JULNE 28, 1930] MEMORANDA. T-[MEDICALJOUN 1173

organic nerlvous disease patients mav, and frequentlv do, getsuch attacks.

Thie treatment on wllich most reliance was placed was caffeinecitrate 10 grains, liq. strychninae 3 minims, and nitroglycerin1 miinim. Gowers quotes a case of his in whiclh a girl lhad attackscornmencing at the age of 16 and lasting till slhe was 22. Theywere almost identical with those in the present case, and werearrested by the same drugs. These lhad no effect in this case.Later slhe was also given thyroid gland (dried) 2 grains, lhormotone5 grains, three times a day, witlh no effect.

MEDICAL, SURGICAL, OBSTETRICAL.

ANOMALOUS PETRO-SQUAMOUS VENOUS CANALCOMPLICATING MASTOID OPERATION.

A noy, aged 5, was broughlt to me witlh acute mwlastoiditissupervening on chlronic otitis media: the only unusualclinical featuire wi-as that the-maximum swelling and tender-ness were above and ratlher in front of the cai, the mastoidpi ocess itself appearing unaffected. This generally indi-cates a very cellular mastoid in whicll the root of the zygomalhas become pneumatized, so that infection from the antrumcani travel foirward inlto tlle temporal fossa. An operation,lhowever, revealed that tlhe-imastoid was diploetic, and prac-tically acellular; and, as so ofteni happens in suclh a con-ditioni, the dura of tlic middle fossa tended to come welldowni over the upper part of the antrum. The latter hadbeeni opened, anid I was enlarging the opening upward,worlking (rather cautiously oni accounlt of the position of thedura) from within outwvards with a hand gouge, when therewi-as a suddenl brisk effusioln of venous blood. This wvaspuzzling; I was too far forward to wound either sigmoid orsuperlior petr'osal sinlus; anid it is very imiiprobable that thegouge used thus would peiietrate a sinius wall, which slips-aw-ay under it. I supposed that I lhad damaged a largedulral vein. It was also iniconlvenient, to say the least, forthe bleeding seemed to comlle exactly from the region ofthle aditus, which was onlly just exposed; and the packingnecessary to control it initerfered with piroper exposure ofthe aditus anid of the root of thle zYgonat. Wlhen thebleeding w-as controlled I found that a large vein or sinus,about 3 mlm. in diameter, ran in a bony canal across theroof of the miiastoid antrum, about 1 cm. deep, and parallel,to the surface of the squamna, and above and somewhatsuperficial to the aditus. It was separated from the middlefossa by a complete thin plate of bone, but its inferior orantral vall may have beeni delhiscent.In early foetal life the lateial sinus drains into the priimi-

tive jugular vein-w-hich in the adult becomes the externaljugular-tlhroulgh the post-condylic foramen, which piercesthe I-oot of the zygoma immllediately in front of the bonyexternlal auditory meatuis. Later the internal jugulargrowvs up internal to the primitive, forms the jugularbulb and, after entering the skull, tlle sigmoid sinus, andthus provides the normal adult effluent of the lateral sinus;the post-condylic foramen then closes. Occasionally, how-ever, the original primitive venous channel coexists witlhthe normi-ial adult arrangement; we then find a petro-squamous sinus grooving the inner aspect of the anglebetween petrous and squama, comm-unicating anteriorlywitlh tlle temiiporo-maxillary vein throughl a persistent post-condylic forainen, and posteriorly canalizing the superiormarg,ini of the petrous to-enter the lateral sinus. The veinor sinius that. gave me trouble appears to be a variant ofthis petro-squiamous sinus, situated in tlle substance of tllebone instead of grooving its inner surface.The sinu-Ls alnd canal are interesting from three aspects:

first, the condition mighlit explain why in the case of anacellular zygoma the nmastoid infection approached the sur-face antelriorly; secondly, it produ-ces an anoomaly veryinconvenient to the operator, even wlhen the possibility isknown; thirdly, it must be somiiewhlat rare; in the course ofseveral hiiindred mastoid operations I hiave n1ever- encouni-tered anything like it. Convalescence was uneventful.

E. WVATS0N--WTILTTA4M1S, ChI.M.,Surgeon in Chlar(ge, Ear, Nose, and Tlirdat

bepartment, Bristol Royal Infirmnary.

DEATH FOLLOWLING AN ALVEOLAR ABSCESS.THE followinig details of an uinusual sequel to alveolarabscess seemn to deserve recording.A healthl man, aged 25, had had no previouis illness except

indigestioni six months previously, when lhe was advised to havedental treatment; this he did niot do. Oni February 1st I wascalled to see him, and found an alveolar abscess in the leftlower jaw. He had had verv little sleep for some nights andlooked ill, but he refused to have the tootlh extracted under gas.Two days later I saw him again; tlle abscess havingf brokeni inisidethe mouth lhe felt much better.On February 6th his wife reported thlat he was quiite well,

except for a slight headaclhe. That sanme eveninig at 5 o'clock,wlhile having tea, he said, " Olh, nmy head," anid fell off Iiis chairunconscious. When I saw him half an lhour later he was un-coInscious, breathing stertorously, cyainosed, and sweatinlg. Tiletemperature was 1020; the pulse was irregular, the rate being abotit120. He had bilateral external squint, the pupils were small andequial, and there was no reaction to light. There was markedrigidity of -the neck, arms, and legs. He lhad passed both urine an(dfaeces. He remained in this state unitil he died five hours later.No posL-mortem examilnation was allowed.Mv senior partner, Dr. J. C. Griffitlhs also saw this man,

alnd we are of the opinion that lhe had a blood-bornieinfection in the brain wllichl caused an abscess to form;this eventually burst, resulting in acute septic merinigitis.The fatal termination was very sudden, and emplhasizes thefact that a prognosis must be guarded, even in casesof wlhat arc called " minor ailments."Kidderminster. P. DIGBY GirrnITHS, M.B., B.Cli.Camnb.

