plant remedies of a unani medicinal ......sap from upper part of stem cuts and injuries on skin. sap...

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186

Rahmatullah et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Rahmatullah et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

PLANT REMEDIES OF A UNANI MEDICINAL PRACTITIONER IN

BHOLA DISTRICT, BANGLADESH

K.M. Istieake Ahmed, Sabbir Ahmed Opu, Ahmed Abrar Muttaki, Md. Al-Mamun,

Md. Tabibul Islam, Protiva Rani Das, Mohammed Rahmatullah*

Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Lalmatia, Dhaka,

Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT

Background. Unani form of traditional medicinal practice is common

in Bangladesh and has a large number of practitioners. The objective of

this study was to document the medicinal plants and formulations used

by a Unani medicinal practitioner in Bhola Sadar of Bhola district,

Bangladesh. Methods. Interview of the practitioner was carried out

with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-

walk method. Results. The practitioner used a total of 44 plants

distributed into 30 families for treatment. The various diseases treated

included lung and respiratory tract disorders, gastrointestinal disorders,

skin disorders, fever, helminthiasis, cuts and wounds, gum and tooth

disorders, coughs, mucus, chicken pox, snake bite, burning sensations

in body, diabetes, piles, spleen disorders, rheumatism, oral lesions,

pain, insomnia, conjunctivitis, dandruff, low sperm density, cholera,

infertility, epilepsy, and liver disorders. Conclusion. The medicinal plant knowledge of the

Unani practitioner is a valuable addition to the traditional medicinal plant knowledge of

Bangladesh.

KEYWORDS: Unani, traditional medicine, medicinal plants, Bhola, Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND

Unani medicinal practice originated in Greece, and Hippocrates is recognized as the

originator of this form of traditional medicinal practice. The Arabs introduced this practice in

a number of countries which they conquered including Egypt, Persia and India. The practice

was more developed and refined by the Muslim physicians, some of whom like Ibn Sina or

Article Received on

30 Aug 2015,

Revised on 21 Sep 2015,

Accepted on 13 Oct 2015

*Correspondence for

Author

Dr. Mohammed

Rahmatullah

Department of Pharmacy,

University of

Development Alternative,

Lalmatia, Dhaka,

Bangladesh.

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 5.210

Volume 4, Issue 11, 186-198 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357


187


Avicenna are still held in great esteem worldwide. In the Indian sub-continent, Unani form of

practice is widespread and has its own Colleges and established formularies.

Despite having established formularies, various Unani practitioners in their practice add more

plant formulations or treat diseases with new plants and as such contribute to the

development of Unani knowledge. We had been conducting ethnomedicinal surveys among

the various types of traditional medicinal practitioners for a number of years.[1-21]

The

objective of the present study was to document the medicinal plants and formulations used by

a Unani medicinal practitioner at Bhola Sadar in Bhola district, Bangladesh.

METHODS

The Unani medicinal practitioner (UMP, these practitioners are called Hekims) who was

interviewed was named Md. Raihan Ibne Habib, by gender male. Prior informed consent was

initially obtained from the UMP. The UMP was informed as to the nature of our visit and

consent obtained to disseminate any information provided including his name both nationally

and internationally. Actual interviews were conducted in the Bengali language, which was

spoken fluently by the UMP as well as the interviewers. The interviews were conducted with

the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method of Martin.[22]

and Maundu.[23]

In this method the UMP took the interviewers on guided field-walks through

areas from where he collected his medicinal plants or plant parts, pointed out the plants, and

described their uses. In a number of cases, the plants were obtained from collectors as

instructed by the UMP, and in such cases the collectors showed the interviewers the plant

species. All plant specimens were photographed and collected on the spot, pressed, dried and

brought back to Bangladesh National Herbarium at Dhaka for identification. Voucher

specimens were deposited with the Medicinal Plant Collection Wing of the University of

Development Alternative.

RESULTS

The UMP used a total of 44 plants distributed into 30 families for treatment. The various

diseases treated included lung and respiratory tract disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, skin

disorders, fever, helminthiasis, cuts and wounds, gum and tooth disorders, coughs, mucus,

chicken pox, snake bite, burning sensations in body, diabetes, piles, spleen disorders,

rheumatism, oral lesions, pain, insomnia, conjunctivitis, dandruff, low sperm density, cholera,

infertility, epilepsy, and liver disorders. The results are shown in Table 1.


