plant biodiversity report cepf27 - birdlife · threats as a roadmap to conserve eastern afromontane...
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PLANT BIODIVERSITY PLANT BIODIVERSITY PLANT BIODIVERSITY PLANT BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE LAND LAND LAND LAND
FOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIAFOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIAFOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIAFOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIA
Samora A. MacriceSamora A. MacriceSamora A. MacriceSamora A. Macrice (PhD)(PhD)(PhD)(PhD) FORCONSULTFORCONSULTFORCONSULTFORCONSULT
2012012012017777
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents empirical findings from ecological surveys carried out to document plant biodiversity of six village forests potential for establishment of Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) between 2015 and 2016 in Ludewa, Njombe Tanzania. Ludewa District was not covered by Participatory Forest Management (PFM) and only about 20% of natural forests are formally protected in the District. Forests of Ludewa provide wood and non-wood products, act as water catchment areas and provide a wide range of cultural and recreational benefits. However, they are currently managed under village governments which lack effective management plans and relevant information on their natural capital. Knowledge on plant biodiversity in natural forests is important for CBFM establishment and sustainable biodiversity conservation and protection. The findings in this report are based on 83 randomly selected plots of 10 x 10 m each in six village forests (i.e. Mawengi, Masimavalafu, Iwela, Mvava, Kimelembe and Nkomang’ombe) of dry miombo woodlands. Data was summarized and analysis of biodiversity indices i.e. abundance, richness, diversity, density, basal area and carbon stocks was computed in MS Excel. Overall results show that a total of 221 plant species and 51 families were registered from all the forests. The overall single most frequent plant species was Brachystegia spiciformis. Nkomang’ombe forest had the highest plant species richness (91 species) and 26 families while Iwela forest had the lowest richness of 38 species and 21 families. In terms of species diversity Masimavalafu forest had the highest Shannon-Wiener species diversity (H´=2.38) while Iwela had the least (1.17). Iwela forest had the overall highest stem density (3211 stems/ha) while Mvava forest had the least (382). Mvava forest had the highest basal area of individual species with 3344 cm2/ha while Litumbi had the least with 120 cm2/ha. Impatiens gomphophylla (Balsaminaceae) and Duosperma trachyphyllum (Acanthaceae) are endangered species (according to IUCN) recorded in the area. Duosperma livingstoniense (Acanthaceae) a vulnerable species and Pterocarpus angolensis (Leguminosae) a near threatened species were also recorded in the forests. In addition, two national concern species i.e. Osyris lanceolata (Rubiaceae) and Syzygium cordatum (Myrtaceae) were also recorded in Ludewa. This demonstrates clearly a significant role played by miombo woodlands under local communities’ management in supporting important biodiversity. It is therefore recommended that current and future improved management strategies in village forest reserves consider CBFM as a viable option for sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation in Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot and beyond.
Keywords:Keywords:Keywords:Keywords: Participatory forest management; joint forest management; sustainable forest management; community based conservation; village forest reserve; biodiversity; miombo; diversity; richness; density; carbon; basal area; importance value index; national concern species; trigger species
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was funded by Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) through “Mapping
of the Remaining Un-protected Natural Forests and Assessment of their Resources and
Threats as a Roadmap to Conserve Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot in
Ludewa, Tanzania” project (CEPF GEM Number 65709). The author is deeply indebted
for their financial support. Besides, this research work would not have been completed
without the technical inputs of Dr Neduvoto P. Mollel from the Arusha National
Herbarium of Tanzania and Mr Canisius J. Kayombo from the Forestry Training Institute
in botanical identification. The author would like to thank very much Sokoine University
of Agriculture (SUA) for granting permission to travel and be away from the work
station. Regional and Natural Resource Office gave permission to work in the forests.
District Administrative Officers for Ludewa and District Natural Resource Officers
provided logistical support. Gumbo Mvanda, Gilbert Ngailo, Lucas Makonobe, Dennis P.
Mollel, Aggrey Uwiso, Obote Msemakweli and George Bulenga helped with the
fieldwork. Paul Lyimo helped with data entry, coding and analysis. Village Governments
and Village Natural Resource Committee members for Mawengi, Masimavalafu, Iwela,
Mvava, Kimelembe and Nkomang’ombe provide local knowledge, access to the forests
and helped with data collection. Sternson D. Mwakidunda and Kassim B. Urasa drove
tirelessly and carefully for thousands of Kilometers but without a single accident in rough
roads of Ludewa, Njombe Tanzania. Thank you all!!
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TABLE OF CONTENTABLE OF CONTENTABLE OF CONTENTABLE OF CONTENTTTTSSSS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ v
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. vi
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................ vii
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................................... 3
2.1 Study site ............................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Plant biodiversity sampling ................................................................................... 4
2.3 Statistical analysis ................................................................................................. 5
3. RESULTS .................................................................................................................... 6
3.1. Overall plant community structure for the six forests ................................................ 6
3.2. Mvava Forest Reserve, Mvava Village ..................................................................... 8
3.3 Litumbi Forest Reserve, Mawengi Village ................................................................. 10
3.4 Litwang’ata Forest Reserve, Nkomang’ombe Village ............................................. 11
3.5 Kimelembe Forest Reserve, Kimelembe Village ........................................................ 13
3.6 Intake Forest Reserve, Masimavalafu Village ............................................................ 15
3.7 Iwela Forest Reserve, Iwela Village ......................................................................... 17
3. BRIEF DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 19
APPENDIX 1: REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 22
APPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAGE
FORESTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIA .................................................................. 24
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LIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Plant community structure in six Village Forest Reserves of
Ludewa Njombe Tanzania. (n = 83)…………………………………………
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Table 2: Abundance of woody plant species in Mvava Forest Reserve,
Ludewa Tanzania.......................................................................................
8
Table 3: Stem density, basal area, important value index and carbon stocks
of Mvava Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania………………………………….
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Table 4: Abundance of tree species in Litumbi Forest Reserve, Ludewa
Tanzania…………………………………………………………………………
10
Table 5: Stem density and basal area of Litumbi Forest Reserve, Ludewa
Tanzania………………………………………………………………………….
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Table 6: Abundance of tree species in Litwang’ata Forest Reserve, Ludewa
Tanzania ………………………………………………………………………...
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Table 7: Stem density, basal area and carbon stocks of Litwang’ata Forest
Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania…………………………………………………….
12
Table 8: Abundance of tree species in Kimelembe Forest Reserve, Ludewa
Tanzania………………………………………………………………………....
13
Table 9: Stem density and basal area in Kimelembe Forest Reserve,
Ludewa Tanzania……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14
Table 10: Abundance of tree species in the Intake Forest Reserve, Ludewa
Tanzania………………………………………………………………………...
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Table 11: Stem density and basal area of Intake Forest Reserve, Ludewa
Tanzania………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Table 12: Abundance of tree species in Iwela Forest Reserve, Ludewa
Tanzania……………………………………………………………………….....
