pilot study to investigate a participatory approach …...pilot study to investigate participatory...

PilotStudytoInvestigateaParticipatoryApproachforRoadsideProtectionofRuralRoadsinNepalInceptionReportPhase2

HELVETASSWISSINTERCOOPERATIONNEPALRECAP12090NEP2071DSEPTEMBER,2017

PilotStudytoInvestigateParticipatoryApproachforRoadsideProtectionofRuralRoadsinNepal

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HELVETASSWISSINTERCOOPERATIONNEPALG.P.O.BOX688;DHOBIGHAT,LALITPUR-3,NEPALPHONE:0097715524926,5544337,FAX:[email protected],WWW.HELVETAS.ORG.NPWERNERMEYER(TEAMLEADER)RAMSHARANADHIKARI(CIVILENGINEER)HARIGURUNG(SOCIALMOBILISER/COMPONENTMANAGEREAST)TEKBDR.SINGH(SOCIALMOBILISER/COMPONENTMANAGERFAR-WEST)TheviewsinthisdocumentarethoseoftheauthorsandtheydonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheResearchforCommunityAccessPartnership(ReCAP),CardnoEmergingMarkets(UK)Ltdforwhomthedocumentwasprepared.CoverPhoto:Tomatoesbeingcarriedtotheroadheadmarket,attheChhintangIllakaPoliceStation,Hile–Chhintang–JyamireBhanjyangDistrictRoad,DhankutaDistrict.PhotobyHariGurung.

QualityassuranceandreviewtableVersion Author(s) Reviewer(s) DateSecond WernerMeyer

TeamLeaderNEP2071DPilotStudytoInvestigateaParticipatoryApproachforRuralRoadsideProtectionHELVETASSwissIntercooperationNepal

MrMaysamAdebin,AsiaRegionalTechnicalManagerforReCAP,LesSampson,InfrastructureThemeLeader

25.09.2017

ReCAPProjectManagementUnitCardnoEmergingMarket(UK)LtdOxfordHouse,OxfordRoadThameOX92AHUnitedKingdom


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Abstract

Thisreportdocumentstheinceptionphaseofathree-yearpilotstudyaimedatdevelopinganinnovativeandparticipatoryapproachforroadsideprotectiononruralroadsinNepal.Itbuildsonanearliershortinitiationphaseconductedatthebeginningof2016.

TheintroductionofRightofWay(RoW)alongruralroadsoftheDistrictRoadCoreNetwork(DRCN)combinedwithpovertyalleviationisanewproposal.AclearlegalprovisionforthispurposehasnotyetbeenenactedinNepal.However,variouspolicyandlegalprovisionshavebeenendorsedwithregardtoplantationsandmaintaininggreeneryintheRoWthroughlocalauthorities.Basedonthis,appropriatelegalinstrumentsfortheapplicationoftheRoWaretobedeveloped.

Followinginvestigationsonlegal,engineeringandsocio-economicconditions,suitableplantspecieshavebeenselected.CostbenefitanalysisoftheselectedplantsshowthatplantingtheRoWlandforproductiveusecanbeprofitable.Byinvolvingnearbylocallandlessvillagers,organisedinlocalusergroups,thereisanopportunitytoimprovetheirlivelihoods.

Acombinedworkplanincludingactivitiesandmilestonedeliverabledocumentshasbeencompiledformonitoringtheimplementationofthispilotstudyinfivephases.

KeywordsRuralroadsideplantation,roadslopeprotection,landusepolicy,RightofWayutilisation,productivelanduse,participatoryapproach,livelihood,povertyalleviation,localself-governance,socio-economicanalysis.

RESEARCHFORCOMMUNITYACCESSPARTNERSHIP(ReCAP)

SafeandSustainableTransportforRuralCommunities

ReCAPisaresearchprogramme,fundedbyUKAid,withtheaimofpromotingsafeandsustainabletransportforruralcommunitiesinAfricaandAsia.ReCAPcomprisestheAfrica

CommunityAccessPartnershipandtheAsiaCommunityAccessPartnership.Thesepartnershipssupportknowledgesharingbetweenparticipatingcountriesinorderto

enhancetheuptakeoflowcost,provensolutionsforruralaccessthatmaximisetheuseoflocalresources.TheReCAPprogrammeismanagedbyCardnoEmergingMarkets(UK)Ltd.

Seewww.research4cap.org


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AcknowledgementThisreportistheoutcomeofahugeamountofwork,dedicationandresearch.However,implementationwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthesupportofmanyorganisationsandindividuals.Therefore,wewouldliketoexpressoursinceregratitudetoeverybody.

WewouldliketothankMrJiwanShrestha(NewDGDoLIDAR),aswellastheformerDGofDoLIDAR,MrRamKrishnaSapkotafortheiroverallsupport.SpecialthankstoMrMohanChapagain,SDE,DoLIDARappointedFocalPersonforthisStudy,aswellasMrBedRajRegmi,Engineer,DoLIDAR,accompanyingthePilotStudyteamtobothfieldandmissionvisits.WewouldalsoliketothankMrJiwanGuragain(SDE,ChiefofRuralandAgriculturalRoadSection,DoLIDAR)fortheprovisionoftheNepalmapwithDistricts(seeAnnex).And,lastbutnotleast,wewouldliketoexpressoursincerethanksandgratitudetoourcolleaguesandfamiliesfortheirkindcooperationandencouragementduringtheimplementationofthispilotstudy.


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TableofContentsInceptionReportPhase2–Version7 1Abstract..................................................................................................................................3Keywords...............................................................................................................................3Abbreviations,Acronyms,UnitsandCurrencies......................................................................6ListofAnnexes........................................................................................................................7ExecutiveSummary.................................................................................................................82. Background.....................................................................................................................103. ResearchObjective.........................................................................................................104. ActivitiesduringtheInceptionPhase..............................................................................115. FindingsandConclusions................................................................................................12

5.1DistrictSelection 125.2DistrictLevelAuthoritiesConsultation 135.3DistrictRoadSelection 135.4SelectionofPilotSections 145.5HaphazardRoadWideningProgrammesalongthePilotSections 155.6RoadEngineeringStructures 155.7UserGroupConsultation 155.9PlantationProtectionMeasures(Fencing) 165.10VisualMonitoring 16

7. ProposedAdjustments....................................................................................................198. Risks...............................................................................................................................209.References……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..21


