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THE ABBREVIATIONS ON FACEBOOK USED BY ENGLISH

LETTERS STUDENTS OF SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

AGUSTI MAYANGSARI

Student Number: 104214096

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2015

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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THE ABBREVIATIONS ON FACEBOOK USED BY ENGLISH

LETTERS STUDENTS OF SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

AGUSTI MAYANGSARI

Student Number : 104214096

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2015


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Education, have bitter roots but sweet fruit.

(Aristoteles)


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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to

my beloved parents: Daniel E. Nahason and Ruslia

My beloved brothers: Mandes and Apridius


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Jesus who always helps me when I am in

trouble and in the difficult times in finishing my undergraduate thesis. Jesus

always in my side and Jesus never stops giving me blessing and never stops

wanting to hear my prays.

I would also like to thank Adventina Putranti, S.S., M. Hum as my advisor for

giving me suggestion and guidance. Thank you so much for your correction and

your friendliness during the process of this writing. My deep gratitude also goes to

Dr. Bernardine Ria Lestari, M.S as my co-advisor. Thank you for spending time

reading this thesis, correcting, and giving me suggestions to develop it. I also want

to thank all lectures and staffs of English Letters Department for supporting and

helping me during my study in this department.

My special gratitude goes to my special persons in my life, namely my

family. To my mother, thank you so much mom because you always give me

support, tell me to keep the spirit, and always pray for my study. To my father,

thank you for your support in the form of prayer and advice. To my brothers,

Mandes and Apri, thank you for your supports and advices.

Finally, To all my friends Anggie, Febri and all friends I cannot mention,

thank you for your ideas and thoughts. To Ayun and Wulan thank you for all in

giving me all your supports and advices.

Agusti Mayangsari.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ......................................................................................... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ................................................................................... iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ............................................................... v

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ......................... vi

MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................. vii

DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. x

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xii

ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1

A. Background of the Study .......................................................................... 1

B. Problem Formulation ............................................................................... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................. 4

D. Definition of Terms ................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL REVIEW ....................................................... 6

A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................ 6

1.Pradana’s Thesis “The Word Formation Processes of Cockney

English and Bahasa Binan .................................................................... 6

2.Adyaningtyas’s thesis “An Analysis on Word Formation Used in

Pepsi and Coca-Cola Advertisements Published in United States

from 1950 until 2012” ........................................................................ 7

B. Review of Related Theories ................................................................... 8

1. Theories of Logograms ....................................................................... 8

2. Theories of Acronym .......................................................................... 9

3 Theories of Clipping .......................................................................... 10

C. Theoritical Framework ............................................................................. 12

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 13

A. Object of the Study ................................................................................. 13

B. Approach of the Study . .......................................................................... 13

C. Method of the Study ................................................................................. 14

1. Data Collection ................................................................................... 14

2. Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 16

A. Abbreviations Found in Statuses on Facebook ........................................ 17


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1. Logograms .......................................................................................... 17

2. Acronym ............................................................................................. 22

3. Clipping ............................................................................................. 29

B. The Reasons for Using Abbreviations on Facebook ................................ 31

1. The Reasons for Using Logograms...................................................... 31

2. The Reasons for Using Acronym ....................................................... 32

3. The Reasons for Using Clipping ........................................................ 35

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 37

A. Abbreviations Used Frequently on Facebook .......................................... 37

B. The Reasons for Using Abbreviations ..................................................... 38

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 40

APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 43

Appendix 1: Table of words, phrases, and sentences which form

abbreviations like logogram, acronym, and clipping on

Facebook which are used by English Letters students of

Sanata Dharma University ........................................................... 44

Appendix 2: English Letters Students’ Statuses of Sanata Dharma

University ................................................................................ 52

Appendix 3: Angket/Questionnaire ................................................................. 61


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ABSTRACT

AGUSTI MAYANGSARI. The Abbreviations on Facebook Used by English

Letters Students of Sanata Dharma University. Yogyakarta: Department of

English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

Language is a system of communication in talking and writing. It is used by

humans to interact in a country or a region or a place. The new language

development is word formation. Word formation is creating new words by using

existing words. Word formation is an important part of a language, it can be

proven by the use of word formation by many people in daily communication and

one of them is in social media. This thesis focuses on the abbreviations which are

used in social media like on Facebook. The researcher chooses abbreviations

which are used by English Letters students of Sanata Dharma University on

Facebook.

There are two objectives of this study. The first objective is to discuss the

use of abbreviation on Facebook. The second objective is to know the reasons of

the use of abbreviation on Facebook.

Facebook of English Letters students has been chosen because it contained

words, phrases, and sentences which formed abbreviations. The abbreviations

were observed through several considerations. First, the researcher chose statuses

from English Letters students of Sanata Dharma University on Facebook which

contained abbreviations, after that the researcher discussed about the use of

abbreviations by the students used theories of abbreviation like logograms,

acronym, and clipping. Second, the researcher matched theories of abbreviation

with English Letters students’ statuses, after that the result of their matching was

matched again with the answers to the questionnaires given by English Letters

students to get answers for a question why English Letters students used

abbreviations in their statuses on Facebook.

This study has found three abbreviations in English Letters students’

statuses on Facebook. The abbreviations are logograms, acronym, and clipping.

The reasons of their use are as follows, namely to make the instant writing, to

represent a word, to manipulate words, to make an abbreviation pronounceable as

a word, to make homonymous to existing words, to show attitude of familiarity,

and to abbreviate writing.


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ABSTRAK

AGUSTI MAYANGSARI. The Abbreviations on Facebook Used by English

Letters Students of Sanata Dharma University. Yogyakarta: Departemen

Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.

Bahasa adalah sistem komunikasi dalam berbicara dan menulis. Bahasa

digunakan oleh manusia untuk berinteraksi di suatu negara atau wilayah atau

tempat. Perkembangan bahasa baru adalah pembentukan kata. Pembentukan kata

penciptaan kata-kata baru dengan menggunakan kata-kata yang ada. Pembentukan

kata merupakan bagian penting dari bahasa, dapat dibuktikan dengan penggunaan

pembentukan kata oleh banyak orang dalam komunikasi sehari-hari dan salah

satunya adalah di media sosial. Tesis ini berfokus pada singkatan-singkatan yang

digunakan dalam media sosial seperti di Facebook. Peneliti memilih singkatan-

singkatan yang digunakan oleh mahasiswa dan mahasiswi Sastra Inggris

Universitas Sanata Dharma di Facebook.

Ada dua tujuan dari penelitian ini. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk membahas

penggunaan singkatan-singkatan di Facebook. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk

mengetahui alasan-alasan penggunaan singkatan di Facebook.

Facebook mahasiswa dan mahasiswi Sastra Inggris telah dipilih karena

mengandung kata-kata, frasa-frasa, dan kalimat-kalimat yang membentuk

singkatan-singkatan. Singkatan-singkatan itu diamati melalui beberapa

pertimbangan. Pertama, peneliti memilih status-status mahasiswa dan mahasiswi

Sastra Inggris Universitas Sanata Dharma di Facebook yang berisi singkatan-

singkatan, setelah itu peneliti membahas tentang penggunaan singkatan-singkatan

menggunakan teori-teori dari singkatan seperti logograms, akronim, dan kliping.

Kedua, peneliti mencocokkan teori-teori singkatan dengan status dari mahasiswa

dan mahasiswi Sastra Inggris, setelah itu hasil pencocokkan dari keduanya

dicocokkan lagi dengan jawaban- jawaban angket yang diberikan oleh mahasiswa

dan mahasiswi Sastra Inggris untuk memperoleh jawaban untuk pertanyaan

mengapa mahasiswa dan mahasiswi Sastra Inggris menggunakan singkatan-

singkatan pada status-status mereka di Facebook.

Studi ini menemukan tiga singkatan pada status mahasiswa dan mahasiswi

Sastra Inggris di Facebook. Singkatan-singkatan itu adalah logograms, akronim,

dan kliping. Alasan penggunaannya adalah sebagai berikut, yaitu untuk untuk

membuat tulisan instan, untuk mewakili sebuah kata, untuk memanipulasi kata-

kata, untuk membuat singkatan diucapkan sebagai sebuah kata, untuk membuat

homonim ke kata-kata yang ada, untuk menunjukkan sikap keakraban, dan untuk

menyingkat tulisan.


