pistachios: a sustainable alternative to pecans?aces.nmsu.edu/programs/sare/documents/wsare...
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Pistachios: A Sustainable Alternative Tree-Crop in Southwest New Mexico?
Richard Heerema Pecan & Pistachio Specialist New Mexico State University
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Are pistachios a sustainable crop for Southwest NM?
ANSWER: Yes! Pistachios can be grown sustainably in Southwest New Mexico.
But, there’s more!
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The genus Pistacia
• In the Cashew Family (Anacardiacaea): – Cashew (Anacardium occidentale)
– Mango (Mangifera indica)
– Marula (Sclerocarya birrea)
– Marking tree, tar tree, Australian
cashew (Semecarpus spp.)
– Ambarella, yellow and red mombin (Spondias spp.)
– Sumac (Rhus spp.)
– Smoke tree (Cotinus spp.)
– Poison ivy/oak (Toxicodendron spp.)
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The genus Pistacia
• There are ~11 species in the genus
• Most are adapted to arid or semi-arid conditions. – Native to various parts of southern
Asia, north Africa, and the Mediterranean region.
– P. mexicana is native to Mexico and Texas.
• Some Pistacia species produce resins
for turpentine and mastic.
• P. chinensis is a popular ornamental tree in the US.
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Pistacia vera
Native to Southwestern Asia
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P. vera
Native to Southwestern Asia
Photos courtesy of Dr. Owen Burney
Pistachio forests in Afghanistan
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History of the US Pistachio Industry
• The USDA Plant Introduction Station at Chico, CA.
– Dr. William E. Whitehouse collected seed from Asia in 1929.
– Lloyd E. Joley began evaluation of varieties in 1940s.
W.E. Whitehouse L.E. Joley
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Photos courtesy of Pioneer Nursery
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History of the Pistachio Industry
Figure 8
Pistachio total production and value of production, 1980-2010
Million pounds Million dollars
600 1,400
500
400
Value
1,200
1,000
300
200
Production
800
600
400
100
200
0 0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010p
P=prelim inary.
Source: USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Noncitrus Fruits and Nut Summary, various issues.
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Pistachio’s Climate Requirements
Kerman, Iran 30°15’ N latitude, 5,800 feet elevation. Kerman, CA 36°43’ N latitude, 220 feet elevation. Deming, NM 32°15’ N latitude, 4,300 feet elevation.
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Pistachio’s Climate Requirements
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Source: Goldhamer et al, 1984
Avoid water stress during Stage 3!!!
Regulated Deficit Irrigation
• Stage 1: water stress increases % split but reduces nut size.
• Stage 2 : Split and yield insensitive to water stress.
• Stage 3: water stress reduces % splits and kernel growth.
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Salinity
• Soil – ECe of 9.4 dS/m →
significant yield reduction (UCB-1 rootstock).
• Water – Pistachios can be irrigated
with water as saline as 8 dS/m without yield loss.
Sources: Sanden et al 2004
Photo credit: Dr. Robert Flynn
Pistachios are exceptionally salt tolerant for fruit trees.
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Mineral Nutrition
Nutrient Recommended Leaf Concentration
Nitrogen (N) 2.2-2.5%
Phosphorus (P) 0.14-0.17%
Potassium (K) 1.8-2.0%
Calcium (Ca) 1.3-4.0%
Magnesium (Mg) 0.6-1.2%
Manganese (Mn) 30-80 ppm
Boron (B) 150-250 ppm
Zinc (Zn) 10-15 ppm
Copper (Cu) 6-10 ppm
Chlorine (Cl) 0.1-0.3%
Boron Deficiency Symptoms
Source: UC Pistachio Production Manual
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Cultivars Pistachios are “dioecious”.
– Male and female flowers are borne on separate plants.
– It is necessary to plant male trees for pollination.
Flowers on a male tree Flowers on a female tree
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Female Cultivars
Fewer than 20 named female cultivars were ever imported to the US. Examples:
• ‘Red Aleppo’ (Syria)
• ‘Bronte’ (Italy)
• ‘Trabonella’ (Italy)
• ‘Sfax’ (Tunisia)
• ‘Kastel’ (Israel)
• ‘Rashti’ (Israel)
• ‘Kalehgouchi’ (Iran)
• ‘Aria’ (Iran)
A few commercial cultivars were developed in the US:
• ‘Kerman’ (USDA, 1957)
• ‘Lassen’ (USDA, 1962)
• ‘Joley’ (UC Davis, 1980)
• ‘Lost Hills’ (UC Davis, 2005)
• ‘Golden Hills’ (UC Davis, 2005)
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Female Cultivars
‘Golden Hills’
Source: Kallsen et al., 2009
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Male Cultivars • ‘Peters’
– Selection by A.B. Peters. – California, early 1900’s. – The industry standard for
‘Kerman’
• ‘02-16’ – Earlier blooming. – From Russia.
• ‘02-18’ – Later blooming – From Russia.
• ‘Chico’ – Originally collected from Syria. – USDA, 1962
• ‘Ask’ (Israel)
• ‘Nazareth’
• ‘Gazvin’ (Israel)
• ‘Randy’ – UC Davis, 2005 – Earlier blooming
‘Randy’ inflorescence
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Rootstocks • Pistachio cultivars are typically t-budded onto seedling or
clonal rootstocks.
• Commercial rootstocks can be: – P. terebinthus
• Cold tolerant, but Verticillium susceptible.
– P. atlantica
• Reasonably cold tolerant, but Verticillium susceptible.
– P. integerrima
• Verticillium tolerant, but susceptible to cold injury.
– P. atlantica x P. integerrima
• e.g., ‘PGII’ and ‘UCB I’
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Navel Orangeworm (Amyelois transitella)
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r605300111.html
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Almond Bait
Pistachio Bait
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=18741
• The most serious insect pest in pistachios.
• Causes reduced nut yields and quality.
• Dramatically Increases aflatoxin contamination in nuts.
• Controlled by: – Sanitation – Prevention of early splits – Early harvest – Well-timed pesticide applications.
Higbee and Siegel, 2009
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Stinkbugs & Leaffooted Plantbugs
• Causes nut drop and kernel necrosis.
• Management: – Orchard sanitation
– Trap crops
– Pesticide applications (organic/”sustainable” options are very limited).
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Stinkbugs & Leaffooted Plantbugs
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Cotton Root Rot
• Caused by soil-borne fungus Phymatotrichopsis omnivorum.
• Fungus is known to occur in scattered locations around Southwest NM.
• Kills pistachio trees very quickly- with leaves remaining attached.
• No effective control methods. Avoid infested fields for pistachio plantings.
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Alternaria Late Blight & Septoria Leaf Spot
• Fungal diseases first confirmed in southern NM pistachios in 2008.
• Both diseases are favored by high moisture in the growing season. – Not a major concern in most
years.
• Management:
– Orchard sanitation. – May require fungicide
application in high rainfall seasons.
Septoria Leaf Spot
Alternaria Late Blight
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Questions?
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Sources & Further Reading
Ferguson, L. 2008. Pistachio Production Manual. Omnipress, Madison, WI.
Goldberg, N.P. 2005. Phymatotrichum root rot. New Mexico State University Cooperative Extension Service Guide A-229 (http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_a/A229.pdf).
French, J., N. Golberg, R. Heerema, and B. Gordon. 2009. Septoria leaf spot and alternaria late blight on pistachio Janick, J. and R.E. Paul. 2008. The Encyclopedia of Fruits and Nuts. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. University of California IPM Online: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/index.html.