Plans for ReconstructionChapter 12 Section 1

• Explain why a plan was needed for Reconstruction of the South.

• Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress.

• Discuss Johnson’s political difficulties and impeachment.

Objectives

The Southern Ruins

• homes were burned

• businesses closed

• properties abandoned

• freed African Americans lacked full citizenship and the means to make a living

Richmond, Virginia

• to help the South rejoin the Union

• to rebuild the South’s economy

• to protect freed African Americans

A plan of Reconstruction for the South was formed.

Moderates

• Moderates- Moderate republicans wanted to keep Confederates out of the Gov’t.

• Favored giving some African-Americans the right to vote.

Radicals

• Radical Republicans wanted to give all African-Americans the right to vote.

Land Reform

• Land reform was the key to changing southern society.

• Plantations must be broken up and distributed to freedmen.

• Land reform never won wide support.

• Some believed freedmen could be successful if given civil equality (no Black Codes).

African Americans were freed from slavery, but their rights were not guaranteed.

• They did not have full citizenship.

• They could not vote.

• They did not have access to education.

Lincoln and the Radical Republicans in Congress were at odds in their proposals to rebuild the

South.

Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan

Wade-Davis Bill

•10 percent of state’s voters needed to take a loyalty oath

•a state’s new constitution must have abolished slavery

• required a majority of state’s prewar voters to swear loyalty to the Union

• required guarantees of African American equality

vetoed by Congresspassed by Congress, pocket vetoed by Lincoln

Freedmen’s Bureau

• Violence against African-Americans in the south united republicans.

• The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to help homeless and hungry former slaves.

• The Freedmen’s Bureau set up schools, hospitals, and helped freedmen find jobs.

• The Bureau was supposed to expire after 1 year, but the violence extended the life of the agency.

• Johnson vetoed a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau.

• He pardoned any Confederate who swore allegiance to the Union and the Constitution.

• Each Southern state needed to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment.

President Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction

By December 1865, most southern states had met Johnson’s requirements for readmission to the Union.

• All southern states instituted black codes.

• Many states specifically limited the vote to white men.

• Some states sent Confederate officials to Congress.

During the required state conventions, however, southern states tried to rebuild their prewar world.

The South’s disregard of Reconstruction efforts angered moderates and Radical

Republicans.

• the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

• the Fourteenth Amendment.

• the division of the South into five military districts.

In response, Congress passed new legislation over President Johnson’s veto. The legislation included

Civil Rights Act of 1866

• The first civil rights act in the country.

• The act declared everyone born in the US was a citizen, but it did not guarantee voting rights.

• Johnson vetoed the bill.

14th Amendment

• The republican controlled Congress wrote the provisions of the Act into the 14th Amendment.

• The act gave equal citizenship to all people born in the US.

President Johnson continued to veto and work against congressional legislation.

Johnson’s opponents failed by one Senate vote to remove him from office.

Eventually, the House voted to impeach Johnson.

Election of 1868

• Republicans nominated war hero Ulysses S. Grant.

• Democrats nominated NY governor Horatio Seymour

• Grant won in a close race.

15th Amendment

• This amendment gave African-Americans the right to vote.

• Still no vote for women.