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is a system of communication in talking and writing, it is used

by humans to interact in a particular country or a region or a place. Through

language, humans can express their emotions, ideas, desires, directives, and to

establish friendly relation.

Language is an important part for human beings because without language

humans cannot do social interaction in society. This statement is supported by

Peters who defines language as an arbitrary system of articulated sounds used

by human beings to carry on the social affairs of their society (1968:1). While

the new language development is creating new words by using existing words

which are called as word formation. It is supported by Booij who states word

formation as new words which are made on the basis of patterns of form-

meaning correspondence between existing words (2005:14). Word formation

itself consists of the forms like abbreviation, acronym, blends, backformation,

compounding, conversion, clipping, derivation, and onomatopoeia. This thesis

focuses on the abbreviations used by English Letters students of Sanata

Dharma University on Facebook. Abbreviations itself consist of logograms,

acronym, and clipping.

Abbreviations can be used in spoken form and written form. The use of

abbreviations in written form is different from its use in spoken form, for


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example when our families or our friends celebrate birthday, the most of us

will write on their Facebook wall uses GBU than uses God Bless You, for

example as in the sentence following happy birthday to you wish you all the

best GBU, this sentence shows that GBU tends to be used in the written form,

whereas God Bless You tends to be used in the spoken form because if we use

God Bless You in written from, it will retard the velocity of our writing,

whereas if we use GBU in spoken form, it is going to sound unusual because in

spoken form we usually use God Bless You. Another example is word you in

the SMS, we will tend to type the letter u than you in the SMS, such as in the

sentence I’ll meet u at 07.00 p.m in the Chinese restaurant, this sentence shows

that we use u to represent word you in writing, but we will read or pronounce u

itself as the word you and not as the letter u because if we read or pronounce u

as u, it is going to sound unusual or strange so u is only used in written form

while you is used in spoken form. There are also abbreviations which are used

in spoken form, one of them is OMG because OMG will tend to be pronounced

as /ǝʊ/-/em/-/ʤi:/, for example OMG I am forgot to post the letters. “I” in the

sentence is surprised because she or he is forgot to do something so she or he

uses abbreviation OMG presumably than the long form of the OMG. OMG is

used to abbreviate pronunciation of the sentence above.

The reasons why the researcher chooses to discuss statuses of English

Letters students on Facebook. First is that the researcher wants to study the

abbreviations in the English Letters students’ statuses of Sanata Dharma

University on Facebook. Second is Facebook is one of the most popular social


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media in the world than other social media because Facebook has the most

users in which its users are from various types of people, namely from children

to adults and from farmers to the president, all of them have a Facebook

account. Facebook also provides many facilities like one of them becomes a

place of show off like type their status in that social media. Therefore, the

researcher is interested to choose Facebook as the research media.

The objectives of this thesis are the first is to find the abbreviations

which are used in the statuses from English Letters students of Sanata Dharma

University on Facebook. The second is to know reasons why the abbreviations

tend to be used on Facebook. For this study, the researcher limits the object of

research from class of 2009, 2010 and 2011, but the researcher does not limit

the topics which English Letters student of Sanata Dharma University write on

Facebook, in other words the topics of writing are free.

The sources of data discussed are taken from Archievedbook site.

Data taken contain the abbreviations.

This thesis can add more information and knowledge of the researcher

itself and the readers of this thesis about abbreviations. In collecting the

sources, the researcher uses data from social media such as Facebook as media

of study. Researcher also uses theories and data from internet and library which

are related to topic from this thesis. The theories and data from the internet and

the library are used as references for study in this thesis.


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B. Problem Formulation

Some questions are made to limit the study. The questions are as follows:

1. What abbreviations appear on Facebook?

2. Why abbreviations like logograms, acronym, and clipping are used on

Facebook?

C. Objectives of the Study

The purposes of this study are first is to discuss the abbreviations which

are used by English Letters students of Sanata Dharma University in their

statuses on Facebook and to explain formation process and meaning from

words, phrases, and sentences which experience change into abbreviations.

Second, question of number one is needed as sources to answer question of

number two, especially theories about the reasons for using abbreviations. The

theories are used as the basic theory to find or to know the reasons from the use

of logograms, acronym, and clipping by English Letters students of Sanata

Dharma University on Facebook.

D. Definition of Terms

The definitions of terms are divided into some parts. The researcher uses

sources from library. According to Katherine, Manley and Stevens,

abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or a phrase and the process or result

from abbreviating (1996:2). It means that abbreviation is a short form of a

word or a phrase and the result or process from abbreviating.


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According to Crystal, logogram is a written symbol which represents a

word or a meaningful part of a word (such as a prefix) and logogram can be

called as a logograph or a character (2008:182).

According to Read, acronym is a word formed by combining initial letters

or syllables and letters of series of words or a compound term (1996:14). It

means that acronym is formed from initial letters, syllables, and letters from

series of words or compound term.

According to Malmkjær, clipping is deletion of initial morphemes or final

word segments to form new word but it still has semantic and syntactic

function of the original (1991:320). For example the word fan from fanatic, the

word experiences clipping but the word still has semantic and syntactic

function from its original form or its complete form.


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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

1. Pradana’s thesis “The Word Formation Processes of Cockney English

and Bahasa Binan”

Pradana’s thesis discusses the word formation processes in Cockney

English and Bahasa Binan which are the language variations of British English

and Bahasa Indonesia. The language variations are developed as secret

languages and embracing languages of the criminal community in London and

transgender community in Indonesia. Pradana found that the speakers of

Cockney and Bahasa Binan often borrowed the words in their root languages

and found rhyming sounds among words became the paramount thing to be

considered by the speakers in modifying the words.

Word formation processes which are found by Pradana in Cockney

English and Bahasa Indonesia consist of affixation, coined words, acronyms,

alphabetic abbreviations, clippings, blends, generified words, proper nouns,

borrowings, internal changes, suppletions, reduplications, tone placements,

clitizations, backformations, onomatopoeias, conversions, metaphorical

extension, broadenings, narrowings, semantic drifts, and reversal. Pradana does

not write the long form from the examples of acronym which he includes in his

thesis, whereas the long form of the acronyms can help readers of his thesis to

understand well his explanation. Besides that explanation from examples of

clipping is not accordance with meaning of clipping itself because clippings


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which he inputs in his thesis comes from two words which are shortened and

not from a polysyllabic word shortened, whereas the definition of clipping is a

process from a polysyllabic word shortened in a more or less arbitrary fashion.

This presents thesis is different with Pradana’s thesis in the explanation of

clipping. It is because this present thesis explaines clipping as a polysyllabic

word which is shortened, whereas Pradana’s thesis explaines clipping as two

words shortened.

2. Adyaningtyas’s thesis “An Analysis on Word Formation Used in Pepsi

and Coca-Cola Advertisements Published in United States from 1950

until 2012”

Adyaningtyas’s thesis discusses the influence of advertisements in the

language system exists as found in the expression “uncole”, the expression

issued by Coca-cola company when they launched and promoted the new type

of soft drink, 7UP. Based on this phenomenon, Adyaningtyas claims that it is

interesting to study the relation between the words and the expressions which

are used in the advertisements and the influence in word-formation since the

expressions are unique, creative, and able to attract the costumers’ attention.

Adyaningtyas found eight word formation types which were used in the data,

namely borrowing, cliticization, initialism, blending, clipping, conversion,

derivation, and inflection. But the explanation of examples in partial suppletion

which is part of inflection is not clear because she cannot explain the change of


8

examples clearly so that it makes the readers of her thesis cannot understand

well what she means.

This present thesis is almost the same in the explanation from examples of

clipping in Adyaningtyas’s thesis. But the examples in this present thesis are

different with Adyaningtyas’s thesis.

B. Review of Related Theories

The researcher uses a major theory in this subchapter. The major theory is

needed in discussing analysis part. The major theory is abbreviation which

consists of logograms, acronym, and clipping.

1. Theories of Logograms

According to Fischer, logogram is a representation from a morpheme or the

entire name of an object (1999:107) for examples b (be) and 2 (to). According

to Norman, logogram is every symbol either represents a word or a minimal

unit of meaning from a word (quoted on November 24, 2014). Logogram is

used to make the writing to be instant (Crystal, 2008:39). Logogram also is

used to represent a word.

