pl511 urp lecture004 planning history - part 4

PL 511 | Urban & Regional PlanningSlideshow developed by: Arch. Edeliza V. Macalandag, UAPBohol Island State University | College of Architecture & Engineering

P lann ing : H i s to r i ca l Overv iew and Infl uencesA history of urban and regional planning from its early development up to the present.

PART4

OTHER URBAN PLANNING PERSONALITIES

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LEWIS MUMFORD (1895-1990)• American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and influential

literary critic• Influenced by Sir Patrick Geddes• Authored some twenty books and innumerable articles • “THE CITY IN HISTORY” (1961)

• The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects• won the 1962 U.S. National Book Award for Nonfiction• Harshly critical of URBAN SPRAWL, Mumford argues that the structure of modern

cities is partially responsible for many social problems seen in western society• urban planning should emphasize an organic relationship between people and

their living spaces

The chief function of the city is to convert power into form, energy into culture, dead matter into the living symbols of art, biological reproduction into social creativity.– Lewis Mumford

OTHER INFLUENTIAL URBANISTS

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CATHERINE BAUER WURSTER (1905-1964)• town planner, lobbyist, teacher, author, and a leading member of a

small group of idealists, the "HOUSERS“, committed to improving housing for low-income families (good housing = a healthy society)

• proliferated modern housing concepts through her bestselling book MODERN HOUSING (1934)

• played a critical part in the U.S. HOUSING ACT OF 1934• a leading “actionist planner,” critical of the postwar planning

profession’s bureaucratic straitjacket and obeisance to zoning• advocated for social science research as the foundation for modern

community planning and design• interest in town planning broadened to encompass Third World

development, especially housing in India• married to architect William Wurster

Good social housing could produce good social architecture.– Catherine Bauer Wurster


**

JANE JACOBS (1916-2006)• American-Canadian writer, activist , urban theorist with primary interest in

COMMUNITIES AND URBAN PLANNING AND DECAY• born Jane Butzner, married to architect Robert Hyde Jacobs in 1944• known for organizing GRASSROOTS efforts to block URBAN-RENEWAL

projects that would have destroyed local neighborhoods• "Cities need old buildings so badly it is probably impossible for vigorous

streets and districts to grow without them.... for really new ideas of any kind--no matter how ultimately profitable or otherwise successful some of them might prove to be--there is no leeway for such chancy trial, error and experimentation in the high-overhead economy of new construction. Old ideas can sometimes use new buildings. New ideas must use old buildings."


**

JANE JACOBS (1916-2006)•The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)o powerful critique of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s in the U.S.

policies such as URBAN RENEWAL and SEPARATION OF USES (i.e., residential, industrial, commercial), she claimed, destroy communities and innovative economies by creating isolated, unnatural urban spaces.

o promoted a grassroots, organic, neighbourhood-based process to rehabilitate buildings

o advocated "four generators of diversity“: Mixed uses, activating streets at different times of the day Short blocks, allowing high pedestrian permeability. Buildings of various ages and states of repair. Density.

o upheld REDUNDANCY AND VIBRANCY against order and efficiency – aesthetic opposite to that of the modernists


**

JANE JACOBS (1916-2006)•The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)o Cities need to be WALKABLE.o Cities need to RESIST GENTRIFICATION by not automatically demolishing old buildings and

building high rises, but by going into depressed areas and regenerating them.Avoid scraping away all existing context, in exchange for new, untested, and out of scale projects.

o Density of people is a valuable characteristic of cities, but is not an end in itself. Cities must be wary of single-variable solutions, like "skyscraper cities."

o Cities are CREATORS OF KNOWLEDGE that create economic prosperity that starts at the pedestrian scale. Lack of diversity creates socio-economic stratification. The capacity to solve our problems rests with the informal web of creative and regulatory relationships cities have – their culture – and not with specialized "experts."

o The PROBLEMS OF CITIES CAN BE SOLVED – if we understand it, and learn from the past.

