place label here - tqa.tas.gov.au · potato 5.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 ... the volume of hydrogen peroxide and...

Pages: 12 Questions: 4 ©Copyright for part(s) of this examination may be held by individuals and/or organisations other than the Tasmanian Qualifications Authority.

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Tasmanian Certificate of Education

BIOLOGY

Senior Secondary

Subject Code: BIO5C

External Assessment

2008

Part 1

Time: 35 minutes

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a result on the following criterion taken from the syllabus statement: Criterion 4 Develop and evaluate experiments.

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Part 1 – Criterion 4

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CANDIDATE INSTRUCTIONS Candidates MUST ensure that they have addressed the externally assessed criterion on this examination paper. Answer ALL questions. Answers must be written in the spaces provided on the examination paper. You should make sure you answer all parts within each question so that the criterion can be assessed. The 2008 Biology Information Sheet and a biological dictionary can be used throughout the examination. This examination is 3 hours in length. It is recommended that you spend approximately 35 minutes in total answering the questions in this booklet. All written responses must be in English.


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Question 1 Four groups of students investigated the catalase concentration of different tissues. Catalase is an enzyme that releases oxygen from hydrogen peroxide. Each group set up a test-tube containing 5 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide and a cube of potato. The oxygen was collected over a three minute period and the volume was measured as shown in the diagram below.

This procedure was repeated by each group using cubes of liver, apple and carrot. The results from the four groups are given in the table below:

Volume of oxygen collected in 3 minutes

!

(cm3)

Tissue Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Average

Potato 5.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 5.5 Liver 39.5 37.0 42.0 35.5 38.5 Apple 1.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 Carrot 3.5 3.0 3.5 2.0 3.0

(a) State one hypothesis that this experiment is likely to have been designed to test. (3 marks) ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................

Question 1 continues opposite.

oxygen

measuring cylinder

water

water

flexible tubing

cube of potato

5 cm3 hydrogen peroxide

test tube

10

20

30

40

50


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Question 1 (continued) (b) (i) State the independent variable in this experiment. (1 mark) .............................................................................................................................. (ii) State the dependent variable in this experiment. (1 mark) .............................................................................................................................. (c) The volume of hydrogen peroxide and time taken to collect the oxygen were kept

constant in this investigation. State TWO other factors that must be kept constant and explain why it is important to keep these specific factors constant. (2 marks)

........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ (d) State why a well-designed experiment has only one independent variable.

(1 mark) ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ (e) Does this experiment have a control? Explain. (2 marks) ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................

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Question 2 Three groups of students, A, B and C, carried out an experiment during a two-hour practical class to investigate the effect of temperature on the action of the enzyme sucrase. Sucrase breaks down sucrose. Each group of students was given a sucrase solution of known concentration, and made its own solution of sucrose according to directions given. Each group set up seven test tubes, each containing 5 mL of sucrase solution and 10 mL of sucrose solution. Each test tube was kept at the required temperature by immersing it in a beaker of water, the temperature of which was adjusted appropriately. Small samples of solution were withdrawn periodically and tested to see if any sucrose remained. The time taken for the sucrose to break down completely was recorded and the results from the three groups were averaged. The results of the experiment are shown in the table below:

Time taken for sucrose to break down completely (minutes)

Test-tube Temperature (oC)

Group A Group B Group C Average 1 0 51 53 * 52.0 2 10 16 14 31 20.3 3 20 9 8 20 12.3 4 30 4 5 13 7.3 5 40 6 7 25 12.7 6 50 28 30 45 34.3 7 60 100 110 * 105.0

* no result obtained in the time available. (a) State ONE conclusion that can be reached from the results obtained by Group A. (1 mark) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (b) (i) Describe how Group C’s results differ from the other two groups’ results. (1 mark) .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. (ii) Suggest ONE possible explanation for the difference. (1 mark) .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................



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Question 2 (continued) (c) Comment on the validity of using the averages that have been calculated for this

experiment. (3 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (d) Name TWO sources of error, not already identified, and explain how each could affect

the results obtained. (i) Error 1: (2 marks) .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. (ii) Error 2: (2 marks) .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................

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Question 3 When menstrual cycles in women stop (menopause) they become more susceptible to loss of calcium from their bones (osteoporosis). Elderly women who drink tea have less bone loss and higher bone density in their hips than those that don’t drink tea. That’s the conclusion of Australian researchers from the University of Western Australia, who looked at 275 women aged from 70 to 85. These women were involved in a five-year study of calcium supplements and osteoporosis. The researchers asked them how much black and green tea they drank (but not herbal teas). The researchers took bone density measurements of the women’s hips at the beginning and end of the five-year study. Total bone mass density (BMD) was 2.8% greater in tea drinkers than in non-tea drinkers and over the course of the study, tea drinkers lost an average of 1.6% of their total hip BMD compared to 4% for non-tea drinkers. (a) Studies such as this are often repeated by other researchers. Explain why such repetition

is important. (2 marks) ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ (b) If you intended to repeat this study, make a dot point list of twelve important factors

you would need to take into account if your conclusions were to have credibility. (6 marks) ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................