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Abbreviations,Acronyms,UnitsandCurrenciesAfCAP AfricaCommunityAccessPartnershipAsCAP AsiaCommunityAccessPartnershipB/C BenefitCostRatioCFD CommunityForestDivisionDADO DistrictAgriculturalDevelopmentOfficeDCC DistrictCoordinationCommitteeDDC DistrictDevelopmentCommitteeDDG DeputyDirectorGeneralDFO DistrictForestOfficeDG DirectorGeneralDoA DepartmentofAgricultureDoF DepartmentofForestDoLIDAR DepartmentofLocalInfrastructureDevelopmentandAgriculturalRoadsDoR DepartmentofRoadsDRCC DistrictRoadCoordinationCommitteeDRCN DistrictRoadCoreNetworkDRILP DistrictDecentralisedRuralInfrastructureandLivelihoodProjectDSC DepartmentofSoilConservationDSM DistrictStakeholdersMeetingDTO DistrictTechnicalOfficeESMF EnvironmentalandSocialManagementFrameworkFECOFUN FederationofCommunityForestUsersGBP GreatBritainPound(1UKPound135.-NRs)GESU GeoEnvironmentalandSocialUnitGoN GovernmentofNepalGP GaonPalika(RuralMunicipality)HQ HeadquartersICIMOD InternationalCentreforIntegratedMountainDevelopmentIRR InternalRateofReturnLDO LocalDevelopmentOfficeMoFALD MinistryofFederalAffairsandLocalDevelopmentMoFSC MinistryofForestandSoilConservationMoLD MinistryofLocalDevelopmentMoPPW MinistryofPhysicalPlanningandWorksMoU MemorandumofUnderstandingNGO Non-GovernmentalOrganisationNP NagarPalika(UrbanMunicipality)NPV NetPresentValueNRs NepaleseRupeesNRRS NepalRuralRoadStandardsPMU ProgrammeManagementUnitPST PilotStudyTeamReCAP ResearchforCommunityAccessPartnershipRoW RightofWayRTM RegionalTechnicalManagerSNRTP StrengtheningforNationalRuralTransportProgrammeRRRSDP RuralReconstructionandRehabilitationSectorDevelopmentProgrammeRTM RegionalTechnicalManagerSDC SwissDevelopmentCooperationSDE SeniorDivisionalEngineerUK UnitedKingdomUS$ UnitedStatesDollar(US$1.00≈NRs101.-)VDC VillageDevelopmentCommitteeWOCAT WorldOverviewofConservationApproachesandTechnologies


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ListofAnnexesAnnexA:UpdatedWorkPlan

AnnexB:Start-upmeetingprogramme(ChandraShrestha,7thJuly2017)

AnnexC:ListofparticipantsintheStart-upmeeting

AnnexD:NepalMapwithPilotStudyDistricts(DoLIDAR)

AnnexE:MeetingminutesfromKailali(RamSharanAdhikari/TekSingh,July2017)

AnnexF:MeetingminutesfromDhankuta(HariGurung,July2017)

AnnexG1+G2:MapsofSelectedRoadSectiononSukhad-BhajaniRoadinKailaliDistrict(GoogleEarthPlus)

AnnexH1+H2H3:MapofSelectedRoadSectiononHile-ChhintangRoadinDhankutaDistrict(GoogleEarthPlus)

AnnexI:PhotoDocumentationofSukhad-BhajaniRoad

AnnexJ:PhotoDocumentationofHile-ChhintangRoad

AnnexK:TopographicLocationofthePilotSectionofSukhad-BhajaniRoadinKailaliDistrict

AnnexL:TopographicLocationofthePilotSectionofHile-ChhintangRoadinDhankutaDistrict

AnnexM1:ProgrammeScheduleoftheInceptionReportPresentation,28thAugust2017

AnnexM2:ListofParticipantsoftheInceptionReportPresentation,28thAugust2017

AnnexM3:MeetingMinutesoftheInceptionReportPresentation,28thAugust2017

AnnexN1:CostandBenefitofLemonTreePlantationexcl.FencingCost,Sukhad-BhajaniRoad,KailaliDistrict

AnnexN2:CostandBenefitofBambooPlantationexcl.FencingCost,Hile-ChhintangRoad,DhankutaDistrict


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ExecutiveSummaryHELVETASSwissIntercooperationhasbeenassignedbyReCAPtoconductapilotstudyon"DevelopingaparticipatoryapproachforroadsideprotectionofruralroadsinNepal”.ThestudyaimsatdevelopinganinnovativeapproachforthesustainablemanagementoftheRightofWay(RoW)arearecentlyexpandedto20mfortheDistrictRoadsCoreNetwork(DRCN).ThepilotstudyshallidentifyandpromotetheproductiveutilizationoflandfallingundertheRoWbyestablishingsuitableplantationsincollaborationwithlocalcommunitygroups.Thestudyshallfurthermoreidentifyanappropriatemodel/approachfortheutilisationofRightofWay(RoW),sothatalsothepoorermembersofcommunities,inparticularlandless,canbenefitfromthecultivationandharvestingofeconomicallybeneficialplants.Thelocalgovernmentsshouldbenefitthroughreducedmaintenancecostsandslopeprotectionoftheroadsurface.

AresearchteamwasmobilizedbyHelvetasfromJuly2017onwardstotakeupthesecondphaseofthispilotstudy.Afterastart-upmeetingofthesecondphaseon7thofJuly2017,theresearchteamconsultedDoLIDARandotheragenciestoreviewthedocumentsofthefirstphase.Despiteheavymonsoonrains,twopreliminaryfieldvisitswereconductedtoKailaliintheFar-westandDhankutaintheEastinordertoassessthedistrictselection,thedistrictroadselectionandparticularlythepilotsections.Preliminaryphotoandvideodocumentswerepreparedforfurtherphotomonitoring.

Thevariousexistingworkplans,theactivityplanandmilestoneslistwerecompiledintoonecomprehensive"ActivitiesandMilestonesPlan"startingfromJuly2017andadjustedforaperiodofthreeyears.TheselectionofKailalidistrict,representingtheTerairegion,andDhankutadistrictrepresentingNepal'sHillregionwerereconfirmed,asweretherespectivepre-selecteddistrictroads.AlthoughseveralalternativeproposalsforpilotsectionswereassessedduringPhase1,thefinalsuggestedpilotsectionswerereconfirmedwithminoradjustments.

ForthepilotroadsidesectionintheTeraidistrict,theroadsideplantationof“Banana”(Kera,Musaparadisiaca)specieswerefoundmostsuitableasalreadyproposedinPhaseI,butwiththesuggestiontointercropthebananawithKagati(lemontree,Citrus×limon'meyeri')inordertoreducetheendemicproblemsofunnaturalmonocultures.

ForthehillroadpilotsectioninDhankuta,theproposedprimaryplantspecies“BroomGrass”(Amlisso,Thysanolaenamaxima)species(ref.DoR/HMG-N,ROADSIDEBio-engineering,ReferenceManual,p.14)wasfoundmostsuitableasalreadyproposedinPhaseI,withthesuggestiontointercropwithasmallerbamboospecies(Malbans,Bambusoideae/Bambusanutanscupulata)(ref.DoR/HMG-N,ROADSIDEBio-engineering,ReferenceManual,p.185)frequentlyfoundintheHimalayanMid-hills.Thepropositionofthesespeciesisalsobasedonthechoicebythecommunitymembersandthefinancialanalysis.