There is a quality even meaner than outright ugliness or disorder, and this meaner quality is the dishonest mask of pretended order, achieved by ignoring or suppressing the real order that is struggling to exist and to be served.– Jane Jacobs


**

KEVIN LYNCH (1918-1984)• American urban planner and writer• “What Time is This Place?” (1972)• “THE IMAGE OF THE CITY” (1960)

o result of a five-year study on how users perceive and organize spatial information as they navigate through cities

o importance of clarity or "LEGIBILITY" of the cityscape: the ease with which people understand the layout of a place

o methods of analysis: • a systematic field reconnaissance, • mapping the presence of varies elements, their visibility, their image

strength or weakness, their connections and disconnections• lengthy interviews a small sample of city residents in which there were

requests for descriptions, locations, sketches and for the performance of imaginary trips

The modification of settlement is a human act, however complex, accomplished for human motives, however obscure or ineffective. Uncovering those motives gives us some first clues to the connection between values and environmental form.– Kevin Lynch

Concept of IMAGEABILITY:

• That quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability of EVOKING A STRONG IMAGE in any given observer.

• SHAPE, COLOR, OR ARRANGEMENT which facilitates the making of vividly identified, powerfully structured, highly useful MENTAL IMAGES OF THE ENVIRONMENT. It might also be called LEGIBILITY, or perhaps VISIBILITY in a heightened sense, where objects are not only able to be seen, but are presented sharply to their senses.

1. PATHS• the streets, sidewalks, trails, and other channels in which people

travel

2. EDGES• perceived boundaries such as walls, buildings, and shorelines

3. DISTRICTS• relatively large sections of the city distinguished by some identity

or character, i.e. a wealthy neighborhood such as Beverly Hills

4. NODES• focal points, intersections or loci (i.e. a popular city center)

5. LANDMARKS• readily identifiable objects which serve as external reference

points (store, mountain, school, or any other object that aids in orientation when wayfinding)

5 basic elements of "IMAGEABILITY“ KEVIN LYNCH: THE IMAGE OF THE CITY

KEVIN LYNCH: THE IMAGE OF THE CITY

OTHER URBAN DESIGN MOVEMENTS

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ARCOLOGY• combining "architecture" and "ecology“• coined and popularized by architect Paolo Soleri• a set of architectural design principles aimed toward

the design of enormous habitats (hyperstructures) of extremely high human population density

• these largely hypothetical structures would contain a variety of residential, commercial, and agricultural facilities and minimize individual human environmental impact

• structures are SELF-CONTAINED or ECONOMICALLY SELF-SUFFICIENT

Arcology Conceputal Design - Babel

Arcology Conceputal Design - Hexahedron


**

PAOLO SOLERI (1919- )• Italian architect• spent a year and a half in fellowship with Frank Lloyd Wright at

Taliesin West in Arizona, and at Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin• made a lifelong commitment to research and experimentation in

urban planning, establishing the Cosanti Foundation, a non-profit educational foundation

• established Arcosanti• He has written six books, including THE OMEGA SEED, and numerous

essays and monographs


**

ARCOLOGY• ACOSANTI

o experimental town that began construction in 1970 in central Arizona o started by architect PAOLO SOLERI, to explore the concept of ARCOLOGY, to

demonstrate how urban conditions could be improved while minimizing the destructive impact on the earth

o The town aims to combine the social interaction and accessibility of an urban environment with sound environmental principles such as minimal resource use and access to the natural environment.

o Construction continues at a varying pace through the present; the most recently completed building was finished in 1989.

o The population varies between 50-150 people, (students and volunteers) but intended to hold 5,000 people.

o 13 major structures on the site, of at most several stories in height. o The latest master plan, designed in 2001, envisions a massive complex, called

ARCOSANTI 5000, that would dwarf the current buildings

It is only logical that the pauperization of our soul and of the soul of society coincides with the pauperization of the environment. One is the cause and the reflection of the other.– Paolo Soleri

Arcosanti

The ARCOLOGY concept proposes a highly integrated and compact three-dimensional urban form that is the opposite of suburban sprawl, with its inherently wasteful consumption of resources and tendency to isolate people from each other and the community.

