plant interactions and limitations to growth
DESCRIPTION
Plant interactions and limitations to growth. TULIP POPLAR. VIRGINIA PINE. MESIC SOIL. DRY SOIL. MESIC SOIL. DRY SOIL. GROWING TOGETHER. MESIC SOIL. DRY SOIL. Height. Mesic. Dry. Wet. Modified from Ellenberg, 1963. Niche Theory. Fundamental Niche Realized Niche. Height. Mesic. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Plant interactions and limitations to growth
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GROWING TOGETHER
DRY SOIL DRY SOIL
DRY SOIL
MESIC SOIL MESIC SOIL
MESIC SOIL
VIRGINIA PINETULIP POPLAR
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Height
Dry WetMesic
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Modified from Ellenberg, 1963
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Niche Theory
• Fundamental Niche
• Realized Niche
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Height
Dry WetMesic
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Site Sensitive / Site Insensitive
• No tree ‘likes’ a bad site• Where you see a tree is where it
reproduced and survived• Many examples of trees in the ‘wrong’
place
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Communities• Mutualism
– Animals – plants- plants and animals
• Competition– Primary model for this course
• Facilitation– Focus of much current research
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Mutualism
• Organisms depend on each other• Communities become a ‘reproducing’
entity• Common in animals
– Food pyramid– Plants don’t eat each other
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Competition• Survival of the fittest• Gene – environment interaction• Probabilities• Ultimately natural selection
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Facilitation• One plant ‘helps’ another with no
detriment to itself• Interaction must be close to selective
neutral for ‘helper’• Role of mycorrhizae
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Climax theory• Historic role of ‘superorganism’
– No way for natural selection to work– Many examples showing this does not hold– Has greatly (negatively) impacted forest
management
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Growth Factors• Light
• Water
• Nutrients
• Others?
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Photosynthesis
• Chlorophyl in the foliage
• Chloroplasts
• Sun foliage/shade foliage
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Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2OC6H12O6 + 6 O2
SUNLIGHT
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Photosynthate
C6H12O6
“Stuff”
Energy
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Respiration
C6H12O6
+ O2
CO2 + H2O
(Not
balanced)
ENERGY
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Light
• PAR–Photosynthetical Active Radiation
• Sun foliage/ shade foliage
• Shade tolerance
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20%
LIGHT
0%
PsSun foliage
Shade foliage
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20%
LIGHT
0%
PsSun foliage
Shade foliage
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Shade Tolerance
Ps
Light
Shade tolerant
Shade intolerant
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Water
• Input
• Soil
• Stomates
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Perc
ent S
oil W
ater
Heaviness of Texture
Field Capacity Available Water
Unavailable Water
From Brady, 1974
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AETPET
Precipitation
Water Input
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Rainfall Consistent
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Cold Hot
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Stomatal Behaviour• Internal moisture stress
– Drought avoiders
– Drought endurers
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Nutrients
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Law of the Minimum
• Growth is limited by whatever factor is most need
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Nitrogen
Potential Grow
th
Actual G
rowth
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Law of Compensation
• The addition of one factor can
increase the efficiency that a tree
uses another factor
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Law of Compensation
With P
Amount of N
Gro
wth
Rat
e
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Rule of Efficacy• Diminishing returns
Gro
wth
Amount of “X”
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Nutrient Cycling
• Availability• CEC• Weathering• Mineralization• C:N• Nutrient capital• Translocation
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Nutrients
• Nitrogen fixers
• Mycorrhizae
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Temperature
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Growing Space• Sunlight
• Water
• Nutrients
• Physical space
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• Total growing space
• Available growing space
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Total growing space
• Depends on time and place
– Macro and Micro conditions
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Available Growing Space
• Grow
• Regeneration
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Thinned
Unthinned
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LatewoodEarlywood
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No Available Growing Space
• Repartition
• Competition
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Priorities for Photosynthate
1. Respiration2. Foliage – Fine Roots3. {Reproduction}4. Primary Growth5. Secondary Growth – Secondary
Compounds
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• Photosynthesis > Respiration ?–GROW
• Photosynthesis < Respiration ?–DIE
• Photosynthesis = Respiration ?–NOT A LONG TERM
CHOICE
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Volume
• Wood formation (total volume) is:
[ (Photosynthesis-Respiration)]
- Allocation
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Where Does It Go? Respiration
Increment
Dominant Tree 26% 42%
Co-dominant Tree 29% 41%
Suppressed Tree 50% 8%[ash stand in Denmark]