Logogram can form nonstandard spellings and omitted letters. Crystal

states nonstandar spellings are spellings not in accordance with the standard of

English writing system, it is used to manipulate words, for example fone from

the word phone (2008:48). According to Crystal, omitted letters are a word


9

where its letter or its letters omitted, for examples plsed from pleased and xlnt

from excellent (2008:45).

2. Theories of Acronym

According to Malmkjær, acronym is words formed from initial letters of a

fixed phrase or title, in other words acronym is formed from initial letters of

each phrases or titles (1991:320). Carstairs and McCarthy states that acronym

is blend incorporating only the initial letters of its components, for example

NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (2002:141). From both theories

above can be concluded that abbreviation which is taken from initial letters of

fixed phrases or title or its components and it forms a word, it is called as an

acronym. Acronym has an element which is called as alphabetisms because it

is pronounced letter-by-letter, for example np (no problem) (Crystal,

2008:176).

According to Szymanek, acronym consists of two classes, namely the first

class is letter words, for examples AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome, DARE – Dictionary of American Regional, laser - light

amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, NASA – National

Aeronautics and Space Administration, and UNESCO – United Nations

Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The second class is syllable

- words, for examples Benelux – Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg and

FORTRAN – Formula Translation (1989:101). All those examples above are

treated as a word when those words are pronounced for examples AIDS and


10

Benelux will be pronounced as AIDS and Benelux and they will not be

pronounced based on names from each of their initial letters because they are

acronyms which form word. But there is also the element of acronym which

forms letter-by-letter. It is called as alphabetisms, for example ftf (face to face).

According to Plag, acronym is formed to make an abbreviation

pronounceable as a word, besides that acronym is formed to make

homonymous to existing words for examples START - Strategic Arms

Reduction Talks which is a term from an envisioned disarmament treaty

between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and CARE - Cooperative for Assistance

and Relief Everywhere which is a term on fighting global poverty, those

acronyms have the same writing with words such as start /stɑ:t/ which means

to begin a journey or to leave and care /keǝ(r)/ means feel that something is

important and worth. They have the same writing, but their meaning is

different (2002:164). It means that acronym is formed to make an abbreviation

can be pronounced as a word and to make it becomes homonymous to the

existing words. According to Carstairs and McCarthy, acronym is used to

create new vocabulary (2002:66). According to Crystal, acronym can be used

to make instant messaging (2008:42).

3. Theories of Clipping

Clipping is a process from a polysyllabic lexeme shortened in a more or

less arbitrary fashion and the form obtained retains the semantic and the


11

syntactic function of the original (Szymanek, 1989:97), for example word fan

from fanatic. According to Adams, clipping is generally used in less formal

situation (1973:135), for example bro from word brother. Clipping bro will be

discussed more in the analysis part.

According to Szymanek, clipping is divided into four classes (1989:98-

99):

Back clipping ad = advertisement, con = convict, cuke = cucumber,

dorm = dormitory, grad = graduate, gym = gymnasium, intro =

introduction, memo = memorandum, pen = penitentiary, photo =

photograph, rhino = rhinocerus, and temp = temperature.

Fore-clipping burger = hamburger, bus = omnibus, cello =

violoncello, copter = helicopter, phone = telephone, plane =

aeroplane, and van = caravan.

Mixed clipping flu = influenza and fridge = refrigerator.

Clipping–compounds Amerind = Amer(ican) + Ind(ian), comintern

= com(munist) + intern(ational), hi-fi = high + fi(delity), and

paratrooper = para(chute) + trooper.

The usefulness of clipping is to indicate attitude of familiarity on the part

of the user, either towards object denoted, or towards the audience (Adams,

1973:135), it means that clipping is used to show intimacy of its user towards

object denoted or towards the audience (reader of the clipping). According to

Plag, clipping is formed to show possitive affection towards person or thing


12

referred to, for example sweety (2002:147). According to Webster’s New

Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary, clipping is formed to abbreviate writing and

speech, so clipping is used to accelerate the writing and speech (2006:336).

Another reason why clipping is used is because people want to make simpler

communication by clipping words, such as clipping in the SMS (Azhar, quoted

on May 27, 2014).

C. Theoretical Framework

The first problem in this thesis will mainly discuss about the abbreviations

which are used in words, phrases, and sentences which are found in English

Letters students’ statuses on Facebook. The researcher uses theories like

logograms, acronym, and clipping to discuss the words, the phrases, and the

sentences.

The second problem is why the abbreviations like logograms, acronym,

and clipping tend to be used on Facebook by English Letters students of Sanata

Dharma University. To find the answer of the second problem, the researcher

uses theories like logograms, acronym, and clipping as basic theories. The

theories which are used only focused on the reasons for using logograms,

acronym, and clipping.


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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The objects of this study were first the researcher chose a discussion on

words, phrases, and sentences in statuses on Facebook which experienced

changes into abbreviations like logograms, acronym, and clipping. The data

used to do the discussion were taken from English Letters students’ statuses on

Facebook. Second, the researcher discussed about reasons on why

abbreviations like logograms, acronym, and clipping tended to be used on

Facebook.

B. Approach of the Study

The approach used here were morphological approach and phonological

approach. According to Booij, morphology was the study of the internal

structure of words which delt with the forms of lexemes (inflection) and with

the ways in which lexemes were formed (word-formation) (2005:14).

Phonology was the component of language that delt with phonemes and their

possible combinations (phonotactics) (Durand, 1990:4). Morphological

approach was approach towards theory of the morphology, while phonological

approach was approach towards theory of the phonology. The morphological

approach was used to discuss the use of abbreviations like logograms,

acronym, and clipping by English Letters students of Sanata Dharma

University on Facebook. The phonological approach was used to know


14

pronunciations from logograms, acronym, and clipping which were found in

English Letters students’ statuses on Facebook.

C. Method of the Study

In describing how the method of analysis was done, this part covered two

sections, namely data collection and data analysis.

1. Data Collection

In finding the list of statuses on Facebook, the researcher sought English

Letters students’ statuses on Archivedbook site. Archivedbook site was a site

which became a collection of all activities on Facebook wall. Data taken from

statuses on Archivedbook site were just data which had words, phrases, and

sentences which formed abbreviations like logograms, acronym, and clipping.

In addition the researcher dug the data through reading status on Facebook.

The researcher also distributed enclosed questionnaires to respondents in order

to reveal the reasons of respondents used logograms, acronym, and clipping.

The questionnaire form used enclosed questionnaire in which respondents only

chose alternative answers available like " Yes " or " No" .

2. Data Analysis

First of all, the list of statuses which was obtained from Archivedbook site

was given circle signs in the words, phrases, and sentences which experienced

the change into abbreviations. Then the words, the phrases, and the sentences


15

were grouped according to their forms of each. After that explained formation

process and meaning of the words, the phrases, and the sentences. To group

the words, the phrases, and the sentences were needed theories of abbreviation

like logograms, acronym, and clipping. To explain formation process from the

words, the phrases, and the sentences were needed also the theories of

abbreviation. To know meaning and pronunciation from the words, the phrases,

and the sentences were needed data from printed sources and internet. The data

of printed sources are Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary and Oxford

Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. The data of internet sources are kamus slang and

kitabgaul.

Second, the researcher matched English Letters students’ statuses on

Facebook with theories of abbreviation like logograms, acronym, and clipping.

The theories which were matched with the students’ statuses only focused on

the reasons for using logograms, acronym, and clipping. After that the result of

matching was matched again with the answers from questionnaires. The

questionnaires were made were closed, meaning that respondents only chose

alternative answers available. The questionnaires were distributed directly to

English Letters students of Sanata Dharma University which were respondents

of research. Then the result of the last matching with the answers from

questionnaires was used as answer for a question why English Letters students

of Sanata Dharma University used abbreviations on Facebook.


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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

Facebook is one of the most popular social media in the world than the

other social media because Facebook has the most users. Its users come from

various types of people, from children to adults and from farmers to the

president. All of them have a Facebook account. Facebook also provides many

facilities like one of them is as a place shows their opinion on Facebook,

especially English Letters students of Sanata Dharma University use Facebook

as a place shows their opinion in the form of statuses.