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Table 13: Stem density and basal area of Iwela Forest Reserve, Ludewa
Tanzania………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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LIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The location of study forests in Ludewa, Njombe, southern-highlands Tanzania………………………………………………………………
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Figure 2. Summary of stand variables in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania…………………………………………………………………………
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Figure 3. Summary of stocking in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania... 7
LIST OF LIST OF LIST OF LIST OF APPENDICESAPPENDICESAPPENDICESAPPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 22
APPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAGE
FORESTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIA ............................................................. 24
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
CBC Community Based Conservation
CBFM Community Based Forest Management
VNRC Village Natural Resource Committee
CEPF Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
lVI Importance Value Index
NTFPs Non Timber Forest Products
PF Private Forest
PFM Participatory Forest Management
TFS Tanzania Forest Service
URT United Republic of Tanzania
WCS Wildlife Conservation Society
JFM Joint Forest Management
TFP Tanzania Forest Policy
FA Forest Act
VLFRs Village Land Forest Reserves
DBH Diameter at Breast Height
VFR Village Forest Reserves
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
LUP Land use plan
MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification
SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture
FORCONSULT Forest Consulting Unit at the College of Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism at SUA
REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks
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1.1.1.1. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Natural forests form significant portion of land cover and accommodate particularly rich
flora and fauna in Tanzania. Tanzania has a total land area of 94.5 million hectares, with
a tropical climate and 10 ecological zones with different physiographic zones and
complex topography. About 48 million hectares of Tanzania land is covered by forests
and woodlands which is about 55% of the total country land area (MNRT 2015). Out of
this total area, almost two thirds consists of woodlands on public lands which lack
proper management. Public lands are under enormous pressure from expansion of
agricultural activities, livestock grazing, fires and other human activities. About 13 million
hectares of this total forest area have been gazetted as forest reserves. Over 80,000 ha of
the gazetted area are under plantation forests and about 1.6 million hectares are under
water catchment management. These forests provide wood and non-wood products, act
as water catchment areas, habitats for wildlife and provide a wide range of cultural and
recreational benefits, genetic resources and water catchment (Dykstra and Enrich 1992).
They are also an important economic base for the country's development. There is
increasing interest in their biodiversity, dynamics and contribution to rural livelihoods
and climate change mitigation and adaptation through emerging opportunities such as
green economy and the Reduced Emissions from Forest Degradation and Deforestation
(REDD+). Unfortunately, most of these forests lack effective management plans and
relevant information on their natural capital and hence unprotected and degraded.
Presence of effective management plans and information on natural capital facilitates
development of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) especially through Participatory
Forest Management (PFM). Participatory forest management is in two approaches
namely Joint Forest Management (JFM) and Community Forest Based Management
(CBFM). The premise of PFM is to reverse the loss of forests and biodiversity through the
involvement of stakeholders, incorporation of local knowledge, lower management costs
and ensure equitable distribution of benefits (Kleemeier et al. 2000). In JFM the
government is the owner of forests and communities are only involved in management.
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This approach is designed for management of central and local government forest
reserves and management responsibilities and revenues are shared between local
communities and the respective government. On the other hand, in CBFM, local
communities are the owners and managers of the forests. In this approach the
management is practiced in forests or woodland under village governments. The revised
Tanzania Forest Policy (TFP) and Forest Act (FA) both recognise community participation
as the key to sustainable development of forest reserves (URT, 1998).
Ludewa natural forests are important and are composed of mainly miombo woodlands
which constitute a large part of the African continent covering 2.4 million km2 of
southern, central and eastern Africa (Chidumayo & Gumbo 2010; Dewees et al. 2011). In
Tanzania, miombo woodlands are largely distributed in the southern and western part of
the country. Miombo woodlands cover about 90 % (374,356 km2) of the forested land
in Tanzania (URT 1998). Thus miombo represents a significant vegetation cover in
Tanzania and are dominated by the genera Brachystegia and Julbernardia, as elsewhere
in southern East and Central Africa. Miombo are strongly influenced by frequent fires and
anthropogenic disturbances (Tarimo et al. 2015). The soils underlying miombo are
generally well drained, highly leached, and low in plant-available nutrients.
Unfortunately, despite the great potential of these forests most of them are not protected
recalling for urgent intervention particularly by creating win-win situation by addressing
the livelihoods needs of local communities and contribute to conservation as well as
improve governance of forests by making it more democratic and accountable system.
There are some empirical evidence of positive outcomes whereby forests have recovered
and their conditions and maintenance improved through CBFM in Tanzania and
elsewhere in the world (Blomley 2008).
Establishment of CBFM takes several steps and processes including setting/marking
boundaries, carrying out biological resource assessment, management plan development
and participatory community training. This work form part and contribute to the overall
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goal of bringing six community forest reserves (i.e. Mawengi, Masimavalafu, Iwela,
Mvava, Kimelembe and Nkomang’ombe) under CBFM by surveying and documenting
plant biodiversity in Ludewa. It is part of the larger project with overall objective of
Mapping the Remaining Un-protected Natural Forests and Assessment of their Resources
and Threats as a Roadmap to Conserve Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot in
Ludewa, Tanzania. It is anticipated that this work will facilitate establishment and
promotion of community based conservation (CBC) approaches and protection of
biodiversity in the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot and beyond.
2.2.2.2. MATMATMATMATERIALS AND METHODSERIALS AND METHODSERIALS AND METHODSERIALS AND METHODS
2.12.12.12.1 Study siteStudy siteStudy siteStudy site
This study was conducted in Ludewa District, located in the Njombe region, southern-
highlands of Tanzania (Fig. 1). Ludewa covers approximately 8,397 km2 of which 6,325
km2 is land surface and 2072 km2 water area. The area experiences mild climate, and is
generally warm and temperate. The study forests are located within 34° 34' ' ' ' – 34° 58’ E
and 9° 52’ – 10° 16’ S. The average temperature is 19.2˚C and receives an average annual
rainfall of 1215 mm. The population of Ludewa was estimated to be 133,218 in 2012
(National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania). Ethnic groups include Wapangwa, Wakisi and
Wamanda and their main economic activities include agriculture, livestock keeping and
fisheries particularly at the shores of Lake Nyasa. Ludewa has a total of 465,030 ha of
arable land of which only 52,400 ha is under crop cultivation. Main cultivated food
crops include maize, paddy, Irish and sweet potatoes while cash crops are coffee,
pyrethrum and sunflower. Ludewa has a total forest area of 30,596 ha of which only
10,760 ha (35%) are reserved forests. There are 76 villages which are all reported to
have been surveyed and demarcated but the district is yet to have its land use plan. On
the other hand only 4 villages i.e. Lwilo, Nkomang’ombe, Kimelembe and Milo out of
the 76 villages have Village Land Use Plans. All (i.e. Litumbi, Intake, Iwela, Mvava,
Kimelembe and Litwang’ata) studied forests are under Village Governments.
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Figure Figure Figure Figure 2222:::: The location of study forests in Ludewa, Njombe, southern-highlands
Tanzania.
2.22.22.22.2 Plant biodiversityPlant biodiversityPlant biodiversityPlant biodiversity samplingsamplingsamplingsampling
To investigate plant biological resources a nested sampling design was adopted whereby
83 plots of 10 x 10 m were selected randomly in different village forest reserves to study
distribution, abundance, richness, diversity, density, basal area and carbon of trees
between 2015 and 2016. In the same plots, 3 quadrats of 1 x 1 m were randomly laid out
to investigate herbaceous vegetation (grasses and herbs) in each plot. Regenerants were
also identified, counted and recorded in the 10 x 10 m plot. Diameter at Breast Height
(DBH) was measured using a caliper for all stems with DBH ≥ 5cm in plots. For woody
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species plant frequency and species identities were recorded in each plot. For non woody
plant species, plant cover (in percentages) was estimated visually in quadrat by three
persons and the average was taken as the true cover. Taxonomy of herbaceous plants
follows: Haines and Lye (1983), Polhill (1988) and Beentje and Ghazanfar (2010). Plots
were positioned at least 450 m apart and their geographic locations recorded using a
standardized hand-held GPS (Garmin Map76cx). Elevation was taken at the centre of
plot using the GPS. Plant species were identified in the field to species level, and
unidentifiable plants were collected, pressed and sent to Arusha National Herbarium of
Tanzania for identification. In addition, collected voucher specimens for all species
encountered in the field for identify confirmation were later deposited at the same
herbarium. To obtain plant trigger species IUCN website
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/details) was consulted for all plant species. Moreover, other
potential trigger species were identified based on population trends, distribution and size
from existing literature.
2.32.32.32.3 Statistical analysisStatistical analysisStatistical analysisStatistical analysis
Plant species richness was determined by the total number of species occurring in a plot.
