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Pages: 12 Questions: 4 ©Copyright for part(s) of this examination may be held by individuals and/or organisations other than the Tasmanian Qualifications Authority.

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Tasmanian Certificate of Education

BIOLOGY

Senior Secondary

Subject Code: BIO315109

External Assessment

2009

Part 1

Time: 35 minutes

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a result on the following criterion taken from the syllabus statement: Criterion 2 Develop interpret and evaluate biological experiments.

Section Total /33

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Part 1 – Criterion 2

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CANDIDATE INSTRUCTIONS Candidates MUST ensure that they have addressed the externally assessed criterion on this examination paper. Answer ALL questions. Answers must be written in the spaces provided on the examination paper. You should make sure you answer all parts within each question so that the criterion can be assessed. The 2009 Biology Information Sheet and a biological dictionary can be used throughout the examination. This examination is 3 hours in length. It is recommended that you spend approximately 35 minutes in total answering the questions in this booklet. All written responses must be in English.


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Question 1 Howard Florey, an Australian scientist working at Oxford, was one of three scientists awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of penicillin, the first antibiotic. In a series of experiments, commenced in May 1940, Florey demonstrated that penicillin was able to cure bacterial infections. In an early crucial experiment each of eight mice was injected with a lethal dose of 100 million streptococci, a type of bacterium. The mice were of the same mass and age. After the injection with the bacteria, four of the mice were put back in their cages with no further treatment. One hour after injection of the bacteria two mice were each given a single 10–milligram injection of penicillin, and the other two were given the first of five 5–milligram injections of penicillin. The treatment of the mice and the results of this historic experiment are summarized in the table below. Refer to this table when answering the following questions.

Treatment

No penicillin Penicillin injected (mg) Hours after

infection Mouse

1 Mouse

2 Mouse

3 Mouse

4 Mouse

5 Mouse

6 Mouse

7 Mouse

8

2 4 6 8

10 12 14 16

died

died

died

died

10 10 5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

>16 survived 4 days

survived 6 days

survived 13 days

survived 6 weeks

+ (a) For the experiment described, state the: (i) independent variable (1 mark) ................................................................................................................................... (ii) dependent variable (1 mark) ...................................................................................................................................

Question 1 continues opposite.


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Question 1 (continued) (b) Explain why four of the mice were given a lethal dose of bacteria but no penicillin. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (c) Name THREE variables that were controlled in Florey’s experiment. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (d) What conclusion can be drawn from the results of this experiment? (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (e) If you had been Florey, suggest ONE question that the data would have led you to

investigate further. (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

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Question 2 With rising rates of obesity in children and adolescents, researchers are looking at environmental/lifestyle factors that may be contributing to this problem. Australian researchers followed the health, weight and lifestyle of over 5000 girls between the ages of 14 and 20 from all states of Australia. Formulate ONE plausible hypothesis that would account for rising rates of obesity in teenage girls. (3 marks) ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................

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Question 3 Sam studied the effect of varying the concentration of the stimulant drug caffeine on heart rate. She chose to use the microscopic water flea, Daphnia, which are 0.2–3.0 mm in length. In her study, Sam attempted to keep the temperature of the various caffeine solutions constant. As an extension of this work, she decided to investigate the effect of temperature on heart rate in more detail. In this new investigation Sam used a small glass chamber which could hold a single Daphnia and water. The whole apparatus could be placed under a microscope so that the Daphnia heart could be seen. She videoed four Daphnia at each of five different temperatures for 30 seconds. She used a slow motion replay of the video to count the number of heart beats in 30 seconds for each Daphnia at each temperature. Her data are summarized in the table below:

Number of heart beats in 30 seconds Temperature (˚C) Daphnia 1 Daphnia 2 Daphnia 3 Daphnia 4

Mean heart rate/

30 seconds 5 92 71 84 61 77

10 107 92 112 101 103

18 130 125 118 115 122

24 145 137 136 138 139

30 160 166 160 170 164 (a) Caffeine is a drug consumed by humans in drinks such as coffee. Suggest TWO reasons

why Sam would have chosen an invertebrate such as Daphnia to investigate the effect of caffeine on heart rate. (2 marks)

............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) Indicate the temperature for which the data is most variable. (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. (c) Give ONE possible reason why the data mentioned in part (b) is so variable. (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................