RUPTURE OF THE HEART.A FEW days ago a man, aged 65, dropped dead in t-liestreet. Inquiries from members of thle family elicited theinformation that he had been complaining of pain in thiechest and back, with aching in both arms, and numbnessand tingling of the ring and little fingers of both hands,chiefly the right. These symptoms were not severe enoucglto cause him to seek mcdical assistanice, and, apart fromthem, lhe e6njoyed good hlealth.At the request of the coroner for East Lancashire, I made

a post-nortem examination. The pericardium was foundto be enormously distended, and, when opened, a largequantity of serum escaped, together with a large clot. Onthe posterior surface of the left ventricle there was a tearone inch in length. The aorta was normal, except foratheromatous deposits in the cusps of the aortic valvc. Thetransverse branclh of the left coronary artery was completelyoccluded by atheroma, almost two inches from its origin.Two inches bevond this point there was a patch in tlhoposterior wall of the left ventricle, an inch in diameter andless than a quarter of an inch in thickness, in thi blase ofwlhich was the tear already referred to.The case is interesting in view of the rarity of the con-

dition and the absence of serious symptoms precedingdeath. My own interest in the case was enhaniced bv tllefact that I reported a similar one in the Journal of July16th, 1927 (p. 99).Ramsbottom. C. W. CRAWSHAW, M.B., D.P.H.

3lXriti5s 4UebiraL_A55serIaticu.CLINICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS.

BORDER COUNTIES BRANCH.RHEUMATIC DISEASES: CAUSATIVE: FACTORS AND

TREATMENT.AT the annual general meeting of the Border CouniitiesBranch of the British Medical Association, held onJune 6th, Dr. MURRAY B. STEUART, the president, deliveredhis address from the chair, taking as his subject," Rheumatic diseases: cousative factors andl treatment."He drew largely upOen the discussions at the Bath confer-ence on this subject in 1928 (British MJLedical Joutirnal,i, p. 852), endeavouring to co-ordinate the var-ious opinionswith a view to arriving at a commiion deniominator.

Dr. Steuart begana witlh- a word eni the qiiestion ofnomienclature, aiid aftcr indicating thle commnion confuision,

1184 3UNE 28,- 1930] TEN YEARS OF WELWYN GARDEN CITY. [TxcAyinJoumm

numiiber of years, and in xw-lhom the disease has beenarrested, should be replaced by otlhers likely to benefit fromsuch prolonged treatlmient under good hygienic co-nditions.

Conclusion.Tn concluding its report the committee expresses the view

thlat the3 primary aim of all schemes for care and after-careshould be to increase the proportion of cases that can enterordinary industry, ratlher than to cater for the permanelntemploymellt of disabled personis. It may be admitted thatwith an improvement of the industrial position throughloutthe country the uncmiiploymiient figures among ex-patientsare bound to fall, but there will always be a large, numbern-eeding employment under the sheltered conditions of thevillage settlement.

TEN YEARS OF WELWYN GARDEN CITY.[FRiOM. A CORRESPONDENT.]

TE-N years ago the spot in Hertfordshire upon whiclh niowstanids a garden city four square miles in area, with 2,500houses, and a population approacliing 10,000, was occupiedby open fields anid woodlanids. The more astonishiingachievement, however, of the creators of Welwyn GardeniCity is that the charm of this countryside, twenty miiilesfrom London, has been in no way spoiled by such urbaniza-tion. Indeed, the red-tiled roofs and pleasant architecture,of colntrolled design, the delightful roads, with grassmargins and trees, the open frolnt gardens, with backsequally tidy and initeresting, and without fences orobtrusive hedges, the abundanit recreational provisionis, thehappy innovations in the nature of communial services,and the evidence everywhere of character and the opennmind, make a refreshing picture. Such, by the way, isthe intensive production of the cottage gardens, that tlheoutput of the area, thoughl a town has niow been placeduponi it, is greater than it wvas wlhile it remiiained purelyagricultural lalnd.To celebrate the tenth anniversary of Welwyn, Sir Theodore

Chambers, chairman of Welwy-n Garden City, Ltd., withlDr. F. E. Fremantle, member of Parliament for the divi-sion, and other directors, entertained the members of thepress. One impression made on the mind of the visitor wasthat, while this is a developing district, there is none of thatuntidy sprawl to be seen on the growing edge of suburbs.Welwyn is not merely a dormitory for city workers. It is aself-contained township, with residential, industrial, and com-mercial zones, and a rural belt all round it to preserve itscountry character. It already houses some forty-five industries,wlhich have their carefully placed factories, with the housesfor the workers within walking distance. Factory life inWelwyn Garden City is found in ideal conditions, with clean,roomy buildings, green spaces visible through the window3,and ample opportunities for the workers to take their mid-day meal at home and to take their evening recreation withoutbeing already exhausted by a scrambling journey from towII.A number of sectional factories have been built on the unitprinciple, which are let on lease to manufacturers who do notdesire 'to build their own.The festivities included a pageant in which the fairies are