The miniaturization of the physical environment of the city enables effective conservation of land, energy and resources.

Arcosanti

Craft III exterior, Arcosanti, Mayer, Arizona

Arcosanti

ceiling, Arcosanti foundry apse, Mayer, Arizona

Arcosanti rooftops


**

NEW URBANISM (early 1980s)• promotes the creation and restoration of diverse, walkable, compact, vibrant,

mixed-use communities composed of the same components as conventional development, but assembled in a more integrated fashion, in the form of complete communities

• Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU)o founded in 1993, primary organizing body for new urbanism in the U.S.o “Sustainable Urbanism and Beyond” – LEED-ND (Neighborhood Development)

•Criticisms: o Asserts universal principles of design instead of attending to local conditionso A form of centrally planned, large-scale development versus “allowing the initiative for

construction to be taken by the final users themselves“•New Urbanists:

o Peter Calthorpe – Laguna West, Sacramento County, California (1990)o Andrés Duany & Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk – designed 1st truly New Urbanist town Seaside, Florida (1982)


**

PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM1. Walkability2. Connectivity3. Mixed-Use & Diversity4. Mixed Housing5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure7. Increased Density8. Green Transportation9. Sustainability10. Quality of Life


**

PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM1. Walkability• Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work• Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street; porches,

windows & doors; tree-lined streets; on street parking; hidden parking lots; garages in rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets)

• Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases2. Connectivity• Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases walking• A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys• High quality pedestrian network and public realm makes walking

pleasurable3. Mixed-Use & Diversity• A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site. Mixed-use

within neighborhoods, within blocks, and within buildings• Diversity of people - of ages, income levels, cultures, and races


**

PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM4. Mixed Housing

• A range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design

• Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a sense of place; Special placement of civic uses and sites within community. Human scale architecture & beautiful surroundings nourish the human spirit

6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure• Discernable center and edge• Public space at center• Importance of quality public realm; public open space designed as civic art• Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk• Transect planning: Highest densities at town center; progressively less dense

towards the edge. The transect is an analytical system that conceptualizes mutually reinforcing elements, creating a series of specific natural habitats and/or urban lifestyle settings


**

PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM7. Increased Density

• More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking, to enable a more efficient use of services and resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable place to live.

• New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of densities from small towns, to large cities

8. Green Transportation• A network of high-quality trains connecting cities,

towns, and neighborhoods together• Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater

use of bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily transportation


**

PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM9. Sustainability

• Minimal environmental impact of development and its operations

• Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of natural systems

• Energy efficiency• Less use of finite fuels• More local production• More walking, less driving

10. Quality of Life• Taken together these add up to a high quality of

life well worth living, and create places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.

SEASIDE, FLORIDA IS ONE OF THE FIRST TOWNS IN AMERICA DESIGNED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM.

SEASIDE, FLORIDA

SEASIDE, FLORIDA is an unincorporated master-planned community on the Florida panhandle in Walton County.

• Streets are narrow and paved with brick pavers.• Crushed shells line the streets to help prevent run-off and allow the

water to infiltrate.• Boardwalks are used to connect the pavilions and beach to preserve the

beach front and dune area.• Traffic is reduced by designing public walkways throughout the

community and keeping all one's daily needs within a 5 minute walk.

** Lennertz, William, “Town-Making Fundamentals”, 1991.

1. STREETS AND SQUARES are the primary public places and lines of movement, forming blocks no larger than 230 ft × 600 ft to ensure that building lots front streets and the traveling distances are reasonable (top)

2. DWELLINGS, shops and workplaces are located centrally and in close proximity to each other (middle)

3. PEDESTRIAN ROUTES supplements streets and sidewalks, leading to the major public spaces—a park in the north and the beach along the entire town seafront (bottom)

ORGAN,IZING DESIGN PRINCIPLES:SEASIDE, FLORIDA

This 80 acre village contains 350 houses with approx. 300 other dwelling units (apartments, hotels, etc.)

based on house designs and site plans heavily influenced by communities of the early 1900's. The

community includes a post office, school, general store and other retail services planned on narrow streets

within walking distance from all homes.

