pivotal role for heat pumps and thermal energy storage in
TRANSCRIPT
Pivotal role for heat pumps and thermal energy storage in the decarbonization of the industrial sector
E l e n a P A L O M O D E L B A R R I O
C o n g r e s o N a c i o n a l d e M e d i o A m b i e n t eC O N A M A 2 0 2 13 1 M a y o – 3 J u n i o 2 0 2 1
INDEX
1. Industrial energy useProcess heat on the target
2. Electrification of process heat Heat pumps and thermal energy storage
4. Industrial heat pumps (IHP)Technology and applications
5. Thermal energy storage solutions for industrial heat pumpsCIC energigune technology
6. Conclusion
INDEX
1. Industrial energy useProcess heat on the target
2. Electrification of process heat Heat pumps and thermal energy storage
4. Industrial heat pumps (IHP)Technology and applications
5. Thermal energy storage solutions for industrial heat pumpsCIC energigune technology
6. Conclusion
>
© CICenergiGUNE. 2020. All rights reserved.
I N D U S T R I A L P R O C E S S E S A R E C U R R E N T L Y R E S P O N S I B L E F O R 2 5 % O F F I N A L E N E R G Y C O N S U M P T I O N A N D 2 0 % O F T O T A L G A S E M I S S I O N S I N E U R O P E
INDUSTRIAL ENERGY USE
4
Thermal energy accounts for 81% of the total energy demand, 66% consumed in process heating Low temperature (< 200 C) process heat represents 37% of total process heating requirements,
whereas high temperature (> 200 C) process heat accounts for 63% The current industrial process heat demand is primarily (78 %) covered by fossil fuel sources.
Relatively small shares are covered by more sustainable sources such as biomass (11 %) or electricity (3 %).
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P R O C E S S H E A T U S E B Y S E C T O R S A N D T E M P E R A T U R E L E V E L
INDUSTRIAL ENERGY USE
5
Working temperatures for various renewable heat technologies
37% of total process heating requirements
47% of total process heating requirements
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W A S T E H E A T P O T E N T I A L B Y S E C T O R S A N D T E M P E R A T U R E L E V E L
INDUSTRIAL ENERGY USE
6
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.04.043
EU industryThe sum of waste heat potential in EU is 304.13 TWh/year, which is 16.7% of the industrial consumption for process heat, and represents 9.5% of the total industrial energy consumption
Temperature level Waste heat potential
< 100 C 1.25 TWh/year
100 – 200 C 100 TWh/year
200 – 500 C 78 TWh/year
> 500 C 124 TWh/yearOnly industries that use high temperatureprocess heat, like the steel industry
It is available in a large variety of industries, such as chemical, non-metallic minerals, food, and paper industries.
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S U M M A R Y
INDUSTRIAL ENERGY USE
7
Almost all renewable heat technologies could
contribute to the decarbonization
High waste heat potential
Electrification and green hydrogen are the main
pathways toward decarbonization
High waste heat potential
37% of total process heating requirements
47% of total process heating requirements
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S U M M A R Y
INDUSTRIAL ENERGY USE
8
Almost all renewable heat technologies could
contribute to the decarbonization
High waste heat potential
37% of total process heating requirements
47% of total process heating requirements
Favorable to the electrification of heat through the combined use of heat pumps and thermal energy storage technologies
INDEX
1. Industrial energy useProcess heat on the target
2. Electrification of process heat Heat pumps and thermal energy storage
4. Industrial heat pumps (IHP)Technology and applications
5. Thermal energy storage solutions for industrial heat pumpsCIC energigune technology
6. Conclusion
>
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R E N E W A B L E P O W E R - T O - H E A T - C o n t r i b u t i o n t o h e a t s e c t o r d e c a r b o n i z a t i o n a n d p o w e r s e c t o r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
ELECTRIFICATION OF PROCESS HEAT
10
The share of renewable energy in global annual electricity generation is expected to be increased from 25% today to 86% in 2050
Electrification of end-use sectors is seen as a key solution to decarbonisation given the efficiency gain achieved by electrifying these sectors.
Main renewable power-to-heat technologies
Heat pumps or electric boilers combined with thermal energy storage
Decarbonization of process heat while providing demand-side flexibility
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U N L O C K I N G T H E F L E X I B I L I T Y O F T H E H E A T I N G S Y S T E MP i v o t a l r o l e o f T h e r m a l E n e r g y S t o r a g e
ELECTRIFICATION OF PROCESS HEAT
11
Large-scale increase in electricity demand due to the production of heat from electricity, could creates challenges in covering peaks and increasing ramping requirements
Integrating power and heat sectors in smart way
DEMAND-SIDE FLEXIBILITYfor the power system
Enhanced global energy efficiency and process heat cost reduction
INDEX
1. Industrial energy useProcess heat on the target
2. Electrification of process heat Heat pumps and thermal energy storage
4. Industrial heat pumps (IHP)Technology and applications
5. Thermal energy storage solutions for industrial heat pumpsCIC energigune technology
6. Conclusion
>
© CICenergiGUNE. 2020. All rights reserved.
