PITUITA

RY GLAND A

ND

HYPOTHALAMUS

BRITNEY W

EBSTER, JULIE

ETHIE

R, AND L

AURA DUNCAN

PITUITARY GLAND

• A.K.A. the master gland because it controls all the other glands.

• Sack-like gland connected by a stalk to the hypothalamus.

• this hypothalamus-pituitary complex is the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system

• stores hormones which are released by a nerve signal given from the hypothalamus

• nerve ends from the hypothalamus secrete hormones which are transported in the blood to the pituitary gland

• most of these hormones activate specific cells in the pituitary gland causing them to release the pituitary hormones

• 2 hypothalamus hormones stop the secretion of pituitary hormones: Dopamine and Somatostatin

• composed of two separate lobes: posterior and anterior

POSTERIOR LOBE

• stores and releases hormones such as ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and Oxytocin, however these hormones are created in the hypothalamus

• the hormones travel by specialized nerve cells from the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, the posterior lobe then stores the hormones and releases them into the blood when signalled by the nerve cells of the hypothalamus

ANTERIOR LOBE

• produces and stores and releases it's own hormones

• hormones are released into the blood when signalled by nerve cells of the hypothalamus

• produces, stores and releases hormones such as Growth hormone, Prolactin, FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), ACTH, (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

HORMONES INVOLVED

• dopamine: produced by nerve ends in the hypothalamus, transported via the blood stream to the pituitary gland where it stops the secretion of prolactin from the anterior lobe

• somatostatin: produced by nerve ends in the hypothalamus, transported via the blood stream to the pituitary gland where it stops the secretion of somatotropin or growth hormone from the anterior lobe

• antidiuretic hormone- ADH: is stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and it increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts in the nephrons of the kidneys

• oxytocin: is stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, a hormone for pregnant women, it initiates strong contractions and triggers milk release in lactating females

• growth hormone or somatotropin- GH or STH: produced and stored in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, it promotes cell growth, STH promotes the growth in bones, GH growth of tissues

• prolactin- produced and stored in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, a hormone for pregnant women, it stimulates and maintains milk production in lactating females

HORMONES CONTINUED…

• follicle- stimulating hormone- FSH: produced and stored in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, in females it stimulates follicle development in the ovaries and in males it promotes the development of sperm cells in the testes

• luteinizing hormone- LH: produced and stored in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, in females it stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum (has to do with maintaining a pregnancy by providing necessary hormonal support to the newly developing fetus), in males stimulates the production of the sex hormone testosterone

• thyroid stimulating hormone- TSH: produced and stored in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, it stimulates the release of thyroxin (regulates cell metabolism) from the thyroid

• adrenocorticotropic hormone- ACTH: produced and stored in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, it stimulates the release of hormones involved in stress responses such as corticosteroids like cortisol which reduces stress and inflammation and mineralocorticoids which effect blood pressure

HYPOTHALAMUS

• Located in the brain below the thalamus and behind the optic chiasma

• Regulates homeostasis and connects the nervous system to the endocrine system

• Controls automatic body functions (maintaining water balance, sweating, etc.)

• Emotions

• Motor functions (walking, lifting arms, etc.)

• Regulates food and water intake

• Regulates sleep/wake cycle

HYPOTHALAMUS AND EMOTIONS

• The outer part of the hypothalamus is believed to be involved with pleasure and rage

• And the inner parts are thought to be involved in dislike, unhappiness, and loud and uncontrollable laughter

• The hypothalamus is more involved in the display of emotion than in the creation of them

• Once the reaction has occurred the hypothalamus gets a message from the receptors to stop the reaction. Sometimes if the reaction(s) can’t be stopped panic will follow because of threat that the agitator poses.