"rnationa #"r ona it%on % in !onn"!tion it* t*"*o ti iti" t*"% ar" a+in+.

2IND OF RECOGNITION

1. E@p"ess - a% $" ,"r$a or inritin+. It a% $" "<t"nd"d

t*ro'+* a &or a #ro! a ation oranno'n!" "nt a ti#' ation in atr"at% a "tt"r or t" "+ra or ont*" o!!a ion o& an o9!ia !a or!on&"r"n!".

2. I0p' e * *"n t*" r"!o+ni in+tat" "nt"r into o9!ia

int"r!o'r " it* t*" n" " $"r$% "<!*an+in+ di# o ati!r"#r" "ntati," it* it.

T*" a!t !on tit'tin+ r"!o+nition *a +i,"a ! "ar indi!ation o& an int"ntionF

1. To tr"at it* t*" n" tat" a '!*2. To a!!"#t t*" n" +o,"rn "nt a

*a,in+ a't*orit% to r"#r" "nt t*"tat" it #'r#ort to +o,"rn and to

aintain di# o ati! r" ation it*it@. To r"!o+ni " in t*" !a " o&

in 'r+"nt t*at t*"% ar" "ntit "d to"<"r!i " $" i+"r"nt ri+*t

RECOGNITION OF STATES

- *" d irr",o!a$ " and i #ort t*"r"!o+nition o& t*" +o,"rn "nt

EFFECTS OF THE RECOGNITION OFTHE STATE AND GOVERN+ENT

1. &' di# o ati! r" ation ar"" ta$ i *"d "<!"#t *"r" t*"+o,"rn "nt

2. t*" r"!o+ni "d tat" or+o,"rn "nt a!D'ir" t*" ri+*t to

'" in !o'rt o& r"!o+ni in+ tat"@. t*" r"!o+ni "d tat" or

+o,"rn "nt *a a ri+*t to#o " ion o& #ro#"rti" o& #r"d"!" or in t*" t"rritor% o& t*"r"!o+ni in+ tat"

4. a a!t o& t*" r"!o+ni "d tat" or+o,"rn "nt ar" ,a idat"dr"troa!ti," % #r","ntin+ t*"r"!o+ni in+ tat" &ro #a in+'#on t*"ir "+a it% in it o n !o'rt

RECOGNITION OF A STATE V.RECOGNITION OF GOVERN+ENT

- r"!o+nition o& t*" tat" !arri" it*it r"!o+nition o& t*" +o,"rn "nt

10




- r"!o+nition tat" i irr",o!a$ "

RECOGNITION OF GOVERN+ENT

- a% $" it*dra n and do" notn"!" ar% i+ni&% t*" "<i t"n!" o& a

tat" a t*" +o,"rn "nt a% $"t*at o& a "r" !o on%.

RE<UISITES6

1. +o,"rn "nt i ta$ " and "3"!ti,"(o$6"!ti," t" t)

2. no '$ tantia r" i tan!" to ita't*orit%

@. t*" +o,"rn "nt ' t *oi in+n" and a$i it% to di !*ar+"

it int"rnationa o$ i+ation( '$6"!ti," t" t)

4. +o,"rn "nt ' t "n6o% #o#' ar

!on "nt or a##ro,a o& t*" #"o# ".

2INDS OF THE DE FACTOGOVERN+ENT

1. T*at *i!* i " ta$ i *"d $% t*"in*a$itant *o ri " in r",o ta+ain t and d"#o " t*" "+iti at"r"+i ".

!. T*at *i!* i " ta$ i *"d in t*"!o'r " o& ar $% t*" in,adin+&or!" o& on" $" i+"r"nt in t*"t"rritor% o& t*" ot*"r $" i+"r"ntt*" +o,"rn "nt o& *i!* i a odi # a!"d.

#. T*at *i!* i " ta$ i *"d $% t*"in*a$itant o& a tat" *o "!"d"t*"r"&ro it*o't o,"rt*ro in+ it+o,"rn "nt.

LAND+AR2 CASE DOCTRINE

1. WILSON3 TOBAR DOCTRINE- T*i #r"! 'd" r"!o+nition o& t*"

+o,"rn "nt " ta$ i *"d $%

r",o 'tion !i,i ar !o'# d8"tat orot*"r &or o& int"rna ,io "n!" 'ntit*" &r"" % " "!t"d r"#r" "ntati,"o& t*" #"o# " *a," r"!o+ni "d a!on tit'tiona +o,"rn "nt

!. 2ELSEN DOCTRINE- A tat" ,io at" int"rnationa a

and t*' in&rin+" '#on t*" ri+*to& ot*"r tat" i& it r"!o+ni " a a

tat" a !o 'nit% *i!* do" not&' ; t*" r"D'ir" "nt o& int"rnationa a

#. BETANCOURT DOCTRINE- T*i !a " a a r"K"!tion o&

5"n" '" an #r" id"nt Ro ' oB"tan!o'rt8 anti#at*% &or non-d" o!rati! r' " *i!* d"ni"ddi# o ati! r"!o+nition to an%r"+i " ri+*t or "&t *i!* !a " to#o "r $% i itar% &or!".

9. LAUTERPACHT DOCTRINE- It i t*" r"!o+nition o& an "ntit%

*i!* i not "+a % a tat" i ron+$"!a' " it !on tit't" a a$' " o& t*" #o "r o& r"!o+nition. It

a! no "d+" a !o 'nit% *i!*i not in a ind"#"nd"nt and*i!* do" not t*"r"&or" &' ; t*"

" "ntia !ondition o& tat"*ooda an ind"#"nd"nt tat". It ia!!ordin+ % a r"!o+nition *i!* anint"rnationa tri$'na d"! ar" noton % to !on tit't" a ron+ $'t#ro$a$ % a o to $" it " & in,a id.

:. STI+SON DOCTRINE- T*i #r"! 'd" r"!o+nition o& an%

+o,"rn "nt " ta$ i *"d a a r" ' to& "<t"rna a++r" ion

?. ESTRADA DOCTRINE- T*i r"&"r to d"a in+ or not d"a in+

it* t*" +o,"rn "nt " ta$ i *"dt*ro'+* a #o iti!a '#*"a,a i nota 6'd+" "nt on t*" "+iti a!% o& t*" aid +o,"rn "nt.

RECOGNITION DE 7URE

RECOGNITION DEFACTO

R" ati," %#"r an"nt

Pro,i iona

5" t tit " in t*"+o,"rn "nt to it#ro#"rti" a$road

o" NOT ," t tit "in t*" +o,"rn "ntto it #ro#"rti"a$road

Brin+ a$o't &'di# o ati! r" ation

Li it"d to !"rtain 6'ridi!a r" ation

EFFECTS OF THE RECOGNITION OFTHE STATE AND GOVERN+ENT

1. &' di# o ati! r" ation ar"

" ta$ i *"d "<!"#t *"r" t*"+o,"rn "nt2. t*" r"!o+ni "d tat" or

+o,"rn "nt a!D'ir" t*" ri+*t to'" in !o'rt o& r"!o+ni in+ tat"

@. t*" r"!o+ni "d tat" or+o,"rn "nt *a a ri+*t to#o " ion o& #ro#"rti" o& #r"d"!" or in t*" t"rritor% o& t*"r"!o+ni in+ tat"

4. a a!t o& t*" r"!o+ni "d tat" or+o,"rn "nt ar" ,a idat"dr"troa!ti," % #r","ntin+ t*"

r"!o+ni in+ tat" &ro #a in+'#on t*"ir "+a it% in it o n !o'rt

RCOGNITION OF BELLIGERENC,

- o" not #rod'!" t*" a " "3"!ta t*" r"!o+nition o& tat" and+o,"rn "nt $"!a' " t*" r"$" ar"a!!ord"d int"rnationa #"r ona it%

11




on % in !onn"!tion it* t*"*o ti iti" t*"% ar" a+in+.

CONDITION FOR RECOGNITION OFBELLIGERENC,

1. t*"r" ' t $" an or+ani "d !i,i+o,"rn "nt dir"!tin+ t*" r"$"&or!"

2. t*" r"$" ' t o!!'#% a'$ tantia #ortion o& t*" t"rritor%

o& t*" tat"@. t*" !onKi!t $"t ""n t*" "+iti at"

+o,"rn "nt and t*" r"$" ' t$" "rio' a in+ t*" o't!o "'n!"rtain.

4. T*" r"$" ' t $" i in+ and a$ "to o$ "r," t*" a o& ar.

EFFECTS OF RECOGNITION OFBELLIGERENC,

1. R" #on i$i it% &or a!t o& r"$"r" ' tin+ to in6'r% to nationa o& r"!o+ni in+ tat" *a $" *i&t"d tor"$" +o,"rn "nt

2. T*" "+iti at" +o,"rn "ntr"!o+ni in+ t*" r"$" a$" i+"r"nt *a o$ "r," a or!' to o& ar in !ond'!tin+*o ti iti"

@. T*ird tat" r"!o+ni in+$" i+"r"n!% *o' d aintain

n"'tra it%H4. R"!o+nition i on % #ro,i iona andon % &or #'r#o " o& *o ti iti" .

CHAPTER

THE RIGHT OF E=ISTENCE AND SELF*DEFENSE

On!" a tat" !o " into $"in+. It iin," t"d it* !"rtain ri+*td" !ri$"d a &'nda "nta .Mo t i #ortant o& t*" " ri+*t F

o Ri+*t o& "<i t"n!"o /" &-d"&"n!"

QIt i i #ortant $"!a' " a it ot*"r ri+*tar" '##o "d to Ko or $" d"ri,"d &ro it.

T*" #r" "n!" o& an =Ar "d Atta! ?to 6' ti&% t*" "<"r!i " o& t*" ri+*t o&

" &-d"&"n!" a% $" ta "n $% atat" on % in t*" &a!" o& a n"!" it%

o& " &-d"&"n " t*at i in tanto,"r *" in+ and "a,in+ no!*oi!" o& "an and no o "nt&or d" i$"rationRi+*t a% $" r" ort"d on % '#on! "an *o in+ o& a +ra," anda!t'a dan+"r to t*" "!'rit% o& t*"

tat"=T*" $" t d"&"n " i o3"n "? :roti'On" i+*t " ar+'" no t*at t*","r% tat" o& ar "d #r"#ar"dn"

o& a n'! "ar #o "r i #"r " a#ot"nt i& at"nt.

T E CUBAN MI//ILE CRI/I/

=T*" #"a!" o& t*" or d and t*""!'rit% o& t*" U/ (*ad $""n)

"ndan+"r"d $% r"a on o& t*"" ta$ i * "nt $% t*" /ino-/o,i"t#o "r o& an O EN/I5E MILITARCAPABILIT in C'$a in! 'din+$a " &or $a i ti! i i " it* a#ot"ntia ran+" !o,"rin+ o t o& Nort* and /o't* A "ri!a.

RE:IONAL ARRAN:EMENT/

Not*in+ in t*" #r" "nt !*art"r#r"! 'd" t*" "<i t"n!" o& r"+ionaarran+" "nt .

RE:IONAL ARRAN:EMENT/ A+"n!i" &ord"a in+ it* '!* att"r r" atin+ to t*"

aint"nan!" o& int"rnationa #"a!" and"!'rit% a ar" a##ro#riat" &or r"+iona

a!tion.

E<a # " o& R"+iona A+"n!%FOr+ani ation o& A "ri!an /tat" W*o " or+an o& !on ' tationa't*ori "d or rati;"d t*" a!tionta "n $% t*" U/.

T E BALANCE O POWEROn" r"a on &or t*" or+ani ation o& r"+iona arran+" "nt i to #ro,id"&or t*" $a an!" o& #o "rAn arran+" "nt o& a3air o t*at no

tat" *a $" in a #o ition to *a,"a$ o 't" a t"r% and do iniono,"r ot*"r . 5att"

A::RE//ION U " o& ar "d &or!" $% atat" a+ain tF

/o,"r"i+nt% T"rritoria Int"+rit%Po iti!a ind"#"nd"n!" o& ot*"r

tat"

ir t ' " o& ar "d &or!" *a!on tit't" #ri a &a!i" ",id"n!" o& a++r" ion

7UALI A/ AN ACT O A::RE//ION

1. In,a ion atta! $% ar "d &or!" o& a tat" o& t*" t"rritor% o& anot*"r

tat"2. Bo $ard "nt o& ar "d &or!"@. T*" $ o! ad" o& #art !oa t o& a

tat" $% t*" ar "d &or!" o& anot*"r tat"

4. Atta! o& "a air &or!" and "t!.. U " o& ar "d &or!" it*in t*"

t"rritor% o& anot*"r /tat" it* t*"a+r"" "nt o& t*" r"!"i,in+ /tat"in !ontra,"ntion o& t*" !ondition

12




#ro,id"d &or in t*" a+r"" "nt oran% "<t"n ion o& t*"ir #r" "n!" in

'!* t"rritor% $"%ond t*"t"r ination o& t*" a+r"" "nt

. T*" a!tion o& a /tat" in a o in+ itt"rritor% *i!* it *a # a!"d at t*"

di #o a o& anot*"r /tat" to $"' "d $% t*at ot*"r /tat" &or#"r#"tratin+ an a!t o& a++r" iona+ain t a @ rd tat"

G. T*" "ndin+ $% or on $"*a & o& a/tat" o& ar "d &or!" a+ain tanot*"r /tat" o& '!* +ra,it% a toa o'nt to t*" a!t i t"d a$o," orit '$ tantia in,o ," "nt t*"r"in.

CHAPTER

THE RIGHT OF INDEPENDENCESOVEREIGNT,

/'#r" " 'n!ontro a$ " #o "r in*"r"nt ina tat" t*" '#r" " #o "r o& t*" tat" to!o and and "n&or!" o$"di"n!"

Ena$ " t*" tat" to a " it o nd"!i ion ,i -S-,i ot*"r tat" and," t it it* !o #"t"n!" to "nt"rinto r" ation and a+r"" "nt it*

t*" .2 A/PECT/

1. INTERNAL /O5EREI:NT Po "r o& t*" tat" to dir"!t it do " ti!a3air

2. E TERNAL /O5EREI:NT T*"&r""do o& t*" tat" to !ontro ito n &or"i+n a3air .

o E<t"rna o,"r"i+nt% i or"o&t"n r"&"rr"d to aind"#"nd"n!".

NATURE O IN EPEN ENCE

r""do &ro !ontro $% an% ot*"rtat" or +ro'# o& tat" and not

&r""do &ro t*" r" tri!tion t*atar" $indin+ on a tat" &or in+t*" &a i % o& nation .M' t '$ it to i itationind"#"nd"n!" o& a tat" i o& n"!" it% r" tri!t"d.

INTER5ENTION/tat" ' t a$ tain &roint"r,"ntion. It "<#"!t itind"#"nd"n!" to $" r" #"!t"d $%ot*"r tat" o too ' t it $"#r"#ar"d to r" #"!t t*"ir o nind"#"nd"n!".

Ri+*t o& ind"#"nd"n!" !arri" it*it d't% o& non-int"r,"ntion.

2 IN/TANCE/ W EN T E U/E O ORCE I/ALLOWE UN ER T E C ARTER O T EUNF

1. W*"n '!* a!tion i a+r""d '#on ina tr"at%

2. W*"n r"D'" t"d &ro i t"r tat"or &ro t*" UN

R"!"nt ","nt *a," !a "d &or a r"-"<a ination o& t*" a onint"r,"ntion " #"!ia % *"r"int"r,"ntion i $a "d on*' anitarian +ro'ndR",o t"d $% t*" in*' an" # i+*t o& t*" inno!"nt ,i!ti t*" UN "nt a!ontin+"nt o& i itar% troo# &ro

","ra !o'ntri" #ri ari % t*" U/.

T E RA:O OCTRINE

T*" !ontra!tin+ #o "r a+r"" notto *a," r"!o'r " to ar "d &or!" &ort*" r"!o,"r% o& !ontra!t d"$t! ai "d &ro t*" +o,"rn "nt o& on" !o'ntr% $% t*" +o,"rn "nt o& anot*"r !o'ntr% a $"in+ d'" to itnationa .