I N C R E A S I N G T H E O V E R A L L E F F I C I E N C Y O F T H E P R O C E S S W H I L E A C H I E V I N G S T R O N G R E D U C T I O N O F C O 2 E M I S S I O N S
HEAT PUMPS FOR PROCESS HEATING
13
Industrial heat pumps (IHP) are a technology which can upgrade the temperature of a waste heat source such that it can be re-used within a process
Electrically-driven vapor compression cycle is the most commonly used IHP technology
This is the most efficient power-to-heat technology (COP = 2.5 - 5)
Can be implemented in both new and existing process operations
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O V E R V I E W O F I N D U S T R I A L H E A T P U M P S
HEAT PUMPS FOR PROCESS HEATING
14
Mature technology
Simplified scheme of a HP
Limited number of suppliers
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P O T E N T I A L A P P L I C A T I O N S
HEAT PUMPS FOR PROCESS HEATING
15
Heat pumps for temperatures up to 100°C have the potential to cover 222 TWh/a or 11 % of the process heating demand in European industry. This could lead to CO2 emission reductions in the order of 51 Mt/a.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-017-9571-y
https://doi.org/10.2760/290197
In the case that heat pumps also become a mature technology for the supply of heat in the temperature range of 100°C to 200°C, an additional 508 TWh/a or 26 % of the total process heat demand can potentially be emission free, with potential additional CO2 reductions in the order of 95 Mt/a
INDEX
1. Industrial energy useProcess heat on the target
2. Electrification of process heat Heat pumps and thermal energy storage
4. Industrial heat pumps (IHP)Technology and applications
5. Thermal energy storage solutions for industrial heat pumpsCIC energigune technology
6. Conclusion
>
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R E S E A R C H A C T I V I T Y A T C I C E N E R G I G U N E
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
17
Applications Temperature range (℃)
TES technology
Renewable heating and cooling in buildings and tertiary sector
40 – 120 LHS with organic solid-state PCMs
Renewable industrial process heat
80 – 200up to 600
LHS with organic solid-state PCMsLHS with inorganic solid-state PCMs
Industrial waste heat valorization
up to 1000 SHS with low-cost solid materials
Applications in the power sector – CSP dispatchability, TPP and grid flexibility
up to 800 SHS in low-cost solids and molten saltsLHS with inorganic solid-state PCMs or shape-stabilized PCMsTCS based on metal oxides supporting redox, carbonatation or hydration chemical reactions
SHS: Sensible heat storageLHS: Latent heat storageTCS: Thermochemical storage
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T E S T E C N O L O G Y S T A T U S A N D I N N O V A T I O N O U T L O O K ( I R E N A 2 0 2 0 )
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
18
Competing technologies in the short-to-mid term
Because of costWater tanksSolid-state
Because of spatial footprint
HT Latent heatSalt hydration
Cost ($/kWh) targets by 2030
SEN < 25LAT 60-95TC 80-160
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T E S F O R I N D U S T R I A L H E A T P U M P S ( 8 0 – 2 0 0 ℃ )T e c h n o l o g y s t a t u s a n d R e s e a r c h o b j e c t i v e
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
19
Pressurized water tanks Latent heat storage
Commercially availableProven technology
Current cost: 35 $/kWhTarget 2030: 25 S/kWh
Still under development
Current cost: 60-120 $/kWhTarget 2030: 60-95 $/kWh
Space footprintLow energy density
(30 kWh/m3 approx.)