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Question 4 Sand dunes are a very fragile environment, prone to changes due to natural causes, human intervention and invasion by exotic species of plants. In an attempt to stabilise an area of dunes immediately adjacent to the beach a trial planting of a native Spinifex grass was undertaken. In the study area much of the natural vegetation had been killed by four wheel drive activity. A large number of plants which had been raised from seed in a nursery were planted in a grid pattern, equally spaced, on a site which formed a rectangle going inland 50 m from the high tide mark and running 100 m along the dunes. Vehicle access to the area had been prohibited by the local council and barriers erected on the access road. Although all the plants that were used were vigorous and healthy at the time of planting, the growth of the plants in the trial was very patchy, some plants growing well while others failed to thrive. Explain how uncontrolled factors in the study site could account for this. (5 marks)

Spinifex growing on a sand dune.

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PLACE LABEL HERE


BIOLOGY

Senior Secondary

Subject Code: BIO5C

External Assessment

2008

Part 2

Time: 35 minutes

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a result on the following criterion taken from the syllabus statement: Criterion 7 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the chemical basis of

life. Section Total

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Question 5 The diagrams below shows four different biological molecules. Molecule A is glucose, and molecules B, C and D are composed of units of glucose.

Molecule A: Glucose

Molecule B: Maltose

Molecule C

Molecule D

(a) If glucose is a monosaccharide, what type of carbohydrate molecule is maltose? (1 mark) ....................................................................................................................................... (b) What type of carbohydrate molecules are C and D? (1 mark) ....................................................................................................................................... (c) The straight chain molecule C is a major component of plant cell walls. Identify this

molecule. (1 mark) ....................................................................................................................................... (d) D represents the molecule used by plants to store excess glucose. Name this molecule. (1 mark) .......................................................................................................................................

Question 5 continues over the page.


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Question 5 (continued) (e) The graph below shows the changes that occur in the masses of protein, carbohydrates

and fats in the body of a person stranded on an island with access to fresh water but no food.

What does this graph suggest about the roles of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the

body? (3 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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Fat

Protein

Carbohydrate

10

8

6

4

2

0 0 1 2 4 3 6 5 7

Weeks of starvation

Mass (kg)


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Question 6 The following graph represents the results of an experiment that measures the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide

!

CO2( ) in the air around the leaves of a plant. During the first part of the experiment a light source was turned on, followed by a period when the light was turned off.

(a) On the key, label the line that would represent

!

CO2 . (1 mark) (b) What chemical process would result in the change in

!

CO2 levels during the period when the light was turned off? (1 mark)

....................................................................................................................................... (c) How would you account for the changes in the

!

CO2 levels during the time the light was on? (4 marks)

....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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time

light on

Key

rela

tive

conc

entra

tion

of

subs

tanc

e

light off


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Question 7 (a) Figure 1 shows some molecules involved in protein synthesis.

Figure 1

Complete Figure 1 to show: (i) the bases on the DNA strand from which the mRNA was transcribed (1 mark) (ii) the bases forming the anticodons of the tRNA molecules. (1 mark) (b) Figure 2 shows the effects of three different mutations of the DNA on the base

sequences of the mRNA. The table shows the mRNA codons for a number of amino acids.

Figure 2

mRNA Nature of Mutation

Original mRNA

Original mRNA

Mutation 1

A replaced by U

Mutation 2

U replaced by C

Mutation 3

Additional C inserted


G C A A U G G U U

G C U A U G G U U

G C A A U G G C U

G C C A A U G G U

Amino Acid

tRNA

mRNA

DNA

Translation

Transcription

X Y Z

G C A A U G G U U


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Question 7 (continued)

Amino Acid

methionine (met)

valine (val)

alanine (ala)

glycine (gly)

asparagine (asp)

mRNA codon

AUG GUC GUU

GCA GCC GCU

GGG GGU GGA

AAU AAC

Explain how mutations 1 and 2 will affect the polypeptide for which this section of DNA is part of the code. (i) Mutation 1: (2 marks) .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. (ii) Mutation 2: (2 marks) .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................



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Question 7 (continued) (c) In flax plants the flowers are white, lilac or blue. The diagram below shows the pathway

by which the flower cells produce coloured pigments.