Inordertoaccommodatethepilotingofroadsideprotectioninamorediversifiedlandownershipcontext,thepromotionofRoWissuggestedinpublicforestland,butexpandedtoprivateland,andtoruralaswellasaperi-urbanarea;therefore,theextensionofthepilotsectionbyaround500malongtheSukkhad-Bhajani,roadintheKailalidistrictisrecommended.

The"ActivitiesandMilestonesPlan"wasfurtheroutlinedandspecifiedwithinthefivefollowingphases:

• PhaseI-Start-up(July’17)

• PhaseII-PreparatoryActivities(Aug’17–Nov’17)

• PhaseIII-Implementation-PlantationandTraining(Dec’17–Oct’18)


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• PhaseIV-FieldImplementation-PlantationGrowth,MaintenanceandHarvesting(Oct’18-Dec’19)

• PhaseV-PilotStudyCompletionandDocumentation(Jan’20–June’20)

Thisreportpresentstheworksdoneduringtheinceptionperiodwiththeproposedmethodologyinmoredetail.TheobservationsandfindingsfollowedbyrecommendationshavebeenpresentedanddiscussedduringtheInceptionworkshopheldon28thofAugust2017.


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1. IntroductionTworepresentativepilotsiteshavebeenselectedandconfirmedforthisPilotStudyinNepal.Oneislocatedinthefar-westernpartofthecountry,inKailaliDistrict,representingthesouthernplainTeraiarea.ThesecondsiteislocatedintheeasternDhankutaDistrict,representingtheMid-hillbeltofthelowerHimalayarange(seeAnnexD)inNepal.Thecentral-levelcounterpartagenciesinvolvedaretheDepartmentofLocalInfrastructureDevelopmentandAgricultureRoads(DoLIDAR)underMinistryofFederalAffairsandLocalDevelopment(MoFALD)ofNepal.TheconsecutivelocallevelagenciesaretheDistrictCoordinationCommittees(DCC,formerDDC)ofKailaliDistrictandofDhankutaDistrictwiththeiraffiliatedDistrictTechnicalOffices(DTO).

2. BackgroundHelvetasSwissIntercooperationNepal(Helvetas)wasselectedasaserviceproviderthroughcompetitivebiddingbytheResearchforCommunityAccessPartnership(ReCAP)managedbyCardnoEmergingMarkets(UK)Ltd.onbehalfoftheUnitedKingdom'sDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID/UK-AID)whoarefundingtheprogramme.WhilsttheInitiationPhase1ofthisPilotStudywasconductedfromJanuarytoApril2016,thecurrentImplementationPhase2startedfrom1stofJuly2017withduedateon31stJuly2020.Thegapofroughly15monthsbetweentheendofPhase1andPhase2occurredduetoseveraladministrativecomplications.TherevisedstartoftheImplementationPhaseIItowardsJuly2017shiftstheinitialplantationimplementationbyoneyeartothemonsoonperiodof2018,whichallowsenoughtimeforpreparatoryactivities(seeAnnexAWorkPlan).AsperthenewConstitutionof2015(2072BS),theGovernmentofNepaliscurrentlyinasubstantialprocessoftransformationtowardsafederalstate.Thenewadministrativestructurewillcompriseof7newProvinces(FederalStates)consistingofroughly750Palikas.Atlocallevel,thenewRural(GaonPalikas)orUrbanMunicipalities(NagarPalikas)willreplacethepreviousVillageorTownDevelopmentCommittees(VDC/TDC).ElectionsatlocalPalikalevelhavebeencarriedouttodateinallbutoneProvince;Provincial-andNational-levelelectionsareannouncedandareexpectedtobeheldinlate2017.ThewholegovernmentadministrativesetupatcentralandlocalleveliscurrentlybeingreformedasperthenewConstitution.Thusthereisconsiderableuncertaintyamongstmanycivilservantsastowheretheymaybeposted.

3. ResearchObjectiveTheoverallStudyobjectiveis:

• Toanalyse,testanddocumenttheutilisationoftherecentlyexpandedRightofWay(RoW)ofruralroadswithintheDistrictRoadCoreNetwork(DRCN).

• TheexpandedRoWto20mwidthor10moneithersideoftheDRCNcentreline,canbeutilisedforproductiveplantation.Thiscanprovidelivelihoodopportunitiesforpeoplelivingclosetotheroad,buildingontheaccesstomarketsprovidedbytheroadandthushelpingtoreducepoverty.Atthesametime,therespectiveselectedplantationsshallprovideimprovedroadslopeprotection,particularlyinsteeperroadslopes.Thissecondstudyphase


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seekstoimplementand“fine-tune”therecommendationsofthefirstphase,finallypreparingabasisfornation-widereplication.

TheobjectivesofthecurrentImplementationphaseare:• Toexaminethecurrentinstitutionalstructuresandselectthemostappropriatestructureas

recommended(seeFinalReportPhaseI).• TotesttheproposedmethodologyandtocompletethedraftoutlineofthefutureRoW

Manualthroughpracticalimplementation.• Totesttheproposedplantspeciesforroadsideplantation,monitorthepotentialharvest,

andcomparecommercialsalesagainstthoseassumedunderPhase1.• Tolinkroadsideplantationwithroadmaintenanceandparticularlyroadslopeprotection.• Todeviseameansbywhichtherevenueearnedfromtheharvestofroadsideplantations

canbesharedbetweenbeneficiariesandthelocalgovernmentinafairandtransparentmanner.

TheimmediateobjectivesofthecurrentInceptionStart-upphasewere:

• ToestablishthenewHelvetasPilotStudyTeam,introducetheteamtothepartnerorganisations,andfamiliarisethemwiththePhaseIdocuments.

• ToreviewthechoiceofrepresentativePilotDistricts(Terai,HillRegion)andreconfirmthem(Kailali,Dhankuta)basedontheinitialselectioncriteria,studyreferenceliterature,anddirectconsultationwiththegovernmentrepresentativesinvolved.

• TopreparetheinitialfieldvisitsofthejointDoLIDAR&HelvetasStudyteamtotheKailaliandDhankutaDistrictsGovernments,theirDCCsandDTOs,andtotheproposedSukhad-BhajaniPilotDistrictRoadandtotheHile–Uttarpani-Chhintang-PilotDistrictRoad.

• TovisittheproposedPilotStudyRoadSections,studytheirfeasibilitybasedontheirselectioncriteriaandvisualimpression,consultthecurrentlocalrepresentatives,reconfirmtheirsuitabilityandformulateproposedadjustments.

• Tosummariseandcompilethefindingsinthisinceptionreportdraft,preparetheinceptionphasepresentation,reviseandfinalisethereportbasedonthefeedbacksandhand-overthefinalcopytotheclientforpaymentinlinewiththebudgetarymilestones.

4. ActivitiesduringtheInceptionPhase

On19June2017,theNEP2071DPilotStudySub-ContractorAgreementwassignedbetweenCardnoEmergingMarkets(UK)Ltd.andHelvetasSwissIntercooperation-Nepal.Thelattermobilisedthepre-selectedPilotStudyTeam(PST)consistingoftheTeamLeader(TL),aCivilEngineer(CE)andtwoSocialMobilisers(SM).TheofficialstartoftheImplementationPhase2wasseton1July2017withadurationof36monthsendingon31July2020.

