pipeline integrity through coatings and cathodic protection

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ICEPIM 2015 International Conference on Pipeline Integrity management Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection A.S.Khanna Corrosion Science & Engineering, Department of Metallurgical Engineering IIT Bombay

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Page 1: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

ICEPIM 2015International Conference on Pipeline Integrity management

Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection g

A.S.Khanna

Corrosion Science & Engineering,

Department of Metallurgical Engineering

IIT Bombay

Page 2: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Oil & Gas InstallationsOil & Gas Installations

Oil & Gas production is the life line of every country. Oil & Gas production is the life line of every country. 

T k th t t d d ti it i i d t kT k th t t d d ti it i i d t kTo keep the targeted production, it is required to keep smooth running of pipeline, without unplanned shutdowns and accidents.

To keep the targeted production, it is required to keep smooth running of pipeline, without unplanned shutdowns and accidents.

Oil & gas production starts from Deep wells, Offshore platforms, underground pipelines for crude/gas transportation and finally storage tanks and refineries.

Oil & gas production starts from Deep wells, Offshore platforms, underground pipelines for crude/gas transportation and finally storage tanks and refineries.

Though efforts are made to keep them best running, but the best way to maintain the asset is by proper Corrosion management

Though efforts are made to keep them best running, but the best way to maintain the asset is by proper Corrosion managementmanagement.management.

Page 3: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Corrosion Management 

In simplest form, corrosion management like business or finance management is to look all issues required to control corrosion. These are described as :q

Better material selection methodology which at first place gives lower corrosion rates.

Protection by one of the controlling methods: Coatings, cathodic protection or use of inhibitors.

Online monitoring to check the health of the plant.

l l d h l lFailure Analysis and R &D input to improve the initial input on control strategy.

Periodic maintenance to repair faulty portionsp y p

Page 4: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

PipelinesPipelines

Is the most important link to oil and Gas production.Is the most important link to oil and Gas production.

It is very important to keep this asset properly maintained without any leakageIt is very important to keep this asset properly maintained without any leakageproperly maintained without any leakage, failure or possibility of force shut down.properly maintained without any leakage, failure or possibility of force shut down.

So what is required:So what is required:

Pi li I t it A hPi li I t it A hPipeline Integrity ApproachPipeline Integrity Approach

Page 5: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Total Pipeline IntegrityTotal Pipeline Integrity

Higher Productivity

Greater safetyGreater safety

Longer Life

Page 6: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Pipeline AccidentsPipeline Accidents

In 1999 gasoline pipeline explosion in Bellingham,

W hi t kill d t hild d 18 ldWashington, killed two children and an 18‐year‐old man, and caused $45 million in damage to a city water plant and other property. 

In 2000, a natural gas pipeline explosion near Carlsbad, New Mexico, killed 12 campers, including four children.

In 2006, damaged pipelines on the North Slope of Alaska leaked over 200,000 gallons of crude oil in an environmentally sensitive areaenvironmentally sensitive area.

Page 7: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Pipeline Safety IssuesFirst, those related to vandalism, pilferage, sabotage, terrorism. These issues cannot be tackled by Engineers. These may be taken care by additional security measures policing regular inspection ofcare by additional security measures, policing, regular inspection of 

the asset.

Pipeline Maps A very important aspect to know the routes find outPipeline Maps – A very important aspect to know the routes, find out vulnerable areas, sensitive locations, new sites ready for development 

etc.

•Taking care of leaks and defects during fabrication, installations, corrosion protection measures, especially coatings and cathodicprotection

Integrity management i t th d protection.

•Use of online monitoring techniques and also remote sensing provisions, such as pipeline data using SCADA etc.

•Periodic survey and detailed monitoring after definite intervals – such as Intelligent pigging after 5 years intervals

issues to the gas and crude handling and transportation 

agencies: g p gg g yagencies:

Page 8: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Integrity Approach to Pipeline Coatings

Page 9: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Integrity MeaningIntegrity Meaning

How to apply the highest ethical standards to everyHow to apply the highest ethical standards to every aspect of the business.

• soundness of moral character honesty

Adherence to moral and ethical principles honesty.nd ethical principles

• sound, unimpaired, orperfect condition.

to preserve the integrity means,

Page 10: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Point to Ponder?Point to Ponder?

