plant biotechnology
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Plant Biotechnology. Chapter 6 Fall 2008. CO 2 + H 2 O →C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. Agriculture: The Next Revolution. Biggest industry in the world ($1.3 trillion of products per year) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Plant Biotechnology
Chapter 6Fall 2008
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CO2 + H2O →C6H12O6 + O2
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Agriculture: The Next Revolution Biggest industry in the world ($1.3 trillion of
products per year) Plant transgenesis allows innovations that are
impossible to achieve with conventional hybridization methods (e.g. conventional -> strength of cotton 1.5%; insertion of a single gene > strength 60%!) Resistant to herbicides Pest resistant Vaccines
74% of all soybean crops are genetically modified
32% of all corn
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Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis
Unique advantages of plants: The long history of plant breeding provides
plant geneticists with a wealth of strains that can be exploited at the molecular level
Plants produce large no.s of progeny; so rare mutations and recombinations can be found more easily
Plants have been regenerative capabilities, even from one cell
Species boundaries and sexual compatibility are no longer an issue
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Protoplast Fusion (figure 6.2)
When injured, a mass of cells called a callus may grow over the site
Callus cells have the capability to redifferentiate into shoots and roots
Must remove the cellulose around these cells before DNA can be introduced; produce a protoplast
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Leaf Fragment Technique (figures 6.3 & 6.4)
Small discs of leaf incubated with genetically modified Agrobacter Ti plasmid
Treat with hormones to stimulate shoot and root development
Limitation: cannot infect monocotyledonous plants only dicotyledonous such as tomatoes, potatoes, apples and soybeans
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Gene Guns
Use on Agrobacter-resistant crops Blast tiny metal beads coated with DNA
into an embryonic plant cell (figure 6.5) Aim at the nucleus or a chloroplast Shoot in gene of interest and a gene marker
(reporter) Why is it more advantageous to genetically
alter chloroplasts vs the nucleus? More genes can be inserted at one time, more
likely to be expressed, DNA is separate from the nucleus (figure 6.6)
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Antisense Technology
Flavr SavrTM tomato introduced in 1994 Ripe tomatoes normally produce the
enzyme, polyglacturonase (PG) which digests pectin
Scientists isolated gene, produced a complementary gene which produces a complementary mRNA that binds to the normal mRNA inactivating the normal mRNA for this enzyme (figure 6.7)
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RNA interference
Inhibits gene expression by interfering with transcription or translation of RNA molecules
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3210/02.html
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Practical Applications in the Field (table 6.1)
Vaccines for Plants (figure 6.8) Genetic Pesticides
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Safe Storage (avidin-blocks the
availability of biotin for insects) Herbicide Resistance –resistant to
glyphosate (figure 6.10) Stronger fibers (already mentioned) Enhanced Nutrition Golden Rice (vit A)
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The Future: From Pharmaceuticals to Fuel
Plant-based petroleum for fuels, alternatives to rubber, nicotine-free tobacco, etc
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Metabolic Engineering
Manipulation of plant biochemistry to produce nonprotein products or to alter cellular properties
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Health and Environmental Concerns
Human Health Allergens
Environment Super weeds