plant life cycles plant evolution descendants from green algae (~450mya) –c–contain cellulose in...
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Plant Life Cycles
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Plant Evolution• Descendants from green
algae (~450mya)
– Contain cellulose in cell walls
– Contain chlorophyll
– Starch stored
• Land Plants Must Overcome
– Drying out
– Gas exchange
– Nutrient transport system
– Support
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Land adaptations• Cuticle: Waxy coating
prevents water loss• Stomata: pores that
open/close to permit gas exchange
• Roots & Stems: support• Vascular system: tissue
that transports nutrients– Nutrients & water go up
plant– Sugars go down the
plant
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General Plant Life Cycle• Alternation of
generations• Gametophyte
(haploid)– Begins with spores
created by meiosis– Mature
gametophyte grows by mitosis
– Male & female organs
– Sperm & egg created
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General Plant Life Cycle• Sporophyte
(diploid)– Begins when
sperm fertilizes egg (zygote)
– Zygote divide by mitosis to create a mature sporophyte
– Meiosis produces haploid cells
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Mosses• Nonvascular,
seedless• Grow low to ground
to retain moisture• Lack true leaves
– Leaf-like structures only 1 cell thick
• Rhizoids anchor into soil
• Early inhabitant of new ecosystems (succession)
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Moss Life Cycle• Gametophyte phase– Dominant stage
– Carpet of moss growing near ground
• Archegonium: produces female egg
• Antheridium: produces male sperm
– Sperm swims through water to fertilize egg
• Sporophyte phase– Stalk grows up from
the gametophyte
– Sporangia houses haploid spores
– Spores land and new gametophyte grows
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Ferns
• Seedless, vascular plants– Vascular: allows taller growth
• Rhizoids: underground stems draw nutrients• Fronds: leaves uncurl
– sporangia on underside• Sori: sporangia
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Fern Life Cycle• Sporophyte phase
– Dominant stage– Sporangia produces
haploid spores– Spores released into air
• Gametophyte phase– Spore grows into
prothallus• Archegonium: produces
female egg• Antheridium: produces male
sperm
– Sperm swims to egg– Zygote begins sporophyte
stage
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Conifers• Seed advantages
– Don’t depend on water
– Protects & nourishes embryo
– Allow plants to grow in new locations
• Conifers: woody cone houses seeds– Male cones: produce
pollen– Female cones:
produce egg
• Pines, redwoods, spruce, cedar
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Conifer Life Cycle• Sporophyte phase
– Cones grow on tree– Female cones
• Megaspores inside archegonia (gametophyte)
– Male cones• Microspores (gametophyte)
released from antheridia• sticks to archegonium• Pollen tube grows from
pollen• Sperm travels down pollen
tube (zygote/seed created)• Sporophyte stage restarts
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male
female
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Flowers• Reproductive
structure of flowering plants
• Sepals– outer ring of leaves– protection
• Petals– Inner ring of leaves – Brightly colored to
attract pollinators• Open petals & sepals
reveal male and female structures
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Flowers • Female Carpal– Inner most part– Ovary: within the
base (female gametophyte)
– Style: long stalk– Stigma: sticky
tip, collects pollen
• Male Stamen– Surrounds carpal– Filaments: long
stalks– Anther: produces
pollen (male gametophyte)
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• 1) Flower matures and opens
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• 2) Microspores (male gametophytes) created in the anthers
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In the Anthers
• Meiosis makes 4 microspores
• In each microspore
– Nucleus splits in two
– 1 nucleus: forms pollen tube
– 1 nucleus: splits again to make 2 more nuclei
• 1 nucleus: fertilizes the egg
• 1 nucleus: fuses to make endosperm
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• 3) Microspores continue to develop
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• 4) Ovaries divide by meiosis to create megaspore
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In the Ovules• Meiosis makes 4
megaspores (only 1 survives)
• In megaspore– Mitosis creates 8 nuclei– 1 nucleus: egg cell– 2 nuclei: form embryo
sac– 5 nuclei: disintegrate
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Microspore lands on stigma
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• 5 & 6) Pollen tube grows from pollen– Two sperm nuclei follow down the pollen tube
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• 7) Double fertilization:– 1 sperm nuclei fuses w/ egg (zygote created)
– 1 sperm nuclei fuses w/ the embryo sac (endosperm created)
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• 8) Ovule hardens to form seed
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Seed germinates
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Fruit Production
• In the seed– Embryo– Endosperm
• Surrounding ovary grows into a fruit
• Fruit attracts animals to eat and spread the seeds Fruit seeds in fox droppings
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End of the Semester!