Is “Zero risk” is What is the effect of Ageing with time, 

achievable in Engineering Structures?

Can we avoid Pipeline failures?

changing conditions, external threats and 

always fear of “h ” ?“human errors” ?

Managing pipelines with better skill, training, inspection and repair is the  only solution

Page 11: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Why Failure OccurWhy Failure Occur

Failure of Coatingg

Failure of CP ( Non availability of power)

Internal Corrosion ; SCC, SSCC

• Organizational failuresW d i• Wrong design

• Unsafe supervision• Poor maintenance

Reasons

Page 12: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Pipeline Failures ‐ StatisticsPipeline Failures  Statistics

Failure in Onshore UK PipelinesPipeline Data USA 87‐2006

Phil Hopkins, J Pipeline Engg, 2008, p69

Page 13: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Pipeline Integrity Management Plan (PIMP)

Pipeline integrity management is a process for assessing and mitigating pipeline risks in an effort to reduce both the likelihood and consequences of incidents.

PIMP ‐ is a systematic and comprehensive process designed to provide information to effectively allocate resources for the appropriate prevention, pp p p ,detection and mitigation activities. 

The program builds on the existing foundation ofThe program builds on the existing foundation of pipeline safety regulations covering design, construction, testing, operation and maintenance that has been in place for many yearsthat has been in place for many years.

Page 14: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

How Pipeline Integrity Approach can help to achieve coatings which give design life without any failureg g y

Best coating selection is based upon the severity of the pipeline terrain.

Assure best surface preparation with proper surface cleanliness ( min. Sa2½ ), depth profile and min. impurity level.Sa ½ ), dep p o e a d pu y e e

•Uniform thickness•High cathodic disbondment

i i h lidProper application conditions 

•Minimum or no holidays•High Impact strength•Good ageing characteristics ( in case  PE Coating)

and optimized parameters to achieve a coating with :

Assured damage free transportation to the site

Good quality of Girth weld coating followed by proper ditching of the pipeline

Page 15: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Basic steps in the integrity management process

Identification of High consequence area (HCA) 

High population density areas or 

Difficult to evacuate facilities, such as hospitals, prisons or schools,  churches, office buildings, or playgrounds. 

Threat identification and risk assessment

Identification of Pipeline segments with possible threats of concerns such as heavy rains, land slide etc.

Risk AnalysisRisk Analysis

Potential hazards from facility operation are identified, and the likelihood and consequences of potential adverse events are estimated.

Each pipeline segment is given a numerical score based on the estimatedEach pipeline segment is given a numerical score based on the estimated risk. 

Page 16: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

‐‐‐‐ contd.

Baseline assessment planDevelopment of baseline data from the 10 year assessment of the pipelines.

• Inline inspection – “smart pig,” is run Integritythrough the pipeline to evaluate the pipe’s condition.

• Pressure test 

Integrity assessment

M th d • Direct Assessment – a structured, multi‐step evaluation is conducted to identify potential problem areas.

Methods

RemediationPotential integrity concerns identified during the integrity assessment are evaluated and actions 

are taken to eliminate the problems.

Page 17: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

E l f Pi li I t itE l f Pi li I t itExample of Pipeline IntegrityExample of Pipeline Integrity

Page 18: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

I i B i D i f Pi liIssues in Basic Design of Pipeline

Better pipeline material selection to avoid, pitting, SCC, sulphadic corrosion.Better pipeline material selection to avoid, pitting, SCC, sulphadic corrosion.

External Coatings – backed by Cathodic ProtectionExternal Coatings – backed by Cathodic ProtectionProtectionProtection

Internal Corrosion – by thin epoxyInternal Corrosion – by thin epoxyInternal Corrosion  by thin epoxy coatings or by inhibitor injectionInternal Corrosion  by thin epoxy coatings or by inhibitor injection

Page 19: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Chemical composition of various steels used for d d i liunderground cross country pipelines

Element

Grade

C Mn P S Cr Cu Ni Mo Al Si Nb/Ti Yield

Strength

UTS

(MPa)Grade Strength

(MPa)

(MPa)

X42 0.09 0.84 0.013 0.004 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.22 ‐ 290 414

0 014 0 009 0 03 0 03 0 02X46 0.09 1.28 0.014 0.009 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.25 ‐ 317 434