If the mRNA in part (b) was involved in the production of enzyme 1 in the reaction

above, what coloured flowers would be produced by a plant in which mutation 3 has occurred? Explain your answer. (4 marks)

....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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Blue

gene 1 gene 2

White Lilac

enzyme 1 enzyme 2


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Question 8 The diagram below shows some energy transfer processes that occur in a green plant cell.

(a) Name ONE endergonic (energy requiring) cellular process, NOT shown above, that you would expect to occur in this cell. (1 mark)

....................................................................................................................................... (b) Explain how energy from outside the cell is made available for the process you have

named. (4 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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Heat energy

Oxygen

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

+ water

Carbon dioxide

Fuel

Glucose

Water

Light energy

Other uses of Glucose

ATP

ADP

Photosynthesis

Respiration


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Question 9 Seals are aquatic mammals. They use lungs as organs of gas exchange so they do not breathe when they are under the water during a dive. The graph shows changes in oxygen and lactate (lactic acid) concentration in the blood of a seal before, during and after an extended dive.

Use the information displayed in the graph to explain what processes in the muscles of a seal produce the energy necessary for swimming:

• before • during, and • after

an extended dive. (5 marks) ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................

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Before dive Dive

After dive

Concentration in blood

Lactate

Oxygen

Time/minutes

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80


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PLACE LABEL HERE


BIOLOGY

Senior Secondary

Subject Code: BIO5C

External Assessment

2008

Part 3

Time: 35 minutes

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a result on the following criterion taken from the syllabus statement: Criterion 8 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of cells.

Section Total /33 T

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CANDIDATE INSTRUCTIONS Candidates MUST ensure that they have addressed the externally assessed criterion on this examination paper. Answer ALL questions. Answers must be written in the spaces provided on the examination paper. You should make sure you answer all parts within each question so that the criterion can be assessed. The 2008 Biology Information Sheet and a biological dictionary can be used throughout the examination. This examination is 3 hours in length. It is recommended that you spend approximately 35 minutes in total answering the questions in this booklet. All written responses must be in English. A spare diagram has been provided in the back of the answer booklet for you to use if required. If you use the spare diagram, you MUST indicate you have done so in your answer to that question.


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Question 10 Refer to this drawing made from an electron micrograph of a cell.

(a) On the diagram above, add the letters A to D to the lines to identify where the following

processes occur: (4 marks) A transcription B polypeptide synthesis C aerobic respiration D formation of secretory vesicles (b) Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Give TWO pieces of evidence from the diagram

to support your answer. (3 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (c) State TWO ways a typical plant cell differs from the cell shown above. (1 mark) ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................


12.5 µm


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Question 10 (continued) (d) The diagram below shows a group of cells as seen under a microscope. The field of

view was 2 mm in diameter.

Calculate the average length and width of the cells. Give your answers in micrometres. (2 marks) (i) Average length ………µm (ii) Average width ………µm

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Question 11 (a) The graph shows the relative amounts of DNA per cell during two successive cell

divisions in an animal.

(i) What type of cell division is occurring? (1 mark) .............................................................................................................................. (ii) Apart from an increase in the amount of DNA, give ONE process that occurs

during stage X that enables nuclear division to occur. (1 mark) .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. (iii) How many units of DNA would you expect to be present in a gamete formed in

this animal as a result of meiosis? (1 mark) ..............................................................................................................................

This diagram represents the nucleus of a diploid cell at an early stage of mitosis. A spare diagram has been provided at the end of this part for your use, if required.

(b) On the diagram above, shade ONE pair of homologous chromosomes. (1 mark)


nuclear envelope


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Question 11 (continued) (c) (i) State the number of chromosomes that would be found in a haploid cell in this

animal. (1 mark) .............................................................................................................................. (ii) In the space below, draw the nucleus of one such cell showing the chromosomes

present at the completion of meiosis. (2 marks) (d) Explain why haploid cells need to be produced during a life cycle which includes sexual

reproduction. (2 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... /9


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Question 12 Six cylinders of a standard size were cut from a single large potato. One cylinder was placed in distilled water and the others were placed in sucrose solutions of different concentrations. The length of each cylinder was measured every 5 minutes for the next 50 minutes. The graph shows the changes in length at each sucrose concentration.

(a) Explain why the potato cylinder in distilled water increased in length. (3 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................



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Question 12 (continued) (b) Explain why the potato cylinder in 1.0 mol

!

dm"3 sucrose solution showed no further

decrease in length after 40 minutes. (2 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (c) (i) Describe the difference in the rate of decrease in length during the first 10 minutes

between the cylinder in the 0.4 mol

!

dm"3 and the cylinder in the 0.8 mol

!

dm"3

solution. (1 mark) .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain why this difference occurred. (2 marks) .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................