Density was calculated as stems per hectare. The allometric model for Chamshama et al.,
2004 (i.e. Biomass=0.0625*DBH^2.553) was employed to compute biomass. Biomass
was then multiplied by 0.5 to obtain carbon stocks for tree species. The Shannon-Wiener
index of diversity (H') for trees was computed following Kindt and Coe (2005). The
Shannon-Wiener index of diversity was selected because it combines species richness and
evenness and is less affected by sample size compared to other indices (e.g. Simpsons)
(Krebs, 1989). The species Importance Value Index (lVI) was calculated from the sum of
relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance as explained by Kent and
Coker (1992). Abundance was computed as the total number of individuals for woody
plants while for non woody plants it was the sum of cover/percentages. For non woody
species the relative cover (%) of individual species was then calculated based on the total
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cover, ranked and the most frequent species identified. Basal area (g) was computed
based on the following formula (g)= (PI()DBH^2/4)/plot are(ha).
3333.... RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS
3.1. Overall3.1. Overall3.1. Overall3.1. Overall plant communityplant communityplant communityplant community structurestructurestructurestructure for the six forestsfor the six forestsfor the six forestsfor the six forests
Overall, we recorded 221 plant species from 51 families in six Village Forest Reserves of
Ludewa. Litwang’ata forest had the highest plant species richness (91 species) and 26
families while Iwela forest had the lowest richness of 38 species and 21 families (Table 1;
Figure 2).
Table 1Table 1Table 1Table 1: : : : Plant community structurePlant community structurePlant community structurePlant community structure in in in in six six six six Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe
Tanzania. (n = 83)Tanzania. (n = 83)Tanzania. (n = 83)Tanzania. (n = 83)
SSSS/No./No./No./No. ForForForForestestestest Village Village Village Village Forest Forest Forest Forest sizesizesizesize (ha)(ha)(ha)(ha)
NNNNo.o.o.o. of of of of
plotsplotsplotsplots
Total Total Total Total nnnnoooo.... of of of of speciesspeciesspeciesspecies
Total Total Total Total nononono.... of of of of
familiesfamiliesfamiliesfamilies
ShannonShannonShannonShannon----Wiener Wiener Wiener Wiener diversitydiversitydiversitydiversity
1 Mvava Mvava 785.6 9 68 25 2.13
2 Litumbi Mawengi 31.2 6 56 26 2.35
3 Litwang’ata Nkomang’ombe 285.6 14 91 26 2.11
4 Intake Masimavalafu 5533.3 21 52 22 2.38
5 Iwela Iwela 9593.8 24 38 21 1.17
6 Kimelembe Kimelembe 512 9 66 26 2.30
TotalTotalTotalTotal 6666 6666 16161616,,,,741.5741.5741.5741.5 83838383
Iwela forest had the overall highest stem density (3211 stems/ha) while Mvava forest had
the least (382). Mvava forest had the highest basal area of individual species with 3344
cm2/ha while Litumbi had the least with 120 cm2/ha (Figure 3).
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Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2. Summary of stand variables in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania
In terms of species diversity Intake forest had the highest Shannon-Wiener species
diversity (2.38) while Iwela had the least (1.17). Overall average number of species in a
forest was 37 while the average Shannon-Wiener index in a forest was 2.07.
Figure Figure Figure Figure 3333.... Summary of stocking in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania
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The overall single most frequent plant species was Brachystegia spiciformis. A total of
four trigger species according to IUCN i.e. According to IUCN Impatiens gomphophylla
and Duosperma trachyphyllum are endangered species recorded in the area. Duosperma
livingstoniense a vulnerable species was also registered. Pterocarpus angolensis a near
threatened species was also recorded. In addition, two national concern species with
high potential to be trigger species Syzygium cordatum and Osyris lanceolata were also
registered in the studied forests.
3.2. 3.2. 3.2. 3.2. Mvava Forest RMvava Forest RMvava Forest RMvava Forest Reserveeserveeserveeserve, Mvava Village, Mvava Village, Mvava Village, Mvava Village
A total of 68 plant species and 25 families were recorded in Mvava forest reserve. Of
these 16 were tree species of 8 families. The two most dominant species were Uapaca
kirkiana (36.2%) and Brachystegia sp. (19%) (Table 2). Shannon-Wiener species diversity
was 2.13 while Simpson index was 0.18 for trees of Mvava forest.
Table Table Table Table 2222: : : : Abundance of Abundance of Abundance of Abundance of treetreetreetree sssspecies in Mvava Forest Reservepecies in Mvava Forest Reservepecies in Mvava Forest Reservepecies in Mvava Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. SciSciSciScientific name entific name entific name entific name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily
Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)
1 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae 36.21
2 Brachystegia sp. Leguminosae 18.97
3 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae 6.90
4 Erica sp. Ericaceae 6.03
5 Psidium guajava Phyllanthaceae 6.03
6 Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae 5.17
7 Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Phyllanthaceae 4.31
8 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae 3.45
9 Erica mannii Ericaceae 2.59
10 Faurea saligna Proteaceae 2.59
11 Vitex iringensis Lamiaceae 2.59
12 Acacia amythethophylla Leguminosae 1.72
13 Dalbergia nitidula Leguminosae 0.86
14 Faurea rochetiana Proteaceae 0.86
15 Syzigium cordatum Myrtaceae 0.86
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16 Uapaca nitida Phyllanthaceae 0.86
Uapaca kirkiana had stem density, basal area and important value index of 382, 3344
and 362, respectively. Similarly, Brachystegia sp. had values of 311, 2744 and 322 for
stem density, basal area and important value index, respectively. Syzygium cordatum was
the last species with low density, basal area and important value index of 14, 67 and 6,
respectively (Table 3). Uapaca kirkiana had the highest (490.97 t/ha) while Syzigium
cordatum (3.03 t/ha) had the lowest carbon storage (Table 3). A vulnerable plant species
Duosperma livingstoniense was recorded in Mvava forest (Appendix 2).
TableTableTableTable 3333: Stem de: Stem de: Stem de: Stem density, bnsity, bnsity, bnsity, basal areaasal areaasal areaasal area,,,, important value indeximportant value indeximportant value indeximportant value index and carbon stocks and carbon stocks and carbon stocks and carbon stocks of Mvava of Mvava of Mvava of Mvava
ForestForestForestForest ReserveReserveReserveReserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem Stem Stem Stem
density (ha)density (ha)density (ha)density (ha) Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area ((((cmcmcmcm2222/ha/ha/ha/ha)))) IVIIVIIVIIVI
Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon (t(t(t(t/ha/ha/ha/ha))))
1 Uapaca kirkiana 382 3344 362 491
2 Brachystegia sp. 311 2744 322 479
3 Parinari excelsa 113 944 97 371
4 Psidium guajava 99 906 100 134 5 Erica mannii 99 361 68 112
6 Ochna schweinfurthiana 85 433 62 98
7 Erica sp. 85 240 64 110
8 Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia 71 433 59 40
9 Brachystegia boehmii 57 978 55 28
10 Vitex iringensis 42 439 45 18
11 Faurea saligna 42 172 214 13
12 Faurea rochetiana 14 133 15 12
13 Uapaca nitida 14 117 12 9
14 Dalbergia nitidula 14 94 7 7
15 Acacia amythethophylla 14 89 15 4
16 Syzygium cordatum 14 67 6 3
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3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 Litumbi FLitumbi FLitumbi FLitumbi Forestorestorestorest ReserveReserveReserveReserve, Mawengi, Mawengi, Mawengi, Mawengi VillageVillageVillageVillage
At Litumbi forest a total of 56 plant species belonging to 26 families were registered. Of
these, 14 were tree species of 12 families. The most dominant tree species was
Brachystegia spiciformis with the abundance of almost 73% (Table 4). The Shannon-
Wiener species diversity for trees was 2.35 while Simpson index was 0.53.
