plant structure & development chapter 35. overview roots – underground shoots – leafs...
TRANSCRIPT
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PLANT STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 35
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Overview
Roots – Underground Shoots – Leafs & Stems 3 Tissue types in the above
Dermal, Vascular, & Ground 5 Types of Differentiated Plant Cells
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Xylem Phloem
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Roots
Multicellular organ Anchors plant Absorbs water & Minerals May store sugar & starches
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Fibrous Roots vs. Taproots
Fibrous Roots – mat of thin roots that are spread just below the root’s surface
Taproots – 1 thick, vertical root with many lateral roots that emanate from it
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Questions
Which root type is focused on absorption?
Which root type is focused on storage?
Fibrous roots are not efficient absorbers, so what structure is responsible for absorption?
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Root Hairs
Located at the tips of roots Dramatically increase the
surface area Efficient absorption of H2O
and minerals
Mycorrhizae – Symbiotic relationship
Root tips & fungus – assist in absorption
Found in vast majority of plants
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Mycorrhizae
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Shoots
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Questions
What is the advantage to a plant to only grow at the apical and axillary buds?
A tree house was built between the stem and a branch without axillary buds. The growth rate of the apical buds is 2 feet per year, the growth rate of the axillary buds is 3 feet per year, and the tree house was built at a height of 10 feet. What will be the height of the tree house in 10 years?
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Plant Organs (Leaf, Stem, & Roots)
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Plant Organ Tissue Types
Ground Any tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular If the Ground tissue is located inside the
vascular tissue called pith Cortex – ground tissue located outside
vascular tissue
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5 Types of Differentiated Cells1. Paren(chyma) cells – Most abundant cell type
-- Present throughout the plant-- perform most of the metabolic functions of the
plant (Photosynthesis & Respiration)
2. Collen(chyma) cells-- Support growing parts of the plant-- Grouped into cylinders
3. Scleren(chyma) cells -- Occupy NonGrowing parts of plant -- Tough cell walls for structural support
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4th Type of Plant Cells
4. Xylem – water conducting cells-- 2 types: Tracheids & Vessels
-- Both types are dead at functional maturity
-- Tracheids found in ALL vascular plants
-- Long thin cells with lignin
-- Water moves through the pits
-- Vessels found primarily in angiosperms (flowering plants)
-- Have pits & perforated end walls for water movement
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Vessel Elements & Tracheids
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5th & Final Type of Plant Cell
5. Phloem – Sugar & other organic compounds
2 Types: Sieve-tube elements & Companion Cells
-- Both types are alive at functional maturity
Sieve Tubes
-- Consist of chains of cells
-- Called sieve-tube element
-- Highly modified for transport
-- Lack nucleus, ribosomes, & vacuoles
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Phloem Continued
Besides Sieve Tubes, there are also: Companion Cells
Provide for the molecular needs of the sieve-tube elements
Connected to the sieve-tube elements by plasmodesmata
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Plant Growth
Plant growth is indeterminant Growth occurs throughout plant’s life Embryonic, developing, and mature organs
exist at all times during a plant’s life Animal growth is determinant
Growth ceases after a certain size has been reached
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Meristems
Meristems are perpetually embryonic tissues Responsible for indeterminate growth Growth occurs only as a result of cell division in a
meristem 2 Types of Meristems
Lateral Meristem – Thickening of shoots or roots Thickening is called Secondary Growth
Apical Meristem – tips of roots and in buds of shoots Sites of cell division Allow the plant to grow and lengthen Primary Growth – when plant grows at apical meristems
Lengthening is called Primary growth
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Primary Growth lengthens … Root Cap – protects
delicate meristem of the root tip as it pushes through the soil
Secretes a polysaccharide lubricant
Root Tip – contains 3 zones of cells in various stages of growth
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3 Zones in root tip
Zone of cell division Root apical meristem & derivatives New root cells are produced in this region Mitotic divisions
Zone of elongation Cells elongate, sometimes significantly
Zone of maturation Differentiation and functional maturation
occurs
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Roots - Primary Growth
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Lateral Roots emerge from the Pericycle (lies inside the endodermis)
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What about shoots?
Apical meristem – dome of dividing cells at tip of terminal bud
Primary growth (Lengthening) Accomplished by cell division and elongation
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Primary Growth in Stems
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How does grass continue growth after mowing?
Mowing should destroy the apical meristems, so how would grass continue to grow if there were no “growth areas”?
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2 other meristems
Intercalary Primarily in monocots
(grasses) Response to grazing
pressure
Floral Flower growth Determinate growth
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Lateral Meristems
Secondary growth Growth in the thickness of the shoot or root
2 Types Vascular Cambium
Adds layers of tissue called 2ndary Xylem & phloem
Cork Cambium Replaces the epidermis with the periderm (thicker
& tougher)
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Secondary Growth
2 lateral meristems are responsible for 2ndary growth Vascular Cambium – produces 2ndary xylem
(wood) Cork Cambrium – produces a tough covering that
replaces epidermis Early in secondary growth
Bark – all the tissues outside the vascular cambium Includes the phloem derived from the vascular
cambium, cork cambium, & tissues derived from cork cambium
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Question?
Why would the diameter of the plant have to increase as the plant grows?
Which diameter grows as a higher rate, xylem or phloem? Why?
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Leaves…
Stomata interrupts the underside of the leaf
Flanked by guard cells – open/close the stomata
Ground tissue is in between upper & lower epidermis, in the mesophyll
Ground tissue is composed of parenchyma cells Site of photosynthesis are parenchyma cells
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Leaf: Cross-Section
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Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) Classified by years in life cycle
(germination death) Annuals – 1 year life cycle Biennials – 2 year life cycle Perennials – multiple year life cycle
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Question
Why would there be spaces in the spongy mesophyll?
Why would there not be spaces in the palisade mesophyll?