There are two reasons why the researcher is interested to choose Facebook

as media of the study, namely first, Facebook is one of the most popular social

media in the world. Second, the English Letters students use the abbreviations

like logograms, acronym, and clipping in their statuses on Facebook.

There are two main discussions to this study. First is discussion about

logograms, acronym, and clipping found in English Letters students’ statuses

on Facebook. Second are the reasons for using logograms, acronym, and

clipping on Facebook. Before the researcher discusses about the reasons for

using logograms, acronym, and clipping by English Letters students of Sanata

Dharma University on Facebook, the researcher will firstly discuss about

logograms, acronym, and clipping in the English Letters students’ statuses on

Facebook.


17

A. Abbreviations Found in Statuses on Facebook

1. Logograms

Logograms are written symbols which represent words or meaningful parts

of words. Logogram can form nonstandard spelling and omitted letters. The

examples of logograms can be seen in the following:

(Jan 2, 2010) U make me trust that u care about me...

(Aug 9, 2010) i really love this day .. :D thankz God for a beautifull

day that u give to me .. :)

(Oct 5, 2010) i”ll never find someone like u cause I love the way that

u hold , boy i won’t no I won’t let u go ..

(Nov 12, 2010) I miss U

(Jan 16, 2011) u feel the same i feel! :))

(Mar 28, 2011) I like the way u see me... I like the way u smile at

me... I like the way u greet me... I like the way u talk to me... I like the

way u joke with me... I like everything about u...

(Aug 31, 2011) There is No second chance for U

(Sep 18, 2011) hate u ..

(Oct 20, 2011) Happy birthday my beloved father.. Love u forever.. I

hope u always have good health and love ur family.. GBU need to

calm down my mind n soul...

(Mar 2, 2012) so here’s my new life...:) there’s nothing to regret

about... take the pass as a lesson for the future...:) #wishing u too that

you may have a good life...


18

U typed in bold and italic in the statuses is logogram of you which forms

nonstandard spelling and omitted letters. Logogram is a written symbol which

represents a word or a meaningful part of a word. It can be in the form of a

character like the letter u in the statuses. The letter u is included into

nonstandard spelling because it is not in accordance with the standard of

English writing system because in the standard English writing, u is written as

you. The nonstandard spelling causes the letters like y and o are omitted from

the word you so that it forms the letter u. The formation process of u replaces

the word you with one letter u because the suitability for sound between them

when they are read. Phonetic transcription letter u /ju:/ is the same with

phonetic transcription from pronoun you /ju:/ and both of them have the same

meaning. U is used for person or people being spoken to or written to.

Abbreviation process can be seen in:

You /ju:/ u /ju:/

(Oct 4, 2011) why do i feel so uneasy... hope everything’s fine...i need

to calm down my mind n soul...


hope u always have good health and love ur family.. GBU need to

calm down my mind n soul...

(Apr 16, 2013) Have a safe flight .. Mama .. Tante .. N the couple ..:-D


19

(Mar 8, 2014) When Public speaking, play, and journalism II need me

more time to practices, n show up in the public place -_-

N typed in bold and italic in the statuses is logogram of and which forms

nonstandard spelling and omitted letters. Logogram is a written symbol which

represents a word or a meaningful part of a word. It can be in the form of a

character like the letter n in the statuses. The letter n is included into

nonstandard spelling because it is not in accordance with the standard of

English writing system because in the standard English writing, n is written as

and. The nonstandard spelling causes the letters like a and d are omitted from

the word and so that it forms the letter n. The formation process of n replaces

the word and with one letter n because of the suitability for sound between

them when they are pronounced, namely the way to pronounce letter n /en/ is

almost the same with the way to pronounce conjunction and /ǝn/, there is little

difference in their vowel, namely n uses /e/ is mid front vowel and and uses /ǝ/

is mid central vowel. The meaning of n is the same with the meaning of and. It

is used as conjunction to join words, phrases, and sentences. Abbreviation

process can be seen in:

And /ǝn/ n /en/

Mid central vowel Mid front vowel

(Aug 4, 2011) OMG!!!!!!!!!! I’m so tired. Juz want 2 go 2 d boarding

house n take a rest.


20

To in the status has two roles, namely as infinitive and preposition, to in

the status is replaced with number 2. The number 2 in the status is logogram of

to which forms nonstandard spelling. Logogram is the type of abbreviation

which means a written symbol which represents a word or a meaningful part of

a word. It can be in the form of a character like the number 2 in the status. The

number 2 is included into nonstandard spelling because it is not in accordance

with the standard of English writing system because in the standard English

writing 2 is written as to. Both of them have the same phonetic transcription,

namely /tu:/. The meaning of to is the same with the meaning of 2 in this

context, namely it is used to show an action that you want to do. Abbreviation


To /tu:/ 2 /tu:/

(Jan 15, 2011) Thx a lot JC bcoz today is my luvly son’s bday. wish

that U can give all d best to him. Happy bday Allan. Mama laff u so

much!!!

In the status above there are the words like thx, bcoz, and luvly. They are

not abbreviations, but they are slang words. The letter d in the status above is

included into abbreviation form.

The letter d in the status above is used to replace the definite article the.

The letter d is logogram of the which forms nonstandard spelling. Logogram is

part of abbreviation which means a written symbol which represents a word or

a meaningful part of a word. It can be in the form of a character like the letter d


21

in the status. The letter d is included into nonstandard spelling because it is not

in accordance with the standard of English writing system because in the

standard English writing d is written as the. D and the have different phonetic

transcription, namely, the /ðǝ/ and d /di:/. The uses /ð/ is interdental fricative

voiced and /ǝ/ is mid central vowel, while d uses /d/ is alveolar stop voiced and

/i:/ is high front vowel. The resemblace from d and the are they will be

unconsciously pronounced as /ðǝ/ or /de/, it is because the habit from its user or

its reader to pronounce d is the same with pronunciation of the. The meaning

of d is the same with the meaning of the, it is used to refer to particular thing.


Mid central vowel High front vowel

the /ðǝ/ d /di:/

Interdental fricative voiced Alveolar stop voiced

Both of them will be pronounced as /ðǝ/ or /de/.

(Dec 23, 2010) what should I do 4 u? u ask me to buy something but u

don't do what I want. What's wrong with u?

4 typed in bold and italic in the status above is logogram of for which

forms nonstandar spelling. Logogram is a written symbol which represents a

word or a meaningful part of a word. It can be in the form of a character like

the number 4 in the status above. The number 4 is included into nonstandard


22

spelling because it is not in accordance with the standard of English writing

system because in the standard English writing 4 is written as for. The

formation process of 4 replaces the word for with the number 4. The number 4

has phonetic transcription which is the same with preposition for, namely

/fɔ:(r)/, therefore 4 is used to replace word for in the status. The meaning of 4

is the same with the meaning of for, it is used to show the person who is

intended to have or use something. Abbreviation process can be seen in:

For / fɔ:(r)/ 4 /fɔ:(r)/

2. Acronym

Acronym is formed from initial letters of fixed phrases or title or its

components. Acronym consists of two classes, namely the first class is letter

words, for example AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and the

second class is syllable-words, for example Benelux – Belgium, the

Netherlands and Luxemburg. All those examples are pronounced as word

because both of them form word. There are also acronyms which pronounced

letter-by-letter, for example ftf ‘face to face’, these are called as alphabetisms.

The examples of acronym can be seen in the following:

(Apr 19, 2010) OMG.... Why I .i.. .o. ?

(Oct 19, 2011) OMG :0 ~ Jaymes


23


house n take a rest..

(Nov 17, 2011) omg ,, my brain ,, come on ,, think ,, think ,, think ,,

aaarrrgggghhhhhtttttttt ...

OMG typed in bold and italic in the statuses above is acronym of Oh My

God which forms alphabetisms. It is because OMG consists of letter-by-letter.

OMG is pronounced as letter-by-letter rather than a word, namely /ǝʊ/-/em/-

/ʤi:/. The formation process of OMG takes initial letters from each of words,

namely (O) from word Oh, (M) from word My, and (G) from word God. One

of the meanings of OMG is an expression of emotion when is surprised.