188


Both monoherbal and polyherbal formulations were used by the UMP. For instance,

indigestion was treated with whole plant of Eryngium foetidum. On the other hand, lung

disorders due to cold was treated with leaf juice of Justicia gendarussa mixed with fruit juice

of Borassus flabellifer and mishri (crystalline sugar) and advised to be orally taken for 1-2

weeks. Occasionally, the UMP used the same plant or plant part to treat multiple disorders of

a diverse nature. An example is the use of Enhydra fluctuans to treat both chicken pox and

snake bite. Some interesting uses of medicinal plants by the UMP were use of Coccinia

grandis to treat diabetes (the disease cannot be cured with allopathic medicine), and the use

of Cucurbita maxima to reduce cholesterol. High cholesterol levels can lead to cardiovascular

disorders and both diabetes and cardiovascular disorders are rapidly becoming endemic

throughout the world. As such, simple plant-based cures can be extremely beneficial to the

world population.


189

Rahmatullah et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences


Table 1. Medicinal plants and formulations of the Unani medicinal practitioner in Bhola district, Bangladesh.

Serial Number Scientific Name Family Name Local Name Parts used Ailments and mode of medicinal use

1 Justicia gendarussa

Burm.f. Acanthaceae Neel nishinda Leaf

Lung disorders due to cold. Leaf juice of Justicia

gendarussa is mixed with fruit juice of Borassus

flabellifer and mishri and orally taken for 1-2

weeks.

2 Eryngium foetidum

L. Apiaceae Bilati dhoinna Whole plant

Indigestion. Juice obtained from crushed whole

plant is taken orally.

3 Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae Koromcha Fruit, leaf, root

To strengthen skin and blood vessels, to stop

bleeding. Unripe fruits are taken orally.

Fever. Leaves are boiled in water and the water

taken orally.

Itches, helminthiasis. Root juice is orally taken.

4

Alocasia

macrorrhizos (L.)

G.Don.

Araceae Kath kochu,

Maan kochu Root

Infection of throat. A small piece of root is

crushed and applied inside throat to get rid of pus

and infected blood. The infection is also healed

within 3-4 days.

5 Colocasia esculenta

(L.) Schott Araceae Kochu

Sap from upper

part of stem

Cuts and injuries on skin. Sap from upper part of

stem is applied.

6 Areca catechu L. Arecaceae Supari Nut, root

Vomiting tendency. Dry nuts are chewed.

To remove nicotine odor from mouth. Dry nuts are

chewed.

Bleeding from gums, foul odor in mouth. Bark of

Azadirachta indica and roots of Areca catechu are

boiled in water followed by gargling with the

water.

7 Borassus flabellifer

L. Arecaceae Tal Fruit

Coughs, mucus during the rainy season. Fruit juice

is orally taken.

See Justicia gendarussa.

8 Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae Narikel Oil from fruit See Hibiscus rosa sinensis.

9 Enhydra fluctuans Asteraceae Helencha shak Whole plant Chicken pox, snake bite. Crushed whole plant is


190



Lour. either taken orally or applied topically to pustules

(during chicken pox) or to snake-bitten area.

10 Mikania cordata

(Burm.f.) B.L. Rob. Asteraceae Pakistani lota Leaf

Cuts and wounds. Leaf paste is applied as

poultice.

11 Tagetes erecta L. Asteraceae Ganda Leaf, flower

Skin infection, injury. Leaf juice is topically

applied.

Tumor, cancer. Extract of flower is taken orally.

12 Basella alba L. Basellaceae Puin shak Leaf, stem

Fever due to chicken pox. Leaf and stem juice is

orally taken.

Mucus. Half cup juice from leaf and stem is taken

orally with ½ cup warm water.

13 Opuntia dillenii (Ker

Gawl.) Haw. Cactaceae Foni monsha Leaf

Burning sensations in body. Leaves are boiled in

water and ½ poa (local measure, 4 poas

approximate 1 kg) water is taken orally.

14 Terminalia catappa

L. Combretaceae Kath badam Oil, fruit

To strengthen body and bones. Oil is used to

massage whole body.

To control blood sugar. Fruits are taken orally.

15 Kalanchoe pinnata

(Lam.) Pers. Crassulaceae Pathor chuna Leaf

Bloating. Juice obtained from 4-5 leaves is mixed

with one teaspoonful mishri and one cup of warm

water and taken orally.

16 Coccinia grandis (L.)

Voigt Cucurbitaceae Kola kochu Leaf

Diabetes. Half cup of leaf juice is mixed with a

glass of water, slightly warmed and taken orally in

the morning and evening daily.

17 Cucurbita maxima

Duchesne Cucurbitaceae Mishti kumra Fruit, seed

To reduce cholesterol, to aid digestion,

constipation. Fruits are orally taken.