Table Table Table Table 4444: : : : Abundance of tree speciesAbundance of tree speciesAbundance of tree speciesAbundance of tree species in Litumbi Forest Reservein Litumbi Forest Reservein Litumbi Forest Reservein Litumbi Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/NoS/NoS/NoS/No Botanical nameBotanical nameBotanical nameBotanical name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily AbundanceAbundanceAbundanceAbundance (%)(%)(%)(%)
1 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae 72.69
2 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae 6.48
3 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae 5.56
4 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae 3.70
5 Albizia sp. Leguminosae 2.78
6 Faurea saligna Proteaceae 2.31
7 Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae 1.85
8 Multidentia crassa Rubiaceae 1.39
9 Myrsine melanophloesa Primulaceae 0.93
10 Combretum molle Combretaceae 0.46
11 Lannea schimperi Anacardiaceae 0.46
12 Maesopsis eminii Rhamnaceae 0.46
13 Pittosporum viridiflorum Pittosporaceae 0.46
14 Zanha africana Sapindaceae 0.46
Brachystegia spiciformis had the highest stem density of 2221 while Faurea saligna had
the highest basal area of 120 (Table 5). In terms of carbon Brachystegia spiciformis had
the highest carbon stock of 4061 t/ha while Lannea schimperi had the lowest with 0.08
t/ha (Table 5). The individual tree species average carbon stock per ha was 302.69 t in
Litumbi Forest Reserve. Osyris lanceolata (African Sandalwood) a national concern tree
species was registered at Litumbi forest although only saplings. A vulnerable plant species
Duosperma livingstoniense was recorded in Litwangara forest (Appendix 2).
11
Table Table Table Table 5555: : : : Stem density and bStem density and bStem density and bStem density and basal area of Litumbi Forest Reserveasal area of Litumbi Forest Reserveasal area of Litumbi Forest Reserveasal area of Litumbi Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density Stem density Stem density Stem density
(cm(cm(cm(cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha)
Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area (cm(cm(cm(cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha) Carbon (t/ha)Carbon (t/ha)Carbon (t/ha)Carbon (t/ha)
Brachystegia spiciformis 2221 56 4061
Parinari excelsa 198 40 80
Uapaka kirkiana 170 58 42
Brachystegia boehmii 113 49 19
Albizia sp. 85 51 17
Faurea saligna 71 120 13
Ochna schweinfurthiana 57 18 2
Multidentia crassa 42 28 1
Myrsine melanophloesa 28 34 1
Pittosporum viridiflorum 14 50 0.5
Combretum molle 14 33 0.5
Maesopsis eminii 14 28 0.3
Zanha africana 14 22 0.2
Lannea schimperi 14 17 0.1
3.43.43.43.4 Litwang’ata FLitwang’ata FLitwang’ata FLitwang’ata Forestorestorestorest ReserveReserveReserveReserve, Nkomang’ombe Village, Nkomang’ombe Village, Nkomang’ombe Village, Nkomang’ombe Village
There were a total of 91 plant species belonging to 26 families in Litwang’ata Forest
Reserve. Out of all plants 21 were tree species belonging to 13 families (Table 8).
Brachystegia boehmii had the highest abundance (46.3%) while Piliostigma thonningii,
Rothmannia sp, Senna singueana and Vitex iringensis had the lowest abundance (0.4%)
in tree life form (Table 6).
Table 6Table 6Table 6Table 6. . . . AAAAbundance of bundance of bundance of bundance of ttttree species ree species ree species ree species inininin LitLitLitLitwang’atawang’atawang’atawang’ata Forest ReserveForest ReserveForest ReserveForest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania , Ludewa Tanzania , Ludewa Tanzania , Ludewa Tanzania
Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily AbundanceAbundanceAbundanceAbundance (%)(%)(%)(%)
Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae 46.3
Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae 9.7
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Phyllanthaceae 6.6
Acacia amythethophylla Leguminosae 6.2
Faurea saligna Proteaceae 5.3
Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae 3.5
Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae 3.1
Pericopsis angolensis Leguminosae 3.1
Gardenia ternifolia Rubiaceae 2.6
12
Cyphostemma junceum Vitaceae 2.2
Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae 1.8
Syzygium cordatum Myrtaceae 1.8
Dalbergia nitidula Leguminosae 1.3
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae 1.3
Lannea schimperi Anacardiaceae 1.3
Ozoroa insigns Anacardiaceae 1.3
Protea gaguedii Proteaceae 0.9
Piliostigma thonningii Leguminosae 0.4
Rothmannia sp Rubiaceae 0.4
Senna singueana Leguminosae 0.4
Vitex iringensis Lamiaceae 0.4
Likewise, Brachystegia boehmii had the highest stem density of 1485 stems/ha (Table 7).
The average stem density and basal area for a species were 153 stems/ha and 93.39
m2/ha, respectively for Litwang’ata Forest Reserve. In terms of tree species diversity the
forest had Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices of 2.11 and 0.24, respectively. Parinari
excelsa had the highest carbon stock and basal area followed by Acacia amythethophylla
(Table 7). An endangered species Impatiens gomphophylla was recorded in Litwang’ata
forest (Appendix 2).
Table 7Table 7Table 7Table 7. . . . Stem densityStem densityStem densityStem density,,,, basal area basal area basal area basal area and carbon stocks and carbon stocks and carbon stocks and carbon stocks of of of of LitLitLitLitwang’ata Forest Reserve, wang’ata Forest Reserve, wang’ata Forest Reserve, wang’ata Forest Reserve,
Ludewa TanzaniaLudewa TanzaniaLudewa TanzaniaLudewa Tanzania
Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density Stem density Stem density Stem density
((((////ha)ha)ha)ha) Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area ((((cmcmcmcm2222////ha)ha)ha)ha)
Carbon (tCarbon (tCarbon (tCarbon (t/ha/ha/ha/ha))))
Brachystegia boehmii 1485.45 124.02 25.83
Uapaca kirkiana 311 121 20 Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia 212 103 17
Acacia amythethophylla 198 160 39
Faurea saligna 170 141 36
Combretum zeyheri 113 126 20
Parinari excelsa 99 164 43
Pericorpsis angolensis 99 62 3
Gardenia ternifolia 85 131 22
Cyphostemma junceum 71 69 6
13
Syzigium cordatum 57 64 3
Ochna schweinfurthiana 57 57 3
Dalbergia nitidula 42 133 18
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon 42 74 4
Ozoroa insigns 42 59 2
Lannea schimperi 42 57 3
Protea gaguedii 28 22 0.2
Senna singueana 14 144 22
Piliostigma thonningii 14 67 3
Vitex iringensis 14 67 3
Rothmania sp 14 22 0.2
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 KKKKimelembeimelembeimelembeimelembe Forest ReserveForest ReserveForest ReserveForest Reserve, Kimelembe Village, Kimelembe Village, Kimelembe Village, Kimelembe Village
A total of 66 plant species and 26 families were recorded at Kimelembe Forest Reserve.
Of these, 26 were tree species belonging to 16 families. The most two dominant tree
species were Neoboutonia macrocalyx (38.67%) and Uapaca kirkiana (14.92%) (Table
8).