supposed to leave the garden city to mortals, who thereuponbuild the city and sell each other houses. But the real storyof Welwyn is equally romantic; it is the story of how the lateEbenezer Howard-to whom a memorial has been unveiled inthe heart of the town-hastily borrowed £5,000 from Dr.Fremantle and one or two other personal friends to pay adeposit on the purchase of the land, which was going at auction.-The vision and courage of Howard and those associated withhim, who saw here the second garden city in Englanid (theafirst, a pre-war conception, being Letchworth) deserve highpraise. It should be said that the funds raised in this weekof festivities are to be devoted to the provision of a largercottage hospital; the growth of the place necessitates betterprovision, tlhough it holds a record in public health. For thelast three years the average death rate has been 5.66 per 1,000(compared with 12.46 for England and Wales), and the infant.mortality rate 20.19 per 1,000 births, compared with 69.33 forthe whole country. The birth rate, too, is 40 per cent. higherat Welwyn; whether this has anything to do with the fact

that in tlle cheaper houses a deduction is made from the rentfor every child, and an addition made thereto for every lodger,we cannot say. There is an energetic health association, whichruns child welfare clinics, scllools for mothers, district nurses,and a first-aid centre, as well as the cottage hospital, but thisdoes not seem to have eliminated the private practitioner, sevenof whom practise in the town.

Other things in the garden city which the visitors were takento see included the city stores, with eiglhty departments underone roof, instead of the usual row of miscellaneous slhops; thetheatre, with its special acoustic design and modernist decora-tions; the film studios, where a "talkie" was seen in pre-paration, and an exhibition furnished house, designed by twoarclhitects of the Garden City in consultation with the estatemanager-a pleasing middle-class house, showing good workman-ship and good taste, and, what is so rarely experienced in themodern dwelling, a harmony between the house and thefurniture. Finally, the visitors found their way to the inevit-able inn, but a place as little like the traditional public-houseas can be imagined. Its gardens and pleasant outside aspectinvite the guest tQ take his refreshment out of doors, and evenindoors there are none of the depressing accompaniments of- theordinary licensed premises. The " Cherry Tree " is controlledby the Garden City Company, and is under disinterestedmanagement. Here Dr. Fremantle, in proposing the healthof the press, claimed for Welwyn Garden City that it metpractically the case for the preservation of the countrysideas against iirbanization and ribbon' development, and that itwas a type of all that is good in modern town-planning fromthe point of view of industrial efficiency and welfare, trafficfreedom, and public health and amenities.

MEDICAL CONGRESSES, 1930.THE following congresses and conferences on medical and alliedsubjects lhave been amounced for 1930. Particulars are givenbelow in the following order: Date, niame of organizing body,place of meeting, name of person to whom inquiries should lieaddressed. More detailed information about these meetings isgiven from time to time, as it becomes available, in the newscolumns,of the British Medical Journal.

Junze 28 to July 2.-Journ6es M6dicales de Bruxelles. Brussels.July. 3-i.-National Association for the Prevention of Tuber.

culosis, London. Secretary of Association, Tavistock House(North), Tavistock Square, W.C.1.July 10-12.-Oxford Ophthalmological Congress. Oxford. Mr.

C. G. Russ Wood, 12, St. John's Hill, Shrewsbury.July 20-2.5.-International Society of Microbiology. Paris. Dr.

St. John Brooks, Lister Institute, Chelsea Gardens, S.W.1.July 26.-International League for Combating Trachoma.

Geneva.July 26-27.-Belgian Congress. of Neurology and Psychiatry.

Liege. Dr. Leroy, 30, Rue emricourt, Liege.August.-International Congress of Cytology. Amsterdam. Frau

Professor Rh. Erdmann, Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Nassauischestrasse 17.August 3-10.-International Society of Sexology. London. Pro.

fessor F. A. E. Crew, The University, Edinburgh.August 4-9.-International Veterinary Congress. London. Dr. F.

Bullock, 10, Red Lion Square, W.C.1.August 5-9.-International Congress of Dermatology and Syphilo-

logy. Copenhagen. Dr. S. Lumholt, 45, Raadhusplads, Copenhagen.August 12--4.-International Union against Tuberculosis. Oslo.

Secretary of Union, 2, Avenue Velasquez, Paris, VIII.August 18--21.-International Congress of Paediatrics. Stockholm.August 26-29.-British Medical Association Annual Meeting.

Winnipeg. Financial Secretary of British Medical Association,Tavistock Square, Lonidon, W.C.1.August. to Scptcynber.-Internalional Congress of Neurologists.

Bern.Atugust.-International Congress on Miners' Phthisis. Johannes.

burg. International Labour Office, Geneva.A ugust.-Congress of Northern Neurologists. Stockholm.ScptceLber 7-6.-International Birth Control Conference. Zurich.

Mrs. Janet Chance, c.o. A. S. Cobden, Esq., 10, Adelphi Terrace,W.C.2.Scptecmbcr 4-7.-German Pharmacological Society. Konigsberg.

Professor J. Sclluller, Pharmacological Institute, Zulpicherstrasse47, Cologne.Septemiber 7-10.-German Society for Natural Sciences and

Medicine. K6nigsberg.Scptember 14-18.-International Congress of Physiotherapv.

Libge. Dr. Dubois-Tr6pagne, 25, Rue Louvreux, Liege.Scpteizber 15-17.-German Orthopaedic Association. Heidelberg.September 22-27.-International Congress of the History of

Medicine. Rome. Dr. P. Rocchi, Corso Vittorio Emanuele 173,Rome.

