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Planetary Science Institute

A N N U A L R E P O R T

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P L A N E T A R Y S C I E N C E I N S T I T U T E

Th e Planetary Science Institute is a private, nonprofi t 501(c)(3) corporation dedicated to Solar System exploration. It is headquartered in Tucson, Arizona, where it was founded in 1972.

PSI scientists are involved in numerousNASA and international missions, the study of Mars and other planets, the Moon, asteroids, comets, interplanetary dust, impact physics, the origin of the Solar System, extra-solar planet formation, dynamical evolution of planetary systems, the rise of life and other areas of research.

Th ey conduct geologic fi eldwork on all continents of the Earth. Th ey are also actively involved in science education and public outreach through professional development programs for teachers, experiential science education for students, children’s books, popular science books and art.

PSI scientists are based in 20 states and the District of Columbia, and work from various locations around the world.

Planetary Science Institute

1700 E. Fort Lowell, Suite 106

Tucson, Arizona 85719-2395

Phone 520-622-6300

Fax 520-622-8060

www.psi.edu

tim Hunter, m.D., ChairUniversity of Arizona Medical Center

Candace Kohl, Ph.D., Vice ChairIndependent Consultant

benjamin Smith, J.D., SecretaryAttorney at Law

Joseph K. alexanderIndependent Consultant

brent archinal, Ph.D.Geodesist

william K. Hartmann, Ph.D. Planetary Science Institute

Pat H. SimmonsAlliance Bank

mark V. Sykes, Ph.D., J.D. Planetary Science Institute

P S I B o A R D o F T R U S T E E S

On the Cover

Above left : Jim Rice, Senior Scientist and NASA Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Geology-Team Leader on Opportunity rover, has worked with astronauts onboard the International Space Station to select Martian regions for the rover to study. An area that caught theattention of the science team is the Spirit of St. Louis crater, featuring a hillock of rocks called Lindbergh Mound (top image). Th e origin of the small, shallow crater (80 feet wide), whether by impact or other activity is as yet unknown.

Above right: PSI Co-founder Bill Hartmann noticed that the image of Lindbergh mound is strikingly similar to a painting (bottom image) he made in 2008. Hartmann, known for his artistry as well as his research, painted this landscape during a camping trip in the Sierra el Rosario volcanic mountain complex, which protrudes from the “Gran Desierto” dunes just south of the Arizona border in northwest Sonora, Mexico, about fi ve hours from Tucson. Th e on-site painting shows an outcrop of basalt lava with red sunrise light on the background dunes. Th e striking similarity between the Mars photo and the terrestrial painting reminds us of the many parallels between Mars and Earth.

A benefi t of PSI’s home location in the Sonoran Desert is that probable counterparts to Martian geology are all around us.

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N o T E F R o M T H E D I R E C T o R

PSI was the recipient of the 2014 When Work Works Award for its use of effective strategies to increase employee success and grow the business. PSI was ranked 20th nationwide among U.S. corporations in workplace efficiency and flexibility. This recognizes our culture of openness and high level of mutual support that help our scientists and educators to succeed while allowing the Institute to grow both employee numbers and revenue. Workplace flexibility allows us to support our scientists in many locations across the United States and around the world. We also put much authority in the hands of Principal Investigators in the management of their grants and other awards and endeavor to provide them with the tools and support they need to accomplish their goals. The success of our scientists and educators is our priority. There is no resting on any laurels, however, as we seek always to make things better.

The Dawn mission approaches the final segment of its long journey from Vesta to the dwarf planet Ceres this year, at which point it becomes the first spacecraft to orbit more than one Solar System object. PSI has a large contingent of scientists involved with this mission who spent their time continuing to analyze Vesta data and prepare for Ceres approach. In December, Dawn made its first resolved image of Ceres. While only 9 pixels across, it was considered by all to be a portent of positive things to come!

PSI scientists also continued their intensive study of Mars as members of the Mars Exploration Rover team, Mars Curiosity Rover, Mars Reconnaissance orbiter, Mars odyssey, and Mars Express missions, in addition to numerous separately funded research projects. The evidence continues to mount for a Mars that was habitable in the distant past, but questions continue to be raised about whether it is habitable – if not inhabited – today, below its surface. It is sad that the diversity of U.S. engagement on Mars will be significantly declining over the remainder of this decade, when so many important discoveries have yet to be made.

one of the exciting events of the year was the close passage of Comet Siding Spring to Mars, coming within 132,000 km of the Red Planet. Research Scientist Jian-Yang Li used the Hubble Space Telescope to help constrain the characteristics of this new comet. Senior Scientist Pasquale Tricarico modeled the hazard to numerous spacecraft in operation around Mars from large dust particles emitted by the comet. This resulted in the repositioning of spacecraft assets to the opposite side of Mars during the comet passage to minimize that threat. All went well.

PSI was also the recipient of a NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts award for a project, led by Senior Scientist Tom Prettyman, to develop a method to create CAT scans of the interior of small asteroids and comets using muons created at their surfaces by high-energy galactic cosmic rays. Very little is known about the interiors of these objects apart from, in a few cases, bulk density. The detection or non-detection of macroporosities, vents, and other structures would provide insight into their formation, evolution and (thinking in terms of future human exploration and resource utilization) mechanical stability.

The Sun was a subject of study this year (we do accept that the Sun is a part of the Solar System and that Earth is a planet). Senior Scientist Bill Feldman participated in the discovery of a new part of the Sun’s atmosphere when modestly energetic particles called fast neutrons were detected using an instrument on board the MESSENGER spacecraft. Associate Research Scientist Liz Jensen is also using novel techniques to study radio signals from the MESSENGER and STEREo spacecrafts to probe coronal mass ejections and determine their potential hazard to the Earth’s environment. While MESSENGER’s primary target is Mercury, it has proven to be of unexpected value to solar studies as well, and taxpayers get a little more return on their investment!

The year came to a close with a school in Noale, Italy, being dedicated in honor of Planetary Science Institute Senior Scientist Betty Pierazzo, who died in 2011. The school is a public comprehensive school and consists of two parts, an elementary school (scuola primaria) attended by children from age 6-9 and a middle school (scuola media) attended by children from 10-12 years old. Local officials were present along with Betty’s family. We know her story and her accomplishments will be an inspiration to these children in the years to come. — Mark V. Sykes

PSI is internationally known for the quality of the research of its scientists. They are often in the news, their work is featured on the covers of journals and they win awards and fellowships. Now PSI is also being recognized for its work as an employer.