C APTER JF T E RI: T O E7UALIT

Art. 2 o& C*art"r o& t*" UNF =T*"or+ani ation i $a "d on t*"#rin!i# " o& t*" o,"r"i+n "D'a it%o& a it " $"r ./tat" ar" 6'ridi!a % "D'a "n6o%t*" a " ri+*t and *a," "D'a!a#a!it% in t*"ir "<"r!i ". T*"ri+*t o& "a!* on" do not d"#"nd'#on t*" #o "r *i!* it #o " "to a 'r" it "<"r!i " $'t '#on t*"

i # " &a!t o& it "<i t"n!" a a#"r on 'nd"r int"rnationa a .

E//ENCE O E7UALIT

o" not i+ni&% #arit% in #*% i!a#o "r #o iti!a inK'"n!" or"!ono i! tat' or #r" ti+"ED'a it% do" not ","n r"D'ir""D'a it% in t*" n' $"r o& ri+*tA t*" ri+*t o& a /tat" r"+ard "o& t*"ir n' $"r ' t $" o$ "r,"dand r" #"!t"dA /tat" $i+ or a *a," an"D'a ri+*t to t*" "n6o% "nt o& at*"ir r" #"!ti," attri$'t" a

" $"r o& t*" &a i % o& nationA " $"r o& UN *a," "a!* on",ot" in t*" :"n"ra A " $ % a,ot" *a,in+ "D'a "i+*t and ar"+"n"ra % " i+i$ " &or #o ition int*" ,ario' or+an o& t*" UN

1@




=Par in #ar" non *a$"t i #"ri' ? E,"n t*" tron+" t tat" !annot

a ' " 6'ri di!tion o,"r anot*"rtat" no att"r *o "a "t!..

LE:AL E7UALIT 5/. ACTUAL INE7UALIT

Not a tat" *a," "D'a " i+i$i it%it* r"+ard to " "!ti," " $"r *i#

o& t*" /"!'rit% Co'n!i o& t*" ' t $" " "!t"d &ro t*"

A&ri!an and A ian tat" and on % 1!an !o " &ro t*" Ea t"rnE'ro#"an /tat".In :"n"ra A " $ % a " $"r*a," on ,ot" r"+ard " o& t*"n' $"r o& #"o# " t*"% "#arat" %r"#r" "nt.

CHAPTER

THE RIGHT OF E<UALIT,

Art. 2 o& C*art"r o& t*" UN =T*"or+ani ation i $a "d on t*"#rin!i# " o& t*" o,"r"i+n "D'a it%o& a it " $"r/tat" ar" 6'ridi!a % "D'a "n6o%t*" a " ri+*t and *a," "D'a!a#a!it% in t*"ir "<"r!i ". T*"ri+*t o& "a!* on" do not d"#"nd'#on t*" #o "r *i!* it #o " "to a 'r" it "<"r!i " $'t '#on t*"

i # " &a!t o& it "<i t"n!" a a#"r on 'nd"r int"rnationa a .

E//ENCE O E7UALIT

o" not i+ni&% #arit% in #*% i!a#o "r #o iti!a inK'"n!" or"!ono i! tat' or #r" ti+"ED'a it% do" not ","n r"D'ir""D'a it% in t*" n' $"r o& ri+*t .PRINCIPLEF A t*" ri+*t o& a tat"r"+ard " o& t*"ir n' $"r ' t$" o$ "r,"d and r" #"!t"d

A tat" $i+ or a *a," an"D'a ri+*t to t*" "n6o% "nt o& at*"ir r" #"!ti," attri$'t" a

" $"r o& t*" &a i % o& nation .A " $"r o& UN *a," "a!* on",ot" in t*" :"n"ra A " $ % a,ot" *a,in+ "D'a "i+*t and ar"+"n"ra % " i+i$ " &or #o ition int*" ,ario' or+an o& t*" UN=Par in #ar"n non *a$"t i #"ri' ?

","n t*" tron+" t tat" !annota ' " 6'ri di!tion o,"r anot*"r

tat" no att"r *o a " "t!..

LE:AL E7UALIT 5/. ACTUALINE7UALIT

Not a tat" *a," "D'a" i+i$i it% it* r"+ard to " "!ti,"

" $"r *i# o& t*" /"!'rit%Co'n!i

o& t*" ' t $" " "!t"d &rot*" A&ri!an and A ian tat"and on % 1 !an !o " &ro t*"Ea t"rn E'ro#"an /tat".

CHAPTER 1

TERRITOR,

TERRITOR i<"d #ortion o& t*" 'r&a!"o& t*" "art* in*a$it"d $% t*" #"o# " o& t*"

tat".

M' t $" #"r an"nt and indi!at"dit* #r"!i ion

Bi+ "no'+* to #ro,id" &or t*"n""d o& t*" #o#' ation $'t not $"

o "<t"n i," a to $" di9!' t to

ad ini t"r d"&"nd &ro "<t"rnaa++r" ion.

T*" P*i i##in" i !o itt"d to t*"r"n'n!iation o& t*" ar &ort"rritoria a++randi " "nt $'t i "ot*"r tat" i not #r"! 'd"d &roa!D'irin+ additiona t"rritori"t*ro'+* an% o& t*" "t*od#"r itt"d 'nd"r t*" a o& nation .

AC7UI/ITION AN LO// O TERRITOR

T"rritor% a% $" a!D'ir"d $%Fi !o,"r%

O!!'#ation/'$6'+ationPr" !ri#tionC" ionA!!r"tion

T"rritor% a% $" o t $%F

A$andon "nt"r" i!tion

C" ionR",o 'tion/'$6'+ationPr" !ri#tionEro ionNat'ra !a' "

I/CO5ER AN OCCUPATION

Ori+ina od" o& t*" a!D'i ition $%*i!* t"rritor% not $" on+in+ to

an% tat" i # a!"d 'nd"r t*"o,"r"i+nt% o& t*" di !o,"rin+

tat". T"rritor% n""d not $" to $"'nin*a$it"d #ro,id"d it !an $"" ta$ i *"d t*at t*" nati," ar" not

'9!i"nt !i,i i "d and !an $"!on id"r"d a #o " in+ not ri+*to& o,"r"i+nt% $'t on % ri+*t o& *a$itation

14




O#"n "a and o't"r #a!" ar" not' !"#ti$ " to di !o,"r% and

o!!'#ation.

2 RE7UI/ITE/ O A 5ALI I/CO5ER ANOCCUPATION

1. Po " ion2. Ad ini tration

Po " ion ' t $" ! ai "d on$"*a & o& t*" tat". B" "3"!t"dt*ro'+* a &or a #ro! a ation andt*" % $o i! a!t o& rai in+ t*"nationa Ka+ in t*" t"rritor%.M"r" #o " ion i not '9!"

INC OATE TITLE O I/CO5ER

P"r&or t*" &'n!tion o& $arrin+ot*"r tat" &ro "nt"rin+ t*"t"rritor% 'nti t*" a# " o& a #"riod

it*in *i!* t*" di !o,"rin+ tat"a% " ta$ i * a "tt " "nt

t*"r"on and !o "n!" toad ini t"r it.

I/LAN O PALMA/ CA/E

i !o,"r% a on" it*o't an%'$ "D'"nt a!t !annot at t*"

#r" "nt ti " '9!" to #ro,"o,"r"i+nt% o& I and o& Pa a .

An in!*oat" tit " !o' d not #r",aio,"r t*" !ontin'o' and #"a!"&'di # a% o& a't*orit% $% anot*"r

tat" &or '!* di # a% a% #r",ai","n o,"r a #rior d";niti," tit "#'t &or ard $% anot*"r tat".

CLIPPERTONE I/LAN CA/E

Tit " a d"" "d a!D'ir"d $%ran!" o,"r an i and it *ad

&or a % ! ai "d $'t *ad n","rad ini t"r"d. " #ro! ai "d and

d"! ar"d t*at t*" o,"r"i+nt% o& t*" aid i and $"+innin+ &ro t*atdat" $" on+"d in #"r#"t'it% to *i

a6" t%.I& a t"rritor% $% ,irt'" o& t*" &a!tt*at it a !o # "t" % 'nin*a$it"d&ro t*" ;r t o "nt *"n t*"o!!'#%in+ tat" a " ita##"aran!" t*"r" at t*" a$ o 't"and 'ndi #'t"d #o " ion o& t*at/tat" &ro t*at o "nt t*" ta in+o& #o " ion i !on id"r"da!!o # i *"d and t*" o!!'#ation i&or a % !o # "t"d.

ERELICTION T"rritor% i o t $%d"r" i!tion *"n t*" tat" "<"r!i in+

o,"r"i+nt% o,"r it #*% i!a % it*dra&ro it it* t*" int"ntion o& a$andonin+ ita to+"t*"r.

!ondition ' t !on!'rF

1. A!t o& it*dra a2. Int"ntion to a$andon

PRE/CRIPTION Pr" !ri#tion inint"rnationa a r"D'ir" on+ !ontin'"dand ad,"r " #o " ion to ," t a!D'i iti,"tit " in t*" ! ai ant.

CE//ION M"t*od $% *i!* t"rritor% itran &"rr"d &ro on" tat" to anot*"r $%a+r"" "nt $"t ""n t*" . A!D'i ition o& t"rritor% $% !" ion i ' 'a % "3"!t"d $%

'!* &a i iar tran a!tion a a "donation $art"r or "<!*an+" and ","n $%t" ta "ntar% di #o ition.

E<a # " ar" t*" #'r!*a " $% t*"U/ o& A a a &ro R' ia in 1 G

t*" +i&t $% A' tria o& Lo $ard% toran!" in 1 J

/UB U:ATION T"rritor% i d"" "da!D'ir"d $% '$6'+ation *"n *a,in+$""n #r",io' % !onD'"r"d or o!!'#i"d int*" !o'r " o& ar $% t*" "n" % it i&or a % ann"<"d to it at t*" "nd o& t*at

ar.

ConD'" t a on" !on&"r on % anin!*oat" ri+*t on t*" o!!'#%in+

tat"H it i t*" &or a a!t o&

ann"<ation t*at !o # "t" t*"a!D'i ition.

ACCRETION Mod" o& a!D'irin+ t"rritor%$a "d on t*" #rin!i# " o& a!!" ion !"dat#rin!i#a i. It i a!!o # i *"d t*ro'+* $ot*nat'ra or arti;!ia #ro!" " a $% t*"+rad'a and i #"r!"#ti$ " d"#o it o& oion t*" !oa t o& t*" !o'ntr% t*ro'+* t*"a!tion o& t*" at"r or or" "3"!ti," % $%r"! a ation #ro6"!t i " t*o " 'nd"rta "nin Mani a Bat and t*" #o d"r o& o and.

COMPONENT O TERRITOR

1. T"rr" tria do ain2. Mariti " do ain@. ',ia do ain4. A"ria do ain

T E TERRE/TRIAL OMAIN

Land a

T E MARITIME AN LU5IAL OMAIN

Bodi" o& at"r it*in t*" and

a and t*" at"r ad6a!"nt tot*" !oa t o& t*" tat" '# to a#"!i;"d i it.

RI5ER/ MA BE CLA//I IE INTOF

1. Nationa Ri,"r it'at"d!o # "t" % in t*" t"rritor% o& on"

tat"

1




2. M' ti-nationa Ri,"r o t*ro'+*t*" t"rritori" o& ","ra tat"

@. Int"rnationa Ri,"r i na,i+a$ "&ro t*" o#"n "a and i o#"n tot*" ' " o& ," " &ro a tat"

4. Bo'ndar% Ri,"r di,id"d t*"

t"rritori" o& t*" ri#arian tat" T ALWE: OCTRINE In t*" a$ "n!"o& a #"!i;! a+r"" "nt $"t ""n '!*

tat" t*" $o'ndar% in" i aid on t*"ri,"r. T*at i on t*" !"nt"r not o& t*"ri,"r it " & $'t o& it ain !*ann" .

BA / W" - ar "d ind"ntation *o "#"n"tration i in '!* #ro#ortion to t*"

idt* o& it o't* a t !ontain and- o! "dat"r and !on tit't" or" t*an a "r"

!'r,at'r" o& t*" !oa t.

T E TERRITORIAL /EA B" t o& at"rad6a!"nt to t*" !oa t o& t*" tat""<! 'din+ t*" int"rna at"r in $a% and+' & o,"r *i!* t*" tat" ! ai

o,"r"i+nt% and 6'ri di!tion

T E UN Con&"r"n!" on t*" La o& t*" /"a

@ int"rnationa !on&"r"n!" *a,"$""n !a "d to &or ' at" a n" o& t*" "a.

T*" 1 t !on&"r"n!" a *" d in1J at :"n",a / it "r and and

r" ' t"d in t*" ado#tion o& t*"Con,"ntion on t*" T"rritoria /"aand t*" Conti+'o' Zon" t*"Con,"ntion on t*" i+* /"a andt*" Con,"ntion on t*" i *in+ andt*" Li,in+ R" o'r!" o& t*" i+*/"a and t*" Con,"ntion on t*"Contin"nta /*" &.

T*" n" Con,"ntion #ro,id"a on+ ot*"r &or a 'ni&or$r"adt* o& 12 i " &or t*"t"rritoria "a a !onti+'o' on"o& 12 i " &ro t*" o't"r i it o&

t*" t"rritoria "a and an"!ono i! on" or #atri onia "a"<t"ndin+ 200 i " &ro t*" o -

at"r ar o& t*" !oa ta tat".

T E P ILIPPINE TERRITORIAL /EA

T*" ! ai o& t*" P*i i##in" to itt"rritoria "a a $a "d on *i tori!ri+*t or tit " or a it o&t"n !a "dt*" TREAT LIMIT/ T EOR .

T*" n" Con,"ntion on t*" La o& t*" /"a no i it o'r t"rritoria

"a 12 i " &ro t*" o at"rar o& o'r !oa t a in t*" !a "

o& ot*"r tat" .

MET O / O E ININ: T E TERRITORIAL/EA

1. NORMAL BA/ELINE MET O T*"t"rritoria "a i i # % dra n &ro

t*" o - at"r ar o& t*" !oa t tot*" $r"adt* ! ai "d &o o in+ it

in'o iti" and !'r,at'r" $'t"<! 'din+ t*" int"rna at"r in$a% and +' & .

2. /TRAI: T BA/ELINE MET O

/trai+*t in" ar" ad" to !onn"!ta##ro#riat" #oint on t*" !oa tit*o't d"#artin+ radi!a % &ro it

+"n"ra dir"!tion.

I/ ERIE/ CA/E

Unit"d in+do D'" tion"d t*" ' "$% Nor a% o& t*" trai+*t $a " in"

"t*od d";nin+ it t"rritoriaat"r .

T E AERIAL OMAIN

T*" air #a!" a$o," t*" t"rr" triado ain and t*" ariti " andK',ia do ain o& t*" tat" to an'n i it"d a tit'd" $'t not in! 'din+o't"r #a!".

CHAPTER 11

7URISDICTION

URI/ ICTION A't*orit% "<"r!i "d $% atat" o,"r #"r on and t*in+ it*in oro "ti " o't id" it t"rritor% '$6"!t to

!"rtain "<!"#tion .

URI/ ICTION I/ CLA//I IE A/F

1. P"r ona2. T"rritoria

URI/ ICTION MA BE E ERCI/E B A/TATE O5ERF

1. It nationa2. T"rr" tria do ain

@. Mariti " and K',ia do ain4. Contin"nta *" & . O#"n "a. A"ria do ain

G. O't"r #a!". Ot*"r t"rritori"

PER/ONAL URI/ ICTION Po "r"<"r!i "d $% a tat" o,"r it nationa .Ba "d on t*"or% t*at a nationa i "ntit "dto t*" #rot"!tion o& *i tat" *"r","r *"

a% $" and i ( o!trin" o& ind" i$ "a "+ian!")