X52 0.09 1.31 0.012 0.006 0.009 0.07 0.003 0.03 0.25 ‐ 359 455

X56 0.12 1.27 0.017 0.004 0.07 0.14 0.19 0.02 0.26 ‐ 386 490

X60 0.12 1.48 0.013 0.004 0.010 0.09 0.02 0.008 0.27 ‐ 414 517

X70 0.13 1.71 0.012 0.001 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.05 0.30 ‐l 483 565

X100 0.064 1.56 0.024 0.0024 ‐ 0.38 0.54 0.28 0.03 0.13 0.089/ 690 760

0.011

Page 20: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

CORROSION CONTROL IN PIPELINES

COATINGSCATHODIC PROTECTION

INHIBITORSINHIBITORS

External CoatingInternal Coatings

External Coating

Inhibitors

Cathodic Protection

Page 21: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Internal corrosion requirementsInternal corrosion requirements

Usually by adding inhibitors

In case of sour pipelines, internal coatings is a must.

In case of sea pipelines, internal metallic coating of Hastealloy is done

Page 22: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Internal CoatingsInternal Coatings

Main PurposeMain Purpose• To reduce the drag of fluid crude/gas• For Corrosion resistanceFor Corrosion resistance

RequirementsC ti h ld b thi dh t ifCoating should be thin, adherent, uniform  thickness, abrasion resistanceStrong resistance to chlorides/sulphur based  gasesShould be applied uniformly by some internal jet 

t ft b t f tiarrangement after best surface preparation

Page 23: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection
Page 24: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

COATINGS ‐ REQUIREMENTSCOATINGS  REQUIREMENTS

High Corrosion resistanceg

High Cathodic Disbondment

High Impact resistanceHigh Impact resistance

High resistance to soil stresses

High Bending resistance and flexibility

Free of Holidays

High Dielectric Coefficient

Low water permeability

Page 25: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Classification of UCC Pipeline CoatingsCoal Tar Coatings

Fusion Bond Epoxy Coatings

Single layerSingle layer

Dual Layer

Three Layer PE

Polypropylene Coatings ( HT application)

Liquid Coatings

S l tl E iSolventless Epoxies

Elastomeric PolyethyleneTapes

Rehabilitation Coatings

Field Joint Coatings

Internal CoatingsInternal Coatings

Page 26: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

How Pipeline Integrity Approach can help to achieve coatings which give design life without any failureg g y

Best coating selection is based upon the severity of the pipeline terrain.

Assure best surface preparation with proper surface cleanliness ( min. Sa2½ ), depth profile and min. impurity level.

•Uniform thickness•High cathodic disbondment

i i h lidProper application conditions and 

•Minimum or no holidays•High Impact strength•Good ageing characteristics ( in case  PE Coating)

p ppoptimized parameters to achieve a 

coating with :

Assured damage free transportation to the site

Good quality of Girth weld coating followed by proper ditching of the pipeline

Page 27: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Bad surface finish leading to coating d fdefect

Page 28: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Surface CleanlinessSurface Cleanliness

b f f l dMust be free from oil and grease

NaCl

Standard to be followed SSPC 

ISO 8501‐1 1998

Page 29: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

How can this be achievedHow can this be achieved

Suitable Design of pipeline as per the terrain.g p p p

Dedicated supervising team to supervise all the operations of surface preparation coatings, packing 

and transportation.

Third party inspection, PQT

Inspection of initial raw materials as per their specifications.

Page 30: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Schematic of Three layer PE CoatingSchematic of Three layer PE Coating

Sh t Bl ti P h tiFusion Bonding

Shot Blasting Pre‐heatingg

of Primer Epoxy

QuenchingQuality Check

Adhesive coat&Quality Check

PE Extrusion

Transportation

Page 31: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Coating ConditionsCoating Conditions

• Primer layer yElectrostatically charged epoxy powder on heated pipes (180‐220oC).

• Adhesive layer  ‐ helps to bind FBE to PEPolyolefine is applied before the gel time of the 

ti T t i b t 220 230oCepoxy coating. Temperature is about 220‐230oC. • PE Extruded LayerOn the Adhesive coated layer the PE is extrudedOn the Adhesive coated layer the PE is extruded over it. Its temperature is maintained at 238oC. 