Table 8Table 8Table 8Table 8: : : : Abundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree speciespeciespeciespecies in in in in KKKKimelembe Forest Reserveimelembe Forest Reserveimelembe Forest Reserveimelembe Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)
1 Neoboutonia macrocalyx Euphorbiaceae 38.67
2 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae 14.92
3 Markhamia lutea Bignoniaceae 8.84
4 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae 4.42
5 Brachystegia bussei Leguminosae 4.42
6 Ficus sycomorus Moraceae 3.87
7 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae 3.31
8 Diospyros mespiliformis Ebenaceae 2.76
9 Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae 2.76
10 Psychotria faucicola Rubiaceae 2.21
11 Tapiphyllum discolor Rubiaceae 2.21
12 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae 1.66
13 Combretum molle Combretaceae 1.66
14 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae 1.10
15 Piliostigma thonningii Leguminosae 1.10
16 Faurea rochetiana Proteaceae 0.55
17 Garcinia livingstoniense Clusiaceae 0.55
14
18 Pericopsis angolensis Leguminosae 0.55
19 Psychotria lauracea Rubiaceae 0.55
20 Pterocarpus angolensis Leguminosae 0.55
21 Pterocarpus tinctorius Leguminosae 0.55
22 Rothmania sp Rubiaceae 0.55
23 Sorindeia madagascariensis Anacardiaceae 0.55
24 Terminalia mollis Combretaceae 0.55
25 Ximenia americana Olacaceae 0.55
26 Ziziphus mucronata Rhamnaceae 0.55
Neoboutonia macrocalyx had the highest stem density (233 stems/ha) while Ziziphus
mucronata had the highest basal area (551 cm2/ha; Table 9). Sorindeia madagascariensis
had the lowest basal area of 23 cm2/ha (Table 9). The tree species diversity was 2.30 and
0.19 for Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices showing that the forest had moderate
diversity (Table 9).
Table 9Table 9Table 9Table 9:::: Stem density and Stem density and Stem density and Stem density and bbbbasal areaasal areaasal areaasal area in in in in Kimelembe Forest ReserveKimelembe Forest ReserveKimelembe Forest ReserveKimelembe Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density Stem density Stem density Stem density
((((////ha)ha)ha)ha) Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area (cm(cm(cm(cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha)
1 Neoboutonia macrocalyx 990 98
2 Uapaca kirkiana 382 85
3 Markhamia lutea 226 83
4 Brachystegia bussei 113 86
5 Brachystegia boehmii 113 63
6 Ficus sycomorus 99 110
7 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon 85 58
8 Syzygium sp. 71 77
9 Diospyros mespiliformis 71 61
10 Psychotria faucicola 57 157
11 Tapiphyllum discolor 57 36
12 Brachystegia spiciformis 42 181
13 Combretum molle 42 54
14 Piliostigma thonningii 28 103
15 Parinari excelsa 28 51
16 Pterocarpus tinctorius 14 551
17 Ziziphus mucronata 14 233
15
18 Ximenia americana 14 191
19 Faurea rochetiana 14 148
20 Garcinia livingstoniense 14 101
21 Pterocarpus angolensis 14 92
22 Psychotria lauracea 14 82
23 Pericopsis angolensis 14 71
24 Rothmania angleriane 14 41
25 Terminalia mollis 14 39
26 Sorindeia madagascariensis 14 23
3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 Intake Intake Intake Intake Forest ReserveForest ReserveForest ReserveForest Reserve, Mas, Mas, Mas, Masimavalafu Villageimavalafu Villageimavalafu Villageimavalafu Village
There were a total of 52 plant species and 22 families in Intake Forest Reserve. Of all
recorded plant species 24 were tree species belonging to 14 families. The two most
dominant species were Brachystegia spiciformis (34.65%) and Brachystegia boehmii
(11.27%). Dalbergia boehmii, Psidium guajava, Scolopia sp. and Zanha africana were the
species with the least abundance (Table 10).
Table 10Table 10Table 10Table 10: : : : Abundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree species pecies pecies pecies in in in in the the the the Intake Forest ReserveIntake Forest ReserveIntake Forest ReserveIntake Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name FFFFamilyamilyamilyamily Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)
1 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae 34.65
2 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae 11.27
3 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae 8.45
4 Neoboutonia macrocalyx Euphorbiaceae 8.45
5 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae 5.35
6 Dalbergia nitidula Leguminosae 5.07
7 Ficus sycomorus Moraceae 4.51
8 Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae 3.94
9 Brachystegia bussei Leguminosae 3.38
10 Combretum molle Combretaceae 2.25
11 Ximenia caffra Olacaceae 2.25
12 Garcinia volkensii Clusiaceae 1.97
13 Euphorbia bongensis Euphorbiaceae 1.41
14 Pterolobium stellatum Leguminosae 1.13
15 Scolopia stolzii Salicaceae 1.13
16 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae 0.85
17 Pterocarpus angolensis Leguminosae 0.85
16
18 Vitex doniana Lamiaceae 0.85
19 Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae 0.56
20 Diospyros kirkii Ebenaceae 0.56
21 Dalbergia boehmii Leguminosae 0.28
22 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 0.28
23 Scolopia sp. Salicaceae 0.28
24 Zanha africana Sapindaceae 0.28
The Intake Forest Reserve has the tree species Shannon-Winner diversity of 2.38 and
Simpson index of 0.16 (Table 11). Brachystegia spiciformis and Brachystegia boehmii were
the two species with the highest stem density of 1740.09 and 565.88 (Table 11). Scolopia
stolzii had the highest basal area of 367.50 cm2/ha (Table 11). An endangered plant
species Duosperma trachyphyllum was registered in the Intake forest (Appendix 2).
Table Table Table Table 11111111: Stem densi: Stem densi: Stem densi: Stem density and bty and bty and bty and basal area of asal area of asal area of asal area of Intake Forest ReserveIntake Forest ReserveIntake Forest ReserveIntake Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density Stem density Stem density Stem density
((((////ha)ha)ha)ha) Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area (cm(cm(cm(cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha)
1 Brachystegia spiciformis 1740.09 123.28
2 Brachystegia boehmii 566 88
3 Neoboutonia macrocalyx 424 142
4 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon 410 73
5 Uapaca kirkiana 269 116
6 Dalbergia nitidula 255 136
7 Ficus sycomorus 226 132
8 Syzygium sp. 198 78
9 Brachystegia bussei 170 120
10 Combretum molle 113 71
11 Ximenia caffra 113 21
12 Garcinia volkensii 99 67
13 Euphorbia bongensis 71 84
14 Scolopia stolzii 57 368
15 Pterolobium stellatum 57 143
16 Pterocarpus angolensis 42 292
17 Parinari excelsa 42 76
18 Vitex doniana 42 25
19 Diospyros kirkii 28 68
20 Combretum zeyheri 28 43
17
21 Dalbergia boehmii 14 160
22 Zanha africana 14 158
23 Psidium guajava 14 60
24
14 29
3.3.3.3.7777 IIIIwela Forest Reservewela Forest Reservewela Forest Reservewela Forest Reserve, Iwela Village, Iwela Village, Iwela Village, Iwela Village
A total of 38 plant species belonging to 21 families were recorded in Iwela Forest
Reserve. Of all the plants 25 were tree species in 18 families (Table 12). The most
dominant species were Brachystegia spiciformis (54.83%) and Diplorhynchus
condylocarpon (15.94%).
Table 12Table 12Table 12Table 12: : : : Abundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree specpecpecpecies ies ies ies in Iwelain Iwelain Iwelain Iwela Forest ReserveForest ReserveForest ReserveForest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)
1 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae 54.83
2 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae 15.94
3 Ficus sycomorus Moraceae 6.04
4 Ochna mossambicensis Ochnaceae 4.59
5 Commiphora africana Burseraceae 2.42
6 Grewia fallax Malvaceae 2.17
7 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae 1.69
8 Euphorbia bongensis Euphorbiaceae 1.45
9 Neoboutonia macrocalyx Euphorbiaceae 1.45
10 Pterocarpus angolensis Leguminosae 1.45
11 Coffea canephora Rubiaceae 1.21
12 Flacourtia indica Moraceae 0.97
13 Aphloia theiformis Aphloiaceae 0.72
14 Sclerocarya birrea Anacardiaceae 0.72
15 Ximenia caffra Olacaceae 0.72
16 Euclea natalensis Ebenaceae 0.48
17 Faurea rochetiana Proteaceae 0.48
18 Hyparrhenia rufa Poaceae 0.48
19 Scolopia stolzii Salicaceae 0.48
20 Tapiphyllum discolor Rubiaceae 0.48
21 Cordia africana Boraginaceae 0.24
22 Ficus natalensis Moraceae 0.24
18
23 Landolphia kirkii Apocynaceae 0.24
24 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae 0.24
25 Vernonia karaguensis Compositae 0.24
Iwela Forest Reserve had Shannon-Winner and Simpson indices of 1.77 and 0.33 for
trees, respectively. Brachystegia spiciformis had the highest stem density (3211 stems/ha)
while Uapaca kirkiana, Ficus natalensis, Cordia africana, Vernonua karaguensis and
Landolphia kirki had the lowest stem density (in all species 14 stems/ha; Table 13).