JUNE 28, 1930] OBITUARY. [TM D 1199

for niormality. Tthen the genetical constitutions of the fourinidividuals concernled are as follows:

A-NY. B-NY. C-NN. D-NN.The followiiicg schleme shows whlat lhappe"s when A is

mated to B:A. B.NY NY

Germ cellsN Y N Y

F1 NN NY NY YY

Now the individual YY is noni-viable; and if it dies soearly that the nmenstrual rhythmn of thle mother is nlOtdisturbed (that is to say, almost immediately after fertiliza-tion) the chiance that the couple A B will appear to besterile is as great as 1 :3. This chance does not seem tome too small to account for appareint sterility throughoutthe reproductive period, anad it certainily affords a reasoni-abile explanation of delayed fertilit .The subsequent unioIns between A alnd C and between

B anid D miiay be expressed thus:

A. or B. C. or D.NY NN/\ /\

Germ cells NN

F1 NN NN NY NY

That is to say, all their offspriing will be viable.I fully realize that I am juigglinig witlh pr-obabilities and

assumptions, anid that even if the explaniation I have putforward halppens to be correct, there is no remedy for such* incoinpatible " cases; I miierely offer the suggestion incase it miay interest Dr. Gair Johnston, and in the hopethat experts may give tiheir views on the matter.-I am, etc.,Chelmsford, June 16th. V. C. ROBINSON.

MEDICAL ASPECTS OF CIDER.SIR,-The use of cider as a preventive or curative agent

in certain conditions remiiained based on tradition withoutscientific confirmationi unitil the latter part of the lastcentury, when Dr. Denis Dumont' recorded tlle result of anumber of experiments anid personal observations. Start-ing out for an explanation of the absence of uric calculiand other gouty phenomnenla in the cider districts, thoughsuch conditions were not infrequent in the wine-drinkinigdistricts, he enlarged the scope of Ihis inquiry. In Francethe facilities for experimenit in hospitals were greaterthan obtain with us, for thie coiimmon beverage given topatients is red wine diluted; hence he was able to substitutecider for the wilne without difficulty. It was soon foundthat diuresis was promoted by cider, thereby contrastingwith the wine, and the question then arose as to whichof the constituents was the active -one., Bv trial withequivalent amounts of solutions of inalic acid, Dumontconcluded that malic acid was the agent sought. Sincehis day we have learined that the chief difference betweenwine and cider or perry is that wine containis tartaric acidor acid tartrates, while these are completely absent fromboth cider and perry wlhen these are in pure condition.WVine contains some amount, usually small, of malic acid,much of which, however, is turned inito lactic acid duringmaturation. Wines, then, con-ttain tartaric, malic, andlactic acids, ciders only malic aid, lactic acids, apart fromsmall amounits of volatile acids in botlh.

If the physician, guiided by this kniowledge, advises hispatient io use cider (or perry) as a beverage and avoid theprodiucts of the grape-advice which Dumont records invarl'ious successftul cases-it behoves him to be sure thathis patient is not' taking tartaric acid, anld so undoing theaction of the other acid; tlhis he caninot be suire of atthe present 'time. for many beverages on the marketiiamedl " cider" are in fact strongly sophisticated with

LesP911roi'n.I nmeicales ei hyyi6eniques du Cidre et 8a Fabrication.Third edition, 1883.

tartalric acid. To the practised palate the alteration inflavoour gives a clhie that some foreign acid (tartaric orcitl'ic) is present; but a simiiple test will tell whether anyilnordiniate amiiounit of tartalic acid is present. It is carriedout thus: to a third of a tuisiblerful of cider about lhalf ateaspoonful of milk of limue is added slowly, and, stirringwell, furtlher siuall additions are made, until tlle liquidbegins to change colour to a deeper anid browner hue,showinig tllat the acids are nearly neutralized. Then asmiiall further addition -of tlle cider is made, so that theoriginial colour may be restored; the liquid must be in afairly acid coindition, for, when it is alkaline, mnalate oflinme and tannini are also precipitated. After thoroiug;hstirrinig the glass is left till the followinig day, when, iftartrates are present, a fine crop of very bright little sandycrystals (orthorhonmbic, with obliquely cut ends) will hiaveformied and settled out or become attached to the sides.With a pure cider no such crystals are seen. By addingcdifferenit amounits of tartaric acid to a pure cider it wasfound, as a rough means of estimating, that an additionof 0.8 gram per litire gave a very marked result; wit-h0.4 gram the deposit is niot so definite, but becomies moreeasily visible when about one-fifth of the volume of 70 percent. alcohol is added, *and a further twenty-four lhours'delay afforded; the visible limit appears to be about0.2 graam per litre with addition of alcohol and a forty-eight hours' crystallization period. Since the milk of limeis ratther a messy reagent, other forms of calcium weretried; the best seems to be liquor calcis saccharatus, but itis ratlher slow in actions though very fine large crystalsare eventually deposited.

It is regrettable that miore approach from the scientificside has not been made on the effects of cider or its acidsoni the humani frame; from Denis Dumont's work it maybe presumed that the beneficial action in the vonmiting ofregnanlcy, renial colic, etc., is due to an elimination of

noxious iiiatters byg way of the kidneys. Obviously, inniaking further observations care should be taken tllat theexperiimnental material is true oider.-I am, etc.,

HERBERT E. DURHAM, Sc.D.,Ilereford, June 12th. M.B., F.R.C.S.

* MbituarU.