Oh My God OMG

(Dec 26, 2010) Otw banten..

(Apr 19, 2011) otw to my hometown .. :)

(Jun 30, 2011) otw surabaya.. Hope that I can arrive as soon as

possible.

(Dec 30, 2011) Otw airport ..

(Jul 30, 2013) Otw tuban ..

Otw typed in bold and italic in the statuses above is acronym of on the

way. Otw is pronounced as on the way rather than letter by letter. The

formation process of otw takes initial letters from each of words, namely (o)


24

from word on, (t) from word the, and (w) from word way. In general it is

because of the habits of the speakers who use this abbreviation. One of the

meanings of otw is on way. Abbreviation process can be seen in:

On the way Otw

(Feb 19, 2011) Thanks for the birthday wishes everyone.. :) I wish all

my dreams will come true. GBU all :D

(Oct 9, 2011) Happy birthday my friend .. There is no gift that I could

give ... Just a little prayer that comes from my heart .. May all your

dream come true .. May The Lord bless you always .. it's so sad that I

can't say it directly to you .. I miss you so much .. GBU .. :)


hope u always have good health and love ur family.. GBU

(Nov 16, 2011) happy birthday to my beloved brother Andreas Kevin

Anggriawan I always hope the best for you :) *sorry minggu ini gue

ga bisa pulang* see you again on christmas eve, gbu :)

(Nov 20, 2011) 20-11-2011 What a good date!!! Happy Sunday.GBU

(May 27, 2012) I've got to tell You that I am Yours forever, Lord, I

give You my whole life~Planetshakers Hepsun Guys... GBU

(Jul 1, 2012) Happy sunday :D Gbu

(Aug 13, 2013) Happy birthday. Wish you all the best! GBU!


25

GBU typed in bold and italic in the statuses is acronym of God Bless You.

GBU will be pronounced as God Bless You rather than letter-by-letter. It is

because of the habit of the speaker who uses this acronym. The formation

process of GBU takes initial letters from each of words, namely (G) from word

God, (B) from word Bless, and (U) from word You. One of the meanings of

GBU is to ask blessing from God to people who intended to obtain the

blessing. Abbreviation process can be seen in:

God Bless You GBU

You U

(Jun 30, 2012) resiko LDR:::: dirundung galau terus:::pengen

ketemuaann.*miris meeennn::::

Ldr typed in bold and italic in the status above is acronym of long distance

relationship which forms alphabetisms. It is because ldr consists of letter-by-

letter. Ldr will be pronounced as letter-by-letter rather than a word, namely

/el/-/di:/-/ɑ:(r)/. The formation process of ldr takes initial letters from each of

words, namely (l) from word long, (d) from word distance, and (r) from word

relationship. One of the meanings of ldr is a relationship to boyfriend or

girlfriend which there is in different place which far and making them rarely to

meet. Abbreviation process can be seen in:

Long distance relationship Ldr


26

(Jun 1, 2013) Laptop rusak d saat yg tidak tepat ..... WTH ..

Wth typed in bold and italic in the status above is acronym of what the

hell. Wth will be pronounced its long form, namely what the hell rather than

the series of letters. It is because of the habit of the speaker who uses this

abbreviation. The formation process of wth takes initial letters from each of

words, namely (w) from word what, (t) from word the, and (h) from word hell.

One of the meanings of wth is an expression sarcasm feeling or what is.


What the hell Wth

(Nov 13, 2011) For those who ever encountered NATO (No Action

Talk Only), you can learn something from them by keeping this in

mind. "You shall remember the words that comes out, but ignore the

act that they make

Nato typed in bold and italic in the status above is acronym of no action

talk only, no action talk only is morphologically written as nato in the status

and pronounced as a word rather than letter-by-letter because nato forms a

word. The formation process of nato takes initial letters from each of words,

namely (n) from word no, (a) from word action, (t) from word talk, and (o)

from word only. One of the meanings of nato is something which just a theory


27

or only talking without proof in the form of action to actualize it. Acronym


No action talk only Nato

(Mar 31, 2012) oopsss.. bita forgot to sign out. okay I won't do

anything :D LOL xD

(Apr 24, 2012) my friend (Ajjep Susiiluviyya Heartyan) told me to

make childish style. Am I look like Allan’s mom or Allan’s sister??

LOL –D

(Oct 3, 2013) Proud to be me .lol

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOHsd6Zk7DM

Lol typed in bold and italic in the statuses above is acronym of laughing

out loud. Laughing out loud is morphologically written as lol in the statuses

and pronounced as a word or letter-by-letter (ell oh ell) because lol forms a

word and alphabetisms. Alphabetisms are acronym which pronounced letter-

by-letter. The formation process of lol takes initial letters from each of words,

namely (l) from word laughing, (o) from out, and (l) from word loud. One of

the meanings of lol is a reaction to funny things or silly things and lol is usually

used for behind part of sentence or statement that if it invites laughter.

Acronym process can be seen in:

Laughing out loud Lol


28

(May 12, 2013) Come back ASAP!

Asap typed in bold and italic in the status above is acronym of as soon as

possible, as soon as possible is morphologically written as asap in the status

above and pronounced as a word rather than letter-by-letter because asap forms

a word. The formation process of asap takes initial letters from each of words,

namely (a) from word as, (s) from word soon, (a) from word as, and (p) from

word possible. One of the meanings of asap is as quickly as possible. Acronym


As soon as possible Asap



much!!!

JC typed in bold and italic in the status above is acronym of Jesus Christ,

Jesus Christ is morphologically written as JC in the status above and

pronounced as /ˈʤi zǝs/-/kraɪst/ than letter-by-letter. The formation process of

JC takes initial letters from each of words, namely (J) from word Jesus and

(C) from word Christ. One of the meanings of JC is a teacher and prophet born

in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth, His life and sermons form the basis for

Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29). Acronym process can be seen in:

Jesus Christ JC


29

3. Clipping

Clipping is a word which has more than one syllable shortened in arbitrary

fashion and the form obtained retains the semantic and the syntactic function

from its original. As described in the following examples:

(Mar 25, 2012) Akhir'y roh sakit singgah pada diriku. Jgn kelamaan

singgahnya ya, ga ada kopi bro.

Bro typed in bold and italic in the status above is back clipping of brother,

brother is morphologically written as bro in the status and it is addressed to roh

sakit. The user of bro in the status assumes that roh sakit as his friend or object

which is already known so the user of the status uses bro in the last part of

sentence to avoid the repetition from phrase roh sakit. The formation process

of bro clips behind of the syllable of brother, namely bro from bro(ther). The

meaning of bro is to show a sense of friendship and brotherhood between

friends, besides that bro is used to refer a man or a boy. Back clipping process

can be seen in:

(Bro)ther Bro

(Jan 12, 2013) Baru kali ini, motor dipinjam temen tapi nggak mau

bawa STNK nya. . Slamet ya bro, haha

(Jan 23, 2013) Karna sampai kapanpun janji tanpa bukti itu bullshit

bro! ☺


30

Bro typed in bold and italic in the statuses is back clipping of brother, bro

is morphologically written as bro in the statuses. Back clipping bro in the first

status is addressed to a friend who is known by the writer of first status while

clipping bro in the second status is addressed to someone who is known by the

writer of second status. The formation process of bro clips behind of the

syllable of brother, namely bro from bro(ther). The meaning of bro is to show

a sense of friendship and brotherhood between friends, besides that bro is used

to refer a man or a boy. Back clipping process is the same with previous

explanation.



much!!!

Bday typed in bold and italic in the status above is clipping - compound of

birth and day. Birth and day are morphologically written as bday in the status.

The formation process from bday clips word birth so that forms letter b,

whereas the word day is not clipped, both of the words are combined so that it

forms four letters bday. The meaning of bday is the same with the meaning of

birthday, namely anniversary from day on which you were born. Clipping -

compound process can be seen in:

(B)irth /’bз:θ/ b

Day /deɪ/ day


31

Birth and day bday /’bз:θdeɪ/

(Nov 23, 2010) darii awal memang sudda ILFIL dg ANDA ! [maav]

Ilfil typed in bold and italic in the status above is clipping compound of

illfeel. Illfeel is morphologically written as ilfil in the status above. The

formation process of ilfil clips the letter l from first word, namely from word ill

and takes three letters from phonetic transcription of second word, namely

from word feel /fi:l/. Fil is from phonetic transcription from the word feel /fi:l/.