On7July2017,theinitialStart-upMeetingwasorganised,attendedby26representativesofDoLIDAR,essentialrepresentativesofGoNDepartments,ReCAP/AsCAPandHelvetasNepal(seeAnnexesBandC).Onthesameday,theHelvetasPilotStudySupportTeam(PST)metforthefirsttimeandwasintroducedtotheHelvetas-NepalManagement.

From10July2017onwards,thePSTstartedwiththecollectionandreviewoftheNEP2071AkeydocumentsfromPhase1.Theseincluded:

- InceptionReport-Phase1,ofMarch2016,- FinalPilotStudyReport-Phase1incl.AnnexesA–Nexcl.C1,D1,ofMay2016,


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- Sub-contractorAgreementforPhase2,signedon19.June2017,- ComplementaryNEP2071Dtenderdocuments,and- Selectedprofessionalreferenceliterature

From17Julyto20July2017,thePSTincompanywiththeDoLIDAR’sfocalperson'sRepresentative,EngineerMrBedRajRegmi,carriedouttheirfirstfieldcontactvisittoKailaliDistrictinFar-WestNepalanditsDistrictheadquarterinDhangadhiandtotheproposedPilotSectionsalongtheSukhadBazar–BhajaniDistrictRoad(seeAnnexG).

From24to27July2017,thePSTorganisedagainincompanywithDoLIDAR’sfocalperson'srepresentative,EngineerMrBedRajRegmithesecondFieldvisittoDhankutaDistrictinEastNepalanditsDistrictheadquarterinDhankutaandtothePilotSectionsalongtheHile‘Thumba-Chowk’–Chhintang–JyamireBhanjyangDistrictRoad(seeAnnexH).

From1stAugust2017,thefieldvisitdocuments,photosandconsultationnoteswerereviewed,comparedwiththeinformationofPhase1,andcompiledintothecurrentInceptionReport.Complementarytothefieldnotes,acollectionofphotoandvideodocumentswastakenandcompiled.Thisissavedonanexternalharddriveforfuturereportillustrationandinternalmonitoringpurposes.

Inthemeantime,thevariousexistingWorkplansandMilestoneReportDeliverableswerecompiled,updated,andtheworkplanadjustedandupdatedinseveralsequences(seeAnnexA).Thiswascomplementedbyanassessmentofthenecessarystaffinput(PersonDays).

ThemainresultswerepresentedintheInceptionWorkshopheldon28thofAugust2017attheDoLIDARmeetinghall.Openissueswerediscussed(SeeAnnexM3).

InSeptember/October2017,thePSTstartedwiththepreparationsofthe2fieldsurveyandinformationcollectionvisitstotheKailaliDistrictintheFar-WestandtotheDhankutaDistrictintheEasternHills(seeAnnexD).

5. FindingsandConclusions

5.1DistrictSelectionKailalirepresentingtheTeraiPlainKailaliDistrictislocatedinNepal’sFar-WesternDevelopmentRegion,ca.660kmWestofKathmandu,andbordersIndiatotheSouth.KailalirepresentsoneofthetypicalsouthernplainareasofNepal,generallybelow300maslandcomposedoffertilealluvialsandysoils.KailaliisdrainedbyaconsiderablenumberofNorth-South-orientedriversoriginatingfromthenorthernMid-hills.TheychallengethemajorEast-WesttransportlinksofNepal’surbantradingcentres.Kailaliwasoriginallycoveredwithtropicalandsub-tropicalforests,andhasbeengraduallydevelopedintovastareasofhighlyproductiveirrigatedpaddy(khet)andwheatland.ThemajorethnicgroupsaretheindigenousTharus,MadheshismigratingfromtheSouth,andPahadis(hillpeoples)migratingfromtheNorthtothefertileplains.Kailalirepresentsoneofthe20Teraidistrictscovering23%ofthetotallandarea.InthenewgovernmentorganisationasperthenewConstitutionof2052BS(2015),KailaliislocatedintheFar-westernProvinceNo.7.DhankutarepresentingtheMid-hillsDhankutaDistrictislocatedinNepal’sEasternDevelopmentRegion,ca.440kmEastofKathmandu,positionedintheEast-WestorientedMid-MountainBelt(MiddleMountainsorMahabharatLekh),generallylocatedatanelevationofaround900to3’000masl.Itiscomposedofdeeplyfractured


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ridgesandrathersteeprivervalleyswithrockysoils,withapleasantclimate,vegetatedbytemperateforests.ThemainethnicgroupsareofTibeto-Burmeseorigin(i.e.,Gurung,Magar,Tamang,RaiandLimbuetc.)mixedwithIndo-Ariangroups,likeBrahminandChhetrietc.originatingfromtheWest.TherearealsosomeNewarsettlements,originatingfromtheKathmanduvalley,withcraftsmenandtradingbesidesagriculturalcompetence,livingpreferablyinurbanareas.Dhankutarepresentsoneofthe39HillDistrictscoveringabout42%ofthetotalareaofNepal.InthenewgovernmentorganisationaspertheConstitutionof2072BS(2015),DhankutaislocatedinEasternProvinceNo.1withhighchancetobecomeprovincialcapital.Overall,itcanbeassumed,thattheGovernmentalreorganisationasperthenewConstitutionofNepalof2072BSwillnotextraordinarilyinterferewiththeactivitiesoftheselectedPilotStudyareas.Kailali,representingtheTeraibelt,andDhankuta,representingtheMid-Hills,canbereconfirmedforthePilotStudy.

5.2DistrictLevelAuthoritiesConsultation

ThepreliminaryconsultativebriefingandofficialdebriefingmeetingswiththedistrictadministrationauthoritiesinDhangadhi,capitalofKailaliandinDhankuta,capitalofDhankuta,couldbeorganisedasforeseen(seeAnnexesEandF).TheyincludedmeetingswiththeChairpersonoftheDistrictCoordinationCommittees(DCCs),therespectiveLocalDevelopmentOfficers(LDOs),theChiefEngineersoftheDistrictTechnicalOffices(DTOs)currentlystillrepresentingDoLIDARandotherGovernmentrepresentativesfromtheDFO,DSC,(seeAnnexesEandF).

Overall,itcanbeconcludedfromthefieldvisits,thatthedistrict-levelauthoritiesareinterestedinthispilotstudy,andalsoexpressedtheirwillingnesstoco-operateandsupport.AnimportantlimitationwasobservedduetothebeginningofthesubstantialreorganisationoftheDistrictlevelauthorities.SomeofficeswillbetransferredandcentralizedtothenewProvincialheadquartersyettobedefined,andsomewillbedecentralisedtotheMunicipalities(Palikas).WhilstinKailali,theGoNstructureseemedcurrentlystillunchanged,severalgovernmentofficesinDhankutawereobservedasalreadybeingchanged,withfurnituretobeshifted.Thesamereorganisationissupposedtohappensoonatcentrallevel.Someministriesanddepartmentswillbereorganisedanddecentralisedtoprovinciallevel.Manygovernmentstaffmaybetransferredduringthepilotstudyperiod,whichmaycomplicatecollaborationwiththeGoNrepresentatives,andtheimplementationofagreementsandunderstandings.InordertoremainincontactwiththeGoNresponsiblepersonsatcentralandlocalgovernmentoffices,additionalPilotStudyTeaminputsmayberequired,butquantificationiscurrentlyimpossible.