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Question 13 Cells in multicellular organisms, such as humans, rely on organs and organ systems to enable them to exchange materials with their environment and to maintain homeostasis. Explain how a unicellular, aquatic organism can perform these functions without such complex structures. (6 marks) ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................

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SPARE DIAGRAM Question 11 (b)

nuclear envelope


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PLACE LABEL HERE


BIOLOGY

Senior Secondary

Subject Code: BIO5C

External Assessment

2008

Part 4

Time: 35 minutes

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a result on the following criterion taken from the syllabus statement: Criterion 9 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of organisms.

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Question 14 Two patients were tested for diabetes in hospital. After fasting for twelve hours, their blood glucose was measured at 09:00 hours. At this time they were given a glucose drink but no other food and their blood glucose was monitored over the following 3 hours (Glucose Tolerance Test). The test results are shown below.

(a) (i) Which patient has diabetes? (1 mark) .............................................................................................................................. (ii) Give THREE pieces of evidence from the test results that could be used to justify

your choice. (3 marks) .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. (b) Why does the blood glucose level rise between 9:00 and 9:30 in both patients? (1 mark) ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................


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City General Hospital OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT

Name Patient A

Glucose Tolerance Test

Time Blood Glucose Concentration (mmol/L) 09:00 4.4 09:30 6.8 10:00 6.1 10:30 5.4 11:00 5.3 11:30 4.9 12:00 4.5

City General Hospital OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT

Name Patient B

Glucose Tolerance Test

Time Blood Glucose Concentration (mmol/L) 09:00 7.8 09:30 11.7 10:00 13.9 10:30 15.0 11:00 16.1 11:30 15.5 12:00 15.5


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Question 14 (continued) (c) Why does the blood glucose level fall between 9:30 and 12:00 for Patient A? (2 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (d) What is the main role of glucagon in the control of blood glucose concentration? (1 mark) ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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Question 15 The graph shows the change in the speed of flow and pressure of blood from the start of the aorta into the capillaries.

(a) Describe and explain the changes in the speed of flow of the blood shown in the graph. (2 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (b) Explain why a pulse is felt in an artery and not in a vein. (2 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (c) Explain how the structure of capillaries is related to their function. (3 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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Increase

Pressure

Speed of flow

Aorta Large arteries

Small arteries

Arterioles Capillaries


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Question 16 The volumes of water absorbed by the roots of a plant and lost by transpiration were measured over periods of 3 hours during one day. The plant was exposed to light from 6 am to 6 pm. The bar chart shows the results.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

12 - 3 am 3 - 6 am 6 - 9 am 9 - noon Noon - 3 pm 3 - 6 pm 6 - 9 pm 9 - Midnight

Time of Day

Volume of

water/cm 3

Water absorbed by roots Water lost by transpiration

(a) Describe the changes in the volumes of water transpired over the period shown. (1 mark) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (b) Explain the changes in the volumes of water absorbed and transpired between 6 am and

6 pm. (4 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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Water absorbed by roots Water lost by transpiration

Volume of Water / cm

3


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Question 17 Tongue-rolling is an autosomal inherited characteristic. The pedigree below shows the pattern of its inheritance in one family.

(a) Using T for the dominant form of the gene and t for the recessive form, state the genotypes of: (3 marks)

(i) Penny .................................................................................................................... (ii) Jim ........................................................................................................................ (ii) Kevin .................................................................................................................... (b) If Geoff and Anne have a child, what are the chances of the child being able to roll its

tongue? Show your working. (3 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................


male roller

male non-roller

female roller

female non-roller

Fred Mary

Jim Harry Penny Alastair Helen Louise Kevin

Geoff Anne Peter


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Question 17 (continued) (c) Which of the original parents could be described as pure breeding? Tick √ the correct answer. (1 mark) Fred Mary Both Neither

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Question 18 The diagrams below show the digestive systems of four mammals, A, B, C and D, which have different diets. Animal A

Animal B

Animal C

Animal D


oesophagus

stomach

proximal colon

distal colon

small intestine

rectum anus 0 10 20

0 3

stomach

oesophagus

small intestine

anus

rectum

colon

cm

oesophagus

stomach

small intestine

anus rectum

colon

caecum

caecum

0

rectum

10 20

oesophagus stomach

small intestine

anus

proximal colon

distal colon cm

caecum

cm

0 5 10

cm


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Question 18 (continued) The demands of digesting carnivorous and herbivorous diets are different. The digestive systems of mammals show modifications which enable them to effectively digest the food they eat. Select TWO of the diagrams above, one of a herbivore and one of a carnivore, and account for the differences between them. (6 marks) ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................