One of the meanings of ilfil is describing a situation in which the feelings that

are suddenly lost for one thing. Acronym processes can be seen in:

ill il

Feel /fi:l/ fil

ilfil ilfil

B. The Reasons for Using Abbreviations on Facebook

There are some of reasons for using abbreviations on Facebook. The

reasons are studied from theories of abbreviation, respondent’s statuses on

Facebook, and the answers to questionnaires given by English Letters students

of Sanata Dharma University, so researcher obtains the answers as follows:

1. The Reasons for Using Logograms

English Letters students of Sanata Dharma University use logograms on

their statuses on Facebook to make the writing to be instant or immediate or to


32

represent a word. It can be proven with the uses of u (you), n (and), 2 (to), d

(the), and 4 (for) in the English Letters students’ statuses. U, n, 2, d, and 4 are

forms instant or direct forms from you, and, to, the, and for. Besides that U, n,

2, d, and 4 represent words like you, and, to, the, and for.

Nonstandard spelling is used by the students to manipulate words with

change the form of the words. It can be proven with the change of forms like

you, and, to, the, and for into forms like u, n, 2, d, and 4.

The logograms can be seen in the quotations below:

(Oct 5, 2010) i”ll never find someone like u cause I love the way that

u hold, boy i won’t no I won’t let u go ..


house n take a rest.

(Dec 23, 2010) what should I do 4 u? u ask me to buy something but u

don't do what I want. What's wrong with u?

2. The Reasons for Using Acronym

The purposes from English Letters students of Sanata Dharma University

use acronyms, first is because acronym can make an abbreviation can be

pronounced as a word. It can be proven with the uses of abbreviations like nato

(no action talk only), lol (laughing out loud), and asap (as soon as possible).

All of them are pronounced in the form of word because they form word. The

acronyms can be seen in the following quotations:


33




act that they make



LOL –D


Second acronyms are used because acronym can make homonymous to

existing words in which the words are written like other words but they have

different meanings, for examples the uses from nato, lol, and asap. Nato in this

context means no action talk only, but in general if nato is written with capital

letters such as NATO, its meaning will be different, namely NATO is an

acronym from North Atlantic Treaty Organization which is an

intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty. Lol in

this context means laughing out loud but in general if lol is written with capital

letters such as LOL, its meaning will be different, namely LOL is League Of

Legends which is a multiplayer online battle arena video game developed.

Asap in this context means as soon as possible but in general if asap is written

with capital letters such as ASAP, its meaning will be different, namely ASAP

is an acronym from Association of Strategic Alliance Professionals which is a

professional association committed to elevating and promoting the profession


34

and discipline of alliance management. Those acronyms show that although

their writings are the same but their meanings are different.

Third acronyms are used to make the writing to be instant or immediate.

These are proven with the uses of nato, lol, asap, OMG, GBU, otw, ldr, wth,

and JC. They are the instant forms or direct forms from no action talk only,

laughing out loud, as soon as possible, Oh My God, God Bless You, on the

way, long distance relationship, what the hell, and Jesus Christ.

The acronyms can be seen in the following quotations:

(Apr 19, 2010) OMG.... Why I .i.. .o. ?

(Oct 9, 2011) Happy birthday my friend .. There is no gift that I could

give ... Just a little prayer that comes from my heart .. May all your

dream come true .. May The Lord bless you always .. it's so sad that I

can't say it directly to you .. I miss you so much .. GBU .. :)

(Jun 30, 2011) otw surabaya.. Hope that I can arrive as soon as

possible.

(Jun 30, 2012) resiko LDR:::: dirundung galau terus:::pengen

ketemuaann.*miris meeennn::::

(Jun 1, 2013) Laptop rusak d saat yg tidak tepat ..... WTH ..



much!!!


35




act that they make



LOL –D


3. The Reasons for Using Clipping

Clipping is used by English Letters students to show attitude of familiarity.

It can be proven with the use of back clipping bro in the quotations as follows:

(Jan 12, 2013) Baru kali ini, motor dipinjam temen tapi nggak mau

bawa STNK nya. . Slamet ya bro, haha

(Jan 23, 2013) Karna sampai kapanpun janji tanpa bukti itu bullshit

bro! ☺

Back clipping bro in the quotations above is used to mention friend or

someone who is already known near by both of the writers of the statuses

above, so it shows familiarity among them. Another reason is the clipping bro

bday, and ilfil are used to abbreviate their writings so that it can accelerate

their writings, especially when they write their statuses on Facebook.


36

The clipping – compounds from bday and ilfil can be seen in the following

quotations:



much!!!

(Nov 23, 2010) darii awal memang sudda ILFIL dg ANDA ! [maav]


37

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This last chapter is the conclusion of the analysis. This chapter will cover

conclusion from problem formulations which are already discussed in the

previous explanation. From the result of research and data analysis that the

researcher did by reading the statuses of Facebook and the answer of

respondents toward questions distributed directly to English Letters students of

Sanata Dharma University, it can be concluded as follows:

A. Abbreviations Used Frequently on Facebook

Abbreviations used frequently in the statuses on Facebook by English

Letters students which become the respondents of research are as follows:

1. Logogram is a written symbol to represent a word. Based on the data

obtained from statuses of English Letters students of Sanata Dharma

University on Facebook, it can be found that logogram which is used mostly

by English Letters students on Facebook is u (you). Logogram can form

nonstandard spelling and omitted letters. Nonstandard spelling is spelling

which is not in accordance with the standard of English writing system.

Omitted letters are a word in which its letter or its letters omitted.

2. Acronym is a combination form of letters or other parts. Acronym makes an

abbreviation is pronounced as a word or letter-by-letter. Acronyms which

are pronounced letter-by-letter are called alphabetisms. Based on the data

obtained from statuses of English Letters students of Sanata Dharma


38

University on Facebook, it can be found that acronym mostly used by

English Letters students on Facebook is GBU (God Bless You).

3. Clipping is a process from a polysyllabic lexeme shortened in a more or less

arbitrary fashion and the form obtained retains the semantic and syntactic

function of the original, namely words which are clipped still retain the

semantic and the syntactic function from its original form, for example bro

is a back clipping from word brother. Based on the data which are obtained

from statuses of English Letters students of Sanata Dharma University on

Facebook, it can be found that back clipping bro is mostly used by English

Letters students on Facebook.

B. The Reasons for Using Abbreviations

There are the reasons for using abbreviations like logograms, acronym, and

clipping are as follows:

1. For reasons of English Letters students of Sanata Dharma University to use

logograms are to represent a word, to make instant writing or direct writing,

and to manipulate words.

2. For reasons from the use of acronym by English Letters students of Sanata

Dharma University are to make abbreviations pronounceable as word, to

make homonymous to existing words, and to make the instant writing or

direct writing.

3. For reasons for the use of clipping are to show attitude of familiarity and to

abbreviate writing.


39

4. Abbreviation like logograms, acronym, and clipping are used to create new

words by using existing words. They are used because people are driven by

the need to write or speak practically and quickly.


40

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Durand, Jacques. Generative and Non – Linear Phonology. New York:

Addison Wesley Longman,1990.

Fischer, Stevan Roger. A History of Language. London: St Edmundsbury

Press, 1999.

Godong, Adrian. “Arti kata 'ilfil'”. n.p. October 03, 2010.

(kitabgaul.com/word). October 09, 2014.

Godong, Adrian. “Arti kata 'ldr'”. n.p. July 31, 2011.

(www.kitabgaul.com/word). October 09, 2014.

Godong, Adrian. “Arti kata 'nato'”. n.p. September 03, 2010.

(kitabgaul.com/word). October 09, 2014.

Katherine, M. Isaacs, Ruth Handlin Manley, and Christine L. Stevens. The

Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus American Edition. New York: Oxford

University Press Inc., 1996.

Malmkjær, Kirsten. The Linguistics Encyclopedia. London: Routledge, 1991.

“Mau Gaul pke english,.,yuk baca ini”. n.p. November 10, 2011.

(www.facebook.com/notes/saws-house). October 09, 2014.