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PSI expands research and education strength, experienceAs it has been for more than 40 years, PSI’s strength and advantage continues to be in its people. our culture of openness and high level of mutual support distinguishes us as an organization. In 2014 PSI continued to grow, adding 22 new research and administrative staff members..

New PSI Staff memberS for 2014:

Oded AharonsonSenior Scientist

Henry HsiehResearch Scientist

Karen Renee Stockstill Cahill

Associate Research Scientist

Andrea J.P. JonesEducation Specialist

Roger N. ClarkSenior Scientist

Nina LanzaAssociate Research Scientist

Kathryn Gardner-VandySenior Research Associate

Alexandra PontefractAssociate Research Scientist

David H. GrinspoonSenior Scientist

Tamara M. RogersResearch Scientist

Emma Marie HerrickStudent Research Assistant

Juan SanchezAssociate Research Scientist

Haley Morgan SapersAssociate Research Scientist

Amy ShawAssociate Research Scientist

Anthony J. VillariProject Controller

Matthew Adam SieglerAssociate Research Scientist

Linda WelzenbachSenior Research Associate

Lindsay SpencerStudent Research Assistant

Shawn P. WrightResearch Scientist

Driss TakirAssociate Research Scientist

Xiao-Duan ZouPostdoctoral Research Scientist

Bryan J. TravisSenior Scientist

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PSI cited as a great place to work, ranked 20th nationwide

PSI researchers receive international, national honors

The Planetary Science Institute was honored with the 2014 When Work Works Award for its use of effective strategies to increase employee success and grow the business. PSI was the only Tucson business to win the award, and was ranked 20th among American corporations. There were 13 Arizona winners and 284 nationwide. “This recognizes PSI’s culture of openness and high level of mutual support that helps our scientists succeed while allowing the Institute to continue to grow both employee numbers and revenue,” said Director Mark Sykes. “PSI’s work-place flexibility allows us to support the efforts of our scientists based across the United States.” The award, formerly known as the Alfred P. Sloan Award for Excellence in Workplace Effectiveness and Flexibility, is part of the national When Work Works project administered by the Families and Work Institute and the Society for

Human Resource Management, andrecognizes employers of all types and sizes across the country. The award is based on a rigorous assessment of six ingredients of an effective workplace: opportunities for

learning; a culture of trust; work-life fit; supervisor support for work success; autonomy; and satisfaction with earnings, benefits and opportunities for advancement.

PSI researchers garnered a number of honors during 2014. PSI Co-founder and Senior Scientist William K. Hartmann was elected a member of the International Academy of Astronautics. The Paris-based organization recognizes the global significance of astronautics and space exploration, and has members in 65 countries around the world. The group fosters the development of astronautics for peaceful purposes, recognizes individuals who have distinguished themselves in a branch of science or technology related to astronautics, and provides a program through which the membership can contribute to international endeavors and cooperation in the advancement of aerospace science, in cooperation with national science or engineeringacademies.

In November NASA recognized contributions that Senior Research Associate Carol Neese made to the Planetary Data System (PDS) project, honoring her with an award for partici-pation in the PDS4 development project that devised new international rules for archiving planetary data. Neese oversaw the archiving of the first PDS4 data in PDS, the LADEE lunardust experiment, and is also responsible for organizing future PDS4 archiving forasteroid missions such as oSIRIS-REx.

PDS is the NASA project to preserve and distribute data from planetary missions for current and future studies. Neese is a mainstay of the Small Bodies Node at PSI, a part of the PDS, and is instrumental to our success in this long running project. NASA named Research ScientistsLucille Le Corre and Vishnu Reddy asPlanetary Science Early Career Fellowsfor being outstanding scientists in separate

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Linda Rueger, Elaine Owens and Mark Sykes display the awards that PSI received.

William Hartmann Lucille Le CorreCarol Neese Vishnu Reddy

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PSI RESEARCHERS continued from page 5

work they successfully proposed to the NASA Planetary Mission Data Analysis Program. This work also earned them permanent positions on the science staff of the Planetary Science Institute. Le Corre’s proposal, “Restoring Dawn Framing Camera Multi-Band Data of Vesta to Full Spatial and Photometric Accuracy,” is critical to the interpretation of the history and evolution of the heavily battered and complex surface of the first target of NASA’s ongoing Dawn mission. “I am thankful to NASA for giving me the opportunity to help our community leverage great science from this mission,” Le Corre said. PSI was awarded $795,000 for Le Corre to pursue her work.

Reddy’s proposal, “Mineralogical Mapping of Asteroid Itokawa Using Hayabusa AMICA Camera Multispectral and NIRS Spectrometer Data,” will calibrate data from the Japanese Hayabusa mission that returned the first samples from a near-Earth asteroid, Itokawa. He will generate important maps of the asteroid’s composition while creating products that will allow deeper research into the nature of this object. “The Hayabusa data is a gold mine that is yet to be fully analyzed; we are fortunate to have the opportunity to enable planetary scientists to do high quality science with the data products we intend to generate,” Reddy said.

PSI was awarded $674,000 for Reddy to pursue his work. With their new permanent positions at PSI, Le Corre and Reddy are now each eligible to apply for $100,000 in start up funds from NASA. The start-up package is intended to aid Fellows in establishing a research group, program or laboratory in their new positions. “This program is important to help talented scientists, early in their careers, build a foundation to sustain their future success,” said Mark Sykes, CEo and Director. “Lucille and Vishnu are worthy recipients of these awards, and will continue to make important contributions to our science in the years to come.”

Italian school dedicated to PSI researcher Betty Pierazzo A school in Noale, Italy, was dedicated in honor of Planetary Science Institute Senior Scientist Elisabetta “Betty” Pierazzo who died in 2011. The opening ceremony held in the auditorium at the Piazza Castello in Noale was packed and was attended by Betty’s husband Keith Powell, her mother Maria, brother Flavio, and nephew Marco Pierazzo. Local officials were present, including school principal Francesca Bonazza, Mayor Patrizia Andreotti, other Noale municipal officials and Don Matias Franceschetto of the local parish of Saints Felice and Fortunato. “For me, it was amazing to see how many people turned out for the school naming ceremony. It shows just how proud the people of Noale are of Betty’s life and accomplishments,” said Keith Powell. The school is a public comprehensive school and consists of two parts, an elementary school (scuola primaria) attended by children from age 6-9 and a middle school (scuola media) attended by children from 10-12 years old. Betty Pierazzo was an expert in the area of impact modeling throughout the Solar System, as well as an expert on

the astrobiological and environmental effects of impacts on Earth and Mars. In addition to her research, she was passionate about education, teaching and public outreach, developing planetary-related classroom materials, professional development workshops for teachers, and teaching college-level classes herself. Betty believed in the strength of broad collaborations in all of her research and education activities. “Betty’s life and death had a major effect on many people in our profession and communities. It is wonderful that herhome town is honoring her in this way.

