plant morphology michael g. simpson plant structure terms used for a specific structure/organ
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Plant Morphology
Michael G. Simpson
Plant Structure Terms
Used for a specific structure/organ
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Plant Habit= general form of a plant, encompassing stem duration and
branching pattern, development, or texture.
Herb - plant with annual above-ground parts
Geophyte - perennial herb with rootstock
Vine - weak stemmed
Liana - woody vine
Shrub - woody, multiple stems from base
Subshrub - woody just above ground
Tree - woody, one trunk
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Plant Duration= how long a plant lives.
Annual- ≤ 1 year
Biennial- 2 years
Perennial- 3 or more years
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Plant Habitat= environment where plant lives.
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Submersed
Floating
Emergent
Epiphytic
Saxicolous
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Plant Life Form= structure, life cycle, physiology.
Therophyte – annual
Geophyte – perennial herb
Epiphyte – plant growing on another plant
Halophyte – salt-adapted plants
Succulent – plant with fleshy leaves or stems
Xerophyte – plant living in dry, hot environments
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Roots
Function - absorption, anchorage
Structure - rootcap, root hairs, endodermis
Adventitious roots - arise from non-root organ
Lateral roots - arise from another root (1˚, 2˚, etc.)
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Root Types/Parts
taproot fibrous prop haustorial
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Root Types/Parts
storage roots Raphanus sativus, radish
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Root Types/Parts
buttress roots Ficus rubiginosa, rusty-leaved fig
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Root Types/Parts
pneumatophores Avicennia germinans, black mangrove
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Root Types/Parts
prop roots (also adventitious)
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Shoot
= stem + associated leaves
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Each leaf primordium develops into one leaf.
Caryota sp. Arecaceae
ca. 20 feet long!
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Stem (Shoot) Types
areole bulb caudex caudiciform stem
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Stem (Shoot) Types
cladode corm culm fascicle/short shoot
rhizome
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Stem (Shoot) Types
scape stolon/runner thorn tiller tendril tuber
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Stem (Shoot) Types
pachycaul pseudobulb
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Stem Habit=relative position of stem (+ growth, structure)
acaulescent caulescent cespitose
prostrate
repent
arborescent suffrutescent decumbent
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Stem Branching Pattern
monopodial dichotomous
sympodial
sympodial
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Twig Structure
collateral superposed
pseudoterminal naked infrapetiolar
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Leaf Structural Type
bractbractlets
scale
phyllodespine tendril (leaf) unifacial leaf
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Leaf Structural Type
Bract (flower) Epicalyx Bud Scale
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Leaf Structural Type
Phyllode - Acacia spp. (Fabaceae)
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Leaf Structural Type
Tendril - Lathyrus (Fabaceae)
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Leaf Structural Type
Stipular Spine - Euphorbia spp. (Euphorbiaceae)
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Leaf Structural Type
Petiolar Spine - Fouquieria splendens Ocotillo (Fouquieriaceae)
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Leaf Structural Type
Leaf Spine (arising from areole) - Cactaceae
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Sharp things
thorn - sharp-pointed stem/shoot (fr. axillary bud)
spine - sharp-pointed leaf or leaf part leaf spine (also leaflet spine) stipular spine petiolar spine
prickle - sharp pointed epidermal appendage
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Leaf Structural Type
Pitcher Leaf - Nepenthes (Nepenthac.) Sarracenia (Sarraceniac.)
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Leaf Structural Type
Tentacular Leaf - Drosera spp Sundew (Droseraceae)
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Leaf Structural Type
Trap Leaf - Dionaea muscipula Venus Fly Trap (Droseraceae)
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Leaf Structural Type
Dionaea muscipula Venus Fly Trap (Droseraceae)
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Leaf Structural Type
unifacial
Iris sp.
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Seismonasty
Mimosa pudica Fabaceae
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Leaf Type / Parts
simple pinnatelycompound
imparipinnate
paripinnate bipinnatelycompound
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Leaf Type / Parts
ternately compound= trifoliolate
palmate-ternate pinnate-ternate biternately compound
palmatelycompound
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Leaf Type / Parts
unifoliolate
geminate
bigeminate geminate-pinnate costa-palmate
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petiolate sessile sheathing decurrent amplexicaul perfoliate connate-perfoliate
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Leaf Venation
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Leaf Venation
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