O CE 5/. IRECTOR O PUBLICPRO/ECTION

"&"ndant Lord a a!*a "n+"d *i !on,i!tion in :r"atBritain &or *i+* tr"a on !ont"ndin+t*at *" a not a Briti * '$6"!t. Ita##"ar"d t*at *" *ad i,"d in t*"

1




!o'ntr% &or 1 %"ar andi r"#r" "nt"d *i " & a it

nationa &or t*" #'r#o " o& o$tainin+ a Briti * #a #ort t*at"na$ "d *i to +o to :"r an%

*"r" *" a $road!a t anti-A i"d

#ro#a+anda.o A t*o'+* not a Briti *'$6"!t *" *a $% *i o n

a!t aintain"d t*" $ond*i!* *i " *" a it*in

t*" r"a $o'nd *i to *i/o,"r"i+n

TERRITORIAL URI/ ICTION

:"n. R' "F tat" *a 6'ri di!tion o,"r a#"r on and #ro#"rt% it*in it t"rritor%

/TATE CANNOT E ERCI/E URI/ ICTIONE5EN WIT IN IT/ OWN TERRITOR O5ERF

1. or"i+n tat" *"ad o& tat"di# o ati! r"#r" "ntati," and!on ' to a !"rtain d"+r"".

2. or"i+n tat" #ro#"rt%F " $a i"!on ' at" and #'$ i! ," ""n+a+"d in non-!o "r!iaa!ti,iti"

@. A!t o& tat"o UN ER ILL 5/. ERNAN EZ

=E,"r% o,"r"i+n tat" i$o'nd to r" #"!t t*"

ind"#"nd"n!" o& ","r%ot*"r o,"r"i+n tat" andt*" !o'rt o& on" !o'ntr%

i not it in 6'd+" "nt ont*" a!t o& t*" +o,"rn "nto& anot*"r don" it*in ito n t"rritor%.?

4. or"i+n "r!*ant ," ""<"r!i in+ t*" ri+*t o& inno!"nt#a a+" or arri,a 'nd"r tr" .

o INNOCENT PA//A:E Na,i+ation t*ro'+* t*"t"rritoria "a o& a tat" &or

t*" #'r#o " o& tra,"r in+t*at "a o "nt"rin+int"rna at"r "t!. a on+a it i not #r"6'di!ia to t*"#"a!" +ood ord"r or

"!'rit% o& t*" !oa ta "a.o ARRI5AL UN ER /TRE//

In,o 'ntar% "ntran!" a%$" d'" to a! o& #ro,i ion'n "a ort*in" o& t*"," " in! " "nt "at*"ror ot*"r !a " o& &or!"

a6"'r" i " #'r 'it $%

#irat" .. or"i+n ar i" #a in+ t*ro'+* ortation"d in it t"rritori" it* it

#"r i ion.. /'!* ot*"r #"r on or #ro#"rt%

in! 'din+ or+ani ation i " t*" UN$% a+r"" "nt ai," 6'ri di!tion.

LAN UR/I ICTION

E,"r%t*in+ &o'nd it*in t*"t"rr" tria do ain o& t*" tat" i'nd"r it 6'ri di!tion.Nationa and a i"n in! 'din+ non-r" id"nt ar" $o'nd $% it a .

T*" o!a tat" *a "<! ' i," tit " to

a #ro#"rt% it*in it t"rritor%.MARITIME AN LU5IAL URI/ ICTION

Int"rna at"r o& a tat" ar"a i i at"d to t*" and a and

'$6"!t"d to t*" a " d"+r"" o& 6'ri di!tion "<"r!i "d o,"r t*"t"rr" tria do ain.Ci,i !ri ina and ad ini trati,"

6'ri di!tion i "<"r!i "d $% t*" Ka+tat" o,"r it #'$ i! ," "*"r","r t*"% a% $" #ro,id"d

t*"% ar" not "n+a+"d in !o "r!".

T E /C OONER E C AN:E 5/.MC A ON

=Nationa *i# o& ar "nt"rin+ t*"#ort o& a &ri"nd % #o "r o#"n &ort*"ir r"!"#tion ar" to $" !on id"r"da "<" #t"d $% t*" !on "nt o& t*at#o "r &ro it 6'ri di!tion?

EN:LI/ RULE T*" !oa ta tat" *a*a," 6'ri di!tion o,"r a o3"n "!o itt"d on $oard '!* ," " "<!"#ton % *"r" t*"% do not !o #ro i " t*"#"a!" o& t*" #ort.

RENC RULE a+ tat" *a *a," 6'ri di!tion o,"r a o3"n " !o itt"d on$oard '!* ," " "<!"#t on % *"r" t*"!o #ro i " t*" #"a!" o& t*" #ort.

ANTONI CA/E

=M'rd"r o& a r"n!* an $% anot*"rr"n!* an on $oard a r"n!*"r!*ant ," " in a M"<i!an #ort

did not di t'r$ t*" #"a!" o& t*"#ort.?

WIN EN U/ CA/E

=T*" 'rd"r o& a B" +ian $%anot*"r B" +ian on $oard a B" +ian

"r!*ant t"a "r in t*" #ort o& N" "r "% a o& '!* a nat'r" a= to di t'r$ tranD'i it% and #'$ i!ord"r on *or" or in t*" #ort??

O'r o n /C *a *" d t*at t*"En+ i * r' " i a## i!a$ " in t*i!o'ntr%.

It i t*" ri+*t o& t*" !oa ta tat" to"n&or!" a it a to t*" &' "<t"ntin it t"rritoria at"r .

1G




U././. PUEBLO INCI ENT =An A "ri!an," " a "i "d and it !r" int"rn"d $%Nort* or"a &or a "+"d in&rin+" "nt o& itt"rritoria at"r .?

ARC IPELA:IC /EALANE/ Wat"r o,"r*i!* &or"i+n *i# i *a," t*" ri+*t o&

#a a+" a i& t*"% "r" o#"n "a . A&or"i+n ," " n""d not +o aro'nd o'rint"rna at"r $'t a% ' " t*" "ar!*i#" a+i! "a an" in n"+otiatin+ t*"di tan!" &ro on" #oint o& t*" o#"n "a toanot*"r.

T E CONTI:UOU/ ZONE

In a on" o& t*" *i+* "a!onti+'o' to it t"rritoria "a t*"!oa ta tat" a% "<"r!i " t*"!ontro toF a) #r","nt in&rin+" "nto& it !' to ; !a i i+rationor anitar% r"+' ation it*in itt"rritor% or t"rritoria "a. B) P'ni *in&rin+" "nt o& t*" a$o,"r"+' ation it*in it t"rritor% ort"rritoria "a.Conti+'o' on" a% not*o ","r "<t"nd or" t*an 12

i " &ro t*" !oa t o& t*" tat"1J 2 CON5ENTION ON T E LAWO T E /EA Conti+'o' on" a o"<t"nd 12 i " $'t &ro t*"o't"r i it o& t*" t"rritoria "a.

T E CONTINENTAL / EL

a) To t*" "a$"d and '$ oi o& i i arar"a ad6a!"nt to t*" !oa t i& i and

T*" !oa ta tat" *a t*" o,"r"i+nri+*t to "<# or" t*" !ontin"nta

*" & and to "<# oit it nat'rar" o'r!" .It a% "r"!t on it '!* in ta ationand "D'i# "nt a a% $"n"!" ar%.

T E PATRIMONIAL /EA

T*" "<! ' i," "!ono i! on" or t*"#atri onia "a "<t"nd 200na'ti!a i " &ro t*" !oa t or t*"$a " in" . A i,in+ and non- i,in+r" o'r!" &o'nd t*"r"in $" on+"<! ' i," % to t*" !oa ta tat".

OPEN /EA/

A,ai a$ " to t*" ' " o& a tat" &or#'r#o " o& na,i+ation K%in+ o,"rt*" a%in+ '$ arin" !a$ " or; *in+. In ti " o& ar *o ti iti"

a% $" a+"d on t*" o#"n "a .

T E LOTU/ CA/E

A !o i ion o!!'rr"d on t*" *i+* "a$"t ""n a r"n!* ," " Lot' and a

T'r i * ," " Bo - o'rt. T*" Bo -

o'rt an and i "d "i+*t T'r i *nationa on $oard t*" T'r i * ," " . T*"10 'r,i,or o& t*" Bo - o'rt (in! 'din+ it!a#tain) "r" ta "n to T'r "% on $oard t*"Lot' . In T'r "% t*" o9!"r on at!* o& t*" Lot' ( " on ) and t*" !a#tain o&

t*" T'r i * *i# "r" !*ar+"d it*an a'+*t"r. " on a r"n!* nationaa "nt"n!"d to 0 da% o&

i #ri on "nt and a ;n". T*" r"n!*+o,"rn "nt #rot" t"d d" andin+ t*"r" "a " o& " on or t*" tran &"r o& *i!a " to t*" r"n!* Co'rt . T'r "% and

ran!" a+r""d to r"&"r t*i di #'t" on t*" 6'ri di!tion to t*" P"r an"nt Co'rt o& Int"rnationa ' ti!" (PCI ).

EL F T*" ;r t #rin!i# " o& t*" Lot' !a "aid t*at 6'ri di!tion i t"rritoria F A /tat"

!annot "<"r!i " it 6'ri di!tion o%&s e &s&e"" &o" 'n " it an int"rnationa tr"at%or !' to ar% a #"r it it to do o. T*ii *at " !a "d t*" ;r t Lot' Prin!i# ".

A /TATE MA E ERCI/E URI/ ICTION ON T E OPEN /EA/ IN T E OLLOWIN:IN/TANCE/F

1. O,"r it ," "2. O,"r #irat"@. In t*" "<"r!i " o& t*" ri+*t o& ,i it

and "ar!*4. Und"r t*" do!trin" o& *ot 'it

AERIAL URI/ ICTION

T*" !on "n ' a##"ar to $" t*att*" o!a tat" *a 6'ri di!tion o,"rt*" air #a!" a$o," it to an'n i it"d *"i+*t or at t*" o t '#to *"r" o't"r #a!" $"+in .

AIR REE OM/

1. T*" &r""do to K% a!ro &or"i+nt"rritor% it*o't andin+

2. T*" &r""do to and &or non-tra9!#'r#o "

@. T*" &r""do to #'t do n tra9!ori+inatin+ in t*" tat" o& t*"air!ra&t

4. T*" &r""do to " $ar tra9!d" tin"d &or t*" tat" o& t*" air!ra&t

. T*" &r""do to " $ar tra9!d" tin"d &or or to #'t do n tra9!ori+inatin+ in a @ rd tat".

CON5ENTION ON O EN/E/ AN CERTAIN

OT ER ACT/ COMMITTE ON BOARAIRCRA T It i t*" tat" o& r"+i tration o& t*" air!ra&t t*at *a 6'ri di!tion o,"ro3"n " and a!t !o itt"d on $oard

*i " it i in Ki+*t or o,"r t*" *i+* "a oran% ot*"r ar"a o't id" t*" t"rritor% o& an%

tat"

OUTER /PACE

1




O't"r #a!" or t*" r"+ion $"%ondt*" "art*8 at o #*"r" i not

'$6"!t to t*" 6'ri di!tion o& an%tat".

O't"r #a!" *a $" &r"" &or"<# oration and ' " $% a tat"

it*o't di !ri ination o& an% ind.A trona't *a $" r"+ard"d a"n,o% o& an ind.

CHAPTER 1!

THE RIGHT OF LEGATION

T E E ERCI/E O T E RI: T OLE:ATION

On" o& t*" o t "3"!ti," a% o& &a!i itatin+ and #ro otin+int"r!o'r " a on+ tat" .

on" t*ro'+* a!ti," ri+*t o& r"!"i,in+ t*" tat" ar" a$ " tod"a or" dir"!t % and ! o " % it*"a!* ot*"r in t*" i #ro," "nt o& t*" 't'a int"r" t .

A:ENT/ O IPLOMATIC INTERCOUR/E

i# o ati! r" ation ar" nor a %!ond'!t"d t*ro'+* t*" *"ad o&

tat" t*" &or"i+n "!r"tar% orini t"r and t*" " $"r o& t*"

di# o ati! "r,i!".

"ad o& tat" a% a o a##oint#"!ia di# o ati! a+"nt !*ar+"dit* #"!i;! !"r" onia or #o iti!a

d'ti" .

EN5O CEREMONIAL /"nt to att"nd tat"&'n!tion i " a !oronation or a 6'$i ""

EN5O POLITICAL Co i ion"d ton"+otiat" it* a #arti!' ar tat" or to#arti!i#at" in an int"rnationa !on&"r"n!"or !on+r" .

EA O /TATE

R"#r" "nt t*" o,"r"i+nt% o& *itat"" i "ntit "d to !"rtain i 'niti"

and *ono'r $";ttin+ *i tat'

MI: ELL 5/. /ULTAN O O ORE =/'ita $ro'+*t &or $r"a!* o& a #ro i " toarr% a "+"d % ad" $% t*" d"&"ndant" *ad r"#r" "nt"d *i " & a a #ri,at"

indi,id'a . T*" a!tion a di i "d *"n*" r","a "d *i r"a id"ntit% a *"ad o& anind"#"nd"nt tat".?

T E OREI:N /ECRETAR

I "diat" r"#r" "ntati," o& t*"*"ad o& tat" and dir"!t % 'nd"r *i!ontro .

" !an a " $indin+ d"! arationon $"*a & o& *i tat" on an%

att"r &a in+ it*in *i a't*orit%

T*" &or"i+n "!r"tar% i a o t*"*"ad o& t*" &or"i+n o9!" and *adir"!tion o& a a $a ador andot*"r di# o ati! r"#r" "ntati," o& *i +o,"rn "nt.

IPLOMATIC EN5O /

To *o t*" r"+' ar or da%-to-da%!ond'!t o& int"rnationa a3air i"ntr' t"d.W*o ar" a!!r"dit"d $% t*" "ndin+

tat" a it #"r an"nt "n,o% tor"#r" "nt it in t*" tat" it*

*i!* it i aintainin+ di# o ati!r" ation

T E EA / O T E/E IPLOMATICMI//ION/ ARE CLA//I IE A/ OLLOW/B T E CON5ENTION ON IPLOMATICRELATION/ W IC WA/ /I:NE AT5IENNA IN 1J 1F

1. A $a ador2. En,o%@. C*ar+" d8a3air"

IPLOMATIC CORP/ Bod% !on i tin+ o& t*" di3"r"nt di# o ati! r"#r" "ntati,"

*o *a," $""n a!!r"dit"d to t*" a "o!a r"!"i,in+ tat". T*" di# o ati! !or#

do" not #o " an% "+a #o "r orattri$'t" .

'n!tion o& i# o ati! Mi ion F

1. R"#r" "ntin+ "ndin+ tat" in r"!"i,in+tat"

2. Prot"!tin+ in r"!"i,in+ tat" int"r" t o& "ndin+ tat" and it nationa

@. N"+otiatin+ it* +o,"rn "nt o& r"!"i,in+ tat"

4. Pro otin+ &ri"nd % r" ation $"t ""n"ndin+ and r"!"i,in+ tat" and

d"," o#in+ t*"ir "!ono i! !' t'ra and!i"nti;! r" ation

. A !"rtainin+ $% a a &' "an!ondition and d"," o# "nt in r"!"i,in+

tat" and r"#ortin+ t*"r"on to +o,"rn "nto& "ndin+ tat"

. In o " !a " r"#r" "ntin+ &ri"nd %+o,"rn "nt at t*"ir r"D'" t

CON UCT O IPLOMATIC MI//ION

T*" di# o ati! a+"nt ' t "<"r!i "t*" 't o t di !r"tion and ta!tta in+ !ar" a a% to #r" "r," t*"+ood i o& t*" "ndin+ tat" andto a,oid int"r&"r"n!" it* itint"rna a3air .

1J




i i ion i a o 'nd"r no!ir!' tan!" to $" ' "d &or" #iona+" t*" di " ination o& #ro#a+anda a+ain t t*" r"!"i,in+

tat" or '$,"r ion o& it+o,"rn "nt.

IPLOMATIC IMMUNITIE/ AN PRI5ILE:E/

i #ri,i "+" and i 'niti" ar"n"!" ar% to +i," t*" "n,o% t*"&' " t &r""do or atit'd" in t*""<"r!i " o& *i o9!ia &'n!tion .