5.3DistrictRoadSelectionDuringthefieldvisits,bothpre-selectedruralDistrictroadscouldbevisitedasplanned,despitetheintensivemonsoonperiodwithfrequentrainfallcreatinglandslidesblockinghighwaysandairports.SukhadBazartoBhajaniDistrictRoadinKailaliThedistrictroadwasfoundtobeselectedasperthecriteriasetintheNEP2071AFinalReport(seechapter6.2.1)andcanbereconfirmed.Althoughabout24kmoftheroadwassignificantlyupgradedduringpastyearsunderRAIDP,thecurrentconditionduringmonsoonwaspartlydamagedbyrillsanddeeppotholes.AccordingtotheDTOengineer,regularmaintenancesupportfromtheSNRTPatDistrictlevelwasinterruptedduringthelastthreeyears.Accesstothepilotsiteduringthemonsoonalplantingperiodmightbedifficult,butnotcompletelyblocked,asthesitecanbereachedfromSukhadBazaraswellasfromtheBhajanisideviaTikapur.


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Thenewmunicipalitylevelshouldberequestedtobudgetforanominalregularmaintenancesupport(bybackfillingpotholeswithgraveletc.)sothataccesswillbeimprovedinthecomingweeks.Themostfrequentandregulartrafficwasobservedtobebicycles-oftenusedbywomenandstudents-andmotorcycles.Inaddition,tractor-trailers,smalltrucksandpassengerjeepsforpublictransportwereobservedplyingtheroad,indicatinganincreasingtrafficvolume.HiletoChhintang-JyamireBhanjyangDistrictRoadinDhankutaThedistrictroadwasfoundtobeselectedasperthecriteriasetintheNEP2071AFinalReport,(seechapter6.2.2)andcanbereconfirmed.Althoughabout24kmofroadwassignificantlyupgradedandexpandedduringthelastyearsunderRRRSDP,thecurrentconditionofseveralroadsectionsduringthemonsoonwasfoundtobecritical.Theroadwasparticularlydamagedinplaces,mainlybydeeprillsandpotholesdueto“road-widening”activitiesalongthefirstfewkilometres.Insufficientregularmaintenance(drainagerepairs)wasevident.Theroadalignmentprimarilyfollowsthemajorridgesfrom1900masldownhilltowardsthetemporaryroadheadofJyamireBhanjyang(km24+000,1150masl).

Themostfrequentandregulartrafficwasobservedtobemotorcycles,oftencarryingsubstantialmaterialloads.Middlesizetruckswereobservedbuyingtheavailablecratesofharvestedtomatoesfromthefarmers.Theproduction,harvestingandtransportingofsmalltastytomatoeswasatitspeak.Itprovidesanimportantmajorsourceofcashincomeforsmallfarmersalongtheroad.

5.4SelectionofPilotSectionsSukhadBazar–Khailadh-BhajaniDistrictRoadPilotSectioninKailali(seeAnnexesK,G,I)

InKailali,theproposedpilotsectionstartsfromkm22+215(KundiChowk)uptokm23+340fromSukhadBazar(endnotspecified),andisabout1.125kmlong(seeFinalReportPhase1chapter6.2.1).ItwasnotpossibletopinpointexactlytherecommendedpilotareasfromPhaseI,butabestguesswasmade.Overall,theproposedpilotsectionremainedinafairlygoodconditionsincetheinitialfieldvisitmadeinJanuary2016.Theroadalignmentisstraightandgentlysloping.Itleadsthroughcommunityforestland,i.e.,thecommunityforestryusergroup(CFUG)isresponsibleformaintainingthelandoneithersideoftheroad.TherewerenosignificantproblemsregardingRightofWayobservedormentioned,sincetheroadaswellasthecommunityforestryarepublicserviceutilities.ThePSTassumesthatthe“KundiChowk”maybetheRoadStartingPointleavingtheEndofthepilotsectionatnoremarkablechainagepoint(seeAnnexK).

ByexpandingthePilotSectionabout150mtowardsSukhad,theoptionofincludingprivatelandownersborderingatoneroadsidecouldbeincluded,inordertostudytheissueofRightofWayandwillingnessofprivatelandownerstoprovidelandforproductiveroad-sideplantation.

Byexpandingthepilotsectionandtheendofabout400mtowardsBhajaniasfarastotheentrygateoftheMohanyalSchool.TheissueofRightofWayaswellasthewillingnessoflandutilisationlinkedwithmaintenancecouldbestudiedinaperi-urbancontext,whichwillbemostrelevantincaseofextensionofthestudy.

Therefore,itisproposedtoextendastretchof550minSukhadBhajaniRoad,whichcanbeaccommodatedwithintheavailablebudgetaryprovision.Hile-Chhintang-IlakaPoliceStation–ShambuGaonSchoolRoadPilotSectioninDhankuta(seeAnnexesL,H,J)InDhankuta,thefinallydemarcatedPilotSectionstartsfromkm20+250fromtheChhintangIlakaPoliceStationwithalengthof1.030kmtoShambuGaunSchool(seeFinalReportPhase1chapter6.2.2andAnnexH).Therelativelyhorizontalroadalignmentfollowsthehillslope,creatingmany


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horizontalcurves.Theverticalroadalignmentisratherhorizontalwithaslightincliningroadgradient.Inordertoimprovetrafficsafetybyallowingtheeasypassageoftrucks,additionalby-passesareproposed.Theby-passescanbeselectedinlocations,wheretheroadsideisgentle.Nolongitudinalextensionofthepilotstudysectionisproposed.Duringthemeetingsalongtheroad,localpersonsaskedabouttheinclusionoffurtherpre-selectedpilotsections,sincetheywerenotinformedaboutthefinalselectionoftheabovementionedsinglepilotsection.SeveraldiscussionswereheldwithlocallandownersrequestingforanexplanationonthelatestexpansionoftheRoWto20mafterpreviousexpansionsto6mwidth,later10mandnowto20m.