To reduce drying of skin during winter. Fruit paste

is topically applied to skin.

Insomnia. Seeds are orally taken.

18 Lagenaria siceraria

(Molina) Standl. Cucurbitaceae Lau Fruit

Ulcer, constipation, piles. Fruits are taken orally.

Fever due to spleen disorders, fever with burning

sensations in the body, vomiting or vomiting

tendency. Fruits are roasted and then the juice is


191



extracted by squeezing. Juice is taken orally with

½ teaspoon of honey.

19 Dillenia indica L. Dilleniaceae Chalta Fruit

Bloating, coughs, rheumatism, spleen disorders.

Ripe fruit juice is taken orally with mishri

(crystalline sugar).

Fever. Fruit juice of Dillenia indica is mixed with

fruit juice of Citrus limon and mishri and orally

taken.

20 Diospyros blancoi

A.DC. Ebenaceae Gab Fruit

Oral lesions. Fruit juice is mixed with a small

amount of water and used for gargling for several

days.

To remove scars from abscesses. Fruit juice is

topically applied to scars for several days.

Hiccups in children. Dried and powdered fruit is

taken orally with a small amount of honey.

21 Codiaeum

variegatum (L.) Juss. Euphorbiaceae Pata bahar Leaf

Pain. Leaf juice of Codiaeum variegatum is boiled

with fruit oil of Olea europaea and massaged on

the painful areas.

22 Phyllanthus emblica

L. Euphorbiaceae Amloki Fruit See Hibiscus rosa sinensis.

23 Albizia saman F.

Muell. Fabaceae Rain tree Leaf

Insomnia. Leaves are boiled in water with mishri

and then kept under the sun for 1 hour. The water

is then taken orally 2-3 times daily.

24 Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae Lojjaboti Whole plant

Spleen disorders occurring during rainy season

and autumn. Whole plant is boiled in water till the

volume reaches 1 cup. The water is then strained

and orally taken.

25

Cinnamomum tamala

(Buch.-Ham.) T.

Nees & Eberm.

Lauraceae Tejpata Leaf

Abscess. Paste of leaves is topically applied to

reduce pain.

To clean body. Leaf paste is used instead of soap

during bathing.

Tooth infection. Dried and powdered leaves are


192



used to brush teeth.

26 Hibiscus rosa

sinensis L. Malvaceae Joba Flower, bark

Conjunctivitis, baldness, flaking of skin from palm

of hands. Flower juice is topically applied to eyes,

scalp or palm.

Frequent urination but not diabetes. One teaspoon

of bark juice is taken orally with water for several

consecutive days.

Excessive dandruff, severe scalp infection that hair

has to be shaved off. Flowers of Hibiscus rosa

sinensis and Ixora coccinea in equal amounts are

mixed with half the amount of fruit paste of

Phyllanthus emblica and then boiled in coconut oil

(oil obtained from fruits of Cocos nucifera). After

the decoction has cooled down, it is applied to

scalp and kept for several hours followed by

washing off the decoction ad applying pure

coconut oil to scalp.

27

Malvaviscus

arboreus Dill. ex

Cav.

Malvaceae Sankar joba Leaf, flower To reduce body fat. Leaves and flowers are taken

orally.

28 Azadirachta indica

A. Juss. Meliaceae Neem Bark See Areca catechu.

29 Artocarpus

heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae Kanthal

Seed, seed pulp,

root

To strengthen the body. Seed and seed pulp is

orally taken.

Fever, diarrhea. Root juice is orally taken.

30 Artocarpus lakucha

Roxb. Moraceae Deua Bark

Severe skin infection. Powdered bark is applied

topically.

Low sperm density. One to one and half spoonful

of fruit juice is mixed with powdered mishri and

taken orally for at least a month.

31 Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae Bichi kola Seed Helminthiasis. Crushed seeds are taken orally in

the morning and evening.


193



32 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Peyara Leaf, bark, root,

immature fruit

Cholera, dysentery, stomach disorders. Juice

obtained from crushed leaf, root, bark and

immature fruit is taken orally.

Skin infection, wounds. Leaf paste is topically

applied.

Toothache. Young leaves are chewed.

33 Bougainvillea glabra

Choisy Nyctaginaceae Bagan bilash Leaf

Helminthiasis. Leaf juice of Bougainvillea glabra

is orally taken with rhizome juice of Curcuma

caesia for a few days.