PER/ONAL IN5IOLABILIT

T*" "n,o% i r"+ard"d aa!ro an!t and i "ntit "d to t*"#"!ia #rot"!tion o& *i #"r on

*onor and i$"rt%.IPLOMATIC CON5ENTIONF =T*"

#"r on o& a di# o ati! a+"nt *a$" in,io a$ ". " *a not $" ia$ "to an% &or o& arr" t or d"t"ntion.

T*" r"!"i,in+ tat" *a tr"at *iit* d'" r" #"!t and *a ta " a

a##ro#riat" t"# to #r","nt an%atta! on *i #"r on &r""do ordi+nit%?

T*" "n,o% !annot !o # ain i& *" iin6'r"d $"!a' " *" *i " & !a' "dt*" initia a++r" ion.

T*" o!a a't*oriti" a% a o in"<!"#tiona !a " a% *and on*i i& *" *a !o itt"d an a!t o& ,io "n!" and it i n"!" ar% to# a!" *i in #r","nti," r" traint.

IMMUNIT ROM URI/ ICTION

i# o ati! a+"nt *a $" i 'n"&ro t*" !i,i !ri ina andad ini trati," 6'ri di!tion o& t*"r"!"i,in+ tat" "<!"#t in a &"

#"!i;"d !a " .E / ALL AL/O EN O IMMUNIT ROM

IT/ CI5IL AN A MINI/TRATI5E URI/ ICTION E CEPT IN T E CA/E O F

a. A r"a a!tion r" atin+ to #ri,at"i o,a$ " #ro#"rt% it'at"d in t*"t"rritor% o& t*" r"!"i,in+ tat"'n " *" *o d it on $"*a & o& t*"

"ndin+ tat" &or t*" #'r#o " o& t*" i ion.

$. An a!tion r" atin+ to '!!" ion in*i!* t*" di# o ati! a+"nt i

in,o ,"d a "<"!'torad ini trator *"ir or "+at"" a a#ri,at" #"r on and not on $"*a & o& t*" "ndin+ tat".

!. An a!tion r" atin+ to an%#ro&" iona or !o "r!ia a!ti,it%"<"r!i "d $% t*" di# o ati! a+"nt

in t*" r"!"i,in+ tat" o't id" *io9!ia &'n!tion .I 'nit% &ro 6'ri di!tion a% $"

ai,"d "<#r" % $% t*" "ndin+tat"

W O 5/. A7UINO

i# o ati! i 'nit% i " "ntia % a#o iti!a D'" tion and !o'rt *o' d r"&' "to oo $"%ond a d"t"r ination $% t*""<"!'ti," $ran!* o& t*" +o,"rn "nt and

*"r" t*" # "a o& di# o ati! i 'nit% ir"!o+ni "d and a9r "d $% t*" "<"!'ti,"$ran!* o& t*" +o,"rn "nt a in t*" !a "at $ar it i t*"n t*" d't% o& t*" !o'rt toa!!"#t t*" ! ai o& i 'nit% '#ona##ro#riat" '++" tion $% t*" #rin!i#a

a o9!"r o& t*" +o,"rn "nt t*" /o i!itor:"n"ra in t*i !a " or ot*"r o9!"r a!tin+'nd"r *i dir"!tion.

IN5IOLABILIT O IPLOMATIC PREMI/E/

T*" #r" i " o& t*" i ion *a$" in,io a$ ". T*" a+"nt o& t*"r"!"i,in+ tat" a% not "nt"r t*""<!"#t it* t*" !on "nt o& t*"*"ad o& i ion.

IN5IOLABILIT O ARC I5E/

T*" r"!"i,in+ tat" *a no ri+*t to

#r% into t*" o9!ia #a#"r andr"!ord o& a &or"i+n di# o ati!i ion.

=t*" ar!*i," and do!' "nt o& t*"i ion *a $" in,io a$ " at an%

ti " and *"r","r t*"% a% $"?

IN5IOLABILIT O COMMUNICATION

=T*" r"!"i,in+ tat" *a #"r itand #rot"!t &r"" !o 'ni!ation ont*" #art o& t*" i ion &or ao9!ia #'r#o " . In !o 'ni!atin+

it* t*" +o,"rn "nt and ot*"ri ion and !on ' at" o& t*""ndin+ tat" *"r","r it'at"d

t*" i ion a% " # o% aa##ro#riat" "an in! 'din+di# o ati! !o'ri"r and " a+"in !od" or !i#*"r.?

E EMPTION ROM TE/TIMONIAL UTIE/

=A di# o ati! a+"nt i not o$ i+"dto +i," ",id"n!" a a itn" ?

" i not #ro*i$it"d $%int"rnationa a &ro doin+ o and

a% ai," t*i #ri,i "+" *"na't*ori "d $% *i +o,"rn "nt.

T*" 't!* "n,o% to Wa *in+tonin,o "d t*i ri+*t 1 *"n *"r"6"!t"d a r"D'" t to t" ti&% in!onn"!tion it* a *o i!id"!o itt"d in *i #r" "n!" and &or

20




t*" #ro "!'tion o& *i!* *it" ti on% " n"!" ar%.

E EMPTION/ ROM TA ATION

A o &ro o!ia "!'rit%r"D'ir" "nt 'nd"r !"rtain!ondition .P"r ona $a++a+" i a o &r"" &roin #"!tion 'n " t*"r" ar" "rio'+ro'nd

T E IPLOMATIC /UITE OR RETINUE

I 'niti" and #ri,i "+" ar"a,ai a$ " not on % to t*" *"ad o&

i ion and *i &a i % $'t a o tot*" ot*"r " $"r o& t*"di# o ati! r"tin'" a $"it not in t*"

a " d"+r"".

URATION

E,"r% #"r on "ntit "d to di# o ati!#ri,i "+" and i 'niti" *a"n6o% t*" &ro t*" o "nt *""nt"r t*" t"rritor% o& t*" r"!"i,in+

tat" on #ro!""din+ to ta " '# *i#o t or i& a r"ad% t*"r" &ro t*"

o "nt *i a##oint "nt i noti;"dto t*" &or"i+n ini tr%.W*"n *i &'n!tion *a," to !o "to an "nd *i #ri,i "+" and

i 'niti" *a nor a % !"a "&ro o "nt *" "a," t*"!o'ntr% or on "<#ir% o& ar"a ona$ " ti " in *i!* to do o$'t *a '$ i t 'nti '!* ti "","n in !a " o& ar "d !onKi!t.In t*" "<"r!i " o& *i o9!ia&'n!tion i 'nit% *a !ontin'"ind";nit" % a it i '##o "d to*a," atta!*"d to *i #"r ona %$'t to t*" tat" *" ar"#r" "ntin+

TERMINATION O IPLOMATIC MI//IONU 'a "t*od o& t"r inatin+o9!ia r" ation F d"at*r" i+nation r" o,a a$o ition o& t*" o9!" "t!. t*" " ar" +o,"rn"d$% 'ni!i#a a .

T*" or" i #ortant od" ar"RECALL and I/MI//AL

RECALL Ma% d" and"d $% t*" r"!"i,in+tat" *"n t*" &or"i+n di# o at $"!o "

#"r ona non +rata to it &or an% #"r on.

I/MI//AL T*" o3"ndin+ di# o at ii # % a "d to "a," t*" !o'ntr%.

T*" o't$r"a o& ar $"t ""n t*""ndin+ and r"!"i,in+ tat"

t"r inat" t*"ir di# o ati!r" ation .

A &or t*" !*an+" o& t*" +o,t.di# o ati! r" ation ar" notdi t'r$"d i& t*" !*an+" i #"a!"&'$'t a% $" ' #"nd"d *"r" it i"3"!t"d $% "an o& ,io "n!"

CHAPTER 1#CONSULS

QCON/UL/ tat" a+"nt r" idin+ a$road&or ,ario' #'r#o " $'t ain % in t*"int"r" t o& COMMERCE and NA5I:ATION

QCon ' ar" not !*ar+"d it* t*" d't% o& r"#r" "ntin+ t*"ir tat" in #o iti!a

att"r nor ar" t*"% a!!r"dit"d to t*"tat" *"r" t*"% ar" '##o "d to

di !*ar+" t*"ir &'n!tion

Q!on ' do not ordinari % "n6o% a t*"traditiona di# o ati! i 'niti" and#ri,i "+" a t*o'+* t*"% ar" to a !"rtain"<t"nt "ntit "d to #"!ia tr"at "nt 'nd"rt*" a o& nation

2 $ s a$ G"a esQCON/ULE/ MI//I #ro&" iona or !ar""r!on ' *o ar" nationa o& t*"a##ointin+ tat" and ar" r"D'ir"d tod",ot" t*"ir &' ti " to t*" di !*ar+" o&t*"ir !on ' ar d'ti"

QCON/ULE/ ELECTI a% or a% not $"nationa o& t*" a##ointin+ tat" and#"r&or t*"ir !on ' ar &'n!tion on % inaddition to t*"ir r"+' ar !a in+

Appo $&0e$&Con ' d"ri," t*"ir a't*orit% &ro t o#rin!i#a o'r!" F

QLETTER PATENT LETTRE EPRO5I/ION !o i ion i '"d $% t*"

"ndin+ tat"QE E7UATUR a't*orit% +i,"n to

t*" $% t*" r"!"i,in+ tat" to "<"r!i "t*"ir d'ti" t*"r"in

!on ' ar" #'$ i! o9!"r not on % o& t*""ndin+ tat" $'t o& t*" r"!"i,in+ tat" a" and ar" +o,"rn"d $% t*" a o& $ot*

Q tat" a% r"&' " to r"!"i," !on ' andto it**o d t*" "<"D'at'r &ro t*"

it*o't "<# anation

F%$ & o$sQ!o "r!" and na,i+ationQi 'an!" o& #a #ort and ,i aQd'ti" o& #rot"!tion o& nationa

QPRINCIPAL UT O CON/UL/F #ro ot"t*" !o "r!ia int"r" t o& t*"ir !o'ntr%in t*" r"!"i,in+ tat" and to o$ "r," t*"!o "r!ia tr"nd and d"," o# "ntt*"r"in &or r"#ort to t*"ir *o "+o,"rn "nt

Qa o #"r&or d'ti" r" atin+ to na,i+ation ,i itin+ and in #"!tin+ ," " o& t*"ir

o n tat" *i!* a% $" in t*" !on ' ar

21




di tri!tH "<"r!i in+ a "a 'r" o& '#"r,i ion o,"r '!* ," " H ad6' tin+att"r #"rtainin+ to t*"ir int"rna ord"r

and di !i# in"

I00%$ & es a$ P" / 'e es

Q!on ' *a," a ri+*t to o9!ia!o 'ni!ation and a% !orr" #ond it*t*"ir *o " +o,"rn "nt or ot*"r o9!ia$odi" $% an% "an in! 'din+ !i#*"r or!od" it*o't $"in+ '$6"!t"d to!"n or *i# or 'nr"a ona$ " r" traint.

o ","r t*i ri+*t a% $" r" tri!t"d*"n","r it i "<"r!i "d to t*" #r"6'di!"

o& t*" r"!"i,in+ tat"

QCon ' "n6o% t*" in,io a$i it% o& t*"irar!*i," *i!* a% not $" "<a in"d or

"i "d $% t*" r"!"i,in+ tat" 'nd"r an%!ir!' tan!" nor a% t*"ir #rod'!tion ort" ti on% !on!"rnin+ t*" $" !o #" "din o9!ia #ro!""din+ . B't t*i i 'nit%do" not "<t"nd to t*" !on ' ar #r" i "t*" " ," *"r" t*" "+a #ro!" a%$" "r,"d and arr" t ad" it*o't,io ation o& int"rnationa a "<!"#t on %in t*at #art *"r" !on ' ar or i $"in+#"r&or "d

Q!on ' ar o9!" a% ","n $""<#ro#riat"d &or #'r#o " o& nationad"&"n " or #'$ i! 'ti it%

Q!ri ina o3"n " F !on ' ar" "<" #t&ro o!a 6'ri di!tion &or !ri "!o itt"d $% t*" in t*" di !*ar+" o& t*"ir o9!ia &'n!tion . Ot*"r o3"n " F&' % '$6"!t to o!a a and a% $"arr" t"d #ro "!'t"d and #'ni *"d in#ro#"r #ro!""din+Q!on ' ar" not #ro "!'t"d &or inoro3"n " and *"n arr" t"d ar" +i,"nad"D'at" o##ort'nit% to "!'r" t*"irr" "a " on $ai at t*" "ar i" t #o i$ "ti "Q !i,i 'it F in tit't"d a+ain t !on '#"r ona or #ri,at" !a#a!it% $'t not in

att"r !onn"!t"d it* t*"ir o9!ia d'ti"Q!on ' ar" +"n"ra % "<" #t"d &rota<ation !' to d'ti" "r,i!" in t*"

i itia and o!ia "!'rit% r' " and ar"#ri,i "+"d to di # a% t*"ir nationa Ka+ andin i+nia in t*" !on ' at" a t*o'+* t*" "!on!" ion ar" !on id"r"d =non-" "ntia ? to t*" #ro#"r di !*ar+" o& t*"iro9!ia d'ti"Qt*" " i 'niti" and #ri,i "+" ar" a oa,ai a$ " to t*" " $"r o& t*" !on ' ar#o t t*"ir r" #"!ti," &a i i" and t*"#ri,at" ta3. Wai,"r a% in +"n"ra $"

ad" $% t*" "ndin+ tat".

Te"0 $a& o$ of Co$s%'a" + ss o$Qr" o,a r" i+nation d"at* "<#iration o& t"rQ t*" "<"D'at'r a% a o $" it*dra n $%t*" r"!"i,in+ tat" "it*"r o& t*"

a##ointin+ or r"!"i,in+ tat" a% $""<tin+'i *"d or ar a% $r"a o't$"t ""n t*" .Q in t*" ","nt o& ar t*" !on ' at" i! o "d and t*" ar!*i," ar" "a "d and "&tin t*" !' tod% o& a !ar"ta "r ' 'a % a

!on ' &ro a n"'tra tat".Q t*" !on ' &ro t*" $" i+"r"nt tat" ia o "d to d"#art &or *i o n !o'ntr% a

oon a #o i$ " and it*o't 'nn"!" ar%o " tation

CHAPTER 19TREATIES

TREAT &or a a+r"" "nt ' 'a % $'tnot n"!" ari % in ritin+ *i!* i "nt"r"dinto $% tat" or "ntiti" #o " in+ t*"tr"at%- a in+ !a#a!it% &or t*" #'r#o " o& r"+' atin+ t*"ir 't'a r" ation 'nd"r t*"

a o& nation .Qan "<"!'ti," a+r"" "nt i NOT a tr"at%

F%$ & o$s of T"ea& es1. Tr"ati" "na$ " #arti" to "tt "

;na % a!t'a and #ot"ntia !onKi!t2. Tr"ati" a " #o i$ " &or t*"

#arti" to odi&% t*" r' " o& int"rnationa !' to ar% a $%

"an o& o#tiona #rin!i# " ortandard

@. T*"% a% "ad to a tran &or ationo& 'nor+ani "d int"rnationa

o!i"t% into on" *i!* a% $"or+ani "d on an% !*o "n "," o&

o!ia int"+ration4. T*"% #ro,id" t*" *' ' &or t*"

+ro t* o& int"rnationa !' to ar%a

Esse$& a' Re % s &es of a Va' T"ea&1. Ent"r"d into $% #arti" it* t*"

tr"at%- a in+ !a#a!it%2. T*ro'+* t*"ir a't*ori "d

r"#r" "ntati,"@. Wit*o't t*" att"ndan!" o& d'r"

&ra'd i ta " or ot*"r ,i!" o& !on "nt

4. On an% a &' '$6"!t- att"r. In a!!ordan!" it* t*"ir r" #"!ti,"

!on tit'tiona #ro!" "

T"ea& *0a $ p"o essNE:OTIATION /I:NATURE RATI ICATIONAN E C AN:E O T E IN/TRUMENT/ ORATI ICATION

NEGOTIATION on" o& t*" #arti" to'$ it a dra&t o& t*" #ro#o "d tr"at%*i!* to+"t*"r it* t*" !o'nt"r-

#ro#o a $"!o " t*" $a i o& t*"'$ "D'"nt n"+otiation .