5.5HaphazardRoadWideningProgrammesalongthePilotSectionsAmajorconflictofinterestofthePilotStudyroadslopeplantationactivitiescouldemergefromincreasinglyobservedhaphazardroadwideningactivities.Theyappeartobeincreasing,andentailhydro-mechanicalexcavationofthemountain-sideroadslope,materialdisposalatthevalley-sideroadslopecreatingslopeinstabilityfollowedbyearthslipsandlandslides(pahiros).Veryoften,localpeopleareinsufficientlyinformedandunawareofthedestructiveconsequencesofsuchprogrammes.Theyareoftencarriedoutwithoutanyengineeringdesign,riskassessmentsandstandardestimatesofquantitiesandcosts,andareoftenimplementedbyexternalcontractorsutilisinginappropriateheavyhydraulicequipment.Thisisparticularlycommonbeforetheendofthefiscalyear.AtypicalexamplehasbeenobservedalongtheHile–ChhintangRoad,creatingimmensedamagetotheproperlybuiltanddrainedroadsection.Theconcernedroadagenciesneedtoberequestedtoendanysuchunorganizedandoftenunsystematicroadwideningworks,inparticularalongthepilotsection,inordertoavoidthedestructionoffreshroadsideplantations.On-siteroadsignalplatesinformingaboutthePilotStudycouldhelptoremindandwarnallconcernedagencies.

5.6RoadEngineeringStructuresAfairnumberofcomplementaryengineeringstructureswereincludedinthePhase1ReportinordertoraiseagainbothpilotsectionstotheoptimumofficialNepalRuralRoadstandard,whichisproposedtobefinancedandimplementedthroughlocalgovernment.Fortunately,theoverallconditionandspecificallythedrainagesystemofbothpilotsectionsiscurrentlyinacceptablecondition.Inordertoassessthecurrentstatusoftheroadstructures,aroadconditionobservationsurveyforbothpilotsectionsareproposedtobecarriedoutinNovember.AmajordifficultyinthenextmonthswillbethenewclassificationofthetwoDistrictRoadsasperthenewadministrativeset-up.DistrictroadsingeneralwillbeeitherclassifiedasProvincialstatehighwaystobemanagedbytheprovincialgovernment,orasRural–orAgriculturalRoadstobemanagedbythePalikas.

5.7UserGroupConsultationSincethelastStudyTeamvisitduringPhase1tookplaceinFebruary2016,onlyveryfewpersonscouldbemetinthefield,whichcouldrememberthefirstconsultationconductedthen.ThecurrentPilotStudyTeam,visitingbothpilotroadsectionsinJuly2017,morethan16monthsafterthefirstconsultation,hadextraordinarydifficultiestomeetpersonsandleadersrememberingcontactswiththepreviousStudyTeam.Thisisanindicationoftherelativelyhighrateofmigrationinbothareas,andfrequentchangesoflocalleaders.Suchchangesmayalsobeanticipatedamongstnationalandlocal-levelgovernmentrepresentatives,manyofwhomarelikelytobetransferred.


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Inordertoovercomethisissueofhighlevelofmigrationandtomaintainregularcontactwithlocalrepresentatives,localFieldAssistants(seeAnnexAWorkplan)willbeorganisedtoconductregularfieldvisits.Regularreportingbymobilephonewillbeintroduced.Inviewofthesemigrationandtransformationmovement,alsoahigheramountofPSTinputsisanticipated,butcannotbequantifiedatpresent.5.8SelectionofPlantSpecies

DuringallfieldvisitsinKailaliandDhankuta,theselectionoftheoptimalplantspeciesfortheroadsideplantationselicitedmuchattentionanddiscussion.Manyinterestingargumentswereputforwardwithregardtotheoptimalselectionoffurtherplants.

However,theargumentsputforwardintheFinalReportofPhase1(seeChapters6.3,7.3andAnnexI)aresubstantial,andtakeintoaccountmanyrelevantfactorstofocusonafewmostsuitableplantspecies.Asaconsequence,thePSTproposestoincreasetheplantselectionfromonespecies(monoculture)withacomplementaryplantspecies.Thejustificationofthisintercroppingistoreducetherisksoftotalfailureandtoactasaninsuranceagainstsuchfailureofcropduringabnormalcircumstances.Accordingtothemeetingsheldwiththelocalusergroups,theirpreferenceforintercroppingwithfruittreeswasfoundhighlyemphasised(SeeAnnexEandF).Briefsocio-economicconsiderationsunderlinetheireconomicvalue(seeAnnexN1&N2)

Thusthemostsuitableplantspeciesarefoundtobethefollowing

• InKailali,focusonlocalBanana(Kera,Musaparadisiaca)speciesandforcomplementaryintercroppingandsoilcoverprotection,LemonTree(Kagati,Citrusaurantifolia)issuggested.LemonTreewasalsoselectedbythelocalcommunity,asitcauseslesstroubleamongstthewildforestanimalsi.e.monkeys.

• InDhankuta,thefocusonBroomGrass(Amlisso,Thysanolaenamaxima)remainedunchanged,andcomplementaryintercropplantationwitharathersmallerbamboospeciesMalBans,(Bambusoideae)withgoodrootingcharacteristicsforsoilcoverprotectionareproposed.

5.9PlantationProtectionMeasures(Fencing)IntheFinalReportofthePhase1,AnnexesKandLseveraloptionswereproposedtoprotectthefreshplantspecies,mainlyduringtheperiodimmediatelyafterplantation.

Itissuggested,thatthephysicalprotectionmeasuresarediscussed,evaluated,plannedandimplementedinclosecollaborationwiththelocalusergroups.Preferenceshouldbegiventoprotectionmeasuresutilisinglocalmaterials(i.e.,bamboo).ImpressiveexamplescouldbeobservedalongtheHile–JyamireBhanjyangDistrictroad,forinstancethefenceprotectingtheChhintangIlakaPoliceStation.

5.10VisualMonitoring

ThefieldvisitofthePhase1StudyteamtookplaceinJanuary,thedriestperiodoftheyearwithminimalplantcoverintheforestandinthekhet(irrigated)land.Bycontrast,ourPhase2PilotStudyTeamhadtoorganisethefieldvisitsinJuly,whenthemonsoonwasinfullforceandamaximumplantcovercouldbeobserved,alongwiththehighestrainwaterlevels.

Inordertodocumentthecurrentvegetativecover,waterlevelandmonsoonalroadcondition,anumberofphotosandvideosweretakenalongthepilotroads.Thisrecordservesasabaseformonitoringchangesintheplantcoverandoverallroadconditionoverthepilotstudyphase.


