plan c 1.pick a problem 2.pick some plants to study 3.design some experiments 4.see where they lead...
TRANSCRIPT
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Plan C
1.Pick a problem2.Pick some plants to study3.Design some experiments4.See where they lead us
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1. Biofuels What would make a good biofuel? How and where to grow it?Can we get plants to make diesel, H2 (g) or electricity?
2. Climate/CO2 changeHow will plants be affected? Can we use plants to help alleviate it?
3. Stress responses/stress avoidanceStructuralBiochemical (including C3 vs C4 vs CAM)Other (dormancy, carnivory, etc)
• Plant products• Improving food production• Phytoremediation • Plant signaling (including neurobiology)• Something else?
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Endomembrane systemOrganelles derived from the ER1) ER2) Golgi3) Vacuoles 4) PlasmaMembrane5) Nuclear Envelope6) Endosomes7) Oleosomes
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GOLGI COMPLEXIndividual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ERFn: “post office”:collect ER products, process & deliver themAltered in each stackMakes most cell wall carbohydrates!Protein’s address isbuilt in
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VACUOLESDerived from Golgi; Fns: 1)digestion
a) Organellesb) food particles
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VACUOLESDerived from Golgi; Fns:1)digestion
a) Organellesb) food particles
2) storage
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VACUOLESDerived from Golgi; Fns:1) digestion
a) Organellesb) food particles
2) storage3) turgor: push plasma membrane against cell wall
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VACUOLESVacuoles are subdivided: lytic vacuoles are distinctfrom storage vacuoles!
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Endomembrane systemOrganelles derived from the ER1) ER2) Golgi3) Vacuoles 4) PlasmaMembraneRegulates transport in/out of cell
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Endomembrane systemOrganelles derived from the ER1) ER2) Golgi3) Vacuoles 4) PlasmaMembraneRegulates transport in/out of cellLipids formbarrierProteins transportobjects & info
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Endomembrane System5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleusContinuous with ER
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Endomembrane System5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleusContinuous with ERTransport is only through nuclear pores
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Endomembrane System5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleusContinuous with ERTransport is only through nuclear poresNeed correct signal& receptor for import
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Endomembrane System5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleusContinuous with ERTransport is only through nuclear poresNeed correct signal& receptor for import new one for export
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Endomembrane SystemEndosomes: vesicles derived from Golgi or Plasma membraneFn: sorting materials & recycling receptors
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Endomembrane SystemOleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SERSurrounded by lipid monolayer!
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Endomembrane SystemOleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SERSurrounded by lipid monolayer!
• filled with lipids: no internal hydrophobic effect!
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endosymbionts• derived by division of preexisting organelles• no vesicle transport•Proteins & lipids are not glycosylated
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endosymbionts•derived by division of preexisting organelles• little exchange of membranes with other organelles1) Peroxisomes (microbodies)
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Peroxisomes (microbodies)1 membrane
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Peroxisomes (microbodies)found in (nearly) all eukaryotes1 membraneFn:
1) destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons
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PeroxisomesFn:
1. destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons2. change fat to CH2O (glyoxysomes)
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PeroxisomesFns:
1. destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons2. change fat to CH2O (glyoxysomes)• Detoxify & recycle photorespiration products
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PeroxisomesFn:
• destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons• change fat to CH2O (glyoxysomes)• Detoxify & recycle photorespiration products• Destroy EtOH (made in anaerobic roots)
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PeroxisomesER can make peroxisomes under special circumstances!e.g. peroxisome-less mutants can restore peroxisomes when
the wild-type gene is restored
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endosymbionts1) Peroxisomes (microbodies)2) Mitochondria
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MitochondriaBounded by 2 membranes
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Mitochondria2 membranesSmooth OM
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Mitochondria2 membranesSmooth OMIM folds into cristae
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Mitochondria-> 4 compartments
1) OM2) intermembrane space3) IM4) matrix
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Mitochondria matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes
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Mitochondria matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomesGenomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only 40-43 genes
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Mitochondriamatrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomesGenomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only 40-43 genesReproduce by fission
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Mitochondriamatrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomesGenomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only 40-43 genesReproduce by fissionIM is 25% cardiolipin, a bacterial phospholipid
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MitochondriaGenomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only 40-43 genesReproduce by fissionIM is 25% cardiolipin, a bacterial phospholipidGenes most related to Rhodobacteria
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MitochondriaFn : cellular respiration -> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cellAlso make many important biochemicals
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MitochondriaFn : cellular respiration -> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cellAlso make important biochemicals & help recycle PR products
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endosymbionts1) Peroxisomes2) Mitochondria 3) Plastids