Q'nd"rta "n dir"!t % $% t*" *"ad o& t*" tat" or a i+n t*i ta to *ia't*ori "d r"#r" "ntati,"

22




Qi& and *"n t*" n"+otiator ;na % d"!id"on t*" t"r o& t*" tr"at% t*" a " io#"n"d &or SIGNATURE .

Q i+nat'r" "an o& a't*"nti!atin+ t*" in tr' "nt and &or t*"#'r#o " o& % $o i in+ t*" +ood &ait* o&

t*" #arti" H $'t it do" not indi!at" t*";na !on "nt o& t*" tat"Qt*" do!' "nt i ordinari % i+n"d

in a!!ordan!" it* t*" a t"rnat t*at i"a!* o& t*" ","ra n"+otiator i a o "dto i+n ;r t on t*" !o#% *i!* *" i $rin+*o " to *i o n tat"

RATIFICATION &or a a!t $% *i!* atat" !on;r and a!!"#t t*" #ro,i ion

o& a tr"at% !on! 'd"d $% itr"#r" "ntati," .

QP'r#o "H "na$ " t*" !ontra!tin+tat" to "<a in" t*" tr"at% or" ! o " %

and to +i," t*" an o##ort'nit% to r"&' "to $" $o'nd $% it *o' d t*"% ;nd itini i!a to t*"ir int"r" tQE=CHANGE OF THE INSTRU+ENTS OFRATIFICATION i+ni;" t*" "3"!ti,it%o& t*" tr"at% 'n " a di3"r"nt dat" *a$""n a+r""d '#on $% t*" #arti"

B $ $ E e & of T"ea& esQA tr"at% i $indin+ on % on t*"!ontra!tin+ #arti" in! 'din+ not on % t*"ori+ina i+natori" $'t a o ot*"r tat"

*i!* a t*o'+* t*"% a% not *a,"#arti!i#at"d in t*" n"+otiation o& t*"a+r"" "nt *a," $""n a o "d $% t*"t"r to i+n it at"r $% a #ro!" no na ACCESSIONQIn tan!" *"n @ rd tat" a% $" ,a id %*" d to t*" o$ "r,an!" o& or $"n";t &rot*" #ro,i ion o& a tr"at%.

Q tr"at% a% $" "r" % a &or a"<#r" ion o& !' to ar% int"rnationa a

*i!* i "n&or!"a$ " on a !i,i i "d tat"$"!a' " o& t*"ir " $"r *i# in t*" &a i %o& nation

Q &or t*" aint"nan!" o& int"rnationa #"a!" and "!'rit%

Q #arti" to a##ar"nt % 'nr" at"dtr"ati" a% a o $" in "d $% t*" o t-&a,or"d-nation ! a' " 'nd"r *i!* a!ontra!tin+ tat" "ntit "d to o t-&a,or"d-nation tr"at "nt &ro t*" ot*"r a% ! ait*" $"n";t "<t"nd"d $% t*" att"r toanot*"r tat" in a "#arat" a+r"" "nt

O5se"/a$ e of T"ea& esQ 'nda "nta r' " o& int"rnationa a iPACTA /UNT /ER5AN A *i!* r"D'ir"t*" #"r&or an!" in +ood &ait* o& tr"at%o$ i+ationQ#arti" ' t !o # % it* t*"ir!o it "nt 'nd"r a tr"at% and !annoti+nor" or odi&% it #ro,i ion it*o't t*"!on "nt o& t*" ot*"r i+natori"Q a tr"at% "n+a+" "nt i not a "r" orao$ i+ation $'t !r"at" a "+a % $indin+o$ i+ation

Q tr"ati" r"a % i it o& r" tri!t t*"a$ o 't"n" o& o,"r"i+nt%. B% t*"ir,o 'ntar% a!t nation a% 'rr"nd"r

o " a #"!t o& t*"ir tat" #o "r in"<!*an+" &or +r"at"r $"n";t +rant"d $%or d"ri,"d &ro a !on,"ntion or #a!t

Q t*" o,"r"i+nt% o& a tat" t*"r"&or"!annot in &a!t and in r"a it% $" !on id"r"da$ o 't"

Q r" tri!tion F1. i itation i #o "d $% t*" ,"r%

nat'r" o& " $"r *i# in t*" &a i % o& nation

2. i itation i #o "d $% tr"at%ti#' ation

Q OCTRINE O REBU/ /IC /TANTIBU/ !on tit't" an att" #t to &or ' at" a

"+a #rin!i# " *i!* o' d 6' ti&% non#"r&or an!" o& a tr"at% o$ i+ation i& t*"!ondition it* r" ation to *i!* t*"#arti" !ontra!t"d *a," !*an+"d o

at"ria % and o 'n"<#"!t"d % a to!r"at" a it'ation in *i!* t*" "<a!tion o& #"r&or an!" o' d $" 'nr"a ona$ ".

QLi itation F1. a## i" on % to tr"ati" o&

ind";nit" d'ration2. t*" ,ita !*an+" ' t *a," $""n

'n&or" ""n or 'n&or" ""a$ " and *o' dnot *a," $""n !a' "d $% t*" #art%in,o in+ t*" do!trin"

@. t*" do!trin" ' t $" in,o "dit*in a r"a ona$ " ti "

4. it !annot o#"rat" r"troa!ti," %'#on t*" #ro,i ion o& t*" tr"at% a r"ad%"<"!'t"d #rior to t*" !*an+" o& !ir!' tan!"

T"ea& I$&e"p"e&a& o$QT*" $a i! r' " in t*" int"r#r"tation o& tr"ati" i to +i," "3"!t to t*" int"ntion o& t*" #arti" . T*i *o' d $" di !o,"ra$ " int*" t"r o& t*" tr"at% it " & Qt*" ' 'a !anon o& tat'tor%!on tr'!tion ar" " # o%"d in t*"int"r#r"tation o& tr"ati"

Q r"ad in t*" i+*t o& t*" *o "in tr' "nt and " #"!ia % &or t*" #'r#o "o& t*" tr"at%

Q ord ' "d ar" +i,"n t*"irnat'ra "anin+ 'n " a t"!*ni!a "n "

a int"nd"d andQ *"n t*"% *a," di3"r"nt

"anin+ in t*" !ontra!tin+ tat" *o' d$" int"r#r"t"d in a!!ordan!" it* t*"' a+" o& t*" tat" *"r" t*"% ar"

'##o "d to ta " "3"!tQ do'$t *o' d $" r" o ,"d

a+ain t t*" i #o ition o& o$ i+ation andin &a,or o& t*" o& t*" &r""do and

o,"r"i+nt% o& t*" !ontra!tin+ #arti"Q !onKi!t in tr"at% int"r#r"tation

$" r" o ,"d on % $% a+r"" "nt o& t*"#arti"

Te"0 $a& o$ of T"ea& es1. E<#iration o& t*" t"r

2@




2. A!!o # i * "nt o& t*" #'r#o "@. I #o i$i it% o& #"r&or an!"4. Lo o& t*" '$6"!t- att"r

. " i tan!" o& t*" #arti"

. No,ationG. E<tin!tion o& on" o& t*" #arti" i&

t*" tr"at% i $i#artit". 5ita !*an+" o& t*" !ir!' tan!"'nd"r t*" do!trin" o& r"$' i!

tanti$'J. O't$r"a o& ar $"t ""n t*"

#arti"10. 5oidan!" o& t*" tr"at% $"!a' " o&

d"&"!t in it !on! ' ion

CHAPTER 1:NATIONALIT, AND STATELESSNESS

Q indi,id'a i "r" % an o$6"!t and not a'$6"!t o& int"rnationa a and i t*' not

dir"!t % +o,"rn"d $% it r' "Q NATIONALIT ti" t*at $ind anindi,id'a to *i tat" &ro *i!* *" !an! ai #rot"!tion and *o " a *" io$ i+"d to o$"%. Nationa it% i " $"r *i#in a #o iti!a !o 'nit% it* a it!on!o itant ri+*t and o$ i+ationQ CITIZEN/ IP a## i" on % to !"rtain

" $"r o& t*" tat" a!!ord"d or"#ri,i "+" t*an t*" r" t o& t*" #"o# " *oa o o " it a "+ian!"Q /UB ECT #arti!' ar r"&"r"n!" to t*"nationa o& onar!*i!a r"+i "

A % s & o$ of $a&%"a' & B BIRTH o" B NATURALI;ATION

Q an indi,id'a a!D'ir" t*" nationa it% o& t*" tat" *"r" *" i $orn (6' o i) or t*"nationa it% o& *i #ar"nt (6'r" an+'ini )Q NATURALIZATION #ro!" $% *i!* a&or"i+n"r a!D'ir" ,o 'ntari % or $%o#"ration o& a t*" nationa it% o& anot*"r

tat"Q IRECT NATURALIZATIONF

a. $% indi,id'a #ro!""din+' 'a % 6'di!ia 'nd"r +"n"ranat'ra i ation a

$. $% #"!ia a!t o& t*" "+i at'r"!. $% !o "!ti," !*an+" o&

nationa it% a a r" ' t o& !" ion or'$6'+ation

d. ado#tion o& or#*an inor anationa o& t*" tat" *"r" t*"% ar" $ornQ ERI5ATI5E NATURALIZATIONF

a. on t*" i&" o& t*" nat'ra i "d*' $and

$. on t*" inor !*i dr"n o& t*"nat'ra i "d #ar"nt

!. on t*" a i"n o an '#onarria+" to a nationa

Q on o'r o n a an a i"n o anarri"d to a i i#ino *a a!D'ir" *i

!iti "n *i# on % i& *" *"r " & i+*t $"a &' % nat'ra i "d

+%'& p'e Na& o$a' &

Q OCTRINE O IN ELIBLE ALLE:IANCE an indi,id'a a% $" !o #" "d to r"tain*i ori+ina nationa it% not it* tandin+t*at *" *a a r"ad% r"no'n!"d or &or&"it"dit 'nd"r t*" a o& a "!ond tat" *o "nationa it% *" *a a!D'ir"d

Q a tat" a% a o an% o& it nationa tor" ain a '!* ","n i& *" a% *a,"a!D'ir"d anot*"r nationa it% a *"r" *"i !on&"rr"d an *onorar% !iti "n *i# $% a&or"i+n +o,"rn "nt

Loss of Na& o$a' &Q ,o 'ntar% "t*od r"n'n!iation"<#r" or i # i"d and r"D'" t &orr" "a " $ot* o& *i!* ' 'a % #r"!"d" t*"a!D'i ition o& a n" nationa it%Q in,o 'ntar% "t*od &or&"it'r" a ar" ' t o& o " di D'a i;!ation or#ro*i$it"d a!t i" "n i t "nt in a &or"i+nar % or on+ !ontin'"d r" id"n!" in a&or"i+n tat" and '$ tit'tion o& on"nationa it% &or anot*"r &o o in+ a !*an+"o& o,"r"i+nt%

S&a&e'ess$essQ tat" " n" i t*" !ondition or tat'o& an indi,id'a *o i $orn it*o't an%nationa it% or *o o " *i nationa it%

it*o't r"tainin+ or a!D'irin+ anot*"rQ indi,id'a i #o "r " to a "rt an%ri+*t t*at ot*"r i " o' d $" a,ai a$ " to*i 'nd"r int"rnationa a .Q An% in6'r% to t*" indi,id'a $% a &or"i+n

6'ri di!tion i not a ,io ation o& *i o nri+*t $'t o& t*" ri+*t o& t*" tat" to t*"#rot"!tion o& it nationa H t*" ri+*t to!o # ain $" on+ not to *i $'t to t*"

tat" o& *i!* *" i a nationa .

CHAPTER 1?

TREAT+ENT OF ALIENS

Q ","r% tat" *a t*" ri+*t a in*"r"nt in

o,"r"i+nt% and " "ntia to it o n"!'rit% and "<i t"n!" to d"t"r in" in*at !a " and 'nd"r *at !ondition

&or"i+n"r a% $" ad itt"d to it t"rritor%

Q on!" it d"!id" to a!!"#t t*" it!o #"t"n!" a t"rritoria o,"ri"+n a

i it"d $% t*" r"D'ir" "nt t*at t*"% $"tr"at"d 6' t % in a!!ordan!" it* t*" ao& nation

Q t*" a i"n !anot a a r' " ! ai a#r"&"rr"d #o ition ,i -a-,i t*" nationa o& t*" tat" *"r" *" i at $" t on % a +'" t

Q t*" &or"i+n"r a% not "n6o% t*" ri+*t to,ot" to r'n &or #'$ i! o9!" to "<# oitnat'ra r" o'r!" or to "n+a+" in !"rtain$' in" " r"+ard"d a ,ita to t*"int"r" t o& t*" o!a tat"

24




Q t*" &or"i+n"r ' t a!!"#t t*"in tit'tion o& t*" o!a tat"

Q tat" i not an in 'r"ro& t*" i&" or#ro#"rt% o& t*" a i"n *" *" i it*in itt"rritor%

Q t*" &or"i+n"r i "<#"!t"d to ta " t*"!' to ar% #r"!a'tion &or t*" #rot"!tiono& *i o n ri+*t and to a,ai *i " & o& t*" ' 'a r" "di" *"n t*" " ri+*t ar",io at"d

THE DOCTRINE OF STATERESPONSIBILIT,

Q in tan!" *"n an a i"n !an ! ai aor" &a,or"d #o ition t*an t*" nationa o&

t*" o!a tat" and *o d t*" tat" ia$ " &orin6'ri" !o itt"d a+ain t *i *i "it*in it t"rritor%

Q a tat" a% $" *" d r" #on i$ " &orF

a. int"rnationa d" iD'"n!%

$. dir"!t % or indir"!t % i #'ta$ " toit

!. *i!* !a' " in6'r% to t*"natona o& anot*"r tat"

Q ia$i t% i atta!* to t*" tat" *"r" ittr"at "nt o& a i"n &a $" o t*"int"rnationa tandard o& 6' ti!" or +"r"it r" i in a!!ordin+ *i t*" #rot"!tionor r"dr" t*at i arrant"d $% t*"!ir!' tan!"

Q UNCTIONF a 'r" t*" tra," "r t*at *"n*i ri+*t ar" ,io at"d in a &or"i+n tat"*" i not $" d"ni"d an% r" "d% i # %$"!a' " *" i not on" o& it nationa

Q "n!o'ra+" or" int"r!o'r "

a on+ t*" #"o# " o& t*" or d t*ro'+*int"r-,i itation o& t*"ir r" #"!ti," !o'ntri"

THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF 7USTICE

Q /tandard o& t* r"a ona$ " tat" t*at ia r"&"rrin+ to t*" ordinar% nor o& o9!ia!ond'!t o$ "r,"d in !i,i i "d 6'ri di!tion .

Q OCTRINE O E7UALIT O TREATMENT *"r" t*" a o& tat" &a $" o t*"

int"rnationa tandard o& 6' ti!" it i nod"&"n " t*at t*"% ar" a## i!a$ " not in %to a i"n $'t a " and "D'a % to t*"nationa o& t*at tat". T*" r" ation o& t*at tat" it* ot o n nationa ar"#'r" % 'ni!i#a H int"rnationa a iin,o ,"d in it r" ation it* t*" nationao& ot*"r tat" .

FAILURE OF PROTECTION OR REDRESS

Q tat" a% $" *" d ia$ " i& it do" nota " r"a ona$ " "3ort to #r","nt in6'r%

to t*" a i"n or *a,in+ don" o'n '!!" &' % &ai to r"#air '!* in6'r%.