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Question 3 (continued) (d) Sam used a video microscope to help count the heart rate of the Daphnia. Why do you

think she used this method? (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (e) Sam’s initial investigation concerned the effect of caffeine on heart rate. How would

extending her study to also look at the effect of temperature on heart rate help with her initial investigation? (2 marks)

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ (f) Of what use would any conclusions Sam reached about the effect of caffeine on the

heart rate of Daphnia be in determining the effect of caffeine on human heart rate? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

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Question 4 Desert lizards are able to maintain their body temperature at about 38˚C by moving in and out of direct sunlight. When these lizards become infected with certain bacteria, they spend more time in the sun and their body temperature is maintained at about 42˚C. One hypothesis to explain why infected lizards spend more time in direct sunlight is: ‘The lizards are better able to fight the infection if their body temperature is higher’. (a) Design an experiment to test this hypothesis. (11 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................



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Question 4 (continued) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) What results would negate the hypothesis? (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

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PLACE LABEL HERE


BIOLOGY

Senior Secondary


External Assessment

2009

Part 2

Time: 35 minutes

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a result on the following criterion taken from the syllabus statement: Criterion 5 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the chemical basis of

life. Section Total

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CANDIDATE INSTRUCTIONS Candidates MUST ensure that they have addressed the externally assessed criterion on this examination paper. Answer ALL questions. Answers must be written in the spaces provided on the examination paper. You should make sure you answer all parts within each question so that the criterion can be assessed. The 2009 Biology Information Sheet and a biological dictionary can be used throughout the examination. This examination is 3 hours in length. It is recommended that you spend approximately 35 minutes in total answering the questions in this booklet. All written responses must be in English. A set of spare graphs have been provided on pages 7 and 8 of the answer booklet for you to use if required. If you use a spare graph, you MUST indicate you have done so in your answer to that question.


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Question 5 (a) The graph below shows the changes in photosynthetic rate of a plant as light intensity is

increased. The experiment was carried out in normal air (0.04%

€

CO2) and then repeated with double the normal levels of

€

CO2 (0.08%). All other factors were kept constant.

(i) What is the role of light in the process of photosynthesis? (1 mark) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (ii) What is limiting the rate of photosynthesis at point A on the graph? (1 mark) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (iii) What is limiting the rate of photosynthesis at point B on the graph? Explain your

answer. (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

Question 5 continues over the page.

Light intensity

0.08% CO2 R

ate

of p

hoto

synt

hesi

s

0.04% CO2 B

A


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Question 5 (continued) (b) The graph below shows the effect of temperature on growth rates in a particular species

of plant as well as rates of photosynthesis and respiration. The plants, which were young and actively growing, were exposed to a normal air supply.

(i) Describe the effect of temperature on photosynthetic rate. (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (ii) Describe the effect of temperature on respiration rate. (1 mark) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (iii) How is the growth rate related to the rates of photosynthesis and respiration?

Explain your answer. (3 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... /10

Temperature

Growth rate

Respiration

Photosynthesis

0˚C 20˚C 40˚C

Rat

e


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Question 6 The diagram below shows events occurring during the synthesis of a protein that is secreted from a cell.

(a) Name: (1 mark each) (i) molecule X: .............................................................................................................. (ii) molecule Z: ..............................................................................................................

(b) Identify ONE codon from the diagram above. (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. (c) Use information from the diagram above to describe the cellular processes which result

in arginine being placed between tyrosine and lysine in the protein being synthesised. (5 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

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molecule Z

ribosome

amino acid molecule X

U U A

A A U A A G A A G C G G U A U

A A U

G C C U U C

U U C


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Question 7 In an experiment investigating enzyme activity a small quantity of amylase solution was mixed with a starch solution and maltose was produced. The experiment was conducted at a temperature of 18˚C. (a) Of the three chemicals named, which is: (1 mark each)

(i) the enzyme? ............................................................................................................. (ii) the substrate? ............................................................................................................

The concentration of maltose was measured for 14 minutes and the results are shown in the graph below:

(b) Give ONE reason why the concentration of maltose produced eventually became

constant. (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................


time (min)

mal

tose

con

cent

ratio

n 18˚C

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14


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Question 7 (continued) (c) The experiment was repeated twice with some altered conditions.

(i) On the graph below sketch the curve you would expect to obtain if the experiment were repeated at 23˚C with the same volumes and concentrations of starch and amylase. (1 mark)

(ii) Explain your answer. (2 marks)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... Below is a spare graph if needed (clearly indicate which graph you want marked).