Norman, Jerry. “Chinese Writing”. Chinese Character Asia Society. n.p. n.d.

(www.asiasociety.org). November 24, 2014

O’Grady, William and John Archibald. Contemporary Linguistics An

Introduction Fifth Edition. Boston: Bedford/ St.Martin’s, 2005.

Patwell, Joseph M. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English

Language Third Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996.

Plag, Ingo. Word – Formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 2002.

Pradana, Agung Wisnu. “The Word Formation Processes of Cockney English

and Bahasa Binan”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma

University, 2013.

Read, Allen walker. The New International Webster’s Comprehensive

Dictionary of The English Language Deluxe Encyclopedia Edition. Naples:

Trident Press International. 1996


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http://www.asiasociety.org/

42

Szymanek, Bogdan. Introduction to Morphological Analysis. Warszawa:

Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1989.

Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary. Springfield: Federal Street

Press, 2006.


43

APPENDICES


44

Appendix 1: Table of words, phrases, and sentences which form

abbreviations like logogram, acronym, and clipping on Facebook which are

used by English Letters students of Sanata Dharma University.

No/

Date

Statuses on

Facebook

Abbreviations Explanation

1/ Jan

2, 2010

U make me trust

that u care about

me...

U Logogram of you which forms nonstandard

spelling and omitted letters. The word you is

morphologically written as u in the status on

Facebook. Logogram is used to make

writing to be instant, to represent a word and

to manipulate words. The formation process

of u replaces the word you with one letter u.

The meaning of u is the same with the

meaning of you which is used to person or

people being spoken to or written to.

2/ Jan

9, 2010

Lonely, n lonely,...

Nothing different..

N Logogram of and which forms nonstandard

spelling and omitted letters. The word and is

morphologically written as n in the status on




of n replaces the word and with one letter n.

The meaning of n is the same with the

meaning of and. It is used as conjunction to

join words, phrases or sentences.

3/ Apr

19,

2010

OMG.... Why I .i..

.o. ?

OMG Acronym of Oh My God which forms

alphabetisms, Oh My God is

morphologically written as OMG in the

status on Facebook. OMG will be

pronounced as letter-by-letter. Acronym is

used to make the instant writing. The

formation process of OMG takes initial

letters from each of words, namely (O) from

word Oh, (M) from word My, and (G) from

word God. One of the meanings of OMG is

an expression of emotion when surprised.

4/ Aug

9, 2010

i really love this

day .. :D thankz

God for a beautifull

day that u give to

me .. :)

U Logogram

5/ Oct

5, 2010

i”ll never find

someone like u

cause I love the

U Logogram


45

way that u hold ,

boy i won’t no I

won’t let u go ..

6/ Nov

12,

2010

I miss U U Logogram

7/ Nov

23,

2010

darii awal memang

sudda ILFIL dg

ANDA ! [maav]

Ilfil Clipping compound of illfeel, illfeel is

morphologically written as ilfil in the status

on Facebook. Clipping is used to abbreviate

writing. The formation process of ilfil clips

the word ill into il and takes phonetic

transcription from the second word feel /fi:l/.

One of the meanings of ilfil is described as a

situation in which the feelings that are

suddenly lost for one thing. 8/ Dec

23,

2010

what should I do 4

u? u ask me to buy

something but u

don't do what I

want. What's

wrong with u?

U and 4 U is a logogram.

4 is a logogram of for which forms

nonstandard spelling. The word for is

morphologically written as 4 in the status on




of 4 replaces word for with number 4. The

meaning of 4 is the same with the meaning

of for, for in the status is used to show

person who is intended to have or use

something.

10/

Dec

26,

2010

Otw banten..

Otw Acronym of on the way, on the way is

morphologically written as otw in the status

on Facebook. Acronym is used to make the

writing to be instant. The formation process

of otw takes initial letters from each of

words, namely (o) from word on, (t) from

word the, and (w) from word way. Otw will

be pronounced its long form, namely on the

way. One of the meanings of otw is on way.

11/ Jan

15,

2011

Thx a lot JC bcoz

today is my luvly

son’s bday. wish

that U can give all

d best to him.

Happy bday Allan.

Mama laff u so

much!!!

bday, u, and d U is a logogram.

Bday in the status is a clipping - compound

of birth and day. Birth and day is

morphologically written as bday in the

status. Clipping is used to abbreviate

writing. The formation process from bday

clips word birth into letter b, whereas the


46

word day is not clipped, both of the words

are combined so that it forms four letters

bday. The meaning of bday is the same with

the meaning of birthday, namely anniversary

from day on which you were born.

The definite article of the is replaced with

one letter d in the status. D is a logogram of

the which forms nonstandard spelling and

omitted letters. Logogram is used to make

writing to be instant, to represent a word,

and to manipulate words. The formation

process of d replaces the word the with one

letter d. The meaning of d is the same with

the meaning of the, it is used to refer to

particular thing.

12/ Jan

16,

2011

u feel the same i

feel! :))

U Logogram

13/ Jan

15,

2011

Thx a lot JC bcoz

today is my luvly

son’s bday. wish

that U can give all

d best to him.

Happy bday Allan.

Mama laff u so

much!!!

JC Acronym of Jesus Christ, Jesus Christ is

morphologically written as JC in the status

above and pronounced as /ˈʤi zǝs/-/kraɪst/

than letter-by-letter. Acronym is used to

make the writing to be instant. The

formation process of JC takes initial letters

from each of words, namely (J) from word

Jesus and (C) from word Christ. One of the

meanings of JC is a teacher and prophet

born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth,

His life and sermons form the basis for

Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29).

14/ Feb

19,

2011

Thanks for the

birthday wishes

everyone.. :) I wish

all my dreams will

come true. GBU all

:D

GBU Acronym of God Bless You, God Bless You

is morphologically written as GBU in the

status on Facebook. Acronym is used to

make the writing to be instant. The

formation process of GBU takes initial

letters from each of words, namely (G) from

word God, (B) from word Bless, and (U)

from word You. GBU will be pronounced as

God Bless You. One of the meanings of

GBU is to ask blessing from God to people

who intended to obtain the blessing.

15/

Mar

28,

2011

I like the way u see

me... I like the way

u smile at me... I

like the way u greet

U Logogram


47

me... I like the way

u talk to me... I like

the way u joke with

me... I like

everything about

u...

16/ Apr

19,

2011

otw to my

hometown .. :)

Otw Acronym

17/ Jun

30,

2011

otw surabaya..

Hope that I can

arrive as soon as

possible.

Otw Acronym

18/

Aug 4,

2011

OMG!!!!!!!!!! I’m

so tired. Juz want 2

go 2 d boarding

house n take a rest..

OMG, juz, 2,

d, and n

OMG is alphabetisms of acronym.

N, 2, and d are logograms.

19/ Sep

18,

2011

hate u ..

U Logogram

20/ Oct

4, 2011

why do i feel so

uneasy... hope

everything’s fine...i

need to calm down

my mind n soul...

N Logogram

21/ Oct

9, 2011

Happy birthday my

friend .. There is no

gift that I could

give ... Just a little

prayer that comes

from my heart ..

May all your dream

come true .. May

The Lord bless you

always .. it's so sad

that I can't say it

directly to you .. I

miss you so much ..

GBU .. :)

GBU Acronym

22/ Oct

19,

2011

OMG :0 ~ Jaymes

OMG Alphabetisms of acronym


48

23/ Oct

20,

2011

Happy birthday my

beloved father..

Love u forever.. I

hope u always have

good health and

love ur family..

GBU

GBU and u GBU is an acronym.

U is a logogram.

24/

Nov

13,

2011

For those who ever

encountered NATO

(No Action Talk

Only), you can

learn something

from them by

keeping this in

mind. "You shall

remember the

words that comes

out, but ignore the

act that they make"

Nato Acronym of no action talk only, no action

talk only is morphologically written as nato

in the status on Facebook. Acronym is used

to make abbreviations pronounceable as

word, to make homonymous to existing

words, and to make the writing to be instant.

The formation process of nato takes initial

letters from each of words, namely (n) from

word no, (a) from word action, (t) from

word talk, and (o) from word only. Nato is

pronounced as a word. One of the meanings

of nato is something which just a theory or

only talking without proof in the form of

action to actualize it.