Q d"+r"" o& di i+"n!" r"D'ir"d

Q r" #on i$i it% do" not i "diat" %atta!* to t*" tat" '#on a *o in+ o& a&ai 'r" to #r","nt or r"dr" an in6'r% toa i"n

Q di tin!tion ' t $" ad" $"t ""n dir"!tand inir"!t tat" r" #on i$i it%

a. *"r" t*" i t"rnationad" inD'"n!% a !o itt"d $% '#"rior+o,"rn "nt o9!ia or or+an ia$i it% i

atta!* i "diat" % a t*"ir a!t a% not$" "3"!ti," % #r","nt"d or r","r "d 'nd"rt*" !on tit'tion and a o& t*" tat"

$. *"r" t*" o3"n " i !o itt"d$% in&"rior +o,"rn "nt o9!ia or or"

o $% #ri,at" indi,id'a t*" tat" i $"*" d ia$ " on % i& $% r"a on o& itindi3"r"n!"in #r","ntin+ or #' *in+ it it!an $" !on id"r"d to *a," !oni,"d in"3"!t in it !o i ion

E=HAUSTION OF LOCAL RE+EDIES

Q t*" ia$i it% o& t*" tat" &or anint"rnationa d" inD'"n!% it "n&or!" n"t!annot $" ! ai "d $% t*" in6'r"d &or"i+n"r'n " *" ;r t "<*a' t a a,ai a$ " o!ar" "di" &or t*" #rot"!tion or ,indi!ationo& *i ri+*t

Q tat" ' t $" +i,"n an o##ort'nit% to do 6' ti!" in it o n r"+' ar a% and it*o't'n arrant"d int"r&"r"n!" it* it

o,"r"i+nt% $% ot*"r tat"

Q t*i r"D'ir" "nt a% $" di #"n "d it**o ","r i& t*"r" ar" no r" "di" to"<*a' t a *"r" t*" a ar"intrin i!a % d"&"!ti," or t*"r" i a<it% orar$itrarin" in t*"ir "n&or!" "nt or

*"r" t*" !o'rt ar" !orr'#t or *"r"t*"r" i no ad"Da't" a!*in"r% &or t*"ad ini tration o& 6' ti!"

Q t*"r" o' d $" NO r" "d% a,ai a$ "&ro =a!t o& tat"? *i!* ar" not '$6"!tto 6'di!ia r",i"

RESORT TO DIPLO+ATIC PROTECTION

Q i& t*" in6'r"d &or"i+n"r *a "<*a' t"d at*" o!a r" "di" $'t it*o't '!!" *"

a% t*"n a,ai *i " & o& t*" a i tan!" o& *i tat" $'t on % i& *" *a a tat".Ot*"r i " *" i *a," no #art% tor"#r" "nt *i and *" $% *i " & $"in+ a

2




"r" indi,id'a !annot in tit't" *i ! aiin *i o n na ".

Q an% in6'r% to an a i"n i a ,io ation not o& *i o n #"r ona r+*t $'t o& t*" ri+*t o& *i tat" to *a!," it nationa #rot"!t"d$'t o& t*" ri+*t o& *i tat" to *a," itnationa #rot"!t"d *"n","r t*"% ar" ina &or"i+n !o'ntr%

Q *"r" t*" in6'r"d a i"n i tat" " *i!a " i $" on" o& ANNUM AB/7UEIN URIA and !annot $" '$6"!t o& di# o ati! #rot"!tion

Q ti" o& nationa it% r"D'ir"d to "<i t &rot*" ti " o& t*" in6'r% 'nti t*" ti " t*"int"rnationa ! ai i ;na % "tt "d. On!"t*" ti" i $ro "n t*" ! ai it " ; d"" "da'to ati!a % a$at"d. I& t*" in6'r"dnationa di" *i " t*" ! ai i 'nd"r!on id"ration and it *o' d *a##"n t*at*i *"r ar" not nationa o& t*" ! ai ant

tat" t*" ! ai i a# "

ENFORCE+ENT OF CLAI+

Q an int"rnationa ! ai &or da a+" a%$" r" o ,"d t*ro'+* n"+otiation or i& t*i&ai an% o& t*" ot*"r "t*od o& "tt in+di #'t"

Q in t*" ","nt t*at t*" r" #on i$i it% o& t*"tat" i " ta$ i *"d or a! no "d+"d t*"

d't% to a " r"a#aration i ari ". /'!*r"#aration a% ta " t*" &or o& RE/TITUTION or /ATI/ ACTION orCOMPEN/ATION.

AVOIDANCE OF STATERESPONSIBILIT,

Q to a,oid t*" int"r,"ntion o& t*" a i"ntat" in !ontra!t t*" o!a tat"o "ti " in!or#orat" t*"r"in *at ino n a t*" CAL5O CLAU/E

Q Ca ,o C a' " ti#' ation $%*i!* t*" a i"n ai," or r" tri!t *i ri+*tto a##"a to *i o n tat" in !onn"!tion

it* an% ! ai ari in+ &ro t*" !ontra!tand a+r"" to i it *i " & to t*"r" "di" a,ai a$ " 'nd"r t*" a o& t*"

o!a tat".

Q !a ,o ! a' " a% $" "n&or!"d aa a &' !ondition o& t*" !ontra!t.

o ","r a% not $" int"r#r"t"d tod"#ri," t*" a i"n tat" o& t*" ri+*t to#rot"!t or ,indi!at" *i int"r" t in !a "

t*"% ar" in6'r"d in anot*"r tat" a '!*ai,"r !an "+a % $" ad" not $% *i $'t$% *i o n tat"

E=CLUSION OF ALIENS

Q t*" tat" a% a o a,oid ia$i it% toa i"n $% r"&' in+ t*"ir ad i ion $'t t*ii not r"+ard"d a o'nd #o i!% in!" it

o' d #ro,o " r"ta iation in ind and' ti at" % i o at" it nationa &ro t*"r" t o& t*" int"rnationa !o 'nit%

Q EPORTATIONF t*" r" o,a o& ana i"n o't o& t*" !o'ntr% i # % $"!a' "*i #r" "n!" i d"" "d in!on i t"nt it*t*" #'$ i! " &ar" and it*o't an%#'ni * "nt $"in+ i #o "d or!ont" # at"d "it*"r 'nd"r t*" a o& t*"!o'ntr% o't o& *i!* *" i "nt or 'nd"rt*o " o& t*" !o'ntr% to *i!* *" i ta "n

Q E CLU/IONF d"nia o& "ntr% to ana i"n

DEPORTATION E=TRADITION

Uni at"ra a!t i& t*"o!a tat"

E3"!t"d at t*"r"D'" t o& t*" tat"o& ori+in

Ba "d on !a' "ari in+ in t*" o!a

tat"

Ba "d on o3"n "+"n"ra %!o itt"d in t*"

tat" o& ori+in

Und" ira$ " a i"na% $" d"#ort"d to

a tat" ot*"r t*an*i o n or t*" tat"o& ori+in

Ca &or t*" r"t'rno& t*" &'+iti," tot*" tat" o& ori+in

Bas s of E@&"a & o$

Q T*" "<tradition o& a #"r on i r"D'ir"don % i& t*"r" i a tr"at% $"t ""n t*" tat"o& r"&'+" and t*" tat" o& ori+in

Q in t*" a$ "n!" o& a tr"at% o!a tat"*a ","r% ri+*t to +rant a % ' to t*"&'+iti," and to r"&' " to d" i,"r *i $a!to t*" att"r tat" ","n i& *" i a nationa

F%$ a0e$&a' P" $ p'es of E@&"a & & o$

1. "<tradition i $a "d on t*" !on "nt o& t*" tat" o& a % '

2. Prin!i# " o& #"!ia t% a &'+iti," *o i"<tradit"d a% $" tri"d on % &or t*" !ri "

#"!i;"d in t*" r"D'" t &or "<tradition andin! 'd"d in t*" i t o& o3"n " in t*""<tradition tr"at%

@. an% #"r on a% $" "<tradit"d

4. #o iti!a and r" i+io' o3"nd"r ar"+"n"ra % not '$6"!t to "<tradition

. in t*" a$ "n!" o& a #"!ia a+r"" "ntt*" o3"n " ' t *a," $""n !o itt"d

it*in t*" t"rritor% or a+ain t t*" int"r" to& t*" d" andin+ tat"

2




. R' " o& do'$ " !ri ina it% - t*" a!t &or*i!* t*" "<tradition i o'+*t ' t $"

#'ni *a$ " in $ot* t*" r"D'" tin+ andr"D'" t"d tat"

P"o e %"e of E@&"a & o$

i& t*" 'rr"nd"r o& a &'+iti," i o'+*t ar"D'" t &or *i "<tradition i #r" "nt"dt*ro'+* di# o ati! !*ann" to t*" tat"o& r"&'+"

Q t*i r"D'" t i $" a!!o #ani"d $% t*"n"!" ar% #a#"r r" ati," to t*" id"ntit% o& t*" ant"d #"r on and t*" !ri " *" ia "+"d to *a," !o itt"d or o& *i!* *"*a a r"ad% $""n !on,i!t"d

Q '#on r"!"i#t o& r"D'" t t*" tat" o& r"&'+" i !ond'!t a 6'di!ia in," ti+ation

to a !"rtain i& t*" !ri " i !o,"r"d $% t*""<tradition tr"at% and i& t*"r" i a #ri a&a!i" !a " a+ain t t*" &'+iti," a!!ordin+to it o n a

CHAPTER 1

SETTLE+ENT OF INTERNATIONALDISPUTES

Q I/PUTE "<i t *"n on" tat" ! ait*at anot*"r tat" *o' d *a," $"*a," ina !"rtain ann"r and t*at ! ai ir"6"!t"d $% t*" att"r

Q a!t'a di a+r"" "nt $"t ""ntat" r"+ardin+ t*" !ond'!t to $" ta "n

$% on" o& t*" &or t*" #rot"!tion or,indi!ation o& t*" int"r" t o& t*" ot*"r

Q /ITUATION initia ta+" o& a di #'t"

Q i #'t" i LE:AL in,o ," a 6' ti!ia$ "

ri+*t $a "d on a or &a!t ' !"#ti$ " o& ad6'di!ation $% a 6'di!ia or ar$itratri$'na .

Q i #'t" i POLITICAL i& it !annot $"d"!id"d $% "+a #ro!" " on t*" $a i o& t*" '$ tanti," r' " o& int"rnationa a$"!a' " t*" di3"r"n!" o& t*" #arti"

#rin+ &ro ani o iti" in t*"ir 't'aattit'd" rat*"r t*an &ro an anta+onio& "+a ri+*t

Q t*" o 'tion to '!* a di #'t" i" not int*" !o'n!i o& t*" !o'rt $'t in t*"!orridor o& di# o a!%

+e&-o s of se&&' $ sp%&es

di #'t" ar" r"D'ir"d to $" "tt "d!on&or a$ % to on" o& t*" $a i! #rin!i# "o& t*" UN =$% #"a!"&' "an in '!* a

ann"r t*at int"rnationa #"a!" and"!'rit% and 6' ti!" ar" not "ndan+"r"d

A0 a5'e +e&-o s

1. N"+otiation +"n"ra % t*" ;r t t"#ta "n in t*" "tt " "nt o& an int"rnationadi #'t" i t*" di !' ion 'nd"rta "n $%t*" #arti" t*" " ," o& t*"ir r" #"!ti,"! ai and !o'nt"r! ai it* a ,i" tot*"ir 6' t and ord"r % ad6' t "nt.

Q *"r" t*" ta #ro #"r anda+r"" "nt i r"a!*"d it i ' 'a %&or a i "d in a tr"at% or or" dir"!t %"3"!t"d t*ro'+* t*" r"!ti;!ation o& t*"in6'r% !a' "d to t*" ! ai ant tat"

2. InD'ir% in," ti+ation o& t*" #oint inD'" tion on t*" t*"or% t*at t*"ir"d'!ation i !ontri$'t" to t*" o 'tion o& t*" di3"r"n!" $"t ""n t*" #arti" .

@. :ood O9!" "t*od $% *i!* a t*ird#art% att" #t to $rin+ t*" di #'tin+tat" to+"t*"r in ord"r to "na$ " t*" to

di !' t*" i '" in !ont"ntion and arri,"at an a+r"" "nt

4. M"diation t*ird #art% do" not "r" %#ro,id" t*" o##ort'nit% &or t*"anta+oni t to n"+otiat" $'t a o a!ti," %#arti!i#at" in t*"ir di !' ion in ord"r tor"!on!i " t*"ir !onKi!tin+ ! ai anda##"a " t*"ir &"" in+ o& r" "nt "nt

. Con!i iation a!ti," #arti!i#ation o& at*ird #art% in t*" att" #t o& t*"di #'tant to "tt " t*"ir !onKi!t and t*"r"!o "ndation ad" $% it ar" i " i "not $indin+.

. Ar$itration o 'tion o& a di #'t" $% ani #artia t*ird #art% ' 'a % a tri$'na!r"at"d $% t*" #arti" t*" " ," 'nd"r a!*art"r no n a t*" COMPROMI/

G. 'di!ia /"tt " "nt t*" nat'r" o& it#ro!""din+ and t*" $indin+ !*ara!t"r o& t*" d"!i ion $'t a o in t*" &a!t t*at t*"di #'t" '$ itt"d &or ad6'di!ation ar"

"+a rat*"r t*an #o iti!a

ARBITRATION 7UDICIALSETTLE+ENT

Ar$itra tri$'na ian ad *o! $od%!r"at"d and ; "d $%t*" #arti" to t*"di #'t" t*" " ,"

'di!ia tri$'na i a#r"-"<i tin+ and#"r an"nt $od%

/'$ i ion toar$itration i,o 'ntar%

'ri di!tion -!o #' ar%

Ar$itration#ro!""din+ -

i it"d

T*" a a## i"d $%t*" tri$'na in

6'di!ia "tt " "nti ind"#"nd"nt o&

2G




t*" i o& t*"#arti"

Q t*" 6'ri di!tion o& t*" !o'rt i not!o #' or% $'t d"#"nd"nt on t*"a+r"" "nt o& t*" #arti" to '$ it to and$" $o'nd $% it d"!i ion . /'!* !on "nt

a% $" ani&" t"d in a tr"at% !ontainin+*at i !a "d t*" =!o #ro i ar% ! a' "?

. ACTION B RE:IONAL OR:ANIZATION/ r" ort"d to $% t*" #arti" at t*"ir o n

,o ition or ta "n $% t*" $od% it " & at ito n in tan!" i& a o "d $% a+r"" "nt o& t*" " $"r

Hos& 'e +e&-o s

1. INTER5ENTION2. RETOR/ION/ r"ta iation *"r" t*"a!t !o # ain"d o& do not !on tit't" a

"+a +ro'nd o& o3"n " $'t ar" rat*"r int*" nat'r" o& 'n&ri"nd % a!t $'t indir"!t %*'rt&' to ot*"r tat"

@. REPRI/AL/ a!t o& " &-*" # on t*" #arto& t*" in6'r"d tat" r" #ondin+ a&t"r an'n ati ;"d d" and to a!t !ontrar% toint"rnationa a on t*" #art o& t*"o3"ndin+ tat"

Qt*"% ai to i #o " on t*"o3"ndin+ tat" r"#aration &or t*" o3"n "or t*" r"t'rn to "+a it% in a,oidan!" o& n" o3"n "

QCo on &or o& r"#ri a

1. di # a% o& &or!"

2. o!!'#ation o& t"rritor%

@. #a!i;! $ o! ad"

T-e U$ &e Na& o$s

Q Unit"d nation a% $" a "d or a%d"!id" on it o n a't*orit% to ta " a *andin it "tt " "nt.

Q t*" "!'rit% !o'n!i *a *a," t*" 6'ri di!tion to int"r,"n" inH

a. a di #'t" a3"!tin+int"rnationa #"a!" and "!'rit%

$. a di #'t" *i!* *a," $""n'$ itt"d to it $% t*" #arti" &or"tt " "nt

Q '!* di #'t" a% $" $ro'+*t to it $%F

a. t*" "!'rit% !o'n!i on it o notion

$. t*" +"n"ra a " $ %

!. an% " $"r o& t*" 'nit"dnation

d. t*" "!r"tar% +"n"ra

". an% #art% to t*" di #'t"#ro,id"d t*at in t*" !a " o& non- " $"ro& t*" UN t*"% *o' d a!!"#t in ad,an!"&or t*" #'r#o " o& t*" di #'t" t*"o$ i+ation o& #a!i;! "tt " "nt 'nd"r t*"C*art"r

T*" /"!'rit% Co'n!i a% r"!o "nda##ro#riat" "a 'r" or "t*od o& ad6' t "nt ta in+ into !on id"rationF

a. An% a i!a$ " "a 'r" a r"ad%ado#t"d $% t*" #arti"

$. T*at "+a di #'t" *o' d a ar' " $" r"&"rr"d to t*"Int"rnationa Co'rt o& ' ti!"