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PLACE LABEL HERE


BIOLOGY

Senior Secondary

Subject Code: BIO5C

External Assessment

2008

Part 5

Time: 35 minutes

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a result on the following criterion taken from the syllabus statement: Criterion 10 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the interaction of

organisms in their environment. Section Total

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Question 19 The grid below shows factors that can influence population changes.

A competition B predation C rainfall

D disease E temperature F food supply

(a) Use letters from the grid to complete the table below to indicate: (2 marks) (i) TWO factors which are density dependent, and (ii) TWO factors which are density independent.

Density dependent Density independent



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Question 19 (continued) (b) The graphs below show the changes in size of two different populations of the same

species of small mammal. Graph A Graph B Explain what ecological conditions would cause the graphs of the two populations

to be so different. (4 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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time (years) time (years)

carrying capacity

carrying capacity

1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0

size

of p

opul

atio

n

size

of p

opul

atio

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Question 20 Kangaroo rats are small rodents, native to North America, which can survive long periods in a hot desert without drinking any water. These mammals have a number of adaptations which enable them to avoid dehydration. (a) List FOUR ways in which a desert mammal such as the kangaroo rat would lose

water. (2 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (b) To reduce water loss, many desert mammals are nocturnal. Give ONE other

behavioural adaptation that would help a mammal such as this reduce water loss and explain how it would help. (2 marks)

(i) Behavioural adaptation: ......................................................................................... (ii) Explanation:........................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. (c) (i) When comparing the kidney of a kangaroo rat with that of a similar sized rodent

which is not adapted to an arid environment, state ONE difference that you would expect to find. (1 mark)

.............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain how the difference in kidney structure you have given above would help

the kangaroo rat survive in a dry environment. (2 marks) .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................



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Question 20 (continued) (d) In an investigation groups of kangaroo rats were given either unlimited water or no

water at all. They were fed either a high protein diet or a high carbohydrate diet, both types of food being given in the form of dry pellets. The energy value of food given to each group was the same. Dry seeds are the main food in a kangaroo rat's diet. All other factors were kept constant. This is summarised in the table below.

Group Water allowed Diet

A Unlimited High protein

B None High protein

C None High carbohydrate

The mean percentage change in body mass of each group was calculated over sixteen

days. The results are summarised in the graph below.


Time/days

Unlimited water, high protein diet

No water, high carbohydrate diet

No water, high protein diet

Mean percentage change in body mass

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

+20

–30

–20

–10

0

+10

–40

–50

B

C

A


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Question 20 (continued) The results of this experiment suggest that a kangaroo rat could survive during times

when no additional water is available by eating seeds which are high in carbohydrate and low in protein. Explain how this food composition would enable the animals to avoid becoming dehydrated. (4 marks)

....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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Question 21 (a) Scientific names of organisms are often difficult to spell, pronounce and

remember. Despite this, gardening shows on TV or radio, as well as gardening magazines, frequently use scientific names rather than common names for plants. Of what advantage is the use of scientific names rather than common names? (2 marks)

....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (b) There are 11 species of frog found in Tasmania. Which of the four listed below

are most closely related? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

Scientific name Common Name

A Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted marsh frog; or Spotted Frog; or Spotted Grass Frog

B Crinia tasmaniensis

Tasmanian froglet

C Limnodynastes dumerili

Eastern banjo frog; or Pobblebonk

D Geocrinia laevis Southern Smooth Froglet; or Tasmanian Smooth Froglet

....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................



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Question 21 (continued) (c) There are seven species of Australian frogs which belong to the Geocrinia genus. The

distribution of four of these species is shown below.

Geocrinia rosea

Geocrinia leai

Geocrinia laevis

Geocrinia victoriana

Explain how these four closely related species of frog could have evolved from a

common ancestor. (5 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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Question 22 The diagram below represents energy flow through an ecosystem. All units are

!

kJm"2year"1.

(a) Use the information given in the diagram to explain why the biomass of tertiary

consumers would be significantly less than the biomass of secondary consumers. (3 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................


tertiary consumers

secondary consumers

primary consumers

producers

3 368

(C) 20 810

21

383

11 977

1 890

316

15

5 465

1 095

46

6

(A) 6 612

(B) 14 198

decay and other losses respiration

sunlight

1 700 000


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Question 22 (continued) (b) When examining the values given at A, B and C a student noticed that the sum of

the values at A and B equalled that at C. Explain why this should be so. (3 marks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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