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Futureregularroadsidemonitoringisproposedtobesupportedbymobilephonephotosregularlytakenbythefieldassistants(FA)andbythePSTonfieldmission

5.11LegalAspectsofroadsideplantationIssuesforfurtherdiscussionareanumberoflegalaspectsofparticipatoryroadsideplantationwithintheRightofWaybyacommunitygroup,theissueofincompletelandexpropriation,andtowhomapotentialbenefitofthefruitsbelong.Basicallythe"privatelandownership"hasbeenguaranteedandredefinedinthenewConstitutionofNepal2072BS(2015AD).Theterm"RightofWay"hasbeenutilisedintheNepalRuralRoadStandards(NRRS)2055BSofDoLIDAR,2ndRevision2071BS(December2014AD)andwasdefinedintermsofthefollowingwidth:

• 20mfortheDistrictRoadCoreNetwork(DRCN)and• 15mfortheVillageandAgriculturalRoads

ThelegalcontentanddefinitionthetermofRightofWayhasnotbeenfurtherdefined(seeNRRS,chapter2raisingthebelowmentionedimportantissues:

• WhatarethelegalimplicationsoftheRoWtowardsthelandownershipincaseofprovisionoflandownership

• DoestheinitiallandownerlosehiscompleteownershipbyintroducingtheRoWbytheroadowner

• WhatistheCompensationvalueofthelandassumedfortheRoWincaseoflandexpropriation

• Whathappens,ifthepublicroadownerdid/doesnotcompensatethelandlosingowner

AsperthedecentralisationeffortsofthenewConstitution,theadministrativelevelofthe"District"shallbeeitherfurtherdecentralisedtotheMunicipality(Palika)level,orexceptionallycentralisedtotheProvincelevel,asitraisesthebelowmentionedissues:

• WhatdoesthismeaninregardstotheRuralRoadClassificationof"DistrictRoads"andtheDRCN

• WhichroadsshallbeupgradedasProvincialStateRoads`and• WhichroadsdowngradedasRural/UrbanMunicipal(Palika)Roads

Basedonthesedecisionsonly,anexpropriationasperLandAcquisitionActcanbefollowed-up,theroadmanagementincludingmaintenance,rehabilitationandupgradingbedecided,andtheroadsidemanagementpartnersbedefined.Furthermore,aninitialDraftcontentoutlineforafutureRightofWayUtilisationManualhasbeenpreparedduringthePhase1PilotStudyTeam.ItneedstobefurtherdevelopedandrefinedbasedonthestudyoutcomeandwiththehelpofDoLIDARandotherspecialisedgovernmentagenciesandalegalconsultantattheendofthestudy.ItneedstobeupdatedandadjustedtothenewsituationoftheNewConstitutionofNepal2072BS.

6. RevisedWorkplanThenewWorkPlanattachedinAnnexAhasbeencompiledbasedontheexistingKeyMilestonesPlanoftheFinalReportPhase1,oftheproposedactivitiesplancompiledintheHelvetasTenderdocumentandCardno/HelvetasNepalSubcontractorAgreementsignedon19July2017andoutlinedinsection3.ScopeofWork.Thereareabout39definedactivitiesincludingthepreparationof17reports.Theactivitieshavebeendividedinto5Phases:


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PhaseI:Start-up(July’17)PhaseII:PreparationActivities(Aug’17–Nov’17)PhaseIII:Implementation–Plantation(Dec’17–Oct’18)PhaseIV:FieldImplementation–PlantationGrowth,Maintenance&Harvesting(Oct’18–Dec’19)PhaseV:PilotStudyCompletion&Documentation(Jan’20–June’20)

Theseactivitiescoverthenewpilotstudyduration,betweenJuly2017andJuly2020.ThetablebelowshowstheactivitiesandmilestonesfromtheyearJuly2017toJune2020

S.N. Activities and Milestones

Phase-wise Timeframe Schedule Proposed, Reporting

PHASE - I START-UP Jul 2017

1 Introductionary Meeting of the Pilot Study team with HELVETAS and AsCAP Jul ’17

2 Kick-off meeting with DoLIDAR Jul ’17

PHASE - II PREPARATORY ACTIVITIES Jul - Dec 2017

3 Preparation for site visit to Kailali & Dhankuta (ReCAP, DoLIDAR & DCC) Jul ’17

4 Preliminary meeting with DCC/DTO Kailali & Dhankuta & other District-based Offices

Jul ’17

5 Visit Pilot sites as suggested by Phase -1 Report, re-assess the Pilot sections and interaction with LRUCs and existing CBOs

Jul ’17

6 Meeting with DCC/DTO and confirmation of selected Roads and Pilot sections Jul ’17

7 Review proposed design-, quantity and cost estimate of civil engineering structures as needed, review site clearing and bioengineering needs

Nov ‘17

8 Preparation & Legalization of Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) of Understanding (MoU) re Right of Way (RoW) & Road-side temporary land-lease

Dec “17

9 Preparation, Submission & Presentation of Inception Report Phase-2, Report 1

Aug’'17 / Dec'17

PHASE - III IMPLEMENTATION – PLANTATION Dec 2017 -Oct 2018

10 Identification of Road-side Land Owners & Settlement of RoW Issue Nov ‘17

11 Formation of User Groups (UG) and establishment MoU between UG and Gaon/Nagar Palikas (GP/NP) under auspices of DCC including benefit sharing modality

Nov ‘17

12 Preparation of Participatory Plantation Plan along the Pilot Sections including assessment of Fencing Structures

Nov ‘17

13 Preparation & Conduction of Socio-economic Baseline Field Survey of Beneficiaries Nov ‘17

14 Preparation & Submission of Baseline Survey Report - Report 2 Aug'17 / Dec'17

15 Preparation & Submission of Site Plantation Plan Report - Report 3 Feb ‘18

16 Development of Plantation training materials Feb ‘18

17 UGs Training on Plantation, Plant management and Financial Literacy Apr ‘18

18 Site preparation for Civil structures and for plantation May ‘18

19 Collection and preparation of plant saplings for plantation Jun ‘18

20 Construction of civil structures (if required) by DoLIDAR/Palikas May ‘18

21 Plantation and site protection (fencing if required) Aug '18


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22 Preparation and Organisation of First Knowledge Sharing Workshop (Re-imb C.) Sep ‘18

23 Preparation & Submission of First Workshop Report on Knowledge Sharing - Report 4

Mar'18 / Oct'18

PHASE - IV FIELD IMPLEMENTATION - PLANTATION GROWTH, MAINTENANCE & HARVESTING

Oct 2018 - Dec 2019

24 Plantation maintenance, i.e. manuring, watering, weeding etc. by UGs Jun‘20

25 Plantation Growth Monitoring; disease treatment and UG backstopping Jun‘20

26 UGs 2nd Training on Fire protection, Composting, Market Linkage Oct ‘18

27 UGs Exposure Visit to successful plantation sites/nurseries May‘18

28 Monitoring of the Road slopes and sides and interaction with DCC/DTO Jun “18/Jun ‘19/Jun ‘20

29 Harvest and Sale of Products – Linkage to Traders, Maintaining Records etc. Oct ‘19

30 Preparation & Submission of 7 Quarterly Progress Reports - Report 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