Given her commitment to education aswell as science, putting her name on a

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Top: An overflow crowd gathered for the dedication of a school in Noale, Italy, to Senior Scientist Betty Pierazzo, who died in 2011.Above: Betty Pierazzo

school is deeply meaningful,” said Mark Sykes, CEo and Director.

2015 Pierazzo International Student Travel Award Caroline Morley and Edgar Steenstra were named winners of the 2015 Pierazzo International Student Travel Award. The Pierazzo award was established by PSI in memory of Pierazzo to support and encourage graduate students to build international collaborations and relationships in planetary science. Morley of the University of California Santa Cruz was selected to receive the award for a United States-based graduate student to travel to a planetary-related meeting outside the United States. Her research title is “Modeling and observing the Effects of Clouds and Hazes in Exoplanets” and she attended the Planetary Systems: A Synergistic View conference in Quy Nhon, Vietnam, in July. Steenstra of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, has beenselected to receive the award for a non-

U.S.-based graduate student traveling to aplanetary meeting in the U.S. His research subject is core formation in Vesta and the Moon and he attended the 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in The Woodlands, Texas, in March. A PSI representative presented each awardee with a certificate and check for $2,000 at their respective conferences.

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PIERAzzo continued from page 6

PSI sponsors DPS Conference in Tucson, holds open House PSI was an exhibitor at and principal sponsor of the 46th Annual American Astronomical Society Division for Planetary Sciences Conference held in Tucson Nov. 9-14. There were 876 people from around the globe at the conference, with 34 from PSI. The conference took place at the JW Marriott Starr Pass Resort. Senior Scientist Joe Spitale was the Chair of the Local organizing Committee and proposed the idea of bringing the conference to Tucson. Senior Scientist Faith Vilas was the Chair of the Scientific organizing Committee. Joe and Faith worked very closely with AAS meeting staff to create a world-class conference. Attendees had opportunities to hear about up-to-the-minute science developments, such as Rosetta’s Philae probe landing on Comet 67/P on Nov. 12,

and a talk by the discoverer of a ringaround Chariklo, the small icy body between Saturn and Uranus, announced earlier this year.

on Nov. 11, PSI held an open House at our headquarters. Hundreds attended the event that featured several food

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Betty’s husband Keith Powell, right, participates in the school dedication ceremony.

Director Mark Sykes visits the PSI exhibit in the main hall at the DPS Conference.

Caroline Morley Edgar Steenstra

trucks and tours of our new buildingwhich houses the PSI Conference Center and Planetary Geosciences Laboratory. Guests from DPS were invited to don virtual reality goggles and “walk through” a virtual exhibit of 3D shape models of Solar System bodies. After-hours activities were interesting and locally accented including among others a field trip to Meteor Crater and an opening reception with a Day of the Dead theme.

Dawn Mission to Vesta, Ceres a focus for many at PSI PSI scientists working on NASA’s Dawn mission were busy this year studying data collected from the giant asteroid Vesta as well as analyzing better and better images as the spacecraft approached the dwarf planet Ceres. The Dawn spacecraft is headed toward a March 2015 rendezvous to orbit and study the dwarf planet Ceres after investigating the giant asteroid Vesta from July 2011 to September 2012. Research Scientist Eric E. Palmer has developed a tool that offers a wide array of views of the giant asteroid Vesta. The Small Bodies Image Browser allows users to search images of Vesta taken by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft based on latitude and longitude, as well as image resolution, mission phase, instrument and filename. Researchers Tom Prettyman, Jian-Yang Li, Mark Sykes and Bill Feldman attended a Dawn Science Team meeting in Berlin, Germany to discuss the composition of Vesta and its detailed topography and to present a model of the thermal evolution of Ceres, the possibility of interior oceans, and the expectations of what the surface of ice-rich Ceres might look like. Researchers Jian-Yang Li, Bob Reedy, Faith Vilas, Tom Prettyman, Vishnu Reddy and Lucille Le Corre gathered at a meeting of scientists that took place in Houston, Texas Feb. 3-4, to discuss Dawn mission results at Vesta as well as put those results in the context of other ground-based and space-based observations made before and during the mission. The Dawn mission obtained its first image of Ceres on Dec. 1 as it began its approach to orbit the dwarf planet in March 2015. While only nine pixels in longest dimension,

the first image shows Ceres to be elongated because of the phase at which it is observed – like a gibbous Moon. PSI manages the Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector instrument for Dawn which will provide information about the detailed elemental composition of its surface. In January, Dawn will image Ceres at higher resolution than the Hubble Space Telescope, and the numerous PSI scientists involved with the mission as co-investigators and associates are looking forward to a world unlike anything previously seen in the Solar System.

PSI researchers pored over data collected earlier at the giant asteroid Vesta, above, while Dawn approached the dwarf planet Ceres.Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCAL/MPS/DLR/IDA

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CoNFERENCE continued from page 7

Planetary Data System staff host a virtual reality demo at the Open House, allowing visitors to view high resolution models of various asteroids and comets in stereoscopic 3-D.

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Mars remains a target for study by PSI researchers PSI researchers were active in programs studying Mars in 2014. Scientists working on NASA’s Curiosity rover mission marked the second anniversary of investigating the planet, and a new map by PSI researchers off ered information on the history of water on the Martian surface. Th e fi rst surface science results from the Curiosity mission provided the most defi nitive evidence yet of an ancient stream fl ow on Mars, according to research led by Senior Scientist Rebecca M.E. Williams, Curiosity Science Co-Investigator. “Th is is the fi rst confi rmation of sedimentary conglomerates on another planet,” Williams said. Th e fi rst detailed examination of clay mineralogy in itsoriginal setting on Mars is off ering new insights on the planet’s past habitability, research led by Senior Scientist David T. Vaniman has found. Vaniman is the Deputy PrincipalInvestigator for the CheMin (Chemical and Mineralogy) instrument aboard the rover. “I’m excited about the frequency with which we are seeing conglomerates along our traverse,” said Senior Scientist R. Aileen Yingst. “Not only do these layers indicate fl owing water, we see diff erent characteristics in various conglomerate layers, meaning that we can begin to interpret how that fl owing water changed and evolved through time. In addition to working with Williams on studying Martian conglomerates, Yingst is Deputy Principal Investigator for the mission’s Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI). MAHLI

provides Earthbound scientists with close-up views of minerals, textures and structures in Martian rocks and the surface layer of rocky debris and dust. Scientists Bruce Barraclough, Steven Bender, Nina Lanza, Robert Tokar, and Vaniman are all members of the ChemCam instrument team on Curiosity. In the two Earth years of operations on Mars, the ChemCam instrument has collected thousands of chemical analyses by laser-induced plasma emission at ranges up to 7 meters. Th ese results have provided a “microprobe” view of rock, soil, and individual mineral compositions. In other PSI research eff orts, a new geologic map of part of the ancient Martian highlands produced by Senior Scientists Scott C. Mest and David A. Crown provides new insights into the planet’s history of water modifying the surface. “Th is map depicts the complicated sequence of geologic processes that have served to modify ancient, rugged highland terrains surrounding the Hellas impact basin and shows evidence for the persistent eff ects of water and ice in degrading the Martian surface,” Crown said. Senior Scientist Jim Rice continued to work on NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover opportunity, which has explored the Martian surface for a decade.