WE regret to record the death of Dr. JAMES HAMILTON,which took place at his home in Glasgow on June 10th.He received his medical education at the University ofGlasgow, wliere he graduated M.B., C.M. in 1880, andobtained the F.R.F.P.S.Glas. diploma in 1896. He heldappointments as assistant physician to the VictoriaInfirmary, Glasgow, and as assistant physician and anaes-thetist to the Glasgow Samaritan Hospital for Women.His publications include a " Case of double congenitalhydroniephrosis in a young man" in the Transactions ofthe Glasgow Pathological and Clinical Society, 1905, anid" Cases of cerebro-spinial fever " in the same journal, 1906.During the great war he held a commission in the RoyalArmiiy Medical Corps and was attached to the 4th ScottishGeneral Hospital. James Hamilton was an active member.of the British Medical Associationi, serving as honiorarysecretary of the Glasgow anid West of Scotland Branchfrom 1901 to 1908, and as a member of the Branch Councilin 1909. Ia 1904 he was elected vice-chairman of theGlasgow Southern Division, -becoming its chairman in 1905,and a member of the Executive Committee from 1906 to1908, and from 1910 to 1911. He served on the Councilof the Association from 1903 to 1904, and from 1907 to1908. He was also a member, and sometime president,of the Glasgow Southern Medical Society and the GlasgowRoy-al Medico-Chirurgical Society.

The following well-known foreign medical men haverecently died: Professor RICHARD LUMPE, a prominentobstetrician and gynaccologist of Salzburg, aged 75; Dr.SOMA BECK, professor of dermatology at the ElizabethUniversity of Fiinfkirchen, Hunigary; a,nd Dr. WILFREDM.AsoN BARTON, professor of medicine and applied thera-peutics at Georgetown University School of Medicine,aged 58.

1202 JUNE 28, 1930] UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. [ TFDyXBT1-~~~~~II31 EIA ORA

1919, and, in addition to the medals, received the C.I.E. onJunlle 3rd, 1915. He received a good service pension on August18th, 1928. He married Jessie Elizabeth. daulghter of JohhnGraves of Southgate, and leaves a son and two dauighters.

Lieut.-Coloinel Narendra Prasanna Sinlba, Bengal MedicalSer-vice (ret.), died on February 14th, aged 71. He was bornon September 30th, 1858, and was eduicated in the CalcuttaMedical College. After taking his degree tlere, he wasappointed a civil assistant surgeon in Bengal in 1881; buta year later came to England, where he took the M.R.C.S. in1882 and the M.R.C.P.Lond. in 1883, and passed into theI.M.S., being commissioned as surgeon on April 1st, 1886. Hebecame surgeon major after twelve years' service, and retiredon Junre 1st, 1904. After a few years' military service, he gotcivil employ in Bengal, and was civil surgeon of Rangpurat the time of his retiremenit. After leaving the service hewas for several years in practice at Ealiiig. In 1914, whei thewar began, he returned to India. and rejoined for service onJanuary 30th, 1915. During the war he held various civilappointments in Bengal, and after it was ended continued toserve as police surgeon, Calcutta, up to January 10th, 1922. Hewas promoted to lieutenant-colonel from February 5th, 1917.He served in the Burmese campaigns from 1885 to 1889,receiving the medal with two clasps. He was a brother ofLord Sinha, late governor of Bihar and Orissa, the first, andso far the. only, Indian to receive a peerage and to hold aprovincial governorship.

Major Ian Paterson, R.A.M.C. (ret.), of Ardru, Onich,Inverness-shire, died there on June 7th, aged 69. He wasborn in Edinburgh on June 6tli, 1861, was educated at theUniversity in that city, and graduated as M.B. and C.M. in1885. Entering the Army as surgeon on July 27th, 1887, hebecame major on July 27th, 1899, was on temporary half-payon account of ill health from 'September 26th, 1902, to April26th, 1903, and retired on July 27th, 1907. He served on theNorth-West Frontier of India in the Chitral campaign of 1895,with the relief force, receiving the frontier medal with aclasp; and in the South African war from 1899 to 1901, whenhe took part in the relief of Ladysmith, including the actionsof Spion Kop, Tugela Heights, Vaal Kraietz, and Pieter's Hill,and in operations in Natal. including the action at Laing's Nek,and in the Transvaal, the Orange River Colony, and CapeColony; and received tlse Queen's inedal with seven clasps. Hewaas also re-employed in the war of 1914-18, from August5th, 191.4.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.THE Vice-ChanLcellor announces that the Downiing Professorshipof Med icine is vacant by thie (leath of Dr. J. B. Bradbury. Dr.L. E. Shore has been reappointed university lecturer in p,hysio-logy for three years, anftd Mr. J. E. Purvis uniiversity lecturer inchemistry andti pbysics in their relation to hygiene an(d preventivemedicine for the samiiie period.The Vice-Cliatlcellor gives niotice that a conigregation will be

hel(d ont Saturt(lay, Autgust 2nd, at 2 p.m., for thie conferment ofmedical and surgical degrees.At a congregation held on June 21st the following medical

degrees were coniferred:M.D.-L. S. Penrose. J. B. Ellison, P. M. D'A. Hart, T. F. Anderson.

G. T. Calthrop.M.B., B.CHIR.-L. A. Richardson, W. H. Sim-ionds.M.B.-W. J. G. Drake-Lee.

UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.THE Rev. J. SCOTT LIDGETT, D.D., hasbeeni electedl Vice-Chatncellorfor 1930-31, in succession- to Sir Gregory Foster, whtose term ofoffice expires oni Angust 31st. Mr. J. L. S. Hatton, principal of theEast Lond(loni College, wifU succeedl Dr. Scott Lidgett as DepuityVice-Chanicel lor.Dr. C. Cyril Okell has beeni appointed to the University Chair of

Bacteriology at Uniiversity College Hospital Medical Sc3hool.The degree of D.Sc. in Chemistry has beeni conferred utpon

Mr. Haro!d Burton, ani internial sttudetnt of Guy's Hospital MedicalSclhool.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE.Mr. R. K. Canniani, M.Sc., has resignie(d his lectureship in

biochemistry oni lhis appointmetnt to the Chair of Chemistry inNew York University. Mr. G. F. Marriani, M.Sc., has beenappoiuted lectnrer. _

Ill the list of successful candidates for the Third M.B., B.S.,puiblished in o-ur issne of Junte 14th (p. 1117), the signi inidicatilngthat Ursnla Shelley had gained distinction in Forenisic Mediciniewas accidentally omiitted in the course of printinig.