QW*"r" t*" t"r o& "tt " "nt ar"r"6"!t"d $% t*" #arti" t*" /"!'rit%Co'n!i i " #o "r"d to ta " or" dra ti!

t"#

a. PRE5ENTI5E ACTION it a%ado#t '!* "a 'r" not in,o ,in+ t*" ' "o& ar "d &or!"

$. EN ORCEMENT ACTION

CHAPTER 1

WAR

WAR ar "d !ont"ntion $"t ""n t*"#'$ i! &or!" o& tat" or ot*"r $" i+"r"nt!o 'niti" i # %in+ t*" " # o% "nt o& ,io "n!" a on+ t*" #arti" a a "an o& "n&or!in+ t*"ir r" #"!ti," d" and '#on"a!* ot*"r

Q War a% "<i t ","n it*o't t*" ' " o& &or!"

O%&'aw" of wa"

ar a ori+ina % a!!"#t"d a a"+iti at" "an o& a !o #' ion t*at ita a r"a!tion to an int"rnationa d" i!t

Q in on % 2 in tan!" i t*" ' " o& &or!"a o "dF

1. "<"r!i " o& t*" in*"r"nt ri+*t o& " &-d"&"n "

2. "n&or!" "nt a!tion

How a"e &-e a "ee0e$&s e$fo" e J

t*" !o on % a!!"#t"d an!tion ar"F

2




a. #rot" t od+"d $% on" $" i+"r"nt' 'a % a!!o #ani"d or &o o "d $% ana##"a

$ r"#aration &or da a+" i !a' " $% t*"d"&"at"d $" i+"r"nt

!. #'ni * "nt o& ar !ri ina

Co00e$ e0e$& of wa"

Q War i '##o "d to !o "n!" on t*"dat" #"!i;"d in t*" d"! aration or on t*"dat" it i !o 'ni!at"d to t*" "n" %

Q &or a it% i o&t"n not o$ "r,"d a",id"n!"d $% t*" n' $"r o& ar t*at*a," $ro "n o't it*o't t*" =#r",io' and

"<# i!it arnin+? r"D'ir"dQ !o "n!" &ro t*" o "nt o& t*" ;r ta!t o& &or!" !o itt"d $% on" tat" it*t*" int"nt o& a in+ ar or !o itt"d

it*o't '!* int"nt $'t !on id"r"d $% t*"ot*"r tat" a !on tit'tin+ ar

E e &s of &-e O%&5"ea of Wa"

1. t*" a o& #"a!" !"a " to r"+' at" t*"r" ation o& t*" $" i+"r"nt and ar"

'#"r "d"d $% t*" a o& ar2. di# o ati! and !on ' ar r" ation$"t ""n t*" $" i+"r"nt ar" t"r inat"dand t*"ir r" #"!ti," r"#r" "ntati," ar"a o "d to r"t'rn to t*"ir o n !o'ntri"

@. tr"ati" o& a #o iti!a nat'r" ar"a'to ati!a % !an!" "d $'t t*o " *i!*ar" #r"!i " % int"nd"d to o#"rat" d'rin+

ar ar" a!ti,at"d

4. indi,id'a ar" i #r" "d it* "n" %!*ara!t"r

a. nationa it% t" t i& t*"% ar"nationa o& t*" ot*"r $" i+"r"nt *"r","rt*"% a% $"

$. do i!i iar% t" t i& t*"% ar"do i!i "d a i"n in t*" t"rritor% o& t*"ot*"r $" i+"r"nt on t*" a ' #tion t*att*"% !ontri$'t" to it "!ono i! r" o'r!"

!. a!ti,iti" t" t i& $"in+&or"i+n"r t*"% ar" n","rt*" "#arti!i#at" in t*" *o ti iti" in &a,o'r o&

t*" ot*"r $" i+"r"ntQ!or#oration and ot*"r 6'ridi!a #"r onar" r"+ard"d a "n" i" i& a a6orit% or a

'$ tantia #ortion o& t*"ir !a#ita to! iin t*" *and o& "n" % nationa or i& t*"%*a," in!or#orat"d in t*" t"rritor% or 'n"rt*" a o& t*" ot*"r $" i+"r"nt

. "n" % #'$ i! #ro#"rt% &o'nd in t*"t"rritor% o& t*" ot*"r $" i+"r"nt at t*"o't$r"a o& *o ti iti" i '$6"!t to!on; !ation

Co05a&a$&s a$ $o$* o05a&a$&s

QCo $atant t*o " *o "n+a+" dir"!t %in t*" *o ti iti" H a% a &' % a+" arand ar" t*' '$6"!t to dir"!t atta! &rot*" "n" %

QNon-Co $atant t*o " *o do not"n+a+" dir"!t % in t*" *o ti iti" H *o' dnot $" '$6"!t"d to atta! a t*"% ar" not

'##o "d to #arti!i#at" in t*" a!t'a;+*tin+

Q T*" &o o in+ ar" r"+ard"d a!o $atant F

1. " $"r o& t*" ar "d &or!"

2. irr"+' ar &or!"

a. t*"% ar" !o and"d $% a#"r on r" #on i$ " &or *i '$ordinat"

$. t*"% "ar a ;<"d and di tin!ti,"i+n r"!o+ni a$ " at a di tan!"

!. t*"% !arr% ar o#"n %

d. t*"% !ond'!t t*"ir o#"ration ina!!ordan!" it* a and !' to o& ar

@. ","" "n a " t*" in*a$itant o& 'no!!'#i"d t"rritor% *o on t*" a##roa!*o& t*" "n" % #ontan"o' % ta " ar tor" i t t*" in,adin+ troo# it*o't *a,in+*ad ti " to or+ani " t*" " ,"

4. o9!"r and !r" o& "r!*ant ," "*o &or!i$ % r" i t atta!

Co$ % & of Hos& ' & es

t*r"" $a i! #rin!i# " 'nd"r i" t*" r' " o& ar&ar"

1. #rin!i# " o& i itar% n"!" it% " # o% an% a o'nt and ind o& &or!" to!o #" t*" !o # "t" '$ i ion o& t*""n" % it* t*" "a t #o i$ " o o& i,"ti " and on"%

2. #rin!i# " o& *' anit% ' " o&

an% "a 'r" t*at i not a$ o 't" %n"!" ar% &or t*" #'r#o " o& ar

@. #rin!i# " o& !*i,a r% t*o " t*atr"D'ir" t*" $" i+"r"nt to +i," #ro#"r

arnin+ $"&or" a'n!*in+ a $o $ard "ntor #ro*i$it t*" ' " o& #"r;d% in t*"!ond'!t o& t*" *o ti iti"

2J




Q an indi,id'a !an on % $" !on id"r"d a#% i& a!tin+ ! and" tin" % or 'nd"r &a "

#r"t"n " *" o$tain or "" to o$tainin&or ation in t*" on" o& o#"ration i& a$" i+"r"nt

Q #i" ar" '$6"!t to t*" 'ni!i#a a o& t*" ot*"r $" i+"r"nt

Q a #% ta "n in t*" a!t !annot $"#'ni *"d it*o't #r",io' tria

2 $ s of Wa"fa"e

Q ar&ar" a% $" a+"d on LAN or /EAor in t*" AIR "#arat" % or i ' tan"o' %

Q o t o& t*" r' " on a"ria ar&ar" *a,"

$"!o " o$ o "t" and n""d to $" r",i "dto a " t*" !on&or to #r" "nt r"a iti"

Q a &or na,a ar&ar" t*" o t "rio'di9!' ti" i" in t* di a+r"" "nt a on+

tat" a to *"t*"r ar "d "r!*ant," " ar" '$6"!t to dir"!t atta!

Qon" i #ortant r' " i t*at $oot% or#"r ona #ro#"rt% &o'nd in t*" $att ";" di '$6"!t to !on; !ation $% t*" $" i+"r"nto!!'#ation "<!"#t on % t*" #"r ona$" on+in+ o& t*" indi,id'a !o $atant

*i!* *a," no i itar% ,a '".

T EATRE O WARF # a!" *"r" t*"*o ti iti" ar" a!t'a % !ond'!t"d

RE:ION O WARF +r"at"r ar"a *"r" t*"$" i+"r"nt a% a &' % "n+a+" "a!*ot*"r

Be'' e"e$& O %pa& o$

Q t"rritor% i d"" "d o!!'#i"d *"n it ia!t'a % # a!"d 'nd"r t*" a't*orit% o& t*"*o ti " ar % $'t t*i o!!'#ation i i it"don % to t*" ar"a *"r" '!* a't*orit% *a$""n " ta$ i *"d and !an $" "3"!ti," %"<"r!i "d. It i not n"!" ar% t*at ","r%

D'ar" &oot o& t*" t"rritor% in D'" tion $"a!t'a % o!!'#i"d

Q B" i+"r"nt o!!'#ation do" not r" ' t intran &"r or ' #"n ion o& t*" o,"r"i+nt%o& t*" "+iti at" +o,"rn "nt a t*o'+* it

a% at t*" o "nt $" 'na$ " to "<"r!i "it. T*" $" i+"r"nt o!!'#ant !annot#"r&or '!* a!t a d"! arin+ t*"ind"#"nd"n!" o& t*" o!!'#i"d t"rritor% orr"D'irin+ it in*a$itant to r"no'n!" t*"ira "+ian!" to t*" a &' +o,"rn "nt

Q t*" $" i+"r"nt i r"D'ir"d to r" tor" and"n 'r" #'$ i! ord"r and a&"t% *i "r" #"!tin+ 'n " a$ o 't" % #r","nt"dt*" a in &or!" in t*" !o'ntr%.

Q t*" $" i+"r"nt o!!'#ant a%#ro ' +at" n" a non-#o iti!a a "a #o iti!a #ro,id"d t*"% do not!ontra,"n" t*" +"n"ra a!!"#t"d#rin!i# " o& int"rnationa a . T*" #o iti!a

a ar" a'to ati!a % a$ro+at"d '#on t*"

"nd o& t*" o!!'#ation $'t t*" non-#o iti!aa a% !ontin'" ","n $"%ond t*"o!!'#ation 'n " t*"% ar" "<#r" %r"#"a "d or odi;"d $% t*" "+iti at"+o,"rn "nt

Q it i #"r itt"d &or t*" $" i+"r"nto!!'#ant to introd'!" i itar% !'rr"n!%#ro,id"d t*" #'r#o " i not to d"$a " t*"!o'ntr%8 "!ono %

Q #ri,at" #ro#"rt% !annot $" !on; !at"d$'t t*o " ' !"#ti$ " o& i itar% ' " a%$" "i "d '$6"!t to r" toration or!o #"n ation *"n #"a!" i ad"

Q t*" #ro#"rt% o& 'ni!i#a iti" and o& in tit'tion d"di!at"d to r" i+ion !*arit%and "d'!ation and t*" art and !i"n!"","n *"n tat" o n"d *a $" tr"at"da #ri,at" #ro#"rt% and t*"ir d" tr'!tion i"<#r" % &or$idd"n

Q t*" ar % o& o!!'#ation !an on % ta "#o " ion o& !a * &'nd and r"a i a$ "

"!'riti" *i!* ar" tri!t % t*" #ro#"rt% o& t*" tat" d"#ot o& ar "an o&

tran #ort tor" and '## i" and+"n"ra % o,a$ " #ro#"rt% $" on+in+ tot*" tat" *i!* a% $" ' "d &or i itar%o#"ration

Qt*" o!!'#%in+ tat" *a $" r"+ard"don % a ad ini trator and ' '&r'!t'ar% o& #'$ i! $'i din+ r"a " tat" &or" ta+ri!' t'ra " tat" $" on+in+ to t*"*o ti " tat" and it'at"d in t*" o!!'#i"dt"rritor%

Pos&' 0 $ %0

Q #"r on or t*in+ ta "n $% t*" "n" %ar" r" tor"d to t*" &or "r tat" on !o in+a!t'a % into t*" #o "r o& t*" nation to

*i!* t*"% $" on+

Q U/ PO/TLIMINIUM r"in tat" "nt o& t*"a't*orit% o& t*" di # a!"d +o,"rn "nton!" !ontro o& t*" "n" % i o t o,"r t*"t"rritor% a3"!t"d

Q '#on t*" "nd o& a $" i+"r"nt o!!'#ation

t*" a o& t*" r"-" ta$ i *"d +o,"rn "ntar" r",i,"d and a a!t ta "n $% t*"$" i+"r"nt o!!'#ant *i!* it !o' d not

"+a % do 'nd"r t*" a o& nation a "a a &' a!t o& a #o iti!a !o # "<ion ar"in,a idat"d

@0




No$*Hos& 'e I$&e" o%"se

FLAG OF TRUCE *it" Ka+ !arri"d $%an indi,id'a a't*ori "d $% on" $" i+"r"ntto "nt"r into !o 'ni!ation it* t*"ot*"r

CARTELS a+r"" "nt to r"+' at"int"r!o'r " d'rin+ ar on att"r a#o ta and t" "+ra#*i! !o 'ni!ation

PASSPORT ritt"n #"r i ion +i,"n $%t*" $" i+"r"nt +o,"rn "nt or ita't*ori "d a+"nt '$6"!t o& t*" "n" %

tat" to tra," +"n"ra % in $" i+"r"ntt"rritor%

SAFE*CONDUCT #a +i,"n to an"n" % '$6"!t or to an "n" % ," "a o in+ #a a+" $"t ""n d";n"d #oint

SAFEGUARD #rot"!tion +rant"d $% a!o andin+ o9!"r "it*"r to "n" %#"r on or #ro#"rt% it*in *i !o and

LICENSE OF TRADE #"r i ion +i,"n$% t*" !o #"t"nt a't*orit% to indi,id'ato !arr% on trad" ","n t*o'+* t*"r" i a

tat" o& ar

S%spe$s o$ of Hos& ' & es

SUSPENSION OF AR+S t" #orar%!" ation o& t*" *o ti iti" $% arran+" "nto& t*" o!a !o and"r &or '!*#'r#o " a t*" +at*"rin+ o& t*" o'nd"dand t*" $'ria o& t*" d"ad.

Q AR+ISTICE ' #"n ion o& a*o ti iti" it*in a !"rtain ar"a or in t*""ntir" r"+ion o& ar a+r""d '#on $% t*"$" i+"r"nt +o,"rn "nt ' 'a % &or t*"#'r#o " o& arran+in+ t*" t"r o& t*"#"a!"

AR+ISTICE SUSPENSION OFAR+S

P'r#o "F #o iti!a P'r#o "F i itar%

Ma% $" !on! 'd"d$% t*"!o and"r -in-!*i"&

Ma% $" a+r""d'#on $% t*" o!a!o and"r

U 'a % in ritin+ Ma% $" ora

Q CEASEFIRE 'n!onditiona to##a+" o& *o ti iti" $% ord"r o& an int"rnationa$od%

Q TRUCE r"+ard"d a !"a ";r" it*!ondition atta!*"d

Q CAPITULATION 'rr"nd"r o& i itar%&or!" # a!" or di tri!t in a!!ordan!"

it* t*" r' " o& i itar% *onor

Te"0 $a& o$ of wa"

1. !" ation o& *o ti iti"

2. !on! ' ion o& a n"+otiat"d tr"at% o& #"a!"

@. d"&"at o& on" o& t*" $" i+"r"nt&o o "d $% a di!tat"d tr"at% o& #"a!"