Question 7 continues over the page.

time (min)

mal

tose

con

cent

ratio

n 18˚C

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

time (min)

mal

tose

con

cent

ratio

n 18˚C

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14


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Question 7 (continued) (iii) On the graph below sketch the curve you would expect to obtain if the experiment

were repeated at 18oC with the same volume and concentration of amylase but with a higher concentration of starch. (1 mark)

(iv) Explain your answer. (2 marks)

.................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

Below is a spare graph if needed (clearly indicate which graph you want marked).

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time (min)

mal

tose

con

cent

ratio

n 18˚C

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

time (min)

mal

tose

con

cent

ratio

n 18˚C

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14


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Question 8 As a result of respiration, some of the energy in a molecule of glucose is converted into useful energy. There are two forms of respiration. The more efficient transfers up to 40% of the energy into energy-carrying molecules which the cell can use. The less efficient has a useful conversion rate of only about 2%. Discuss the fate of the energy contained in glucose in respiring cells. In your answer include discussion of the following points: • the different end products of the two forms of respiration • the role of the energy carrying molecules mentioned above • the fate of the energy that cannot be used by the cell in either form of respiration (6 marks) ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................

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PLACE LABEL HERE


BIOLOGY

Senior Secondary


External Assessment

2009

Part 3

Time: 35 minutes

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a result on the following criterion taken from the syllabus statement: Criterion 6 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of cells.

Section Total /33 T

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Question 9 (a) The drawing below shows transverse sections of a root and a stem.

(i) Shade in the area in the transverse section of the root where there are cells

specialised for the transport of water. (1 mark) (ii) Shade in the area in the transverse section of the stem where there are cells

specialised for the transport of sucrose. (1 mark) Below are spare diagrams if needed (clearly indicate which diagrams you want marked).


root stem

root stem


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Question 9 (continued) (b) The drawing below is of a cross-section of part of a leaf.

(i) Explain how the structure of the cell labelled P is related to its function. (3 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (ii) Explain why xylem is described as a tissue. (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... /7

P

xylem


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Question 10 The diagrams below, A, B and C, represent stages of cell division from the same organism. One of the stages shows the first division of meiosis, one the second division of meiosis and one shows division by mitosis.

(a) What is the diploid number of chromosomes shown in these diagrams? (1 mark) .............................................................................................................................................


A

B

C


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Question 10 (continued) (b) Complete the table to show which of the diagrams, A, B or C is in the first division of

meiosis and which is in the second. (1 mark)

Stage of meiosis Diagram

First division

Second division

(c) Explain ONE way in which meiosis leads to genetic variation in gametes. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

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Question 11 Amoeba proteus is a unicellular organism commonly found in fresh water ponds. It has a contractile vacuole that collects and expels water from the cell. One such organism, with a contractile vacuole that could be easily viewed with the aid of a microscope, was placed in water with increasing concentrations of salt. The number of contractions per minute of the contractile vacuole was recorded. The results of the experiment are shown in the graph below.

(a) Explain why the rate of contraction of the contractile vacuole varies as shown in this graph. (5 marks)

............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................


0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

5

10

Num

ber o

f con

tract

ions

per

min

ute

Salt concentration (g/100 mL)


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Question 11 (continued) (b) Above salt concentrations of 0.25 g/100 mL, what changes might the experimenter be

expected to observe in the shape/size of the Amoeba? Explain. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (c) A large number of mitochondria are generally found in the immediate vicinity of the

contractile vacuole. Explain the relationship between these organelles. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (d) The salt concentration within the Amoeba remains constant even though the extracellular

salt concentration changes. How does the Amoeba achieve this? Explain. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

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Question 12 (a) The diagram below shows a view through a typical animal cell.

The table below lists three organelles. Put a cross in the box to match each organelle

with the correct letter shown on the diagram. (3 marks)

Organelle A B C D E

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondrion

Golgi apparatus

(b) For some time after the Golgi apparatus was identified (late 19th century), there was

doubt as to whether it was a new and separate organelle. Give TWO reasons to explain why the Golgi apparatus may have initially been confused with other organelles within a cell. (2 marks)

............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................


B

A

C

D

E


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Question 12 (continued) (c) An experiment was designed to investigate the role of organelles in the transport of

proteins that are secreted from the cell. For a brief period of time cells were given radioactively-labelled amino acids. They were then incubated in a non-radioactive medium. The percentage of radioactivity found in three different organelles was then measured at different time intervals. The table below shows the results.