NASA's Curiosity Mars rover used the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) camera at the end of its arm to take this self-portrait where the rover drilled into a sandstone target called "Windjana." PSI's R. Aileen Yingst is Deputy Principal Investigator for MAHLI. This image does not include the rover's arm.Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

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Rosetta reaches target,lands probe on comet

An instrument headed by Senior Scientist William Feldman aboard NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft discovered part of the outer layer of the Sun that is sending out modestly energetic subatomic particles called fast neutrons. MESSENGER’s close proximity to the Sun – the spacecraft orbits Mercury at a distance as close as 28 million miles from the Sun, compared to Earth’s 93 million miles – allowed instruments to detect solar neutrons as they flowed past Mercury into space. Such charged particles twirl and gyrate around the magnetic field lines created by the vast magnetic systems that surround the Sun and Earth. Neutrons, however, not being electrically charged, travel in straight lines from the flaring region and can carry information about flare processes unperturbed by the environment through which they move. Information provided by neutrons can be used by scientists to decipher one aspect of the complicated acceleration processes that are responsible for the creation of solar energetic particles. Solar neutrons have an average lifetime of about 15 minutes before they decay into a proton, an electron, and an electron-type antineutrino, so that modest-energy fast neutrons don’t travel far enough to be seen by solar telescopes in orbit around Earth.

“The observation of solar neutrons made using MESSENGER’s neutron spectrometer could not have been made near Earth because they decay before they get here,” said Feldman, the MESSENGER mission Co-Investigator responsible for the neutron spectrometer. “However, this is not true for an orbit around Mercury, which is about three times closer to the Sun than is the Earth.”

Solar neutrons studied by NASA’s Mercury MESSENGER

A solar flare erupted on the far side of the sun on June 4, 2011, and sent solar neutrons out into space. Solar neutrons don’t last long enough to make it to Earth, but NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft, orbiting around Mercury, was able to observe them, offering a new technique to study these giant explosions. Image credit: NASA/STEREO/Helioviewer

Following a 10-year journey, the European Space Agency’s Rosetta Spacecraft rendezvoused with and began to orbit Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/CG), opening a new chapter in Solar System exploration. In November Rosetta broke new ground in planetary science efforts by soft landing exploratory probe Philae on the comet’s surface designed to ride along with the comet as it approaches and circles the Sun. PSI researchers were involved in finding a good landing site. Robert W. Gaskell and Eric E. Palmer traveled to Marseille, France, to build a shape model of the comet using images from Rosetta. Images of the two-lobed comet offer remarkable detail of its varied terrain. The comet is in an elliptical 6.5-year orbit that takes it from beyond Jupiter at its furthest point, to between the orbits of Mars and Earth at its closest point to the Sun. Rosetta will accompany it for over a year as they swing around the Sun and back out towards Jupiter again. Comets are considered to be primitive building blocks of the Solar System and may have helped to “seed” Earth with

water, perhaps even the ingredients for life. But many funda-mental questions about these enigmatic objects remain, and through a comprehensive, in situ study of the comet, Rosetta aims to unlock the secrets within.

This image of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko was obtained by Rosetta’s OSIRIS narrow-angle camera on Aug. 3, 2014, from a distance of 177 miles (285 kilometers). Image credit: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA

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PSI expands efforts to raise funds, gain public awareness

Education, public outreach efforts continue to expand

Throughout the year we continued our efforts to raise visibility and awareness of PSI locally, nationally, and beyond. PSI is constantly looking for ways to attract new sources of funding.

annual Dinner The 2014 Annual Fundraising Dinner featured William K. Hartmann, PSI’s Co-founder, as the keynote speaker. His presentation, “To Mars with Geology Hammer and Paintbrush,” provided the evening’s attendees with insight into the compelling connection between science and art of Hartmann’s work. The event was the most successful such dinner to date with more hosted tables and more raffle items than in past years.

Social Hours The ever-popular “Friends” social hour is held on the last Friday of the

month. It is an informal gathering of “Friends of PSI,” scientists, and PSI staff who enjoy friendly discussion and networking. We vary the location so that we can support a variety of local establishments and make the event convenient to our group – wherever they might work or live in the Tucson area.

friends of PSI The “Friends of PSI” program is our core group of supporters comprised of individuals and businesses that further PSI’s global work through an annual membership donation.

outreach PSI scientists represent the organiza-tion at numerous events throughout the year. Not only do our scientists conduct educational workshops for teachers, but they also volunteer as keynote speakers

at venues such as local astronomy clubs and as judges at science fairs. PSI hosted the 2014 American Astronomical Society Division for Planetary Sciences Conference and provided a social evening at our headquarters for the hundreds of visiting scientists who attended the event.

Grants and business Sponsorships We continue to actively pursue funding through a wide variety of grant applications and making presentations to Tucson-area businesses that we have identified as possible donors and/or sponsors of our work.

other PSI has continued our partnership with Amazon through the AmazonSmile program and we maintain a “PSI Gift Shop” on the PSI website.

2014 was a busy year for education and public outreach for numerous PSI scientists, education specialists, staff and docents who hosted or participated in more than 70 education and public outreach events across southern Arizona including professional development workshops for K-12 teachers, star parties, youth camps, public science events, public lectures, and classroom visits. PSI personnel active in education and outreach efforts included scientists David Crown, Alice Baldridge, Steve Kortenkamp, Beatrice Mueller, Nalin Samarasinha, Bill Hartmann, Vishnu Reddy, education staff Andrea Jones, Larry Lebofsky, Sanlyn Buxner, and Thea Cañizo, and research assistants Emily Joseph and Lindsay Spencer.

