Plant Science

In this unit you will learn about:• Plant and animal cells• Structure of a plant (leaf, stem , root, etc)• Photosynthesis, Respiration, Osmosis,

Translocation, Active Transport, etc.• Sexual Reproduction in a flowering plant.• Plant hormones• Food Biomolecules and their tests.

Plant Cells Has a cell Wall Has a large

Vacuole Has Chloroplasts

Animal Cells Has no cell

wall Has small

vacuoles Has no

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis Transpiration Gaseous Exchange Food Storage

Stomata- Gaseous Exchange

Lenticels-Gaseous Exchange in Stems

State 3 differences between plant and animal cells.

Give 4 functions of a leaf. Where does gaseous exchange take place

in the leaf?. Where does gaseous exchange take place

in the stem?.

Is the loss of water vapour from the surface of the leaf of the plant

The movement of food around the plant. Phloem tissue In both directions Sugar is transported from the leaf to the

root. Beet root.

Vascular Tissue Xylem- transports water and minerals. Phloem- transports food.

Parenchyma Cells-Photosynthetic Cells Schlerenchyma Cells- Strengthening Cells Collenchyma Cells- Strengthening Cells Meristematic Tissue- cell Division Ground Tissue- bulk of cell.

Photosynthesis takes place here. Vascular Tissue- Transport tissue Xylem- Transports Water and Minerals Phloem- transports food

State the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.

Define the term Transpiration. Define the term Translocation. Name 2 types of vascular tissue and give

their functions. Name the cells responsible for

strengthening? Name the cells where photosynthesis

takes place? Name the cells responsible for cell

division

1. Transports water, minerals from the

roots.

2. Transports food from the leaf

3. Supports the aerial part of the plant

4. Stores food e.g. potatoes

T.S. Monocot T.S. Dicot

Functions Food Store Anchorage

Is the movement of water from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water across a semi permeable barrier

Is the movement of gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Is the movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. It requires energy.

Give functions of the root Give functions of the stem Define osmosis, active transport and

diffusion. Compare Monocots to Dicots.

Is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another plant

Self Pollination – when pollination occurs between flowers on the same plant.

Cross Pollination- when pollination occurs between flowers of the same species but on different plant.

Insect Pollinated Lily Large Flowers Scented Brightly coloured Male and female parts inside flower Sticky pollen grains Small pollen grains

Wind pollinated Grass Smaller flowers Not scented Not brightly

coloured Male and female

parts outside the petals

Smooth Pollen grains

Large amount of pollen

Is the fusion of the male

gamete with the female gamete.

It forms a Zygote

The zygote divides repeatedly until it forms the embryo that will contain:

1 or 2 cotyledons with a food storePlumuleRadicleThe ovary becomes the fruit

Is the transfer of the seeds/fruit away from the parent plant

Wind Water Animal Self

Where a plant suspends all growth and metabolism

Shortage of hormones Low temperature Growth inhibitors

Maximises growth of the plant. Allows for seed dispersal Ensures survival

Is the regrowth of a plant after a period of dormancy

Conditions necessary Water Oxygen Warmth

Name the male and female parts of the flower. What is a calyx and a corolla. Define pollination, fertilisation, dormancy and

germination. Differentiate between self and cross

pollination. Compare wind pollinated flowers to insect

pollinated flowers. What does a plumule and a radicle develop

into? Define Dormancy List the conditions necessary for germination. Describe Epigeal and Hypogeal germination

using examples.

If the cotyledons absorb the endosperm the seed is NON-ENDOSPERMIC= Broad Bean

If the cotyledons absorb only some of the endosperm the seed is ENDOSPERMIC = Maize.

Annuals/perennial- Complete their lifecycle in one year

Biennials- it takes 2 years to complete their lifecycle. In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots (vegetative structures), then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder months. During the next spring or summer, the stem of the biennial plant elongates greatly, The plant then flowers, producing fruits and seeds before it finally dies.

Naturally produced in the root and shoot tip.

It promotes cell elongation Stimulates fruit development. Promotes root development.(rooting

agent) Control apical dominance Its used in seedless fruits: Parthenocarpic

fruit IAA

Encourages cell elongation Promotes seed germination

Cytokinin. Used as a herbicide by massively increasing rate of growth and the plant cannot produce enough food and it dies!

A growth response to a stimulus. Phototropism- A growth response to light Geotropism- a growth response to gravity Thigmotropism- a growth response to

touch Chemotropism- A growth response to

chemicals Hydrotropism- A growth response to water Thermotropism- A growth response to

temperature.

Clinostat.

What is a tropism. What is phototropism and geotropism? What piece of apparatus is used to show

geotropism? Define Aerobic respiration Give a balanced chemical equation for

aerobic respiration.

An indicator species is a species that shows the conditions in habitat.

Examples• Wet: rushes, moss, buttercup.• Dry/Sandy: Thistle.• Low in lime (acidic): Plaintain/rhododendron• Rich in Lime (alkaline) : Clovers, Chickweed.

Starch Protein Reducing Sugar

Vitamin C

% Sugar

Reagent Iodine Biurets Benedicts Reagent

DCPIP Refractometer

Source Potato, Starch solution

Peas, Milk

Glucose Solution

Orange Grass, beet, etc.

Initial Colour

Golden Brown

Blue Blue Blue

Positive Colour

Blue Black

Purple Brick Red Yellow