Planned & Unplanned Planned & Unplanned DiscourseDiscourse

Spontaneous talk and Spontaneous talk and polished writing differ polished writing differ

syntacticallysyntactically

Discourse ModeDiscourse Mode The language of oral and written modes differ. The language of oral and written modes differ. In school, students and teachers must use the In school, students and teachers must use the L of L of

academic lifeacademic life.. What is the language of academic life?What is the language of academic life? Reading, writing and oral.Reading, writing and oral. The term planned and unplanned dichotomy came The term planned and unplanned dichotomy came

about.about. Spoken or written could possibly be planned or Spoken or written could possibly be planned or

unplanned.unplanned. Life requires expertise with highly planned (eg. Life requires expertise with highly planned (eg.

writing, refined speech) or unplanned (eg. oral or writing, refined speech) or unplanned (eg. oral or written) discourse modes.written) discourse modes.

Prepared lectures share many features with written Prepared lectures share many features with written L; some written L (eg. Notes) share features with L; some written L (eg. Notes) share features with spoken Lspoken L

Six FeaturesSix Features

Clausal or phrasal versus sentential Clausal or phrasal versus sentential organizationorganization

Left dislocation & topic-comment Left dislocation & topic-comment structuresstructures

NextnessNextness ParallelismParallelism RepairRepair Conjoined versus embedded clauses Conjoined versus embedded clauses

Clausal or phrasal versus sentential Clausal or phrasal versus sentential organizationorganization

Interactive talk is clausal or phrasal in Interactive talk is clausal or phrasal in structurestructure

Example: T: Could you’all get in your Example: T: Could you’all get in your group+form a circle+face group+form a circle+face each other+discuss the each other+discuss the question+group leader question+group leader

take take charge please.charge please.A written version of the oral message A written version of the oral message

should read……. (Sentential)should read……. (Sentential)

Left dislocation and Topic-comment structuresLeft dislocation and Topic-comment structures

In spontaneous talk, we introduce a new topic, shift the In spontaneous talk, we introduce a new topic, shift the focus, or shade into a new topic by using topic-comment focus, or shade into a new topic by using topic-comment structurestructure

Example: Example: 21:18 S24> Well 21:18 S24> Well muslims (T)muslims (T) , we must be true muslims , we must be true muslims21:21 S24 > got to read the books y’know about 21:21 S24 > got to read the books y’know about the the

prophets(T)prophets(T)21:21 S24 > But, mmmm the 21:21 S24 > But, mmmm the muslim ummah (T)muslim ummah (T) don’t do thatdon’t do that21:22 S24 > they watch tv and listen to music21:22 S24 > they watch tv and listen to music21:22 S37 > yeah, we must follow the Quran and hadith21:22 S37 > yeah, we must follow the Quran and hadith21:22 S24 > Muslims(T)..they know favorite actress favorite 21:22 S24 > Muslims(T)..they know favorite actress favorite

singer….starsinger….star21:23 S24 > i am sure ,many 21:23 S24 > i am sure ,many muslims(Tmuslims(T) know britney spears) know britney spears21:23 S24 > but not rasul saw21:23 S24 > but not rasul saw21:24 S24 > sometimes i cry alone.........21:24 S24 > sometimes i cry alone.........21:24 S24 > not many wants to be real muslim21:24 S24 > not many wants to be real muslim

Convert these utterances to the written version.Convert these utterances to the written version.

Qs for discussionQs for discussion

Based on your observation, do native Based on your observation, do native speakers use topic-comment speakers use topic-comment structures?structures?

Do you as adult non-native speaker Do you as adult non-native speaker adopt topic-comment structures?adopt topic-comment structures?

Should learners be discouraged to Should learners be discouraged to use such forms?use such forms?

Why or why not?Why or why not?

NextnessNextness In unplanned talk, phrases are often produced one In unplanned talk, phrases are often produced one

after another, this “nextness” shows that they are after another, this “nextness” shows that they are related .related .

Example: The weekend y’know + I was so very tired + Example: The weekend y’know + I was so very tired + went to Melaka+ visit my sonwent to Melaka+ visit my son

In written discourse, syntactic structures and In written discourse, syntactic structures and explicit cohesive ties can mark these relationships.explicit cohesive ties can mark these relationships.

ParallelismParallelism In spontaneous talk, words and phrases are In spontaneous talk, words and phrases are

repeated and words seem to touch off the use of repeated and words seem to touch off the use of words having similar sound sequences.words having similar sound sequences.

Example page. 241 (Hatch2001)Example page. 241 (Hatch2001) Repetition of sounds and words, and lexical Repetition of sounds and words, and lexical

collocations across turns, give the extra cohesion.collocations across turns, give the extra cohesion. In written text, we use parallelism while avoiding In written text, we use parallelism while avoiding

too much repetition. Poetry is the ultimate too much repetition. Poetry is the ultimate example of effective parallelism (rhythm, rhyme, example of effective parallelism (rhythm, rhyme, alliteration, and lexical, phrasal and syntactic alliteration, and lexical, phrasal and syntactic parallelism.)parallelism.)

Poetry is the ultimate example of planning Poetry is the ultimate example of planning (Hatch, 2001) (Hatch, 2001)

AssignmentAssignment

Review one of your favorite poems. Review one of your favorite poems. List types of parallelism-List types of parallelism-phonological, lexical or syntactic.phonological, lexical or syntactic.

How do these parallelisms work with How do these parallelisms work with the rhythm of the poem?the rhythm of the poem?

RepairRepair Unplanned discourse is marked by repairUnplanned discourse is marked by repair Example: All right - I will - I sure will - give you a call – tonight – Example: All right - I will - I sure will - give you a call – tonight –

later later

tonight yeah.tonight yeah.

In written discourse, such repairs are In written discourse, such repairs are removedremoved

Question: In which context would repair be Question: In which context would repair be

more appropriately used?more appropriately used?

Conjoined vs Embedded ClausesConjoined vs Embedded Clauses Unplanned talk is often delivered Unplanned talk is often delivered

clause by clause or phrase by phrase.clause by clause or phrase by phrase.Example: When I was in the States +and I was just 18 + Example: When I was in the States +and I was just 18 + you know you know

I went in the 80’s + I was already very I went in the 80’s + I was already very independent + and independent + and

thank God, I decided to wear the ‘hijab’ there+ thank God, I decided to wear the ‘hijab’ there+ and no it and no it

was not fashion then but commitment.was not fashion then but commitment.What does the “ands” suggest?What does the “ands” suggest?How would this excerpt be written?How would this excerpt be written?

Unplanned talk seldom uses subordinating clause markers Unplanned talk seldom uses subordinating clause markers such as if, that, because, etc.such as if, that, because, etc.