COP degradationIncreasing temperature lift
Space footprint3-5 times higher energy density
No COP degradation expectedIsothermal storage
AdvantagesDrawbacks
CIC´s CHALLENGING OBJECTIVEDeveloping cost competitive (< 25 $/kWh) latent heat storage technology
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S T R A T E G Y O F D E V E L O P M E N T
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
20
Currently used PCMs are solid-liquid PCM with low thermal conductivityLarge surface area for PCM/HTF heat exchange is, therefore, neededHX (or PCM macroencapsulation) usually account for more than 60% of CAPEX
Avoid using either HX or macroencapsulationby a new class of PCMS leading to low-cost packed-bed storage system
PCM-based fixed packed-beds
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S O L I D - S T A T E P H A S E C H A N G E M A T E R I A L S
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
21
Plastic crystal like high temperature phase
Ordered crystallin low temperature phase
Organic plastic crystals undergoing a solid-state phase transition from a compact, ordered crystalline phase (low-temperature phase) to a highly directionally disordered crystalline phase (high-temperature phase or plastic crystal)
ΔS - high
Surprisingly high enthalpy of transition
Many times comparable to that of melting/solidification processes
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M A I N F E A T U R E S O F S T U D I E D P H A S E C H A N G E M A T E R I A L S
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
22
High volumetric energy density in a suitable T range
Easy working temperature tailoring
Easy improvement of initial performances
Compatibility with commonly used HTFs
Others
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200100
150
200
250
300
350
C-50
C-19
C-50C-19
PETAMPG
AMPLD
ensi
ty (k
g/m
3 ) n-alkanes Plastic Crystal
NPGNPG
PG
AMPL
TAMPE
n-alkanes Plastic Crystals
Late
nt h
eat (
J/g)
Temperature (ºC)
NPG PG
AMPLTAM
PE
Together, high latent heat and high density lead to volumetric energy density 3 times higher than that of water under similar working conditions
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M A I N F E A T U R E S O F S T U D I E D P H A S E C H A N G E M A T E R I A L S
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
23
Changing phase transition properties in a continuous manner simply changing mixture composition – Easy processing of the material by powders mixing and pressing
Isomorphous phase diagramMixtures displaying solid solutions
High volumetric energy density in a suitable T range
Easy working temperature tailoring
Easy improvement of initial performances
Compatibility with commonly used HTFs
Others
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M A I N F E A T U R E S O F S T U D I E D P H A S E C H A N G E M A T E R I A L S
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
24
Increasing apparent thermal conductivity (x 5) by adding small amount of ENG (<10%) – Easy processing by powders mixing and pressing
(PE-PG)-RT100
(NPG-PG)-P55
Shape-stabilized solid-liquid PCM with solid-state PCMC as active supporting media – Increasing up to 50% heat storage capacity while lowering specific material cost (up to 120 ℃ so far)
Overcoming hysteresis by controlling the size of crystals of initial powders
T tr in charge =
T tr in discharge
High volumetric energy density in a suitable T range
Easy working temperature tailoring
Easy improvement of initial performances
Compatibility with commonly used HTFs
Others
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M A I N F E A T U R E S O F S T U D I E D P H A S E C H A N G E M A T E R I A L S
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
25
Soluble in water – Protective coating needed – Obtained by low-cost processing method (deep-coating or spraying)
High volumetric energy density in a suitable T range
Easy working temperature tailoring
Easy improvement of initial performances
Compatibility with commonly used HTFs
Others
Compatible with vegetal oils - Very low-cost attractive HTF
Coated NPG-RT28
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M A I N F E A T U R E S O F S T U D I E D P H A S E C H A N G E M A T E R I A L S
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
26
Easy and versatile integration into the storage system – Wide variety of shaping and sizing range
Basic chemical components available in the market
Affordable production cost (1.2 €/kg) Safe material, non-toxic, non
corrosive
Easy recycling (e.g. green H2 production and valuable elemental carbon)
High volumetric energy density in a suitable T range
Easy working temperature tailoring
Easy improvement of initial performances
Compatibility with commonly used HTFs
Others
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C O S T E S T I M A T I O N ( C A P E X )
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
27
Pressurized water tanks
Latent heat storage(SL- PCMs)
CIC energiGUNEtechnology
Commercially availableProven technology
Current cost: 35 $/kWhTarget 2030: 25 $/kWh
Still under development
Current cost: 60-120 $/kWhTarget 2030: 60-95 $/kWh
Still under development
Current cost: 35-45 $/kWhTarget 2030: < 25 $/kWh
Space footprintLow energy density
(30 kWh/m3 approx.)
COP degradationIncreasing temperature
lift
Space footprint3-5 times higher energy density
No COP degradation expectedIsothermal storage
Space footprint3 times higher energy density
No COP degradation expectedIsothermal storage
INDEX
1. Industrial energy useProcess heat on the target
2. Electrification of process heat Heat pumps and thermal energy storage
4. Industrial heat pumps (IHP)Technology and applications
5. Thermal energy storage solutions for industrial heat pumpsCIC energigune technology
6. Conclusion
>
© CICenergiGUNE. 2020. All rights reserved.
CONCLUSION
29
The electrification of low-temperature process heat is seen as key solution toward the decarbonization of manufacturing industry
Industrial heat pumps are the most efficient technology for converting renewable electricity into heat
Heat pumps combined with thermal energy storage are flexibility heating systems allowing increased global energy efficiency and reduced process heat cost while providing demand-side flexibility to the grid
Latent heat storage technology developed at CIC energigune has strong potential for improving the state of the art (water tanks), increasing compactness and reducing costs
G R A C I A S · T H A N K Y O U · E S K E R R I K A S K O
Parque Tecnológico · c/Albert Einstein 4801510 Vitoria-Gasteiz · (Álava) SPAIN+34 945 29 71 08
cicenergigune.com
CONTACT
Elena PALOMO DEL BARRIO
Scientific Director of TES area