Radioactivity present (%) Time after adding

radioactively labelled amino acids (min) Rough

endoplasmic reticulum

(RER)

Golgi apparatus

Secretory vesicles

4 67 27 1

6 53 39 2

20 11 73 10

240 11 10 73 (i) What TWO features from the data in the table above provide evidence that the

Golgi apparatus is a separate organelle? (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (ii) Use the data provided in the table above to explain the sequence of events in

protein synthesis, transport and secretion in these cells. (4 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

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PLACE LABEL HERE


BIOLOGY

Senior Secondary


External Assessment

2009

Part 4

Time: 35 minutes

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a result on the following criterion taken from the syllabus statement: Criterion 7 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of organisms.

Section Total /33

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Question 13 The following table shows information about kidney function.

(a) In which organ is urea produced and how is it transported to the kidneys? (1 mark) (i) Organ: ...................................................................................................................... (ii) Means of transport: .................................................................................................. (b) Use the information provided in the table above to answer the following questions: (i) Name TWO components in the table which can pass through the wall of the

glomerulus. (1 mark) ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... (ii) Explain what happens to glucose in the glomerular filtrate. (1 mark) ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... (iii) Explain the absence of protein from the glomerular filtrate. (1 mark) ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... (iv) Give TWO reasons to explain why the urea in the urine is more concentrated than

in the glomerular filtrate. (2 marks) ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................


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Component (g per 100 mL)

Fluid urea glucose amino acids

salts proteins

blood plasma 0.03 0.1 0.05 0.9 8.0

glomerular filtrate

0.03 0.1 0.05 0.9 none

urine 1.75 none none 0.9–2.2 none


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Question 13 (continued) (c) The diagram below shows a cross section of part of the coiled tubule of a nephron with

a capillary attached.

Explain how THREE features shown in this diagram are important to the functioning of

the tubule. (3 marks) ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

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Wall of capillary

Wall of tubule


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Question 14 A protein found on red blood cells, called antigen G, is coded for by a dominant allele of a gene found on the X chromosome. The members of one family were tested for the presence of antigen G in the blood. The antigen was found in the daughter, her father and her father’s mother. No other members had the antigen. (a) One of the grandmothers shown in the table below has two possible genotypes. Write

these in the spaces provided using the symbol

€

XG to show the presence of the alleles for the antigen G on the X chromosome, and

€

Xg for its absence. (1 mark)

(b) Fill in the remaining spaces in the table above. (3 marks) (c) The mother and father have a son. What is the probability of this son inheriting antigen

G? Explain your answer. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

Genotypes

Grandmother

(has antigen G)

……… or

………

Grandfather

……….

Grandmother

……….

Grandfather

……….

Genotypes

Father

(has antigen G)

……….

Mother

……….

Genotype

Daughter

(has antigen G)

……….

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Question 15 Mammals maintain a constant body temperature using heat from respiration. The rate of respiration can be measured by the rate of oxygen uptake. The table shows the mean body masses and mean rates of oxygen uptake for five species of mammal. The mean oxygen uptake was measured when the animals were at rest.

Describe the relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake, and explain why this occurs. (4 marks) ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................

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Mammal Mean body mass (kg) Mean oxygen uptake (mL kg-1 h-1)

Mouse 0.025 1500

Squirrel 0.5 880

Cat 3 435

Human 70 200

Elephant 3700 70


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Question 16 (a) When first hatched, the young of some species of fish lack gills. Explain how these

young fish, that are less than 2 mm long, get enough oxygen to their cells. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ (b) Lungs and leaves are organs where there is an exchange of the gases oxygen, carbon

dioxide and water vapour with the environment. Explain how THREE structural features of each organ help in the exchange of gases. (6 marks)

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

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Question 17 A person has damage to their hypothalamus, the part of the brain involved in detecting the concentration of water in the blood. Explain how this would interfere with the normal negative feedback mechanisms involved in the homeostatic control of water levels in the blood. (6 marks) ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................

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PLACE LABEL HERE


BIOLOGY

Senior Secondary


External Assessment

2009

Part 5

Time: 35 minutes

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a result on the following criterion taken from the syllabus statement: Criterion 8 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the interaction of

organisms with their environment. Section Total

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Question 18 The diagram below is a simplified food web showing some of the feeding relationships in an intertidal rocky shore. Use the information from the food web to answer the questions below.