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PlastidsChloroplasts do photosynthesisAmyloplasts store starchChromoplasts store pigmentsLeucoplasts are found in roots
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ChloroplastsBounded by 2 membranes
1) outer envelope 2) inner envelope
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ChloroplastsInterior = stromaContains thylakoids• membranes where light rxns of photosynthesis occur•mainly galactolipids
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ChloroplastsInterior = stromaContains thylakoids• membranes where light rxns of photosynthesis occur•mainly galactolipidsContain DNA, RNA, ribosomes
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ChloroplastsContain DNA, RNA, ribosomes120,000-160,000 bp, ~ 100 genes
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ChloroplastsContain DNA, RNA, ribosomes120,000-160,000 bp, ~ 100 genesClosest relatives = cyanobacteria
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ChloroplastsContain DNA, RNA, ribosomes120,000-160,000 bp, ~ 100 genesClosest relatives = cyanobacteriaDivide by fission
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ChloroplastsContain DNA, RNA, ribosomes120,000-160,000 bp, ~ 100 genesClosest relatives = cyanobacteriaDivide by fissionFns: Photosynthesis
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ChloroplastsFns: Photosynthesis & starch synthPhotoassimilation of N & S
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ChloroplastsFns: Photosynthesis & starch synthPhotoassimilation of N & SFatty acid & some lipid synth
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ChloroplastsFns: Photosynthesis & starch synthPhotoassimilation of N & SFatty acid & some lipid synthSynth of ABA, GA, many other biochem
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Chloroplasts & MitochondriaContain eubacterial DNA, RNA, ribosomesInner membranes have bacterial lipidsDivide by fissionProvide best support for endosymbiosis
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Endosymbiosis theory (Margulis)Archaebacteria ate eubacteria & converted them to symbionts
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Endosymbiosis theory (Margulis)Archaebacteria ate eubacteria & converted themto symbionts
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Endosymbiosis theory (Margulis)Archaebacteria ate eubacteria & converted them to symbionts
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cytoskeleton network of proteins which give cells their shape
also responsible for shape of plant cells because guide cell wall formationleft intact by detergents that extract rest of cell
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CytoskeletonActin fibers (microfilaments)~7 nm diameterForm 2 chains of polar actin subunits arranged in a double helix
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Actin fiberspolar subunits arranged in a double helix• Add to + end• Fall off - end• Fn = movement
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Actin fibersVery conserved in evolutionFn = motilityOften with myosin
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Actin fibersVery conserved in evolutionFn = motilityOften with myosin: responsible for cytoplasmic streaming
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Actin fibersVery conserved in evolutionFn = motilityOften with myosin: responsible for cytoplasmic streaming,Pollen tube growth & movement through plasmodesmata
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Actin fibersOften with myosin: responsible for cytoplasmic streaming,Pollen tube growth & movement through plasmodesmata
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Intermediate filaments
Protein fibers 8-12 nm dia (between MFs & MTs)
form similar looking filaments
Conserved central, rod-shaped -helical domain
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Intermediate filaments2 monomers form dimers with parallel subunitsDimers form tetramersaligned in opposite orientations& staggered
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Intermediate filaments2 monomers form dimers with parallel subunitsDimers form tetramersTetramers form IF
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Intermediate filaments2 monomers form dimers with parallel subunitsDimers form tetramersTetramers form IFPlants have several:Fn unclear
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MicrotubulesHollow, cylindrical; found in most eukaryotes
outer diameter - 24 nmwall thickness - ~ 5 nmMade of 13 longitudinal rows of protofilaments
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MicrotubulesMade of tubulin subunits polymerize to form protofilaments (PF)PF form sheetsSheets form microtubules
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MicrotubulesProtofilaments are polar -tubulin @ - end-tubulin @ + endall in single MT have same polarity
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MicrotubulesIn constant fluxpolymerizing & depolymerizingAdd to (+)Fall off (-)
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MicrotubulesControl growth by controllingrates of assembly & disassembly
because these are distinct processes can be controlled independently!
Colchicine makes MTs disassemble
Taxol prevents disassembly
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MicrotubulesControl growth by controlling rates of assembly & disassemblyAre constantly rearranging inside plant cells!
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MicrotubulesControl growth by controlling rates of assembly & disassemblyAre constantly rearranging inside plant cells!
• during mitosis & cytokinesis
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MicrotubulesControl growth by controlling rates of assembly & disassemblyAre constantly rearranging inside plant cells!
• during mitosis & cytokinesis• Guide formation of cell plate & of walls in interphase
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µT Assembly
µTs always emerge from Microtubule-Organizing Centers (MTOC)
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µT Assembly
µTs always emerge from Microtubule-Organizing Centers (MTOC) patches of material at outer nuclear envelope
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MicrotubulesMAPs (Microtubule Associated Proteins) may:
• stabilize tubules• alter rates of assembly/disassembly• crosslink adjacent tubules • link cargo
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2 classes of molecular motors1) Kinesins move cargo to µT plus end2) Dyneins move cargo to minus end “Walk” hand-over-hand towards chosen end
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µT functions1) Give cells shape by guiding cellulose synth
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µT functions1) Give cells shape by guiding cellulose synth2) Anchor organelles
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µT functions1) Give cells shape by guiding cellulose synth2) Anchor organelles3) Intracellular motility