Pterocarpus angolensis had the highest basal area of 212 cm2/ha while Landolphia kirki
had the lowest basal area of 15.56 cm2/ha (Table 13).
Table 13Table 13Table 13Table 13: Stem density and b: Stem density and b: Stem density and b: Stem density and basal area of asal area of asal area of asal area of Iwela Forest ReserveIwela Forest ReserveIwela Forest ReserveIwela Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density (Stem density (Stem density (Stem density (////ha)ha)ha)ha) Basal area (cmBasal area (cmBasal area (cmBasal area (cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha)
1 Brachystegia spiciformis 3211 111
2 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon 934 71
3 Ficus sycomorus 354 94
4 Ochna mossambicensis 269 58
5 Commiphora africana 141 87
6 Grewia fallax 127 169
7 Brachystegia boehmii 99 121
8 Pterocarpus angolensis 85 212
9 Neoboutonia macrocalyx 85 174
10 Euphorbia bongensis 85 87
11 Coffea canephora 71 20
12 Flacourtia indica 57 66
13 Aphloia theiformis 42 143
14 Sclerocarya birrea 42 97
15 Ximenia caffra 42 56
16 Faurea rochetiana 28 83
17 Hyparrhenia rufa 28 63
18 Scolopia stolzii 28 63
19 Euclea natalensis 28 36
20 Tapiphyllum discolor 28 24
21 Uapaca kirkiana 14 88
22 Ficus natalensis 14 66
23 Cordia africana 14 34
19
24 Vernonua karaguensis 14 17
25 Landolphia kirkii 14 16
3.3.3.3. BRIEF BRIEF BRIEF BRIEF DISCUSSIONDISCUSSIONDISCUSSIONDISCUSSION
Ludewa community forests are dynamic landscapes with rich plant species of
conservation importance. Of the previously reported around 10,000 plant species in
Tanzania (Myers 2000) 221 (0.02%) species occur in the studied forests. Among the
registered plants some are common species such as Brachystegia spiciformis and
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon which are typical miombo woodland species. Others are
economically and highly valued source of important nutrients and livelihoods to local
communities such as Uapaca kirkiana. There are also important species of conservation
concern to mention particularly Pterocarpus angolensis a near threatened species,
Impatiens gomphophylla and Duosperma trachyphyllum endangered species and
Duosperma livingstoniense vulnerable species, which were also recorded in the area.
Moreover, two national concern species i.e. Osyris lanceolata (African Sandalwood) and
Syzygium cordatum were recorded in some of the forests of Ludewa. Brachystegia species
were the most dominant plant species in the studied forests consistent with other studies.
This is in line with the known fact for miombo woodlands which cover large areas of
east, west and southern Tanzania. Miombo woodlands constitute a large part of the
African continent covering 2.4 million km2 of southern, central and eastern Africa
(Chidumayo & Gumbo 2010; Dewees et al. 2011). Miombo woodlands have been
reported as central to the livelihoods of millions of rural and urban dwellers for
providing fuel wood, building materials, medicines, food and ecosystem services
(Campbell et al. 2007). Not only that but also miombo woodlands offer opportunities
for emerging green economy such as those brought by REDD+ in village forest reserves.
In the studied forests Brachystegia spiciformis was found to be the overall
abundant species. It is known that miombo woodland is dominated by legume trees of
the family Fabaceae (sub-family Caesalpinaceae), belonging to the genera Brachystegia,
Julbernardia and/or Isoberlinia, with an understory dominated by C4 grasses (White
20
1983). Although miombo woodlands occur on nutrient-limited soils and at various
macro- and micro-climates they are known to harbor rich flora and fauna important
species. They are categorized as wet miombo woodlands in areas with above 1000 mm
or dry in areas with less than 1000 mm mean annual rainfall. The studied forests are dry
miombo.
A significant tree stocking was observed in the six forests. The stem density ranged
between 382-3211 stems/ha while basal area ranged between 120 and 3344 cm2/ha for
individual tree species. Of all the forests, Iwela forest reserve had Shannon-Wiener
diversity of 1.77. The presence of low diversity in Iwela suggests that this important
forest is disturbed and further disturbance should be prevented to allow restoration.
Because of the abundance and availability of biological resources including water and
Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) throughout the year, Ludewa natural forests attract
livelihood activities which may destroy critical habitats and thereby impair biodiversity. It
is known that miombo woodlands experience high disturbance that influences their
vegetation structure and compositions (Campbell et al. 1996). On the other hand, species
diversity is in part a function of the area as well as heterogeneity. The study covered only
a representative area using plots covering total of 0.83 ha. From mapping exercise (Table
1) the total area of all six surveyed forests is 16,741.5 ha. Ludewa composes of extensive
and heterogeneous areas. So given that sampling intensity is increased it could be that
data for plant community composition, stocking and structure might change.
Nevertheless, findings from this study provide for the first time basic information on
biological resources of community forests in Ludewa. It should be remembered that the
studied forests are only under the management of Village Government who are not able
to manage appropriately these forests. Experience demonstrates that Village
Governments lack effective management plans and relevant information on the natural
capital of these forests. But at the same time they are the ones supposed to protect
natural resources at local lever. It is therefore pressing that village forests are fully
protected from over exploitation and degradations caused by human activities through
for example Community Based Conservation (CBC) approaches that have so far
21
indicated to be successfully in restore forest condition and structure (Blomley et al.,
2008). Information on biological resources is important step in planning for CBFM. This
study has therefore provided the basis and significant contribution to the establishment of
Village Land Forest Reserves (VLFRs) by generating for the first time updated empirical
information on available natural capital in village forests of Ludewa, Njombe Tanzania.
22
APPENDIX 1: APPENDIX 1: APPENDIX 1: APPENDIX 1: REFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES
Beentje and Ghazanfar (2010). Flora of tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Campbell B, Angelsen A, Cunningham A, Katerere Y, Sitoe A, Wunder S. (2007).
Miombo woodlands – opportunities and barriers to sustainable forest management. Bogor, Indonesia:CIFOR.
Campbell B, Frost, P. & Byron, N. (1996). Miombo woodlands and their use: overview and key issues. Pp. 1–10 in Campbell, B. (ed.). The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor.
Chamshama et al., (2004). Chamshama, S.A.O., Mugasha, A.G. and Zahabu, E. (2004). Biomass and volume estimation for miombo woodlands at Kitulangalo, Morogoro, Tanzania. Southern Forests 200: 49-60.
Chidumayo EN, Gumbo DJ. (2010). The dry forests and woodlands of Africa. Managing for products and services. London: Earthscan.
Dewees P, Campbell B, Katerere Y, Sitoe A, Cunningham AB, Angelsen A, Wunder S. (2011). Managing the miombo woodlands of southern Africa: policies, incentives, and options for the rural poor. Washington, DC: (plus annexes: see http://www.profor.info/profor/sites/profor.info/files/MiomboAnnexes_Nov11.pdf) World Bank Program on forests (PROFOR).
Dykstra and Hernich (1992). The FAO Initiative on harvesting technologies to sustain tropical high forests pp 151-159. In: FRIM. Symposium on harvesting and Silviculture for Sustainable Forestry in the Tropics. Workshop Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur
Kindt R, Coe R (2005) Tree diversity analysis. A manual and 597 software for common statistical methods for ecological and 598 biodiversity studies. World Agroforesty Centre, Nairobi
Kleemeier, E. (2000). The Impact of Participation on sustainability: An analysis of the Malawi Rural Piped Scheme Program. World development 28: 929-944.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT) (1998). National Forest Policy. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam.