UNIVERSITY OF WVALES.THE following sciolarsthips will be awar(le(d in the session 1930-31,provi(le(d suitable candidates are forthcoming : (1) Cecil ProsserResearch SchIolarshiijp (£250), for r-esearchi in thle dleL)artment oftnl)ercnlosis; (2) Mrs. JohIIn N;xoIn Scholarsh ip (£150), for rese2arclin the (lep)artment of miie(licinie and( mei(lical )ath0olog3; (3) LoilMertityr Researchl Schlolarship} (£200), for researei in the dlei.pal1t-ment of surgery; (4) Eveii Mlacleani Rtesearecl Selioliarslii) (£150,for research in the (lepartiment of obstetrics and(i gytine(eoloyv.1llil p)articulars and forms of application may le obtlii)eE IiLeIlIthe Registrar, Uniiversity Registry, Cathays Prlk, Cardiff.

ROYAL COLTLEGE OF PHfYSICIANS OF EDINBUIRGH.THE Victoria Juibilee Cuilleni Prize for 1930 lias beeni a\wlardledequnally between Professor George Al. Rtobertsoni, MI.D., P.11 C. ',hysician-Suiperintendent of the Royal H-lospital, Morniiie,Edinburgh, and(1 Sir Audrew l3alfoir, 'K.C.M.G., MLD., F.E.C. 1.,Director of t1e Lond(Ioi School of Hygiene andi( Tropical Medicine'.Thje valuie of the prize is £100.

SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OF LONDON.THE followingi candidates have passed iu the subjects indicated:SURGERY.-F. R. Crookes, H. J. Hale. J. Irger, C. Seeley.MEDICINE.-G. T. W. Cashell, L. P. Clarke, F. R. Crookes, H. G.

Ednmunds, I. F. W. Edwards, H. Glnn, H. J. Hale, E. Letlhem,E. H. Mr. Lyle, A. W. B. Wiggins.FORENSIC MEDICINE.-F. R. Crookes, R. P. Davies, H. J. H1ale,

J. E. R. Heppolette, K. V. B. Pillai, E. MI. M. Shaw, G. WilskerMIDWIFERY.-V. J. H1. Coidan, F. R. Crookes, H. J. Hale, K. V. 1B. lillai,

E. M. M. Shaw, I. J. Todd-Nsylor, I. M. Williams.The diploma% of thQ Society has beeni granted to Messrs. L. P.

Clarke, V. J. H. Coidani, F. R. Crookes, I. F. W. Edwards,H. J. Hale, E. Lethem, E. 1!. M. Shaw, and(i A. W. B. Wiggins.,

gRubra eus-VH.R.H. PRINCESS MARY COUNTESS OF HAREWOOD Will opeiqthe first section of the new Queen Charlotte's Hospital in

Goldhawk Road, Ilammersmith, at 2.45 p.m. on Thursday,July 10th.AN intensive course in radiotherapy will be held at, the

National Post-Graduate School of Radiotherapy (the Mlou6ntVernon Hospital and Radinm Institute), Riding House St4eet ,-London, W.1, commencing Monday, October 6th. F'ulparticulars will be announced later. Applications for copiesof the syllabus may be made at once, and these will befor7wArded as soon as available. The dean (Sir CuthbertWallace) will be glad to see prospective entrants by appoint.ment. The course will be repeated on subsequent dates.THE Fellowship of Medicine and. Post-Graduate Meclical

Association announces two special M.R.C.P. lectures: thefirst on July lst at 8.30 p.m. at 11, Chandos Street, W.1,by Dr. WV. J. Adie on diseases of the nervous system, thesecond on July 4th at 8.30 p.m. at 10, Bedford Square, byDr. A. Knyvett Gordon on diagnosis and treatmenit, ofcertain bacteriological infections, followed by a laboratorydemonstration. Fees payable at lecture rooms. Two freedemonstrations will be given during the week, botli onJuly 1st. The first is at 9 a.m. in the out-patient departmentof the Royal Ear Hospital, Huntley Street, by Mr. HerbertTilley, and the second at 2 p.m. in the out-patient departmentof the Hospital for Epilepsy an(d Paralysis, Maida Vale, byDr. D. McAlpine. A special course in proctology, withdemonstrations, operations, and lectuires, will take place atSt. Marlk's Hospital from June 30th to July 5th, occupyingthe whole of each day; fee £3 3s. A short, course of (lemon-strations at various hospitals has been arranged in connexionwith Baby Weekfrom June 30th to July 5th. The feeis lOs.,and a few vaeancies will be reserved for graduates other thanmedical officers of health.-- A course in diseases of infantswil1 be given from July 21st to -August 2nd at the Infant,sHospital; it will occupy each afternoon and include somespecial visits. Copies of all syllabuses and tickets ofadmission miiay be obtained from the Fellowship of Medicine,1, Wimpole Street, W.1, to which all fees are payable.A POST-GRADUATE course in oto-rhino-laryngology will be

held at Strasbourg from July 15th to 27th, unler thedirection of Professor Canuyt. The fee is 400 francs.,THE second international congress of compajative pathology

will be held at the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, fromn October14th to 18th, 1931, during the French colonial exhibition.Professor Achard wvill president, subjectsbe discussed include tuberculosis, cancer, psittacosis, theultra-viruses, undulant andl abor-tus fevers, anaphytaxis, and

milk. Further information may be obt;ained from the generawlleoretary, Dr. Grollet, 7, rue Gustave Nadaud, Paris, 26e.