Seaside, Florida

Seaside, Florida in the film Truman Show

Laguna West, Sacramento County, CA by Calthorpe Associates

LAGUNA WEST

Laguna West, Sacramento County, CA by Calthorpe Associates.

Targeted at a number of different market niches, these 1,100-1,800 sq ft houses have attracted the interest of both starter home buyers and “empty-nesters.” Two houses share a single driveway and parking court which reduces the total paved area required for each car.

1870

1915

1928

1945

1960

1980

2003

- Need for more systematic and forward-thinking action - Concepts linking planning, research, action - Imbedded in architecture, engineering, social work

- Planning as a profession and public institution - Physical determinism: City Beautiful & City Efficient - Focus on land use & comprehensive analysis

- Regionalizing/nationalizing of planning - Social science as a tool of planning - Focus on econ development & social policy

Era of UrbanIndustrialization

Roaring ’20s &Progressive Era

The Depression Era& Urban Stagnation

Post-WWII ModernismSuburbanization & Central City Decline

Social Activism, Federal Policy& Regional Cities

Retreat from PolicyPrivatization

- Trust in governmental authority- Modernism, comprehensiveness & rationality

- Social science strengthened & challenged- Planning optimism- Rise of community voice & social protest - Political action for reform and transformation

- Post-modern critique of rationality- Segmentation of voices of communities into communities with voice- Focus on interaction, communication, process

IDEALISM POSITIVISM (empiricism, materialism)

Pure Empirical

A priori A posteriori

Deduction Induction

MODERNISM POSTMODERNISM

Models, Neutrality Pluralism, Identity, Legibility

City as machine, model City as text, collage

Environmental Determinism Environmental Psychology

PLANNING TODAY

**

• main tool: ZONING• 19,000 different systems • tends to actually do little in the way of planning• imposes a RIGIDITY to existing land uses• encourages SEPARATION by class• encourages retail STRIP DEVELOPMENT• discourages mixed use, pedestrian areas• promotes SATELLITE BEDROOM COMMUNITIES and SUBURBS

superficially like Garden cities or Broadacre City

PLANNING TODAY

**

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANNING AND THE CRISES THAT CREATED IT?• Water quality and sanitation is controlled• Most people have adequate light and air• Fire danger is controlled• Disease is controlled• Current planning practice has even more to do with

protecting PROPERTY VALUES• URBAN GROWTH continues to create UNHEALTHY and

DEHUMANIZING environments (air pollution, stress, isolation, lack of community, etc.)

• GENUINE planning is desperately needed

PLANNING ISSUES TODAY

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• URBANIZATION, DECENTRALIZATION, URBAN DECAY• THE NEW ECONOMY• SOCIAL EQUITY• POVERTY, INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS & SOCIALIZED HOUSING• PUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY• PUBLIC TRANSPORT• ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

o destruction of ecosystems, heat island effects, etc.o energy, water & wasteo light & sound, urban canyon effect

• CLIMATE CHANGE• POLITICS OF SPACE

URBANISM TODAY

**

TACTICAL URBANISM• The use of MODEST or TEMPORARY revisions to urban space to seed

structural environmental change (Rebar)• Emerging field of URBAN INTERVENTION deemed TACTICAL,

TEMPORARY, GUERRILLA, POP-UP, AD-HOC, DIY, or OPEN-SOURCE• Tactical urbanist projects rising out of funding challenges brought on by:

o the recessiono frustrations with the drawn-out approvals processo the organizational opportunities provided by the internet and social media, o emerging technologies, and courageous designers

• Are often defined by:o low-cost temporary natureo require little or no approvals or environmental studies (or go without them anyway)

• Driven by:o bottom-up or the top-downo amateurs or professionalso legal means or questionable means

Times Square pedestrian mall.