34 Nyctanthes arbor-

tristis L. Oleaceae Sheuli, Shefali Leaf

Helminthiasis. Leaf juice is taken orally with

warm water in the morning and evening.

Epilepsy. Leaf juice is slightly warmed and taken

orally during the first stages of epilepsy.

35 Olea europaea L. Oleaceae Jalpai Fruit oil, leaf

Cuts and wounds. Paste of leaves is applied

topically.

To stop hair loss. Fruit oil is slightly warmed and

massaged on the scalp.

See Codiaeum variegatum.

36 Peperomia pellucida

L. Piperaceae Peperomia Leaf

Cuts and wounds, injury, sprain, animal or insect

bite. Paste of leaves is applied as poultice or leaf

juice is applied drop by drop topically to affected

areas.

37 Bambusa bambos

(L.) Voss Poaceae Bansh

Flower, topmost

young aerial

part, young root

To increase fertility. Flowers are taken orally.

Diarrhea. Young topmost aerial part and root is

orally taken.

38 Eichhornia crassipes

(Mart.) Solms Pontederiaceae Kochuri pana Root

Liver disorders. Paste of root is orally taken with

honey for a few days.

39

Anthocephalus

chinensis (Lamk.)

Rich. ex Walp.

Rubiaceae Kodom Flower, leaf

Foul odor in mouth. Several flowers are sliced into

pieces and boiled in water followed by gargling

with the water in the morning and evening.

Oral infections in children. Leaves are boiled in

water followed by gargling with the water.


194



Helminthiasis. Leaf juice is orally taken.

40 Ixora coccinea L. Rubiaceae Rangan Flower

Eczema, cracking of soles of feet, infections

within fingers, skin disorders of hands or feet. One

handful of flowers are boiled in coconut oil and

applied topically till cure.

See Hibiscus rosa sinensis.

41 Citrus limon (L.)

Burm.f. Rutaceae Lebu Fruit See Dillenia indica.

42 Citrus maxima

(Burm.f.) Merr. Rutaceae Jambura

Leaf, flower,

fruit

To reduce cholesterol, rheumatic pain, to aid

digestion. Fruits are taken orally.

Epilepsy. Leaf, flower and skin of fruit are boiled

in water and the water taken orally.

43 Manilkara zapota

(L.) P. Royen Sapotaceae Sofeda Fruit Fever. Fruits are taken in the form of sherbet.

44 Curcuma caesia

Roxb. Zingiberaceae Hudi, Shuti Rhizome See Bougainvillea glabra.


195


DISCUSSION

Unani practice has evolved over two thousand years and is still evolving. Because of the large

time span of the practice, Unani practitioners in different countries has had enough time and

opportunities to discover novel medicinal uses of not only plants that have been in various

Unani formularies of various time periods, but also discover medicinal uses of plants that

have not been discovered before. That the practice has merit is demonstrated not only by its

continuation over thousands of years but also demonstrated by the number of adherents to

this practice (i.e. the number of practitioners and their number of patients). The other

beneficial thing about this form of practice is the availability and affordability of the plants

and the formulations, which provides considerable economic relief to the patients.

Diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disorders or epilepsy are difficult to treat with

allopathic medicine. From that view point, plants like Coccinia grandis, Cucurbita maxima,

and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis deserve special attention, these plants being used by the UMP to

treat diabetes, reduce cholesterol, and treat epilepsy, respectively. All three plants are

common in Bangladesh, and Cucurbita maxima is widely cultivated for its fruits, which are

cooked and eaten as vegetable. Lagenaria siceraria is also widely cultivated in Bangladesh

for its fruits, which are cooked and eaten as vegetable. The UMP used the fruits of the plant

to treat ulcer, constipation, piles, fever due to spleen disorders, fever with burning sensations

in the body, and vomiting or vomiting tendency. Easily available plants, because they are

cultivated and can be found throughout the year, are one aspect of the present UMP’s

treatment and deserve scientific studies for proper validation.

The blood sugar lowering effect of Coccinia grandis has been reported in human subjects and

the plant has been described as possibly a new drug source for diabetes treatment. [24]

The

cholesterol lowering effect of Cucurbita maxima fruits has also been described. [25]

The two

examples suggest that Unani medicinal formulations do have scientific merit.

CONCLUSION

Unani medicinal practice has evolved over thousands of years and is still evolving as Unani

practitioners discover more and more novel uses of plants for treatment of various diseases.

As such, the plants used by the UMP in the present study are of scientific interest towards

discovery of new formulations and more effective drugs.


196


Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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plant remedies of a unani medicinal ......sap from upper part of stem cuts and injuries on skin. sap...

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