25/

Nov

16,

2011

happy birthday to

my beloved brother

Andreas Kevin

Anggriawan I

always hope the

best for you :)

*sorry minggu ini

gue ga bisa

pulang* see you

again on christmas

eve, gbu :)

GBU Acronym

26/

Nov

17,

2011

omg ,, my brain ,,

come on ,, think ,,

think ,, think ,,

aaarrrgggghhhhhtttt

tttt ...

OMG Alphabetisms of acronym

27/

Nov

20,

2011

20-11-2011 What a

good date!!! Happy

Sunday.GBU

GBU Acronym

28/

Dec

30,

Otw airport ..

Otw Acronym


49

2011

29/

Mar 2,

2012

so here’s my new

life...:) there’s

nothing to regret

about... take the

pass as a lesson for

the future...:)

#wishing u too that

you may have a

good life...

U Logogram

30/

Mar

25,

2012

Akhir'y roh sakit

singgah pada

diriku. Jgn

kelamaan

singgahnya ya, ga

ada kopi bro.

Bro Back clipping of brother, brother is

morphologically written as bro in the status

on Facebook and it is addressed to roh sakit.

Clipping is used to show attitude of

familiarity and to abbreviate writing. The

formation process of bro clips behind of the

syllable of word brother, namely bro from

bro(ther). The meaning of bro is to show a

sense of friendship and brotherhood

between friends, besides that it is used to

refer a man or a boy.

31/

Mar

31,

2012

oopsss.. bita forgot

to sign out. okay I

won't do anything

:D LOL xD

Lol Acronym of laughing out loud, laughing out

loud is morphologically written as lol in the

status on Facebook. Lol is included into

alphabetisms of acronym because lol can be

pronounced as letter-by-letter. Acronym is

used to make abbreviations pronounceable

as word, to make homonymous to existing


The formation process of lol takes initial

letters from each of words, namely (l) from

word laughing, (o) from out, and (l) from

word loud. Lol is also pronounced as a word.

One of the meanings of lol is a reaction to

funny things or silly things and lol is usually

used for behind of the sentence or statement

that if it invites laughter.

32/ Apr

24,

2012

my friend (Ajjep

Susiiluviyya

Heartyan) told me

to make childish

style. Am I look

like Allan’s mom

or Allan’s sister??

LOL –D

Lol Acronym and Alphabetisms of acronym


50

33/

May

27,

2012

I've got to tell You

that I am Yours

forever, Lord, I

give You my whole

life~Planetshakers

Hepsun Guys...

GBU

GBU Acronym

34/ Jun

30,

2012

resiko LDR::::

dirundung galau

terus:::pengen

ketemuaann.*miris

meeennn::::

Ldr Acronym of long distance relationship

which forms alphabetisms, long distance

relationship is morphologically written as

ldr in the status on Facebook. Acronym is

used to make the writing to be instant. The

formation process of ldr takes initial letters

from each of words, namely (l) from word

long, (d) from word distance, and (r) from

word relationship. Ldr will be pronounced

as letter-by-letter. One of the meanings of

ldr is a relationship to boyfriend or

girlfriend which there is in the different

place which is far and making them rarely to

meet.

35/ Jul

1, 2012

Happy sunday :D

Gbu

GBU Acronym

36/ Jan

12,

2013

Baru kali ini, motor

dipinjam temen

tapi nggak mau

bawa STNK nya. .

Slamet ya bro,

haha

Bro Back clipping of brother, bro is

morphologically written as bro in the status

on Facebook. Clipping is used to show

attitude of familiarity and to abbreviate

writing. The formation process of bro clips

behind of the syllable of brother, namely

bro from bro(ther). The meaning of bro is to

show a sense of friendship and brotherhood

between friends, besides that it is used to

refer a man or a boy.

37/ Jan

23,

2013

Karna sampai

kapanpun janji

tanpa bukti itu

bullshit bro! ☺

Bro Back clipping

38/ Apr

16,

2013

Have a safe flight ..

Mama .. Tante .. N

the couple .. :-D

N Logogram

39/ Come back ASAP! Asap Acronym of as soon as possible, as soon as


51

May

12,

2013

possible is morphologically written as asap

in the status on Facebook. Acronym is used

to make abbreviations pronounceable as

word, to make homonymous to existing


The formation process of asap takes initial

letters from each of words, namely (a) from

word as, (s) from word soon, (a) from word

as, and (p) from word possible. Asap is

pronounced as a word. One of the meanings

of asap is as quickly as possible.

40/ Jun

1, 2013

Laptop rusak d saat

yg tidak tepat .....

WTH ..

Wth Acronym of what the hell, what the hell is

morphologically written as wth in the status

on Facebook. Acronym is used to make the

writing to be instant. The formation process

of wth takes initial letters from each of

words, namely (w) from word what, (t) from

word the, and (h) from word hell. Wth will

be pronounced its long form, namely what

the hell. One of the meanings of wth is an

expression sarcasm feeling or what is.

41/ Jul

30,

2013

Otw tuban ..

Otw Acronym

42/

Aug

13,

2013

Happy birthday.

Wish you all the

best! GBU!

GBU Acronym

43/ Oct

3, 2013

Proud to be me .lol

http://www.youtub

e.com/watch?v=ZO

Hsd6Zk7DM

Lol Acronym and alphabetisms of acronym

44/

Mar 8,

2014

When Public

speaking, play, and

journalism II need

me more time to

practices, n show

up in the public

place

-_-

N Logogram


52

Appendix 2: English Letters Students’ Statuses of Sanata Dharma University


53


54


55


56


57


58


59


60


61

Appendix 3: Angket/Questionnaire

ANGKET

I. Petunjuk menjawab angket.

1. Pilihlah jawaban yang sesuai dengan pendapat Saudara (i) !

2. Agar angket ini dijawab sesuai keadaan yang sebenarnya !

3. Jawaban Saudara (i) dijamin kerahasiaannya !

4. Hasil angket ini hanya digunakan untuk penyelesaian skripsi akhir

peneliti !

II. Pertanyaan

1. Apakah Saudara (i) menggunakan singkatan di Facebook untuk

membuat tulisan menjadi instan atau langsung?

a. Ya b. Tidak


menciptakan kosakata baru?

a. Ya b. Tidak

3. Apakah Saudara (i) menggunakan singkatan di Facebook sebagai

perwakilan dari sebuah kata?

a. Ya b. Tidak


membuat makna kata yang ganda?

a. Ya b. Tidak


menunjukan sikap akrab?

a. Ya b. Tidak


menyingkat tulisan?

a. Ya b. Tidak


menunjukan kasih sayang yang positif kepada seseorang?

a. Ya b. Tidak


memanipulasi kata – kata?

a. Ya b. Tidak


membuat singkatan bisa diucapkan sebagai sebuah kata?

a. Ya b. Tidak


membuat komunikasi yang sederhana ?

a. Ya b. Tidak


62

Questionnaire

I. Instructions to answer the questionnaire.

1. Choose the answer that corresponds to your opinion!

2. For this questionnaire is answered in the actual situation!

3. Your answers are guaranteed confidentiality!

4. The results of this questionnaire are used only for the completion of the

researcher’s undergraduate thesis!

II . Questions

1. Do you use the abbreviations on Facebook to make writing became an

instant?

a. Yes b. No

2. Do you use the abbreviations on Facebook to create a new vocabulary?

a. Yes b. No

3. Do you use the abbreviations on Facebook as a representative of a

word?

a. Yes b. No

4. Do you use the abbreviations on Facebook to create a homonymous for

the word?

a. Yes b. No

5. Do you use the abbreviations on Facebook to show the familiar

attitude?

a. Yes b. No

6. Do you use the abbreviations on Facebook to abbreviate writing?

a. Yes b. No

7. Do you use the abbreviations on Facebook to show positive affection

towards someone?

a. Yes b. No

8. Do you use the abbreviations on Facebook for manipulating the word?

a. Yes b. No

9. Do you use the abbreviations on Facebook to create an abbreviation can

be pronounced as a word?

a. Yes b. No

10. Do you use the abbreviations on Facebook to make communication

simple?

a. Yes b. No


plagiat merupakan tindakan tidak terpuji filethe abbreviations on facebook used by english letters...

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