plant basics
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Plant BasicsNikolai Kuvshinikov, Honors Bio 4th
R e p r od u c t i o n i n p la n t s i s
e i t h e r a s e x ua l o r s e x ua l.
A s e x ua l r e p r od u c t i o n i n
p la n t s i n v o l v e s a va r i e t y
o f w id e l y d i e r e n t
m e t h od s f o r p r od u c i n g
n e w p la n t s id e n t i ca l i n
e v e r y r e s p e c t t o t h e
pa r e n t. S e x ua l
r e p r od u c t i o n, o n t h e
o t h e r ha nd, d e p e nd s o n a
c o m p l e x s e r i e s o f ba s i c
e v e n t s, i n v o l v i n g
c h r o m o s o m e s a nd t h e i r
g e n e s, t ha t ta k e p la c e
w i t h i n a s e x ua l a p pa ra t u s
e v o l v ed p r e c i s e l y f o r t h e
d e v e l o p m e n t o f n e w
p la n t s i n s o m e r e s p e c t s
d i e r e n t f r o m
t h e t w o
pa r e n t s t ha t p la y ed a r o l e
i n t h e i r p r od u c t i o n.
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What Exactly are Plants?
• Plants: a living organism of the kind exemplied !yshru!s, her!s, grasses, ferns, and mosses, typicallygro"ing in a permanent site, a!sor!ing "ater andinorganic su!stances through its roots, and synthesi
nutrients in its leaves !y photosynthesis using the gpigment chlorophyll$
*O rga n iza t io n *
% l l p la n ts a re i n t he
k i ngdo m P la n tae, a nd
k i ngdo m P la n tae is
d i v ided i n to &'
d i v is io ns$ Eac
h
d i v is io n is fo r med
de pe nd i ng o n t he
p la n ts t iss ue a nd a lso
t he i r seeds$
* No
P• (nclu
Br y opHepa
% ntho
) hese pv asculaand thepr oduc!ut r ath
Becauseina!ilitytr anspoand nutrthese plgener allsmall$
* Vasc u lar P lan ts
wi t ho u t Seeds *
• (nc l udes p h y l um
Pteridop h yta
) his gro up does
indeed ha ve
vasc u lar tiss ues,
! ut t he y do not rod uce seeds$
* Vasc u la r P lan ts *
(nc l udes p h y l um
+onif ero p h y ta, in k o p h y ta, ne to p h y ta, + yad
o p h y ta
- ) hese p h y l um are ref erred to
as G y mno sper m s, " hic h
mean t ha t t he y are non.
/o "ering and t he y prod uce
seeds no t c losed in an o var y
" hen i t is ma t ure0, and
% n t ho p h y ta - % nd t his p h y la is a An io sper m, "
hic h
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Seed Plants
1ost plants gro" from seeds$ )hese seed plants fall into
t"o groups, angiosperms and gymnosperms, as "e havelearned already$ %ngiosperms are the /o"ering plants$
)heir seeds develop inside a female reproductive part ofthe /o"er, called the ovary, "hich usually ripens into aprotective fruit$ ymnosperms do not have /o"ers or
ovaries$
2eeds may !e carried a"ay from the parent plant !y"ind, "ater, or animals$ % seed is the rst stage in the
life cycle of a plant$ Protected inside the tough seed coatis the !a!y plant, called an em!ryo$ 3ood, "hich fuelsgermination and gro"th, is either packed around the
em!ryo or stored in special seed leaves, called
cotyledons$ 1ost seeds reuire damp, "arm conditions inorder to sprout$ 5uring germination, the seed a!sor!s
"ater and the em!ryo starts to use its food store$ % young root, or radicle, !egins to gro" do"n"ard$ )hen a young shoot, or plumule, gro"s up"ard$ )his develops
into the stem and produces leaves$ )he rst leaves,called seed leaves or cotyledons, fuel the early gro"th
until the plant*s true leaves appear$
P ict ur e of a Cor n Seed
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)he ymnosperms
ymnosperm6 seed.!earing vascular plants, such as cycads, ginkgo, ye"conifers, in "hich the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an ovary
* Repr oduction *
(n g ymnosperms, a green sporop h y
te
generates cones containing ma le an
d
f ema le gametop h ytes$ ) he mot her ce
l l in
t he f ema le cone di vides ! y meiosis to
prod uce f o ur hap loid megaspores7 o
ne of
t he megaspores di vides to f orm t he
f ema le gametop h yte$ ) he ma le
gametop h yte lands on t he f ema le co
ne,
f orming a po l len t u !e t hro ug h " hic
h t he
ce l l tra ve ls to meet t he f ema le
gametop h yte$ 8ne of t he t "o sperm
ce l ls
re leased ! y t he generati ve ce l l f uses
"it h
t he egg, f orming a dip loid # ygote t ha
t
di vides to f orm t he em !r yo$
*Life Cycle*)hey have male and femalereproductive organs mostlyin the form of cones$ )heir
microsporophylls releasepollen into the air to makeavaila!le to the ovule, inthe megasporophyllscausing fertili#ation$ )heirseeds develop "ithout aprotective covering ofovary "all$
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)he %ngiosperms
%ngiosperms6 %ngiosperms are seed.producing plants like the gymnospand can !e distinguished from the gymnosperms !y characteristics inclu/o"ers, endosperm "ithin the seeds, and the production of fruits that c
the seeds$ * Repr oduction and
Li f e C y cle *
(n t he /o "er*s ma le parts, t he ant hers,
dip loid
microsporangium undergo meiosis$ (n
t he
/o "er*s o vu les, t he megasporoc yst und
ergoes
meiosis creating f our megaspores$ Ne xt
po l lination occurs$ ) he po l len grain tra
ve ls to
t he stigma via "ind, insects or ot her
transf ormationa l de vices$ 8nce on t he
stigma it
generates a po l len tu !e do "n t he st y le$
) "o
sperm tra ve l do "n eac h po l len tu !e into
t he
o var y$ 8ne sperms f erti li#es t he egg to
produce
a # ygote and t he ot her f erti li#es t he cen
tra l ce l l
to f orm t he endospore$ ) he # ygote "i l l
gi ve rise
to an em !r yo and "i l l !e enc losed "it h
t he
endospore in a seed$ ) he endospore gi ves t he
em !r yo energ y to germinate$ 8nce t he
seed does
te "i l l e ventua l l y turn
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)he 2tructure ofa Flower
Stamen6 pollen.producingreproductive organ of a /o"er
Pistils6 the female organs of a
/o"er, comprising the stigma,style, and ovary
Sepals6 each of the parts of thecalyx of a /o"er, enclosing thepetals and typically green andlea/ike
Petals6 each of the segments of thecorolla of a /o"er, "hich aremodied leaves and are typicallycolored
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Works Cited
Biology & +hapter &9% : )he kingdom Plantae Packethttp6;;"""'$estrellamountain$edu;faculty;fara!ee;B(8BK;BioBook5iver