(a) (i) Which of the organisms shown in the diagram above are autotrophs? (1 mark) ................................................................................................................................... (ii) Explain how autotrophs can be identified in a food web diagram. (1 mark) ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... (b) (i) Identify ONE organism which is a tertiary consumer. (1 mark) ................................................................................................................................... (ii) Why would this organism be considered to be a tertiary consumer? (1 mark) ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................



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Question 18 (continued) (c) Some of the organisms in the food web feed on detritus. Explain the value of these

organisms to others in the intertidal community. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ (d) The European green crab, Carcinus maenas, is an introduced species first identified in

Tasmanian waters in 1993. It is a very efficient predator, with adults feeding on oysters and mussels. The impact of Carcinus maenas in Tasmanian waters seems especially significant due to the absence of large native aggressive crabs in intertidal rocky shores.

Explain THREE significant consequences the introduction of Carcinus maenas

could have on the food web shown above. (3 marks) ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

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Question 19 The diagram below represents the carbon cycle.

(a) Use the information in the diagram above to identify the processes represented by

the numbered arrows. (2 marks) (i) 1:................................................................................................................................ (ii) 2:................................................................................................................................ (iii) 3:................................................................................................................................ (iv) 4:................................................................................................................................


Carbon dissolved in sea water

Dissolved in rain/soil

carried to sea

Carbon dioxide in atmosphere

Carbon in marine animals& plants

Carbon in soft parts

Calcium carbonate in hard parts

Carbon in green plants

Carbon in land animals

Carbon in soil

Carbon in coal and natural gas

Carbon in oil

Carbon in limestone

absorption by organisms

death

burial and rock formation

burial and rock formation

burial and decomposition in

rock sequence

excretion and death

combustion

weathering

1 2

3

4


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Question 19 (continued) (b) The time taken for a carbon atom leaving the atmosphere to be returned to the

atmosphere (recycled) can vary from very short to very long term. Outline ONE sequence of events, involving living organisms, which would result in carbon being absent from the atmosphere for: (3 marks)

(i) several days: ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... (ii) about 100 years: ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... (iii) millions of years: ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... (c) Although nitrogen is abundant in the atmosphere (approximately 78% of air) and carbon

dioxide is present in small amounts (less than 0.04% of air), in some situations plants can suffer from a deficiency of nitrogen, but never from a deficiency of carbon. Explain why this can occur. (4 marks)

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Question 20 The diagrams below show typical cross-sections of leaves from four plants which are either terrestrial or aquatic. Each leaf is drawn to the same scale.

(a) Which leaf is most likely to come from: (1 mark) (i) a desert plant?............................................................................................................ (ii) an aquatic plant?........................................................................................................ (b) Describe THREE ways in which structural features shown in the diagrams reduce the

rate of water loss. (3 marks) ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(c) Describe THREE structural adaptations shown in the diagrams that you would expect

to find in an aquatic plant. How would they aid the plant’s survival? (3 marks) ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

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A B C D

Cross-sections of Leaves

Key:

Cuticle

Air Spaces

Stoma

Mesophyll

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Question 21 (a) In Britain, the European Swift (a species of bird) usually lays two or three eggs per nest.

The tendency to lay a given number of eggs appears to be inherited. Swifts feed on flying insects. It is harder for them to catch food in cool wet summers than in warm ones. The table below shows the survival rates of young swifts in a population for two different summers.

Would you expect natural selection to eventually result in all swifts in this

population laying the same clutch size? Explain your answer. (3 marks) ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(b) The blind cave beetle Geodetrechus mendumae (illustrated below) is found in the

Ida Bay cave complex in southern Tasmania. These beetles have virtually no trace of eyes. They have long legs and antennae with sensory hairs. They are mostly confined to the zone of total darkness where they are found under stones or near the stream edge collecting food items. They are predatory and feed on invertebrates that live in the cave system, eggs of other species, or invertebrates washed in by streams.


Average number of young surviving Number of eggs per nest (Clutch size) Warm summer Cool, wet summer

2 1.9 1.7

3 2.7 1.4

(Source: Department of Primary Industries and Water)


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Question 21 (continued) Four students were asked to explain how this species became blind. Their answers are

listed below:

A. the eyes were useless in the dark, and they withered due to lack of use. B. this species never evolved eyes and took up residence in caves as this niche was

unoccupied. C. eyes are sensitive to damage and infection, and in the dark cave they were a

disadvantage. D. the beetles used their long antennae to find food so their eyes were not needed.

Select the best explanation. Use your understanding of Darwin’s theory of evolution to

justify your choice. (5 marks) ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

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