Professional Development workshops for teachers Workshops were held for teachers in Southern Arizona through both grant funded and volunteer efforts by our education specialists. PSI’s Project WISER supported offerings of work-shops highlighting Volcanoes in the Solar System and a training session for PSI’s

Impact Rock Kits. Through a partnership with Cosmoquest, in collaboration with Southern Illinois University, PSI provided teacher workshops highlighting lunar science and online crater mapping. other Arizona workshops were offered in remote sensing and current planetary science topics through partnerships with the Pima County Superintendent’s office and the AAS Division of Planetary Science. Additionally teacher workshops were offered at Goddard Space Flight Center related to lunar science and exploration. Instructors in these education programs included Baldridge, Buxner, Cañizo, Crown, Jones, Lebofsky, and Veronica Bray from the Lunar and Planetary Lab.

Children’s museum tucson PSI provided school year and summer science camps for Tucson students in first through third grades at the Children’s Museum Tucson. Eligible students received full scholarships from the support of a NASA outreach supple-mental grant. Children learned about the Solar System including the Sun, planets, moons,

asteroids and comets. In addition, PSI scientists and docents provided public programming on various planetary science topics at the museum.

NaSa Space Science education Andrea Jones presented on the Lunar Reconnaissance orbiter’s (LRo’s) Lunar Workshops for Educators at the National Research Council workshop titled Sharing the Adventure with the Student: Exploring the Intersection of NASA Space Science and Education: A Workshop. The work-shop was held at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C.

International observe the moon Night PSI organized an International observe the Moon Night event at the University of Arizona’s Flandrau Science Center attended by several hundred people.

Celebration of Ceres Vishnu Reddy presented to more than 300 participants at the Dawn Mission’s I C Ceres celebration event at Caltech in Pasadena, Calif. Reddy helped his audience appreciate the variety of ways we gather and make sense of light data from asteroids, comets and dwarf planets.

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$15,000 and upDr. Mark V. Sykes and Ms. Marilyn Guengerich

$10,000-$14,999Dr. David P. Brown

$5,000-$9999

$2,000-$4,999Dr. Michael Belton and Ms. Anna DonDr. and Mrs. Tim and Carol HunterDr. Robert M. Nelson and Ms. Marguerite RennerDr. Faith Vilas and Mr. Larry Smith

$500-$1,999CBIZ Benefi ts & Insurance Services, Inc.CDWCODAC Behavioral Health ServicesCox CommunicationsMr. and Mrs. Joe and Diana AlexanderMr. Bruce Barnett and Ms. Tammi PalmerKeegan, Linscott & KenonTh e Mahoney GroupDr. John L. MasonNational Bank of Arizona

Dr. Keith PowellMr. Benjamin SmithStupp Bros. Bridge and Iron Co. Foundation

$250-$499Ms. Alexa Carlo-HickmanDr. Candace KohlDr. and Mrs. Robert and Maria ReedyDrs. Tim and Kerry Swindle

$100-$249Mr. and Mrs. Donald and Darlene BurgessMr. Donald CainMr. Avery Davis and Ms. Debbi Golden-DavisDr. and Mrs. Bevan and Mary-Hill FrenchDr. and Mrs. William and Gayle HartmannDr. and Mrs. Keith and Elizabeth HegeDr. Rossman Irwin and Ms. Lisa Van PayDr. Tim JullMr. Charles KatzenmeyerMr and Mrs. Daniel and Janet KortenkampDr. and Mrs. Andrew and Anna NelsonMr. Robert D. RamirezDr. and Mrs. Robert and Maria ReedyDr. and Mrs. Nalin and Ganga SamarasinhaMr. Peter H. SimpsonDr. David Vaniman and Ms. Donna Gary

$1-$99Dr. and Mrs. Brent and Joanne ArchinalMr. Gary BinghamMr. Edgar M. Buttner and Dr. Rosemary ChangMr. and Mrs. Robert and Judith BreaultDr. David A. CrownMr. Robert J. FouchMr. Terrence GreenwoodDr. and Mrs. William and Jean HubbardDr. David JohnsonDr. and Mrs. Larry and Nancy LebofskyDr. and Mrs. Jonathan and Cynthia LunineDrs. Robert and Gloria McMillanMs. Elaine NoelMr. and Mrs. John and Kathleen O’BrienRosa’s Mexican FoodMr. Prentiss SawyerDr. Ian Shivack and Ms. Ina Gillers ShivackMr. Randy SooterMr. Charles SteermanLt. Col. and Mrs. John and Mary StrandquistMs. Marie Turley

With deep appreciation the Planetary Science Institute acknowledges the following individual and organizational benefactors who made contributions between Feb. 1, 2014 and Jan. 31, 2015.

Th e following individuals donated to the Betty Pierazzo Memorial fund, established by the Planetary Science Institute to honor and celebrate the life and achievements of senior Scientist Betty Pierazzo and to promote science and education.

T H A N K Y o U T o o U R 2 0 1 4 B E N E F A C T o R S

B E T T Y P I E R A z z o M E M o R I A L F U N D

AnonymousMr. Bruce Barnett and Ms. Tammi PalmerDr. Th ea L. Cañizo

Drs. Tod Lauer and Beatrice MuellerDr. Jay MeloshDr. David O’Brien

Dr. Keith PowellDr. Th omas H. PrettymanDr. Mark V. Sykes and Ms. Marilyn Guengerich

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P S I F I N A N C I A L R E P o R T Bruce Barnett Chief Financial officer

REVENUES

Grants and Contracts $ 10,594,258 Contributions 68,427 other 83 Total Revenues $ 10,662,768

PSI experienced a robust 9 percent annual revenue growth in the fiscal year ended Jan. 31, 2015, with revenues totaling nearly $10.7 million. Funding from NASA represents nearly $10.2 million, or 98 percent of billed revenues. During the fiscal year, NASA funded 104 grants with a PSI scientist as principal investigator, and 99 contracts issued by other institutions with NASA prime awards.

Salaries and related fringe benefits represent 79 percent of PSI’s total expenses of $10.6 million. operating expenses include $565,963 paid on subawards to other institutions whose scientists are included on PSI awards. Program services expenses are 87 percent of total expenses.

PSI’s financial records are audited annually by independent auditors. A condensed Statement of Financial Position from PSI’s audit report for the year ending Jan. 31, 2015 is reflected below.