JUNE 28, io1 MXEDICAL NEWS.-0ITO BRITIER 1203

DR. G. B. HILLMAN has been adopted by tlhe WakefieldConservative Association, as the prospective parliainientarycanldidate for Wakefiel(l. He has been a iiiember of theWaklefield City Coutcil since 1926, and was mayor in 1928.

T'HE ninth sessiotn of thie lntertiational Association fortlje Protection of Chiildhoo(i vill be leldk at Liege, fromnJuly 31st to August 4th1, oni the occasion or the celebra-tiOtI of- the cetntenary of the idtiependenlce of Belgiumli.Tthe following subjects, amiioug others, will be discussed:tuberculosis in school chiildren, iutroduced by Dr. Ariiiaud-Delille; protectiou of childreu of pre-schlool age (3 to 6 years),intro(luced by Dr. Rovkche; the rational examinatiotn ofschool childl(rLeni, introduced by Drs. Laufer, Grosset, Chailly.Bert, andl Sinon;, and the ;pl)ysiology, of -digestion and( tihenlutrition of the itfant, introduced by. Professor Rohmer.F'uLrther information can be obtaiuedl fromi the general secre-tary of the association, 67, Avenue de la Toisou d'Or,Br ussels.THE twenity-tlhir( "Voyage d'Etu(dcs Medicales," arraniged

for doctors in practice anid for mtielical students who hlavecolupletedl their studies, vill take place froml Septemziber 1stto 13th, iu(ner the directiou of Professor Villaret, of theFaculty or Mediciue, Paris; of Professor Sautenoise, of thieFacnlty of Medicinie, Nancy; aud of Dr. B3lunii, or the Facultyof . jVediciover Strasbourg. Starting at Natrcy and ending atVittel, tlie touir wvill emibrace thie minieral water and climiiaticstations of Alsace, J ura, and the Vosges. Ttie inclusivechiarge coveriutn hotels, cars, tips, etc;, is 1,100 francs.,Rediui'ctions of.50 per. cent. will be al-lowved oni F'reLneh rail.ways for the ouftward.and retu'rn journeys. lDetails of thep)logranllie andl lull particulars milay be obtainied from theolice of the F'ederation of the Health Resorts of France,Tavistock House Nortlh, W.C.1.IN the preliminary progiranmmie Qf tihe seventlh international

birthl coutrol conference, to be hel(d in Ztrich fromSeptemb)er 1st to 5th, the following subjects are announcedior discussion: birth control in relatioil to the health andeconomicconditions of mien, woumen, and chil(lren; thegeneralapplication of the occlusive pessary and other extra- andintra-uterine contraceptive appliances; composition and useof chemtjical conLraceptives; physiological methio(ds of con-traception; new methods aiil expetrimenits, with specialrQlerence to serums, spermliatoxins, and the use of x rays andradium. The aim of thie- conference is to bring together thedirectors and workers of the various birtlh control clinicsthroughout E1urope and the United States, and attenidancewill be by invitation only. Particulars imay be obtained fromMrs. Janet Chance, c/o A. S. Cobden, Esq., 10, Adelphi Terrace,W.C.2.THE publicity departnment of the Harroaate Corporation

has issued an attractively illustrate(d paniphliet concerningthe amenities of this famuous spa. Condensedl informxiationabout baths an(d pump roomis is suppliedl for invalid.;; butthie town witlh its exhiilarating air andi its (levotion to flowversaud miiusic is commiendLed botlh as a pleasure resort andas a permanent residlence. More than a hun(dre differeutmethods of treatmiient are now emijployed at the bathingestablishments. A separate booklet containing full par.ticulars of the waters and of the treatmleuts available maybe ob ained free of cost from the manager of the BathsDepartment, Harrogate.THE issue of Nature for June 21st publ-ishes, as a supple-

mient, au abridgedl vetrsion of the six Hunteriaun Lecturesgiveni belore the Royal College of Surgeces of England lastm10onthi, by Sir Arthur Keith, on "Recent discoveries of fossilmau."A FURTIHER programmxie of condlucted tours has been

arranged for July and August by King Edward's HospitalFunld. On July 4thi at 5 p.m., Mr. Lawlrence Tanner' will"tlake a party over Westtuinster Abbey, including parts of thebuilding not ordinarily on view. On the afternoon of July16th a visit will be madle to the Lon(lon Air Park at Hanworth,and on August 13th and 2OtLi and Septeunber 3rd parties willh)e taken over thie Tower of Londoni, under the guidlance ofMr. Walter Bell. Tickets (price 10s. for eachi event) can beobtaine.[ fromii- King Ed%ward's Hospital Fund for-London, 7,Walbioolk, E.C.4.THEi late Lord Dewar hias bequeathed £5,000 to St. Paul's

Hospital an(l £2,000 each to Charinig Cross Hospital andSt. George's Hospital.DR. GFORGEi E. DE SCHWEINITZ, professor of ophthalmology

in the Uniiveusity of Pennsylvania Graduate Sclhool ofMedicine, has beent awarldedl tbe Leslie Dana imedal forprevenltionl of b)lindnluess for 1930.PROFESSOR L. T1. HOGBSEN of the University of Capetown

hlas acel^)te(l thle new chair of social biology at thle LonldonSchlool of Econoumics (Unliversity of LXondonj). This appoint-menut is3 a swtriking recognilition of the importance of biologicalscience in the study of modern social problems.