Tarimo et al. (2015). Spatial distribution of temporal dynamics in anthropogenic fires in miombo savanna woodlands of Tanzania. Carbon Balance and Management 10:18
Myers, N., R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. da Fonseca, and J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858
Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) (2015). National Forest Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA) of Tanzania Mainland main results. Pg 106.
Haines R. and Lye K. (1983). The sedges and rushes of East Africa. East African Natural History Society, Nairobi
Polhill (1988). Flora of tropical East Africa: index of collecting localities. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
23
Blomley et al., (2008). Seeing the wood for the trees: an assessment of the impact of participatory forest management on forest condition in Tanzania. Oryx, 42(3), 380–391
24
APPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAAPPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAAPPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAAPPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAGEGEGEGE FORFORFORFOREEEESTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIASTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIASTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIASTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIA 1.1.1.1. MVAVA FOREST RESERVEMVAVA FOREST RESERVEMVAVA FOREST RESERVEMVAVA FOREST RESERVE
Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species
S/No. Scientific name Families
1 Chamaecrista mimosoides Fabaceae
2 Cyphostemma junceum Vitaceae
3 Dolichos kilimandscharicus Leguminosae
4 Eriosema montanum Leguminosae
5 Fadogia ancylantha Rubiaceae
6 Galactia argentifolia Leguminosae
7 Heteromorpha trifoliata Apiaceae)
8 Indigofera mimosoides Leguminosae
9 Inulaglomerata Compositae
10 Mucuna stans Leguminosae
11 Multidentia crassa Rubiaceae
12 Psoralea foliosa Leguminosae
Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses
S/No. Scientific name Family
1 Acalypha volkensii Euphorbiaceae
2 Agathisanthem umbojeri Rubiaceae
3 Aspiliapluriseta Compositae
4 Biophytum abyssinicum Oxalidaceae
5 Cassythafiliformis Lauraceae
6 Chamaecrista mimosoides Leguminosae
7 Combretum molle Combretaceae
8 Commelina sp. Commelinaceae
9 Cynodon nlemfuensis Poaceae
10 Duosperma livingstoniense Acanthaceae
11 Eriosema pentaphyllum Leguminosae
12 Eriosema pseudostrinctum Leguminosae
13 Habenaria sp. Orchidaceae
Helichrysumodoratissimum Compositae
15 Helichrysum sp. Compositae
25
16 Hyparrenia cymbaria Poaceae
17 Impatiens assurgens Balsaminaceae
18 Indigoferamimosoides Leguminosae
19 Inulaglomerata Compositae
20 Justiciabetonica Acanthaceae
21 Leptochloauniflora Poaceae
22 Loudetiaarundinacea Poaceae
23 Murdannia simplex Commelinaceae
24 Ocimumdecumbens Lamiaceae
25 Ocimum sp. Lamiaceae
26 Panicumsp Poaceae
27 Phyllanthusfischeri Phyllanthaceae
28 Pleurostyliaafricana Celastraceae
29 Rottboelliaexaltata Poaceae
30 Scleriapergracilis Cyperaceae
31 Spermacocedibrachiata Rubiaceae
32 Sphaerocyperuserinaceus Cyperaceae
33 Sphenostylisstenocarpa Leguminosae
34 Sphenostylisstenocarpa Leguminosae
35 Sporobolu spyramidalis Poaceae
36 Teramnus labialis Poaceae
37 Themeda triandra Poaceae
38 Thunbergia alata Acanthaceae
39 Vernonia purpurea Compositae
40 Vernonia karaguensis Compositae
Regenerants Regenerants Regenerants Regenerants
S/No. Scientific name Family
1 Aspiliapluriseta Compositae
2 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae
3 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae
4 Bridelia micrantha Phyllanthaceae
5 Combretum molle Commelinaceae
6 Duosperma livingstoniense Acanthaceae
7 Faurea saligna Proteaceae
8 Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae
9 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae
26
10 Pericopsis angolensis Leguminosae
11 Psorospermum febrifugum Hypericaceae
12 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae
2.2.2.2. LITUMBI FOREST RESERVELITUMBI FOREST RESERVELITUMBI FOREST RESERVELITUMBI FOREST RESERVE
Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species
S/No Scientific name Family
1 Duospermalivingstoniense Acanthaceae
2 Indigoferamimosoides Leguminosae
3 Mucunastans Leguminosae
4 Multidentiacrassa Rubiaceae
5 Osyris lanceolata Rubiaceae
6 Psoraleafoliosa Leguminosae
7 Rytigniamonantha Zingiberaceae
Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses
S/No Name Families
1 Acacia amythethophylla Leguminosae
2 Acalypha volkensii Euphorbiaceae
3 Aloe vera Xanthorrhoeaceae
4 Andropogon schirensis Poaceae
5 Aspilia pluriseta Compositae
6 Commelina sp. Commelinaceae
7 Crepis newii Compositae
8 Cyphostemma junceum Vitaceae
9 Elephanto pusscaber Compositae
10 Eragrostis exasperata Poaceae
11 Eriosema pentaphyllum Leguminosae
12 Fadogia eliskensii Rubiaceae
13 Heteromorph atrifoliata Apiaceae
14 Hyparrhenia cymbaria Poaceae
15 Inula glomerata Compositae
16 Justicia betonica Acanthaceae
17 Lefebvrea stuhlmannii Apiaceae
18 Leptochloa uniflora Poaceae
19 Ocimum decumbens Lamiaceae
27
20 Ocimum obovatum var. obovatum
Lamiaceae
21 Panicum sp. Poaceae
22 Phyllanthus fischeri Phyllanthaceae
23 Piloselloide shirsuta Compositae
24 Satyrium fimbriatum Orchidaceae
25 Scleria pergracilis Cyperaceae
26 Spermacoce dibrachiata Rubiaceae
27 Sphenostylis stenocarp Leguminosae
28 Themeda triandra Poaceae
29 Thunbergia alata Acanthaceae
30 Triumfetta rhomboidea Malvacea
31 Vernonia stenocephala Compositae
Regenerants species Regenerants species Regenerants species Regenerants species
S/No. Name Families
1 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae
2 Multidentiacrassa Rubiaceae
3 Olinia usambarensis Penaeaceae
4 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae
5 Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae
3.3.3.3. LITWANGATA FOREST RESERVELITWANGATA FOREST RESERVELITWANGATA FOREST RESERVELITWANGATA FOREST RESERVE
Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species
S/No Shrubrich Families
1 Aspiliapluriseta Compositae
2 Cryptosepalummaraviense Leguminosae
3 Cyphostemmajunceum Vitaceae
4 Desmodiumbarbatum Leguminosae
5 Droogmansiapteropus Leguminosae
6 Emilia coccinea Compositae
7 Fadogiaancylantha Rubiaceae
8 Heteromorph atrifoliata Apiaceae
9 Indigofera mimosoides Leguminosae
10 Lippiaabyssinica Verbenaceae
11 Loudetiaarundinacea Poaceae
28
12 Mucunastans Leguminosae
13 Multidentiacrassa Rubiaceae
14 Psoraleafoliosa Leguminosae
15 Psorospermumfebrifugum Hypericaceae
16 Psychotriamiombicola Rubiaceae
17 Thunbergialanciflora Acanthaceae
Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses
S/No. Scientific name Families
1 Acacia amythethophylla Leguminosae
2 Acalyphavolkensii Euphorbiaceae
3 Agathisanthemumbojeri Rubiaceae