EXPENSES

Salaries and Benefits $ 8,299,275 operating 2,043,416 Depreciation 141,292 Interest 66,257 Total Expenses $ 10,550,240

Current Assets $ 1,421,408 Property & Equipment 1,492,447 Total Assets $ 2,913,855

NASA FUNDING

Grant Awards (96) $ 5,823,061 Contracts (83) 4,414,138 Total NASA Funding $ 10,237,199

EXPENSES BY FUNCTIoN

Program Services $ 9,191,721 Management & General 1,321,442 Fundraising 37,077 Total Expenses $ 10,550,240

Current Liabilities $ 1,262,366 Long-term Liabilities 1,216,702 Unrestricted Net Assets 434,787 Total Liabilities & Net Assets $ 2,913,855

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Elisabeth Adams. Fossil cores in Kepler data. NASA Astrophysics Data Analysis program, Boise State University subcontract.

Oded Aharonson. Lunar topography and volatile stability from LOLA. NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter program.

Maria Banks. Mercury’s lobate scarps and high-relief ridges: Constraining the timing and duration of formation. NASA Planetary Mission Data Analysis program.

Maria Banks. Analysis of global and local trends in aeolian bedform mobility on Mars. NASA Mars Data Analysis program.

Maria Banks. Utilizing morphometric properties of craters to characterize the seismological signature of recent impact events on Mars. NASA Mars Fundamental Research program, University of Maryland subcontract.

Susan D. Benecchi. Precise orbit determination for a New Horizons KBO. NASA Hubble Space Telescope program, Space Science Telescope Science Institute subcontract.

Susan D. Benecchi. Precise orbit determination for a New Horizons KBO. NASA Hubble Space Telescope project, Space Telescope Science Institute subcontract.

Susan D. Benecchi. Origin and composition of the ultra-red Kuiper Belt objects. NASA Hubble Space Telescope program, Space Telescope Science Institute sub-contract.

Daniel C. Berman. Geologic mapping of the source region of Shalbatana Vallis, Mars. NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics program.

Sanlyn R. Buxner. The YSS undergraduate student research symposium: Celebrating the Year of the Solar System with the next generation of Earth and space scientists. NASA Education and Public Outreach for Earth and Space Science program, Universities Space Research Association subcontract.

Roger Clark. Cassini VIMS team member. NASA Cassini mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract.

David A. Crown. High-resolution morphologic and topographic analyses of Martian volcanic features. NASA Mars Data Analysis Program.

Tommy Grav. NEOWISE reactivation. NASA Near-Earth Object Wide-field Survey Explorer mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract.

David Grinspoon. Venus system science: Evolutionary studies with Venus Express in the extended mission. NASA Venus Express Interdisciplinary Scientist Extended Mission Studies program.

Candice J. Hansen. Characterizing Enceladus plume sources and three- dimensional structure from new high resolution Cassini INMS measurements. NASA Cassini Data Analysis Program, Southwest Research Institute subcontract.

Amanda R. Hendrix. Investigations into lunar surface composition and weathering effects. NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract.

Amanda R. Hendrix. OPR UV studies. NASA Outer Planet Research program, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract.

Amanda R. Hendrix. OPR UV studies. NASA Outer Planet Research program, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract.

Amanda R. Hendrix. Laser UV Moon studies. NASA Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research program, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract.

Amanda R. Hendrix. Laser UV Moon studies. NASA Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research program, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract.

Amanda R. Hendrix. Investigation of weathering and hydration on the Moon. NASA Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research program.

Andrea Jones. LRO E/PO for ESM2. NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission.

Andrea Jones. Sample analysis at Mars education and public outreach. NASA-Mars Data Analysis program.

Andrea Jones. Earth science education and public outreach forum support. NASA Education Public Outreach program, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies subcontract.

Steve Kortenkamp. Investigation of the accretion of interplanetary dust through Earth’s quasi-satellite resonance. NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics program.

Melissa D. Lane. Pyroxene spectroscopy: Composition, structure and thermal history. NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics program, Johns Hopkins University subcontract.

Lucille Le Corre. Restoring Dawn Framing Camera multi-band data of Vesta to full spatial and photometric accuracy. NASA Planetary Mission Data Analysis program.

Jian-Yang Li. Contributing to OSIRIS-REx mission photometry working. NASA OSIRIS Rex mission, Ithaca College subcontract.

Jian-Yang Li. Searching for satellites of Ceres: Support for the Dawn mission. NASA Hubble Space Telescope program, Space Telescope Science Institute subcontract.

Jian-Yang Li. Imaging Comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) to support risk assessment for Mars orbiters during the close Mars encounter. NASA Hubble Space Telescope program, Space Telescope Science Institute subcontract.

Jian-Yang Li. Comet ISON observing campaign. NASA Hubble Space Telescope program, Universities Space Research Association subcontract.

Jian-Yang Li. Dawn: A journey to the beginning of the Solar System. NASA Dawn mission, University of California Los Angeles subcontract.

Jian-Yang Li. Comet Siding Spring at Mars: Using MRO to interpret HST imaging of comets. NASA Hubble Space Telescope programds, Space Telescope Science Institute subcontract.

Jim McElwaine. Carbon dioxide levitation: A new geomorphic process, NASA Mars Fundamental Research Program.

Joseph R. Michalski. Infrared and Raman spectroscopic study of biosigna-ture preservation in terrestrial clay-rich sediments: Implications for Martian astrobiological exploration. NASA Mars Fundamental Research Program, Research Foundation for the State University of New York subcontract.

Beatrice Mueller. Changes in cometary rotation: Tying to nuclear activity. NASA Planetary Astronomy program.

Beatrice Mueller. Archiving groundbased data of small bodies acquired between 1984 and 1999. NASA Planetary Mission Data Analysis Program.

Michelle Minitti. Mastcam/MAHLI. NASA Mars Science Lander mission, Malin Space Sciences subcontract.

Eldar Z. Noe Dobrea. A wetter Hesperian Mars: Evidence from equatorial periglacial terrains, lacustrine systems, and fluvial networks. NASA Mars Data Analysis Program, The Research Foundation for the State University of New York subcontract.

David P. O’Brien. Dawn: A journey to the beginning of the Solar System. NASA Dawn mission, University of California Los Angeles subcontract.

Asmin Pathare. Regional variations in the production of secondary craters on Mars. NASA Mars Data Analysis Program, University of California Los Angeles subcontract.

Karly M. Pitman. Derivation of optical constants of Mars carbonate analogs. NASA Mars Fundamental Research Program.

N E W P S I R E S E A R C H G R A N T S

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Thomas H. Prettyman. Deep mapping of small Solar System bodies with galactic cosmic ray secondary particle showers. NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts program.

Vishnu Reddy. Lava rocks! Constraining the Vestoid and basaltic asteroid population in the main asteroid belt. NASA Planetary Astronomy program, University of North Dakota subcontract.