Q Prin!i# " o& 'ti #o id"ti #ro#"rt% ort"rritor% in t*" #o " ion o& t*"r" #"!ti," $" i+"r"nt '#on t*"t"r ination o& t*" ar i r"tain"d $% t*"

Q /tat' D'o ant" !a &or t*" !o # "t"r" toration to t*"ir &or "r o n"r o& #ro#"rt% or t"rritor% t*at a% *a,"!*an+"d *and d'rin+ t*" *o ti iti" it*t*" "<!"#tion on % o& #ri " and $oot%

Q ar i '##o "d to "nd it* t*" r"-" ta$ i * "nt o& #"a!" $'t t*" #r"!i "dat" i not "a i % ;<"d in ,i" o& t*"di3"r"nt "t*od o& t"r inatin+ t*" tat"o& *o ti iti"

Af&e"0a&- of Wa"

on" o& t*" in",ita$ " !on "D'"n!" o& ar t*" i # i"d 6'd+ "nt ri+*t orron+ t*at t*" ,anD'i *"d $" i+"r"nt i

t*" +'i t% #art% in t*" di #'t" t*at !a' "dt*" *o ti iti" .

Q tr"at% o& #"a!" i #o "d $% t*" ,i!tor'#on t*" d"&"at"d tat" i r"+ard"d a a#'ni * "nt a i ' tain"d on t*" +ro'nda t*o'+* ar "d $% t*" ,i!" o& d'r"

t*at nor a % o' d in,a idat" ot*"ra+r"" "nt

Qnationa o& t*" ,anD'i *"d tat" a% $"#rot"!t"d and #'ni *"d a ar !ri inaand &or ot*"r ,io ation o& int"rnationa

a . T*"% a% not " !a#" r" #on i$i it% ont*" +ro'nd t*at t*"% "r" "r" % a!tin+on ord"r o& t*"ir tat"

CHAPTER 1

NEUTRALIT,

Q A tat" i aid to $" n"'tra i& it do" notta " #art dir"!t % or indir"!t % in a ar$"t ""n ot*"r tat" .

Ne%&"a' & a$ Ne%&"a' 4a& o$

@1




Q n"'tra it% d"#"nd"nt o " % on t*"attit'd" o& t*" n"'tra tat" *i!* i &r""to 6oin an% o& t*" $" i+"r"nt an% ti " it

"" ;t

Q +o,"rn"d $% t*" a o& nation

Qo$tain on % d'rin+ ar

Q n"'tra i ation r" ' t o& a tr"at% *"r"int*" d'ration and t*" ot*"r !ondition o& t*" n"'tra i ation ar" a+r""d '#on $% t*"n"'tra i "d tat" and ot*"r #o "r

Q t*i a+r"" "nt +o,"rn t*"!ond'!t o& i+natori"

Q int"nd"d to o#"rat" in ti " o& #"a!" a " a in ti " o& ar

QOn % tat" a% $"!o " n"'tra $'t#ortion o& tat" a% $" n"'tra i "d

Laws of Ne%&"a' &

a. R" ation o& t*" $" i+"r"nt tat"it* t*" n"'tra tat"

$. R" ation o& t*" $" i+"r"nt tat"it* t*" nationa o& t*" n"'tratat"

Re'a& o$s of 5e'' e"e$& S&a&es a$Ne%&"a' S&a&es

Q a n"'tra tat" *a t*" ri+*t and d't% toa$ tain &ro ta in+ #art in t*" *o ti iti"and &ro +i,in+ a i tan!" to "it*"r$" i+"r"ntH #r","nt it t"rritor% and ot*"rr" o'r!" &ro $"in+ ' "d in t*" !ond'!to& *o ti iti" $% t*" $" i+"r"nt and toa!D'i" !" in !"rtain r" tri!tion and

i itation t*at t*" $" i+"r"nt a% ;ndn"!" ar% to i #o " " #"!ia % in!onn"!tion it* int"rnationa !o "r!"

Q $" i+"r"nt ar" $o'nd to r" #"!t t*"tat' o& t*" n"'tra tat"

Use of Ne%&"a' Te"" &o" es

Q n"'tra t"rritor% i in,io a$ " and !annot$" ' "d $% t*" $" i+"r"nt &or t*"

o," "nt o& troo# and t*" 'nd"rta in+o& i itar% o#"ration in +"n"ra

Q ' " o& n"'tra t"rritor% i not !o # "t" %

$arr"d to t*" $" i+"r"nt ("<a # "F#a a+" o& i! and o'nd"d troo# )

Q n"'tra tat" a% +i," r"&'+" to troo#&ro t*" $" i+"r"nt &or!"

Q " !a#"d #ri on"r o& ar n""d not $"d"tain"d $% t*" n"'tra tat" $'t ' t $"

a i+n"d a # a!" o& r" id"n!" i& t*"% ar"a o "d to r" ain

Q ar *i# a% not "nt"r n"'tra #ortroad t"ad and *ar$o'r "<!"#t on % in!a " o& 'n "a ort*in" . T*" ' 'ad'ration o& t*" o6o'rn i 24 *o'r $'t t*i

a% $" *ort"n"d or "<t"nd"d d"#"ndin+on t*" r"a on &or t*" "ntr%. T*' t*"," " ' t "a," a oon a it *a $""nr"-#ro,i ion"d

Q:"n"ra r' "F r"#air in t*"ir t"rritor% o& da a+" ' tain"d $% a ar *i# in $att " #"r itt"d o on+ a t*"% ar" not int"nd"dto in!r"a " t*" ;+*tin+ &or!" o& t*" ," " .

Qnot or" t*an @ ," " &ro an%$" i+"r"nt *a $" a o "d

i ' tan"o' % in t*" a " n"'tra #ort orat"r

Q t"rritoria at"r o& a n"'tra tat" ' tn","r $" ' "d a a % ' &or $" i+"r"nt," " 'nd"r #'r 'it or atta! $% t*""n" %

Q #a a+" o& i itar% air!ra&t $" on+in+ tot*" $" i+"r"nt i not a o "d a!ro t*"air #a!" o& a n"'tra tat".

Q *"r" a $" i+"r"nt air!ra&t i &or!"d toand on n"'tra t"rritor% t*" a " *o' d

$" d"tain"d and it o9!"r and !r"int"rn"d

Use of Ne%&"a' Fa ' & es a$ Se"/ es

Q it i #ro*i$it"d &ro +i,in+ $" i+"r"ntan% &or o& dir"!t a i tan!" in !onn"!tion

it* t*" !ond'!t o& *o ti iti" .

Q n"'tra tat" a% not "nd i itar%!ontin+"nt "<t"nd oan or ","n " &or,a 'a$ " !on id"ration '## i" o& ar to

"it*"r or $ot* o& t*" $" i+"r"ntQ n"'tra tat" i not o$ i+"d to #r","ntt*" "<#ort &ro or tran it t*ro'+* itt"rritor% o& ar '## i" #'r!*a "d &ro#ri,at" trad"r $% t*" $" i+"r"nt in t*"ordinar% !o'r " o& !o "r!" it ir"D'ir"d to ta " r"a ona$ " di i+"n!" in#r","ntin+ t*" d" i,"r% o& ," "!on tr'!t"d and ar "d in it t"rritor% &or' " $% an% o& t*" $" i+"r"nt

Re'a& o$s of Be'' e"e$& S&a&es w &-Na& o$a's of Ne%&"a' s&a&es

Q n"'tra tat" "na!t "+i ation to a,oidt*"ir in,o ," "nt in &or"i+n ar a ar" ' t o& t*" a!t o& t*"ir nationa

Q n"'tra tat" ar" &r"" to a o t*"irnationa to d"a in t*"ir #ri,at" !a#a!it%

it* an% o& t*" $" i+"r"nt

@2




Q int"rnationa a !on id"r t*"r" ation *i# a tri!t % $"t ""n t*"indi,id'a and t*" $" i+"r"nt tat" and

*at","r *ard *i# a% $" '3"r"d $% itnationa a a r" ' t t*"r"o& ' t a ar' " $" a!D'i" !"d in $% t*" n"'tra tat"

V s & a$ Sea" -

Q $" i+"r"nt ar *i# and air!ra&t *a,"t*" ri+*t to ,i it and "ar!* n"'tra

"r!*ant ," " on t*" *i+* "a &or t*"#'r#o " o& d"t"r inin+ *"t*"r t*"% ar"in an% a% !onn"!t"d it* t*" *o ti iti"

Q t*" ," " a% $" !a#t'r"d a #ri " i& t*"% ar" "n+a+"d in *o ti " a!ti,iti" i& t*"% r" i t to ,i it and "ar!* or i& t*"r" i

r"a ona$ " ' #i!ion t*at t*"% ar" ia$ "to !on; !ation

Q t*" !ar+o o& t*" " ," " a% a o $"!a#t'r"d 'nd"r !"rtain !ondition a

*"n t*"% ar" !ontra$and

QPri " i not !on; !at"d ' ari % $'t' t $" $ro'+*t to a #ri " !o'rt &or

ad6'di!ation

QPRIZE COURT i a tri$'na" ta$ i *"d $% a $" i+"r"nt 'nd"r it o n

a and a## i" r' " o& int"rnationa ain t*" a$ "n!" o& #"!ia 'ni!i#a

"+i ation.

Co$&"a5a$

!ontra$and t"r a## i"d to +ood*i!* a t*o'+* n"'tra #ro#"rt% a% $""i "d $% a $" i+"r"nt $"!a' " t*"% ar"

' "&' &or ar and ar" $o'nd &or a *o ti "d" tination

Q AB/OLUTE CONTRABAN n"!" ari %' "&' &or ar 'nd"r a !ir!' tan!"

Q '$6"!t to "i 'r" o on+ a t*"%ar" $o'nd &or "n" % or "n" %-*" dt"rritor%

Q CON ITIONAL CONTRABAN $ot*!i,i ian and i itar% #'r#o "

Q a% $" "i "d on % *"n it !an $"*o n t*at t*"% ar" d" tin"d &or t*"

ar "d &or!" or t*" a't*oriti" o& t*"$" i+"r"nt +o,"rn "nt

Q REE LI/T in! 'd" +ood ' "&' &or arand $o'nd &or t*" $" i+"r"nt $'t"<" #t"d &ro t*" a on !ontra$and &or*' anitarian r"a on

Q OCTRINE O ULTIMATE CON/UMPTION +ood int"nd"d &or !i,i ian ' " *i!* a%' ti at" % ;nd t*"ir a% to and $"!on ' "d $% t*" $" i+"r"nt &or!" ar"a o ia$ " to "i 'r"

Q !ontra$and ar" '$6"!t to !ond" nation

Q OCTRINE O IN ECTION i& t*"% ar"*i##"d to+"t*"r it* inno!"nt +ood

$" on+in+ to t*" a " o n"rH t*" att"ra% a o $" !on; !at"d

Q !ontra$and ar" ia$ " to !a#t'r" &ro t*"ti " t*"% "a," t*" #ort in *i!* t*"% ar"

oad"d and 'nti t*"% r"a!* t*"ir ;na*o ti " d" tination

Q OCTRINE O ULTIMATE E/TINATION ia$i it% o& t*" !ontra$and to !a#t'r" i

d"t"r in"d not $% t*"ir o t"n i$ " $'t $%t*"ir r"a d" tination

Q ","n i& t*" ," " int"nd to to#at an int"r "diat" n"'tra #ort it i ti$" !on id"r"d a in on" !ontin'o'

,o%a+" #ro,id"d it !an $" *o n t*at it!ar+o i ' ti at" % $" d" i,"r"d to a*o ti " d" tination

Q OCTRINE O CONTINUOU/ 5O A:E *"n t*" +ood ar" r" oad"d at t*"

int"r "diat" #ort on t*" a " ," "

Q OCTRINE O CONTINUOU/ TRAN/PORT *"n t*"% ar" r" oad"d on anot*"r

," " or ot*"r &or o& tran #ortation

B'o a e

QB o! ad" *o ti " o#"ration $% "an o& *i!* t*" ," " and air!ra&t o& on"

$" i+"r"nt #r","nt a ot*"r ," "in! 'din+ t*o " o& n"'tra tat" &ro"nt"rin+ or "a,in+ t*" #ort or !oa t o& ot*"r $" i+"r"nt t*" #'r#o " $"in+ to

*'t o3 t*" # a!" &ro int"rnationa!o "r!" and !o 'ni!ation it* ot*"r

tat"

QPa!i;! $ o! ad" a## i" on % to t*"," " o& $ o! ad"d tat" and do" nota3"!t t*" ," " o& ot*"r tat"

QR"D'i it" o& $ o! ad"F

a. $indin+ d' % !o 'ni!at"d to t*"n"'tra tat"

$. "3"!ti," it i aintain"d $% ad"D'at"&or!" o a to a " in+r" to or "+r"&ro t*" #ort dan+"ro'

!. " ta$ i *"d $% t*" #ro#"r a't*oriti" o& t*" $" i+"r"nt +o,"rn "nt

d. i it"d on % to t*" t"rritor% o& t*""n" % and not "<t"nd"d to n"'tra # a!"or int"rnationa ri,"r

". i #artia % a## i"d to a tat" a i "

Q t*" ia$i it% o& a n"'tra ," " to !a#t'r"&or $r"a!* o& $ o! ad" i !ontin+"nt on it

no "d+" a!t'a or #r" ' #ti," o& t*"$ o! ad" and !ontin'" a on+ a it i

@@




#'r '"d $% t*" *i# o& t*" $ o! adin+&or!" a&t"r it *a "&t or tri"d to "nt"r t*"$ o! ad"d #ort

U$$e%&"a' Se"/ e

Q !on i t o& a!t o& a or" *o ti "!*ara!t"r t*an !arria+" o& !ontra$and or$r"a!* o& $ o! ad" *i!* ar" 'nd"rta "n$% "r!*ant ," " o& a n"'tra tat" inaid o& an% o& t*" $" i+"r"nt

Q a n"'tra ," " i ia$ " to!ond" nation &or 'nn"'tra "r,i!"F

1. i& it i a in+ a ,o%a+" #"!ia it* a,i" to t*" tran #ort o& indi,id'a#a "n+"r *o ar" " $odi"d in t*"

ar "d &or!" o& t*" "n" % or it* a ,i"to t*" tran i ion o& in&or ation in t*"int"r" t o& t*" "n" %H OR

2. i& it* t*" no "d+" o& t*" o n"r ort*" on" *o !*art"r t*" "ntir" ," " iti tran #ortin+ i itar% d"ta!* "nt o& "n" % or on" or or" #"r on *od'rin+ t*" ,o%a+" "nd dir"!t a i tan!"to t*" o#"ration o& t*" "n" %

Q a n"'tra ," " i a o ia$ " to!ond" nation and to $" tr"at"d a a

"r!*ant ," " o& t*" "n" %F

1. ta " a dir"!t #art in t*" *o ti iti"

2. i& it i 'nd"r t*" ord"r or !ontro o& ana+"nt # a!"d on $oard $% t*" "n" %+o,"rn "nt

@. !*art"r"d "ntir" % $% t*" "n" %+o,"rn "nt

4. i& it i at t*" a " ti " and "<! ' i," %"it*"r d",ot"d to t*" tran #ort i& "n" %troo# or t*" tran i ion o& in&or ation

A$ a"

Q $% t*" ri+*t o& an+ar% a $" i+"r"nta% '#on #a% "nt o& 6' t !o #"n ation"i " ' " or d" tro% in !a " o& 'r+"nt

n"!" it% &or #'r#o " o& o3"n " ord"&"n " n"'tra #ro#"rt% &o'nd in itt"rritor% in "n" % t"rritor% or on t*" *i+*

"a

Q T REE RE7UI/ITE/

1. t*at t*" #ro#"rt% i 'nd"r t*" !ontro or 6'ri di!tion o& t*" $" i+"r"nt

2. t*"t t*"r" i 'r+"nt n"!" it% &or t*"ta in+

@ t*at 6' t !o #"n ation i #aid to t*"

Te"0 $a& o$ of Ne%&"a' &

1. *"n t*" n"'tra tat" 6oin t*" ar

Q n"'tra tat" i $" +o,"rn"d $%t*" a o& ar in it r" ation it* t*"ot*"r $" i+"r"nt and $% t*" a o& n"'tra it% in it r" ation it* a ot*"r

tat"

2. '#on !on! ' ion o& #"a!"

Qa tat" i a+ain $" +o,"rn"d$% t*" a o& #"a!"

pil reviewer (cruz)

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