4 Alysicarpuszeyheri Leguminosae
5 Andropogonschirensis Poaceae
6 Argyrolobiumfischeri Leguminosae
7 Aspiliapluriseta Compositae
8 Bewsiabiflora Poaceae
9 Chamaecristamimosoides Leguminosae
10 Clematopsisscabiosifolia Ranunculaceae
11 Commelinaafricana Commelinaceae
12 Cyperuscyperoides Cyperaceae
13 Cyperusdubius Cyperaceae
14 Cyphostemmajunceum Vitaceae
15 Duospermacrenatum Acanthaceae
16 Elephantopusscaber Compositae
17 Emilia coccinea Compositae
18 Eriosema pentaphyllum Leguminosae
19 Galium spurium Rubiaceae
20 Gnidiafastigia Thymelaeaceae
21 Habenaria sp. Orchidaceae
22 Heteropogon contortus Poaceae
23 Humulariamultifoliata Leguminosae
24 hyparrhenia sp. Poaceae
25 Impatiens gomphophylla Balsaminaceae
26 Inula glomerata Compositae
27 Justicia betonica Acanthaceae
28 Leptochloauniflora Poaceae
29
29 Loudetiaarundinacea Poaceae
30 Murdannia simplex Commelinaceae
31 Ocimumdecumbens Lamiaceae
32 Ocimumfimbriatus Lamiaceae
33 Ocimumovatum Lamiaceae
34 Panicumclaytonii Poaceae
35 Panicumsp Poaceae
36 Phyllanthusfischeri Phyllanthaceae
37 Phyllanthusmaderapatensis Phyllanthaceae
38 Pimpinelaoreophila Apiaceae
39 Plectranthus sp. Lamiaceae
40 Scleriapergracilis Cyperaceae
41 Senecioerubescens Compositae
42 Seneciosubsessilis Compositae
43 Spermacoceprincea Rubiaceae
44 Sphaerocyperuserinaceus Cyperaceae
45 Sphenostylisstenocarpa Leguminosae
46 Teramnus labialis Leguminosae
47 Themeda triandra Poaceae
48 Thunbergia alata Acanthaceae
49 Thunbergia kirkiana Acanthaceae
50 Triumfetta rhomboidea Malvaceae
51 Vernonia glabra Compositae
52 Vernonia glomerata Compositae
53 Vernonia purpurea Compositae
54 Vernonia sp. Compositae
55 Vernoniastenocephala Compositae
Regenerants species Regenerants species Regenerants species Regenerants species
S/No. Scientific name Family
1 Acacia sp. Leguminosae
2 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae
3 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae
4 Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae
5 Cyphostemma junceum Vitaceae
6 Dombeya rotundifolia Malvaceae
7 Faurea saligna Proteaceae
30
8 Lannea schimperi Anacardiaceae
9 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae
10 Pseudolachnostylisma prouneifolia
Phyllanthaceae
11 Rothmania sp. Rubiaceae
12 Uapacakirkiana Phyllanthaceae
4.4.4.4. INTAKE FOREST RESERVEINTAKE FOREST RESERVEINTAKE FOREST RESERVEINTAKE FOREST RESERVE
Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species
S/No. Scientific name Family
1 Cryptosepalummaraviense Leguminosae
2 Dyschoristetanzaniensis Acanthaceae
3 Eriosema ellipticum Leguminosae
4 Fadogiellastigmatoloba Rubiaceae
5 Laggerabrevipes Compositae
6 Leucasgrandis Lamiaceae
7 Multidentiacrassa Rubiaceae
8 Peristrophebicalyculata Acanthaceae
9 Tapiphyllumcinerascens Rubiaceae
10 Tephrosian octiflora Leguminosae
Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses
S/No. Scientific name Family
1 Acalypha volkensii Euphorbiaceae
2 Cissuspseudoguerkeana Vitaceae
3 Commelina erecta Commelinaceae
4 Cyperussp Cyperaceae
5 Cyphostemmasp Vitaceae
6 Digitariasp Poaceae
7 Duosperma trachyphyllum Acanthaceae
8 Gutenbergia cordifolia Compositae
9 Helichrysum kirkii Compositae
10 Loudetia arundinacea Poaceae
11 Panicum maximum Poaceae
12 Schizachyrium exile Poaceae
31
13 Striga pubiflora Orobanchaceae
RegenerantsRegenerantsRegenerantsRegenerants
5.5.5.5. IWELA FOREIWELA FOREIWELA FOREIWELA FOREST RESERVEST RESERVEST RESERVEST RESERVE
Shrub species of Iwela Forest ReserveShrub species of Iwela Forest ReserveShrub species of Iwela Forest ReserveShrub species of Iwela Forest Reserve
S/No. Scientific name Family
1 Chlorophytum comosum Asparagaceae
2 Cordia africana Boraginaceae
3 Euclea divinorum Ebenaceae
4 Fadogia sp. Rubiaceae
5 Justicia nyassana Acanthaceae
6 Markhamia lutea Bignoniaceae
7 Millettia sp. Leguminosae
8 Sclerochiton vogelii Acanthaceae
Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses
S/No. Scientific name Family
1 Diospyros sp Ebenaceae
2 Euclea divinorum Ebenaceae
S/No. Scientific name Family
1 Brachystegia bussei Leguminosae
2 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae
3 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae
4 Garcinia volkensii Clusiaceae
5 Neoboutonia macrocalyx Euphorbiaceae
6 Syzygium guineense Myrtaceae
7 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae
32
Regenerants Regenerants Regenerants Regenerants
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily
1 Acacia sp Leguminosae
2 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae
3 Commiphora sp Burseraceae
4 Diospyros fischeri Ebenaceae
5 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae
6 Ximenia caffra Olacaceae
6.6.6.6. KIMELEMBE FOREST RESERVEKIMELEMBE FOREST RESERVEKIMELEMBE FOREST RESERVEKIMELEMBE FOREST RESERVE
Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species
S/No. Scientific name Family
1 Acalypha ornata Euphorbiaceae
2 Aspilia sp. Compositae
3 Capparisfascicularis Capparaceae
4 Catunaregam spinosa Rubiaceae
5 Cryptosepalum maraviense Leguminosae
6 Diospyros fischeri Ebenaceae
7 Eriosema ellipticum Leguminosae
8 Fadogiasp Rubiaceae
9 Fadogia triphylla Rubiaceae
10 Helichrysum kirkii Compositae
11 Indigofera trita Leguminosae
12 Kohautia coccinea Rubiaceae
13 Kotschya uguenensis Leguminosae
14 Ochna mossambicensis Ochnaceae
15 Psychotria amboniana Rubiaceae
16 Sclerochiton vogelii Acanthaceae
17 Securinegavirosa Phyllanthaceae
18 Spermacocedibrachiata Rubiaceae
19 Turraeamombassana Meliaceae
20 Vigna kilimanjarica Leguminosae
33
Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses
S/No. Scientific name Families
1 Asparagus humilis Asparagaceae
2 Beciumo bovatum Lamiaceae
3 Chlorophytum comosum Asparagaceae
4 Crossandra pungens Acanthaceae
5 Heteropogon contortus Poaceae
6 Hyparrhenia rufa Poaceae
7 Justicia linearispica Acanthaceae
8 Justicia nyassana Acanthaceae
9 Microchloa indica Poaceae
10 Oplismenuscompositus Poaceae
11 Schizachyrium exile Poaceae
12 Scleriadistans Cyperaceae
13 Spermacocedibrachiata Rubiaceae
14 Sphaerocyperuserinaceus Cyperaceae
15 Vernonia hildebrandtii Compositae
16 Vernonia miombicola Compositae
17 Vignavexillata Leguminosae
Regenerants species Regenerants species Regenerants species Regenerants species
S/No. Scientific name Family
1 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae
2 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae
3 Bridelia catharatica Phyllanthaceae
4 Catuna regamspinosa Rubiaceae
5 Cordia africana Boraginaceae
6 Diospyrossp Ebenaceae
7 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae
8 Neoboutonia macrocalyx Euphorbiaceae
9 Psychotria faucicola Rubiaceae
10 Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae
11 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae
12 Ximenia americana Olacaceae