Vishnu Reddy. Physical characteristics of small near-Earth asteroids. NASA Near Earth Object Observations program.

Vishnu Reddy. Calibration and archival of near-IR spectral and photometric data of small bodies. NASA Planetary Mission Data Analysis Program.

Vishnu Reddy. Ground based characterization of Ceres ahead of Dawn’s arrival. NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics program.

Vishnu Reddy. Asteroid mineralogical characterizations and implications. NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics program, University of North Dakota subcontract.

Miriam Riner. New element maps of the Moon: Enhancing the foundation for integration of diverse data sets of terrestrial bodies. NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics program.

Matthew Siegler. Volatiles, regolith and thermal investigations consortium for exploration and science. NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission, Johns Hopkins University subcontract.

Matthew Siegler. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter diviner lunar radiometer experiment (ESM). NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission, University of California Los Angeles.

Faith Vilas. Center for Lunar and Asteroid Surface Science (CLASS). NASA Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute, University of Central Florida subcontract.

Stuart J. Weidenschilling. Formation of giant planets and sub-Neptunes by core-nucleated accretion. NASA Outer Solar System program, University of California Santa Cruz subcontract.

Catherine M. Weitz. HiRISE database for Mars 2020 landing sites steering committee. NASA Mars 2020 mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract.

Rebecca M.E. Williams. Quantifying the discharge of Martian floods from waterfall mechanics. NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics program, California Institute of Technology subcontract.

Rebecca M.E. Williams. Constraining the aqueous history of Meridiani Planum through investigation of small-scale valley networks and lacustrine deposits – A window into ancient environment transition on Mars. NASA Mars Data Analysis Program.

Shawn Wright. Alteration trends in a full range of shocked basalt: Comparison to unshocked basalts and ejecta localities from field and remote mapping. NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics program.

Shawn Wright. Field and laboratory studies of hydrovolcanic tephras and impact ejecta: Applications to Mars rover investigations. NASA Mars Fundamental Research Program, Space Science Institute subcontract.

Adams, E.R., A.A.S. Gulbis, J.L. Elliot, S.D. Benecchi, M.W. Buie, D.E. Trilling, L.H. Wasserman (2014). De-biased populations of Kuiper Belt objects from the deep ecliptic survey. Astron. J. 148, Id. 55.Anderson, B.J., C.L. Johnson, H. Korth, J.A. Slavin, R.M. Winslow, R.J. Phillips, R.L. McNutt, S.C. Solomon (2014). Steady-state field-aligned currents at Mer-cury. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 7444-7452.Ash, M., P.V. Brennan, C.J. Keylock, N.M. Vriend, J.N. McElwaine, B. Sovilla (2014). Two-dimensional radar imaging of flowing avalanches. Cold Regions Sci. Tech. 102, 41–51.Baines K.H., S.K. Atreya, M.A. Bullock, D.H. Grinspoon, P. Mahaffy, C.T. Russell, G. Schubert, K. Zahnle (2014). The atmospheres of the terrestrial planets: Clues to the origins and early evolution of Venus, Earth, and Mars. In Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets (S. Mackwell, A. Simon-Miller, J.W. Harder, M. Bullock, Eds.), 592 pp., University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Baldridge, A., S. Buxner, D.A. Crown, D. Colodner, A. Orchard, B. King, K. Schwartz, A. Prescott, J. Prietto, A. Titcomb (2014). Earth Camp: Exploring Earth change through the use of satellite images and scientific practices. In Ensuring STEM Literacy: A National Conference on Stem Education and Public Outreach (J.G. Manning, M.K. Hemenway, J.B. Jensen, M.G. Gibbs Eds.), Astronomy Society of the Pacific Conference Series 483, 357–360.Benecchi, S.D., K.S. Noll, A. Thirouin, E. Ryan, W.M. Grundy, A. Verbiscer, A. Doressoundiram, D. Hestroffer, R. Beaton, D. Rabinowitz, N. Chanover (2014). The UT 7/8 February 2013 Sila-Nunam mutual event & future predictions. Icarus 229, 423-427.Bish D., D. Blake, D. Vaniman, P. Sarrazin, T. Bristow, C. Achilles, P. Dera, S. Chipera, J. Crisp, R.T. Downs, J. Farmer, M. Gailhanou, D. Ming, J.M. Morookian, R. Morris, S. Morrison, E. Rampe, A. Treiman, A. Yen (2014). The first X-ray diffraction measurements on Mars. Int. Union Crystal. J. 1, 514-522. Bishop, J.L., M.D. Lane, M.D. Dyar, S.J. King, A.J. Brown, G. Swayze (2014). Spectral properties of Ca-sulfates: Gypsum, bassanite, and anhydrite. Amer. Mineral. 99, 2105-2115.

Bishop, M.A. (2014). Planetary dune analogues: A special issue on integrating models, remote sensing and field data. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 39, 564-568. Blewett, D.T., D.L. Buczkowski, O. Ruesch, J.E. Scully, D.P. O’Brien, R. Gaskell, T. Roatsch, T.J. Bowling, A. Ermakov, H. Hiesinger, D.A. Williams, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell (2014). Vesta’s north pole quadrangle Av-1 (Albana): Geologic map and the nature of the south polar basin antipodes. Icarus 244, 13-22.Bridges, N.T., F.J. Calef, B. Hallet, K.E. Herkenhoff, N.L. Lanza, S. Le Mouélic, C.E. Newman, D.L. Blaney, M.A. Pablo, G.A. Kocurek, Y. Langevin, K.W. Lewis, N. Mangold, S. Maurice, P.-Y. Meslin, P. Pinet, N.O. Renno, M.S. Rice, M.E. Richardson, V. Sautter, R.S. Sletten, R.C. Wiens, R.A. Yingst (2014). The rock abrasion record at Gale Crater: MSL results from Bradbury Landing to Rocknest. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 119, 1374-1389.Borovsky, J.E., D.T. Welling, M.F. Thomsen, M.H. Denton (2014). Long-lived plasmaspheric drainage plumes: Where does the plasma come from? J. Geophys. Res. 119, 6496-6520.Buczkowski, D.L., D.Y. Wyrick, M. Toplis, R.A. Yingst, D.A. Williams, W.B. Garry, S. Mest, T. Kneissl, J.E.C. Scully, A. Nathues, M.C. De Sanctis, L. LeCorre, V. Reddy, M. Hoffmann, E. Ammannito, A. Frigeri, F. Tosi, F. Preusker, T. Roatsch, C.A. Raymond, R. Jaumann, C.M. Pieters, C.T. Russell (2014). The unique geomorphology and physical properties of the Vestalia Terra plateau. Icarus 244, 89-103.Bullock, M.A., D.H. Grinspoon (2014). The atmosphere and climate of Venus. In Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets (S. Mackwell, A. Simon-Miller, J.W. Harder, M. Bullock, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, 592 pp., Tucson. Buxner, S.R. (2014). Exploring how research experiences for teachers changes their understandings of the nature of science and scientific inquiry. J. Astron. Earth Sci. Educ. 1, 53–68.Buxner, S., K. Bass, P. Castori, M. Wenger (2014). Assessing meaningful impact: Moving beyond the numbers. In Ensuring STEM Literacy: A National Conference on STEM Education and Public Outreach (J.G. Manning, M.K. Hemenway, J.B. Jensen, M.G. Gibbs Eds.), Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Series 483, 53–54.