Jul '18/Oct ‘18/Jan ‘19/ Apr ‘19 to Jul '19/Oct ‘19/ Jan‘20

31 (Midterm Evaluation) Feb‘19

32 Preparation & Submission of Field Implementation Report - Report 12 Sep'19 / Dec'19

PHASE - V PILOT STUDY COMPLETION & DOCUMENTATION Jan - Jun 2020

33 Preparation & Submission of Revised Draft Manual & Pilot Study Report - Report 13

Oct'19 / Feb'20

34 Organization of Second Knowledge Sharing Stakeholders' Workshop (Reimb C) Jan ‘20

35 Preparation & Submission of Second Workshop Report on Knowledge Sharing – Report 14

Dec’19 / Feb’20

36 Preparation & Submission of Training Materials – Report 15 Mar’20 / Feb‘20

37 Preparation and Organization of National Level Training Course (3 Days for 75 participants) (Reimb C)

Mar‘20

38 Preparation & Submission of Training Course Report (National Level) - Report 16

Apr'20 / Mar’20

39 Preparation & Submission of Final Pilot Study Report - Report 17

Jun'20 / Jun'20

7. ProposedAdjustmentsTheworkplanneededtoberevisedbasedonthenewPilotStudyStartinJuly2017andthefixedplantationseasoninJune/July2018.Theimplementation/submissiondateshavebeenadjustedasfollows:

• Theinceptionreport(1)isbeingfinalisedbySeptember2017.TheBaselineSurveyReport(2)willbepreparedbetweenthetwomajorannualfestivalperiodsofDashain/Tihar(Sept/Oct)2017anditsdrafttobedeliveredbytheendofNovember2017.

• TheSitePlantationReport(3)asoutlinedintheWorkplancanonlybepreparedandcompiledaftercompleteplantationatsite.ThereforeithastobeshiftedfromSeptember2017toSeptember2018.


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Instead,thepreparationofaParticipatoryRoadsidePlantationPlandocument(seeWorkplanactivity12)includingsitepreparationworksisplannedtobepreparedbyendofNovember2017.

• AsupplementaryPilotRoadsideConditionObservationReportshallbepreparedinordertoevaluatethecurrentroadsurfaceanddrainagestructuresconditionandtocomparethemwiththereconstructionestimatesassessedinFinalReportPhaseIAnnexesK,LforKailaliandAnnexLforDhankuta.FinancingisexpectedtobeprovidedbytheRoad-owningGovernment.AseparateAnnexregardingRoad-siteClearanceandRoad-slopePreparationwithestimateofquantitiesandcostsshallbeattached.Sharedfinancingisproposed.

• ThepreparationoftheFirstWorkshopReport(4)onknowledgesharingneedstobeshiftedfromOctober2017toOctober2018followingtheworkshopimplementingaftermonsoon2018.

• Themajorplantationandcultivationprogresswillbedocumentedinthe7regularQuarterlyProgressReports.InitiallystartinginDecember2017,shallbeshiftedinquarterlytermstoJuly2018(ReportNo.5)andcontinueduntilJanuary2020,endingwiththelastQuarterlyProgressReportNo.11.

• TheFieldImplementationReport(12)shallbepreparedafterproductmarketinghasbeenshiftedfromSeptember2019toDecember2019.

• TheDraftManualandDraftPilotStudyReport(13)forpresentationattheStakeholderWorkshopheldinJanuary2020shallbepreparedbetweenNovember2019andJanuary2020.

• ThesecondStakeholdersWorkshopReport(14)outliningtheStakeholderWorkshopoutcomesshallbepreparedinFebruary2020.

• TheTrainingmaterials(15)fortheTrainingCourseplannedtobeheldinFebruary/March2020needstobepreparedinJanuary2020.

• TheTrainingCourseProceedings(Nationalfor75Participants)andTrainingReport(16)shallbepreparedinFebruary2020inviewoftheCourseplannedinMarch2020.

• TheFinalPilotStudyDocument(17)includingtheManual,ImplementationRecommendationsandTrainingMaterialsshallbesubmittedinJune2020asplanned.

8. RisksTheImplementationofthisinnovativePilotStudyinNepalistimelylinkedwithanumberofsignificantgovernmentalchanges.ManyofthemarealsodirectlyorindirectlylinkedwiththeeffortsofimplementingthenewConstitutionofNepal,whichwasapprovedonlytwoyearsagoin3rdAsoj2072BS(20thSept‘15).ThedirectconsequencesonthePilotStudycannotbeplannedorassessedyet,sincefurtherlegaldecisionsneedtobetakentoimplementtheconstitution.Someofthemostprominentrisksarelistedasfollows:

• Asubstantialtransferoftheexistingadministrativeset-upfromearlier(PanchayatPeriod1962/2018BS)ofabout36'000Wards,3'915(3276)VDCs,927Ilakas,75DDC,14Zones,and5DevelopmentRegionsinto10'000newWards,481RuralMunicipalities(GaonPalikas),246UrbanMunicipalities(NagarPalikas),11Sub-MetropolitanCitiesand6MetropolitanCities,and7Provinces(federalstates)in2017/2074B.ScausingadrastictransferoftheGoNstaff.

• SignificantchangesoftheauthorityandresponsibilitiesoverthewholeDistrictRoadCoreNetwork(DRCN)maycausedelaysinroadmaintenance,repairs,upgrading,resultinginearlyroaddegradationandroad-sidedisorder.


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• Risksofadhocplannedandun-coordinatedindiscriminateroad-wideningandupgradingactivities(emergencyrepairs)hamperingroadaccesstothepilotsides,disturbingtheplantationactivitiesatthepilotsectionsorintheworstcasedestroyingplantationactivities

• DelayedGoNbudgetavailabilityduetonewdirectionsoffinancialtransfers,newbudgetdecentralizationandfundingprovisionsinfluencingtheroadreconstructionworkalongthe2PilotSitesinFiscalYear2017/18agreedtobefinancedbypublic(DoLIDAR)funding.

• FastandrapidchangesintheGovernmentadministrationstructure,i.e.,locationofthenewProvincialheadquartersanditsgovernmentofficesshiftingfromdistricteithertoprovincialortoPalikaheadquarters.LackingGovernmentofficeandworkingspaceatthenewProvincialandPalikaheadquarters,stilltobelocatedafterelection.

• Fastchangesofthepoliticalrepresentationsatthelocalandnationallevelsmayshiftinterestsandcommitments.

• Risksofprivate/publiclandownershipdisputesalongthepilotstudyroadsectionsconcerningRightofWay(RoW)utilisationbetweenthelandownersandthenewroadowneragencytobeappointed.

• DelaysinpreparationandclearanceoflegalROWatthePilotStudysitesreadyforimplantation.

• Growingpublicresistanceandmistrustagainstabsentgovernmentbodiesmaychallengetheplantationworks.

• Changesofseveralpartsofthenationallegalframework,delayedlegalisationprocessing,legalisationimplementationandproceduresmaycausedelaysofthepilotstudyimplementation.

• Emigrationoflocalpopulationgroupsfromtheruralareastourbancentresmaycausetemporarylabourshortageincertainruralareas.

• Delayedhanding-overofroadownershipfromcentralgovernmenttothelocalgovernmentsmaycreatetemporaryroadownershipuncertainties.

• Naturalcalamitiesduringmonsoon(waterfloods,earthquakes,landslides)closingairports,nationalandlocalroadnetworkshinderingaccesstothepilotsites.


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pilot study to investigate a participatory approach …...pilot study to investigate participatory...

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