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Plant bioactives for
poultry health
and productivityB. Plant bioactives as immunomodulators:
Increasing evidences indicate the benefits of incorporating plants rich in phytochemicals on immune function in poultry (Fig.1).
· Besides efficacy, application of bioactives as feed supplements to livestock also has to be safe to the
animal, the user, consumer of the animal product, and the environment since accidental overdose can cause adverse health effects.
· The handling of pure formulations of such additives usually requires protective measures because they
can potentially irritate the skin and cause allergic contactdermatitis.
Precautions / Limitations:
· Coccidiosis, necrotic enteritis and colibacillosis are most important diseases in poultry in terms of health and economic losses
· Coccidiosis is caused by several species of Eimeria and is characterized by mortality, malabsorption of nutrients, impaired growth rates and rapid and effective transmission between animals
· Necrotic enteritis is caused by proliferation of Clostridium perfringens and increased production of toxin, causing the intestinal mucosal necrosis characteristic of necrotic enteritis
· Colibacillosis is caused by Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (E.coli) that colonize the respiratory tract and cause airsacculitis evolving into systemic infections , leading to reduced productivity and mortality
Table. 3 Antimicrobial effects of plant bioactives in poultry
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Adugodi, Bangalore 560 030
Tel: 91-80-25711304, 25711164, 25702539
Fax : 91-80-25711420. Website: http://www.nianp.res.in
R.Umaya Suganthi
Anjumoni Mech
ICG David
Letha Devi G
Plant species/extract
Activity/Mode of action
Corn oil Acts on Eimeria tenella, higher IgA
-Tocopherol E. maxima lesions and weight gain
Oregano aerial parts and essential oil
Eimeria lesions, improves feed efficiency
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract
E. tenella, weight gain, mortality, improves FCR
Green tea leaves E.maxima oocyst output
Turmeric rhizome, Curcumin
E.maxima lesions, E.acervulina lesions
Betaine E.acervulina invasion and development
Wild garlic extract (whole plant)
Eimeria mix
Indian Echinacea E.tenella lesions
Flaxseed, linolenic acid Guar gum, pectin
Prevents adhesion of pathogenic bacteria
Thymol, Carvacrol and eugenol
Inhibits C.perfringens colonization and proliferation
Essential oil from clove
Inhibits C.perfringens
Astaxanthin, from red algae
Inhibits caecal colonization of C.perfringens
Aqueous extract of Guava
Prevents adhesion of E.coli
Geranium, essential oil from steam distillation
Prevents adhesion of E.coli
Shittake extract Increases the number of beneficial bacteria in order to inhibit colonization of invading pathogens
Published by:
Director
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Adugodi, Bangalore-560030
January 2014
Folder No. 30
Use of plant products as livestock feed additive is gaining momentum in the recent years owing to their potential health benefits, increasing consumer interest in natural products and minimal side effects. In addition to nutritional constituents, most of the plants contain certain compounds known as “bioactives”. These bioactives act by various mechanisms including antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomo stimulation etc., and thereby exhibit medicinal properties in humans and livestock. Inclusion of plants and their biologically active chemical constituents (bioactives) in livestock feed present numerous opportunities for the improvement of livestock production.
Plant bioactives as growth promoters:
Plant bioactives are shown to improve performance of poultry by stimulating body weight, body weight gain, improving energy utilization, stimulating immune system and offering protection against harmful microbes and the commonly encountered feed toxins.
Table 1.Performance effects of plant products used as feed additives in poultry
Plant bioactives as quality enhancers:
Bioactive compounds improve the quality of poultry products, including both meat and eggs. The quality parameters that of are of interest are the organoleptic properties, stability of the products under storage conditions and the healthiness of the product for consumption by man.
The improvement in product quality is achieved by the antioxidants present in plants which may act in three ways
1. Protect feed components from oxidative damage
2. Affect the oxidative metabolism of the animals
3. Improve oxidative stability and the shelf life of fat, meat and eggs
Table 2. Antioxidant effects of plant bioactives in poultry
A. Plant bioactives as antimicrobial agents:
The ban on antibiotic growth promoters has necessitated the need for identification of plant bioactives as antimicrobial agents. Certain plant products have been identified to possess antimicrobial effect against common pathogens of poultry.
Plant species/extract
Dose Beneficial effect on performance
Tanzanian aloe extract
- Reduced mortality in Newcastle disease infection
Common marigold extract
Drinking water
Mean weight
Thyme, oregano, marjoram, rosemary, yarrow and their essential oils
10ppm Improves performance in male broiler chickens
Mango seed kernel meal
50-250mg/kg meal
Body weight
Plant extracts containing capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde and Carvacrol
100ppm Breast muscle proportion
Yucca schidigera extract
0.2% extract
Improves body weight gain
Drumstick tree leaf powder
3g/kg feed Improves performance in birds exposed to aflatoxin
Aloe vera gel (aadusouge)
3g/kg feed Improves performance in birds exposed to aflatoxin
Turmeric powder, resveratrol, and carvacrol
1.0g/kg feed
Improves performance in birds exposed to aflatoxin
Citrus extract 10-1000g/t Live weight and feed intake
Artichoke water extract
5%DM Protection against ochratoxin A in broilers
Oregano herb Oregano oil
2-20g/kg feed 100-1000mg/kg feed
Better performance in broiler chicks
Oregano oil 300 mg/kg Improved performance in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella
Oregano,
rosemary or thyme Turmeric
1.0 g/kg
0.5 g/kg
Improve
productive performance, fertility and hatchability
Plant species/extract
Dose Beneficial effect on product quality
Oregano oil 50-100mg/kg
Exert Antioxidant effect on tissues Modifies fatty acid composition of abdominal fat of the chciken
Garlic 1.0g/kg Lowers cholesterol content of poultry meat and eggs
Katuk 0.9g/kg and 1.8g/kg
Lowers cholesterol content of poultry meat and eggs
Green tea 2.0g/kg Lowers cholesterol content of egg yolk
Alflafa concentrate, tomato powder and marigold extract
2.0g/kg Increases yellowness of egg yolk and hence preferred over synthetic additives
Rosemary and Rosemary oil
200mg/kg Lowers cholesterol and improves antioxidant enzymes in serum
Dry ginger powder
5 g/kg Enhances oxidative stability of meat
Thulsi 1.5 and 3%, 1-42 days
Decreases cholesterol in broilers serum and breast meat
Garlic 15g/kg feed,1-42-days
Protects against lipid and protein oxidation of meat
Oregano, rosemary or thyme Turmeric
1.0 g/kg and 5.0g/kg
0.5 g/kg
Improves oxidative stability of egg shell during storage
Thymol, or carvacrol
150 mg/kg
Controls lipid oxidation of broiler meat