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Buxner, S., M. Canipe, M. Wenger, B. Hsu, A. Jones, K. Hessen (2014). The impact of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter education and public outreach programs. In Ensuring STEM Literacy: A National Conference on STEM Education and Public Outreach (J.G. Manning, M.K. Hemenway, J.B. Jensen, M.G. Gibbs, Eds.), Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Series 483, 361–364.Buxner, S., H. Dalton, S. Shipp, R. Frappier, E.A. CoBabe-Ammann (2014). EarthSpace: Resources for undergraduate teaching. In Ensuring STEM Literacy: A National Conference on STEM Education and Public Outreach (J.G. Manning, M.K. Hemenway, J.B. Jensen, M.G. Gibbs Eds.), Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Series 483, 441–442.Cabrol, N.A., K. Herkenhoff, A.H. Knoll, J. Farmer, R. Arvidson, E. Grin, R. Li, L. Fenton, B. Cohen, J.F. Bell III, R.A. Yingst (2014). Sands at Gusev Crater, Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 119, 941–967. Capria, M.T., F. Tosi, M.C. De Sanctis, F. Capaccioni, E., Ammannito, A., Frigeri, F., Zambon, S. Fonte, E. Palomba, D. Turrini, T. Titus, S. Schröder, M. Toplis, J.-Y.Li, J.P. Combe, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell (2014). Vesta surface thermal properties map. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 1438-1443.Carter-Bond, J.C., D.P. O’Brien, S.N. Raymond (2014). Migration & extrasolar terrestrial planets: Watering the planets. In Formation, Detection and Character-ization of Extrasolar Habitable Planets (N. Haghighipour, Ed.), Int. Astro. Union Proc. 293, 229-234.D’Angelo G., S.J. Weidenschilling, J.J. Lissauer, P. Bodenheimer (2014). Growth of Jupiter: Enhancement of core accretion by a voluminous low-mass envelope. Icarus 241, 298-312.Domingue, D.L., C.R. Chapman, R.M. Killen, T.H. Zurbuchen, J.A. Gilbert, M. Sarantos, M. Benna, J.A. Slavin, D. Schriver, P.M. Travnicek, T.M. Orlando, A.L. Sprague, D.T. Blewett, J.J. Gillis-Davis, W.C. Feldman, D.J. Lawrence, G.C. Ho, D.S. Ebel, L.R. Nittler, F. Vilas, C.M. Pieters, S.C. Solomon, C.L. Johnson, R.M. Winslow, J. Helbert, P.N. Peplowski, S.Z. Weider, N.R. Izenberg, W.E. McClintock (2014). Mercury’s weather-beaten surface: Understanding Mercury in the context of lunar and asteroidal space weathering studies. Space Sci. Rev. 181, 121-214.Domingue, D.L., C.R. Chapman, R.M. Killen, T.H. Zurbuchen, J.A. Gilbert, M. Sarantos, M. Benna, J.A. Slavin, D. Schriver, P.M. Trávníček, T.M. Orlando, A.L. Sprague, D.T. Blewett, J.J. Gillis-Davis, W.C. Feldman, D.J. Lawrence, G.C. Ho, D.S. Ebel, L.R. Nittler, F. Vilas, C.M. Pieters, S.C. Solomon, C.L. Johnson, R.M. Winslow, J. Helbert, P.N. Peplowski, S.Z. Weider, N. Mouawad, N.M. Izenberg, W.E. McClintock (2014). Mercury’s weather-beaten surface: Understanding Mercury in the context of lunar and asteroidal space weathering studies. Space Sci. Rev. 181, 121-214. Dressing, C.D., E.R. Adams, A.K. Dupree, C. Kulesa, D. McCarthy (2014). Adaptive optics images III: 87 Kepler objects of interest. Astron. J. 148, Id. 78.Dyar, M.D., E. Jawin, E. Breves, G. Marchand, M. Nelms, M.D. Lane, S.A. Mertzman, D.L. Bish, J.L. Bishop (2014). Mössbauer parameters of iron in phosphate minerals: Implications for interpretation of Martian data. Amer. Mineral. 99, 914-942.Fabre, C., A. Cousin, R. Wiens, A. Ollila, O. Gasnault, S. Maurice, V. Sautter, O. Forni, J. Lasue, R. Tokar, D. Vaniman, N. Melikechi (2014). In situ calibration using univariate analyses based on the onboard ChemCam targets: First prediction of Martian rock and soil compositions. Spectro. Acta 99, 34-51.Farley, K.A., C. Malespin, P. Mahaffy, J.P. Grotzinger, P. Vasconcelos, R.E. Milliken, M. Malin, K.S. Edgett, A.A. Pavlov, J.A. Hurowitz, J.A. Grant, H.B. Miller, R. Arvidson, L. Beegle, F. Calef, P.G. Conrad, W.E. Dietrich, J. Eigenbrode, R. Gellert, S. Gupta, V. Hamilton, D.M. Hassler, K.W. Lewis, S.M. McLennan, D. Ming, R. Navarro-González, S.P. Schwenzer, A. Steele, E.M. Stolper, D.Y. Sumner, D. Vaniman, A. Vasavada, K. Williford, R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, MSL Science Team (2014). In situ radiometric and exposure age dating of the Martian surface. Science 343, Id. 1247166.Farnocchia, D., S.R. Chesley, P.W. Chodas, P. Tricarico, M.S.P. Kelley, T.L. Farnham (2014). Trajectory analysis for the nucleus and dust of Comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring). Astrophys. J. 790, Id. 114.Filiberto, J., A.H. Tieiman, P. Giesting, C.A. Goodrich, J. Gross (2014). High-temperature chlorine-rich fluid in the Martian crust: A precursor to habitability. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 401, 110-115.

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