PEDESTRIAN PLAZA

A rendering of the Times Square of the future. (Department of Transportation)

PEDESTRIAN PLAZA

22nd Street Parklet, San Francisco

PARKLET A Parklet is a new type of Pavement to Parks Project, where instead of reclaiming a piece of underutilized roadway at an intersection, Parklets repurpose two to three parking stalls along a block as a space for people to relax, drink a cup of coffee, and enjoy the city around them.

22nd Street Parklet, San Francisco

PARKLET

Parklet, Mojo Bycicle Cafe

PARKLET

San Francisco Pavements to Parks Initiative

PARKLET A parklet is a small urban park, often created by replacing several under-utilized parallel parking spots with a patio, planters, trees, benches, café tables with chairs, fountain(s), artwork, sculptures and/or bicycle parking.

The original PARK(ing) installation by Rebar. San Francisco, 2005.

PARKLET

PARKLET

The original PARK(ing) installation by Rebar. San Francisco, 2005.

PARKLET This simple two hour intervention has blossomed into an international event called Park(ing) Day where people around the globe reclaim the streets for people, for fun, and for play.

PARK 1CITY 1

COUNTRY 1CONTINENT 12005

PARK 47CITY 13


PARK 200CITY 50


PARK 200CITY 50


PARK 700CITY 140


PARK 800CITY 183


PARK 975CITY 162


PARKLET

PARK(ing) Day is an annual global event aimed at raising awareness of the allocation and potential of urban public space.

PARKLET

PARK(ing) Day 2010, Coconut Grove, Florida.

PARK(ing) Day 2011, Dallas.

PARKLET

PARK(ing) Day 2011, Louisville.

PARKLET

A 2009 PARK(ing) Day, Philadelphia.

PARKLET

2009 PARK(ing) Day, Paris.

PARKLET

2009 PARK(ing) Day, Diane, NY. NYU Green is one of the university's initiatives on getting the word on sustainability out. Chips, dips and free CFL bulbs were the order of the day.

PARKLET

Pop-up Cafés or Curbside Seating Platforms, Fika & Bombay’s Pearl Street, Manhattan

POP-UP CAFE

Curbside public seating platforms offer well-designed seasonal, outdoor public open spaces and seating at places where sidewalk seating is not available. (NYC-DOT)

Pop-up Cafés or Curbside Seating Platforms, Fika & Bombay’s Pearl Street, Manhattan

POP-UP CAFE

Pop-up Cafés or Curbside Seating Platforms guidelines by the NYC DOT

PLATFORM WIDTH = 6FT max

VERTICAL ELEMENTS(e.g. planters, umbrellas)

PLANTING, REQUIRED.

POP-UP CAFE

FLUSH TO SIDEWALK

Pop-up Cafés or Pop-up Park by Local, Sullivan Street, Manhattan

POP-UP CAFE

URBANISM TODAY

**

OTHER URBAN INTERVENTIONS• a number of different kinds of activist art practices that respond to the social

community, locational identity, the built environment, and public places• an interplay of fine art, architecture, performance, installation, activism and

urbanism• goals are often to create new awareness of social issues, and to stimulate

community involvement• forms:

o public participatory arto street arto guerilla gardens/ pop-up gardens/ urban farmso guerilla bike lanes

Green Square, Bratislava, Slovakia (Urban Interventions + Vallo Sadovský Architects).

URBAN INTERVENTION

URBAN INTERVENTION

Green Invasion by architects Genaro Alva, Denise Ampuero, Gloria Andrea Rojas and industrial designer Claudia Ampuero (Lima, Peru).

Metropol Parasol, Plaza de la Encarnación, Seville, Spain

URBAN INTERVENTION

GUERILLA GARDENDING

Guerilla Gardening is taken to a new level by quirky British artist and graphic design student Pete Dungey.

GUERILLA GARDENDING

Germany

URBAN INTERVENTION

Banksy

STREET ART

Coffs Harbour's breakwall, Sidney

STREET ART

MMDA Art by Boysen KNOxOUT

STREET ART

MMDA Art, MetroGwapo Project

STREET ART

Favela Painting Project, a community-driven art intervention developed by Dutch artists Jeroen Koolhas and Dre Urhahn

STREET ART

Favela Painting Project, Rid de Janeiro, Brazil

STREET ART The Favela Painting Project creates striking artworks, collaborating with local people to use art as a tool to inspire, create beauty, combat prejudice and attract attention.