DR. F. J. WALDO, coroner for the City of Lon(lon andBorough of Southiwark, at an inquest held on JunIe 12lth on c

case ot (leath uuder chtloroforti atitd ether anaestlesia, saidthat this was the second case lic liadi inivestigate(d recewlty iuwlhich deatih had occurre(d uwider this anaestlietic ixiixturebefore the operation had actually started.A FURTHER series of brochures-Nos. 195 to 205--has been

issue(l by tihe International Labour Office in coutiuiuatuce ofits series etititle( "Occupation and Healtlh." Their sUbjectsare: (lyeing; effort (strain); electrical apparatus; electro-plating, einietine, enamels, and enamelling; ethtylene andits derivatives; forges, iroL'works; horsehair, bristles, andhair; glove mianufacture; dock labourers; dusts, fumues, audsmnoke; and(l yes.. Tlhey mxiay be obtained fromti the Londonoffice of this organization, 12, Victoria Street, S.W.1.

3etters, $bxtes, aitb xItsintrrs.All comnmunications in regard to editorial business shouldl( headdresse(d In The EDITOR. Br-itish .Medical Journal, BritishMedical Association House, 7avistock :bquate, W.G.s.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES arid LETTERlS folwarded for publicationare understood to be offered to tlle British Mcdical Jounttalalone utnless thjo conitrary be stated. Correspondenits wlho wishinotice to- be taken of their comlmunications slhould -autlienticatetlhemtt with tlheir namres, not necessarily for publication.

Authior s desiringi RlIEPRINTS of their articles publislhed in theBfiitisih M1edicrni Journal nmuist coninmuinicate witlh the FinancialSecretar v and- B3isiness Manager, British Mledical AssociationHouse, Tavistock Square, W.C.1, on receipt of proofs.

All commuiiicationis witlh reference to ADVERTISEMEN'I'S, as wellas orders for copies of the Joulrnal, slhould be adtlcessed to theFinancial Secreta-y anid Business Manager.

The TELEPHONE NUMBERS of the Br3itislh Medical Associationand the Bititish Medical Journal are 'MUSEUM 986t, 98#6', 9SJ,and 986'; (internal exclhanige, four lines).

The TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESSES are:.EDI'Olt OF THEf)iV177'S'H MEDICAL JOURNAL, Aitiology- W'estceent, Lonidont.

FINANCIAL SECRETARY AND BUSINESS MANAGERL(Advertisements, etc.), AAticulaite Westcn t, London.

MEDL)ICAL SECRtETARY, Medisecti'a Westcent, Lontlont.The addrless of the Itishi Office of the British Medical Association

is 16, Sqitli Fr'ederick Street, Dublin (telegr-amtis: Bacillus,Dublin; teleplhonie: 62550 Dublin), anid of the Scottislh Ohlice,7, Drtituislieiehli Gardens, Edinburghl (telegraums: Associate,EditnbuiVh; tc'epliotie 24361 EdinburglIi).

QUERIES AND ANSWERS.

TREATMENT OF PlUIRITUs ANI.DR. D. M. MACDONALD (Arnside) writes: Iti reply to " Cerons's'

iniquiry (Julie 7th), p. 1080), I wvouil( stugsgest thiat lie takes eatclnight oiie honr before bedtime 1/8 to 1/4 graiii of calomiiel, a (losethat stops short of actiiig oni the bowvels. At thje same tinie lieshiould take 5 graitis of sodiuim bicarboiiate, whicih oxidizes themerctirial salt an1d converts it inito a poteiit oxide. The fact thatthe prutritus comes otn after the patient lhas beeii in bed, a faitrlycommon, featuLre, led me some years ago to the conclusion thatthe cause of the complaisit is some clhemical iiiterfer'eiice and'chaiige in thie biliary secretioii. Thje above treatmneiit, carriedlout for two or three weeks, is, in the majority of cases, milosteffecttial. In cases wlichl resist this treatment I find thatforcible stretehinig of the sphinieter under a genleral aniaiestlheticis usually effective.

DR. J. P. SCATCHARD (Tadoaster) writes: I cani stromgly reconii-mend( the subcutatneotus inijection of auaestliesin in the form} ofazotile solution, "A.B.A." .(Allen au(n Hantburys). It can b)egiveni painilessly, ani(d (does iiot cause atny after-discomftort. The.method was described in a pap&' by W. B. Gabriel (BritishMiedicail Joutrnal, Juiie 15thi, 1929, p; 1070). Along with it acalaitmine lotiounmay be used after evacuation.

"SEPTUAGENARIAN" writes from Nottigigham: I would suggest toCeroiis " aiid( other sufferers tlhat they shouil(d try the simple

remiedly of vasltiing the aiiaLl regioti every night, just before goilngto bed, witlh soap anid water, dryiiig witl a soft clotlh. tin mOyown case this simple tret(tmeut has been perfectly satisfactory.

INCOME TAX.Car Trfansactions.

"M. B." had a car, thie value of which appeare(d as £235 " in thtepreviouis year's Proflt antd Loss Account, unid(er Stock Accounlt."He las sol(d it for £90, an)(d pturchased a iiew car for £390 in thepreseiit finanicial year. Whtat can he claimii ?

*** The tranisaction wvill affect the tax payable for nextIunancial year, wvlien lie can claim (1) obsolescence allowances£235-£90=£145, and (2) (lepreciation allowance at, say, 20 per cent.on £390, say, £78.