Page 32: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

. Critical Issues –Maintaining uniformMaintaining uniform thickness

Application timings for dhAdhesive

And PE layer before FBE gels

Powder Coating of Epoxy

Extrusion Coating of Adhesive & PE

Page 33: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Relationship between temperature of Epoxy coating d th ti f dh i tiand the time of adhesive coating

Application WindowApplication Window

60

ve

40

on of a

dhesiv

20

ore applicatio

180 200 220 240

Time be

fo

200 220 240

Pipe Temperature

Page 34: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

PRE‐QUALIFICATION OF THE COATING

Impact Test at every 1 foot followed by Holiday Detection

Complete Holiday Checking

Peel Test

Impact Test at every 1 foot followed by Holiday Detection

Checking the HolidaysCD Test 65oC ., ‐1.5V, 30 days

CD 65oC , ‐2.5V , 48h

Heat & UV Ageing of PE for 105 days

Indentation of PE at RT and 65oC.

ΔH of applied FBE to find out the extent of curing

Page 35: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Indentation Test for Pipeline CoatingsIndentation Test for Pipeline Coatings

Page 36: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Cathodic Disbondment TestCathodic Disbondment Test

Room Temperature Test  28 daysHigh Temperature Test – 65oC 28 daysPQT Test24h at 2 5V or 48h test at 1 5V24h at ‐ 2.5V  or 48h test at ‐1.5V

Page 37: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Testing of FBE Powder PropertiesTesting of FBE Powder Properties

TG1, TG2 and ∆H

Page 38: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

AUDIT OF HBJ PIPELINE 1999‐2000AUDIT OF HBJ PIPELINE 1999‐2000AUDIT OF HBJ PIPELINE  1999 2000AUDIT OF HBJ PIPELINE  1999 2000

Page 39: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Example of Excellent Coating after p g16 year of Inspection

3 Layer PE Coating

Page 40: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Another Example of same PipelineAnother Example of same Pipeline

Page 41: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Example of bad coating after 5 yearsExample of bad coating after 5 years

Reasons – Bad conditions during application – moisture condensation

Page 42: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Another example of bad coating

Reason – NaCl impurity during surface preparation

Page 43: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

The main reason was that impuritiesThe main reason was that impurities remained on the shot blasted pipeline

Resulted in the complete disbondment in less than 3 yearsdisbondment in less than 3 years

RemedyIntroduced Phosphate‐Pre‐treatment after the blasting just before sending the pipe forthe blasting just before sending the pipe for 

heating and coating Booth

Page 44: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Field Joint Coating

Integrity of a Pipeline to great extent depends upon the Soundness of the FJCdepends upon the Soundness of the FJC 

The welding of pipes makes this areaThe welding of pipes makes this area quite vulnerable to corrosion.

Hence selection, application and testing of the FJC still remains a critical area.

Page 45: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Welded pipe after shot blasting

Application of EpoxyPrimer on a Field Joint Prior to Heat Shrink Sleeve

Heating method, whether by torch / InductionDecides the soundness of the FJC

Page 46: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Pipeline Integrity can be achieved by avoiding f ll i f ilfollowing failures

• Use of Coating• Use of Cathodic Protection

External corrosion • Use of Cathodic Protectioncorrosion

• Internal coating• Corrosion inhibitors

Internal corrosion Corrosion inhibitorscorrosion

Oth lik ld tOthers like weld etc.

Page 47: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Coating & Cathodic ProtectionCoating & Cathodic Protection

Cost

Total Cost

Coating

CathodicProtection

0 % 100 %

Page 48: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

CP for coated pipelineAnode bed

TR

+ CP Current

TR‐

Page 49: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Monitoring external corrosionInspection of Cross‐country pipeline (OISD‐ 138)

PSP at drain point ‐ FortnightlyPSP at drain point           Fortnightly

PSP at test lead points  ‐ Quarterly

Pearson survey               ‐ Once in three yrs.

CPL Survey                       ‐ Once in five yrs.

I/J Coupling inspection ‐ Once in year/ p g p y

Soil testing ‐ Once in five yrs.

Above ground piping ‐ Once in a year

Page 50: Pipeline Integrity through Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Thank youThank you