Next step, an entire hillside. Favela Painting Project, Rid de Janeiro, Brazil

COLOR INTERVENTION

Guerilla DIY Bike Lane Created by Guadalajara Citizens in Mexico.

Guerilla Bike Lanes

Wikilanes in Mexico.

Guerilla Bike Lanes

Urban Repair Squad, Toronto.

Guerilla Bike Lanes

Cebu City.

Guerilla Bike Lanes

Pedestrian Lane Art, Pasig City

Pedestrian Lane Art

URBANISM TODAY

**

INTELLIGENT CITIES• equivalent of ‘DIGITAL CITY’, ‘INFORMATION CITY’, ‘WIRED

CITY’, ‘TELECITY’, ‘KNOWLEDGE-BASED CITY’, ‘ELECTRONIC COMMUNITIES’, ‘ELECTRONIC COMMUNITY SPACES’, ‘FLEXICITY’, ‘TELETOPIA’, ‘CYBERVILLE’, covering a wide range of electronic and digital applications related to digital spaces of communities and cities

• concept's more accepted meaning is that it integrates all the three dimensions of the PHYSICAL, INSTITUTIONAL and DIGITAL SPACES of an agglomeration

• DIGITAL CITY vs. INTELLIGENT CITY• WI-FI CITY

Wifi is reinventing city parks

WIFI CITY

The highest-density free Wi-Fi zone ever created hummed around the Olympic Park in the London 2012 Olympics.

WIFI CITY

Makati eyes at becoming the country’s first ‘Wifi City’.

WIFI CITY

URBANISM TODAY

**Richard Register first coined the term "ecocity" in his 1987 book, "Ecocity Berkeley: Building Cities for a Healthy Future"

ECO-CITIES* OR SUSTAINABLE CITIES• cities built off the principles of living within the means of the environment• designed with CONSIDERATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, inhabited by

people dedicated to minimization of required inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air pollution - CO2, methane, and water pollution

• ultimate goal of many eco-cities is to:• eliminate all carbon waste, to produce energy entirely through renewable sources, and • to incorporate the environment into the city;

however, eco-cities also have the intentions of:• stimulating economic growth• reducing poverty• organizing cities to have higher population densities, and therefore higher efficiency, and

improving health

URBANISM TODAYECO-CITIES OR SUSTAINABLE CITIES• criteria:

o Operates on a SELF-CONTAINED ECONOMY, resources needed are found locallyo Has completely CARBON-NEUTRAL and RENEWABLE ENERGY productiono Has a well-planned city layout and public transportation system that makes the priority methods of

transportation as follows possible: waking first, then cycling, and then public transportation

• RESOURCE CONSERVATION — maximizing efficiency of water and energy resources, constructing a waste management system that can recycle waste and reuse it, creating a zero-waste system

• Restores environmentally damaged urban areas• Ensures decent and affordable HOUSING FOR ALL socio-economic and ethnic groups and improve jobs

opportunities for disadvantaged groups, such as women, minorities, and the disabled• Supports LOCAL AGRICULTURE AND PRODUCE• Promotes voluntary SIMPLICITY IN LIFESTYLE CHOICES, decreasing material consumption, and

increasing awareness of environmental and sustainability issues

ECO-CITY

Curitiba City, Paraná, Brazil

The city of Curitiba, Brazil proactively began to address the challenges of sustainable urban development in 1966 with a master plan that outlined future integration between urban development, transportation and public health.

ECO-CITY

Vancouver, Canada

References• LeGates, Richard and Stout, Frederic. Modernism and Early Urban

Planning, 1870-1940.• Knox, Paul. Urbanization.• Cullingworth, Barry. Planning in the USA .• Various online sources.

**

pl511 urp lecture004 planning history - part 4

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