plant nutrients
DESCRIPTION
Plant Nutrients. Jason Gehrke 2164A, B, E, F, G. Macro Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Calcium Sulfur. Micro Boron Copper Chlorine Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Zinc Iron. Macro/Micro Nutrients. Nitrogen Amino acid synthesis Proteins Chlorophyll Enzymes. Phosphorus - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Plant Nutrients
Jason Gehrke
2164A, B, E, F, G
Macro/Micro Nutrients
• Macro– Nitrogen
– Phosphorus
– Potassium
– Magnesium
– Calcium
– Sulfur
• Micro– Boron
– Copper
– Chlorine
– Manganese
– Molybdenum
– Nickel
– Zinc
– Iron
Macro-Nutrients
• Nitrogen– Amino acid synthesis
– Proteins
– Chlorophyll
– Enzymes
• Phosphorus– Storage and transfer of
energy as ATP
– Proteins
– Co-enzymes
– Make phospholipids and nucleic acids
Macro-Nutrients
• Potassium– Maintain plant cell
structure (turgidity)
– Plant cell processes• Enzyme activation
• Sugar translocation
• Magnesium– Central atom of the
chlorophyll molecule
– Aids in phosphorus uptake
Macro-Nutrients
• Calcium– Maintains Plant cell
walls and cell division
• Sulfur– Required for several
amino acids
– Cell respiration
– Crucial for protein synthesis
Deficienies
• Color– Yellowing of leaves (chlorosis)
• Nitrogen
• Potassium
• Plant Stunting
• Decrease in flower budding
• Decrease in Plant Size
MicroNutrients
• Boron– Flowering, fruiting,
cell division
– Translocation of sugars in plants
• Copper– Chlorophyll synthesis
– Catalyst for respiration
– Catalyst for carbohydrate and protein metabolism
MicroNutrients
• Manganese– Crucial in chlorophyll
synthesis
– Phosphorylation
– Activation of enzymes
– Carbohydrate metabolism
• Molybdenum– Protein Synthesis
– Required by some enzymes
MicroNutrients
• Zinc– An enzyme activator
– Chlorophyll production
• Iron– Enzyme reactions
– Chlorophyll production
Nutrient Uptake
• Process– Minerals dissolve in water and become small
electrically charged particles (ions)– Soil surface is negatively charged– Positive minerals bind to negative soil surface– Water displaces the minerals in the soil – Free minerals are absorbed by plant root cells
pH
• Indicates the level of acidity or alkalinity– Acidity pH < 7 (less than)– Alkalinity pH > 7 (greater then)
• Plants prefer soil pH around 6.0-7.0• Many nutrients are abundant in this range• pH preference is different for each plant• Low pH can kill microorganism
Example: nitrogen fixing bacteria
pH and Nutrient Availability
www.avocadosource.com/ tools/FertCalc_files/pH.htm
Nutrient Sources
• Natural Organisms
• Crop Residues
• Animal Wastes
• Commercial Fertilizers
Nutrient Sources
• Natural Organisms– Nodulation– Mycorrhiza
http://www.arspb.org/publications/soy97/rootc.jpg
Nodulation
• Symbiotic relationship is Mutualism between legume plants roots and bacteria
• Rhizobacteria- living soil bacteria convert nitrogen gas N2 to ammonia NH3
• Attach to root hairs of plants and plant roots curl around them
• Bacteria stimulate the root cortex cells to divide – Form a nodule www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/ program/ub2002/rhiz_host.htm
Nodulation
• Nodule is a modified lateral root with own meristem and vascular tissue.
• 1/3 of nitrogen for plant comes from fixation
• 3 different rhizobacteria, each specific to a legume species
http://www.legumetechnology.co.uk/Pics/bi1.jpg
Mycorrhiza
• Symbiotic relationship is Mutualism
• Fungal hyphae closely associate with active root
• Fungus uses photosynthates flowing from shoot to root as a source of food
• Plant receives phosphate taken up by mycorrhiza from the soil • http://www.apsnet.org/education/
IllustratedGlossary/PhotosI-M/mycorrhiza.jpg
Crop Residues
• Left over crops are chopped up and plowed under soil
• Corn stalks• Alfalfa• Sunflowers
http://abe.www.ecn.purdue.edu/~epados/erosbmp/images/cropresi.jpg
Animal Wastes
• Animal wastes differ with different – Animal types
– Feeds fed to animals
– Human handling (dry or wet storage)
www.ontariocorn.org/.../ soilccr_mcropres.htm
Commercial Fertilizers
• Types– Dry granules
– Liquids
– Gas
• Grades– (N-P-K)
www.ars.org/About_Roses/ fertilizing_food.htm
Examples
• Nitrogen – Ammonium Nitrate (33-0-0) dry granules– Urea (45-0-0) dry granules– Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0) dry granules
• Phosphorus– Super phosphate (0-20-0) contains 24% sulfur
• Potassium– Potassium chloride (0-0-62) dry granules
10-10-10
http://www.agr.state.nc.us/cyber/kidswrld/plant/Fertbag.GIF
Conversions
• Nitrogen– No conversion needed 100% nitrogen
• Phosphorus is in the form P2O5– Atomic weight P=31, O=16– 2(31) + 5(16) = 142– P = %P/total weight, so 62/142 = 0.44– P= 44% of P2O5
• Potassium is in the form K2O– Atomic weight K=39.1, O=16– 2(39.1) + (16) = 94.2– K = %/K/total weight, so 78.2/94.2 = 0.83– K= 83% of P2O5
Example Conversion 10-25-30
In 1500 lbs of Fertilizer
N= 1500 x .10 = 150 lbs
P2O5= 1500 x .25 = 375 lbs
K2O= 1500 x .30 = 450 lbs
Example Conversion 10-25-30
In 1500 lbs of Fertilizer
N= 1500 x .10 = 150 lbs
P2O5= 1500 x .25 = 375 lbs
K2O= 1500 x .30 = 450 lbs
Total amount of N-P-K
N= 150 Lbs
P = 375 x .44 = 165 lbs
K= 450 x .83 = 373.5 lbs
Nutrient Testing
To determine how much fertilizer to apply have soil tested– Take soil sample to
lab
– Lab will test for available P & K in soil
http://www.agry.purdue.edu/turf/images/fertsprd.jpg
Environmental Factors
• Soil Composition– Sandy soils will drain faster, hold less nutrients– Clay soils will retain more nutrients, but will drain
slower
• Water/Rain– Need some rain so fertilizer will dissolve if it is in dry
granule form– Heavy rain will cause fertilizer to leach through soil
pass plant roots– Too Little Water (drought conditions) and fertilizer
application is worthless