planting by the signs - west...
TRANSCRIPT
PLANTING BY THE SIGNS
There are many people who scoff at the idea of using the signs of the Zodiac and the moon to garden. But, there are also many who use this method even though they don’t talk about it, as though it was something to be ashamed of. It just isn’t modern and scientific enough for this technological age of chemical food and insecticides. Yet, if one will take the time to read or listen, one will discover that the times to plant, rototill, spray, etc., touted by the “experts,” matches almost to the day the old timers’ method of planting by the signs. The use of the signs goes back beyond recorded history. Its really quite incredible that the use of the signs has survived. Basically there are two ways of looking at the moon – the sun phases and the zodiac phases. Let’s look at them individually.
The Sun Phases The sun phases describe the way the sun shines on the moon as seen from planet earth. These phases are also called quarters, and there are four quarters as the moon goes around the earth. The first quarter begins with the new moon which occurs when the moon is between the earth and the sun and is totally dark as viewed from the earth. As the moon (month) proceeds, it becomes visible in the shape of a crescent until it is half visible; this is the end of the first quarter and the start of the second. The second quarter proceeds until the moon is a totally visible circular pie, and we have a full moon which is the end of the second quarter and the start of the third. Continuing, the moon now begins to darken on one side until it is again a half moon; we have the end of the third quarter and the start of the fourth. The fourth quarter occurs from this point and is again a crescent until the new moon.
The Zodiac Phases Now for the zodiac phases. The moon, as it travels around the earth, passes through 12 sectors named after the familiar signs of
~ 15 ~
the zodiac. Each sector is associated with a group of stars discovered by the ancients and called constellations. These constellations are in turn associated with parts of the body and other qualities. The part of the body governed by an individual constellation is supposed to be more sensitive when the moon is in that constellation. The moon goes through each constellation at least once each month and is in a constellation for either two or three days at a time.
How Do You Know? The way you know which constellation and which quarter of the moon is in, is by your trusty planting calendar. Rush down to your local hardware, auto, seed, and/or feed store and see if you can get a freebie. The zodiac signs and moon phase signs are clearly marked.
What Do You Do With It? Now we get to the nitty gritty. You have two sets of instructions; ideally you should consult both before planting. For instance, you should plant during one of the fruitful signs of the zodiac and the appropriate quarter of the moon.
The Signs Of The Zodiac The signs of the zodiac are listed starting below and continued on the following page along with the qualities of the signs. In general, plant during the moist and fruitful signs and do things that require dryness (burning and destroying weeds) during the dry signs. The most fruitful signs are Cancer, Taurus, Scorpio and Pisces. The barren signs are Aries, Sagittarius, Gemini, Leo, Virgo and Aquarius. One more point: never plant or graft on the sun’s day (Sunday) for it is a barren hot day.
ARIES (head & face): Dry and barren. Never plant. Best sign for plowing, tilling and cultivating.
TAURUS (neck): Earthy and moist. Plant here to withstand a drought. Excellent for root crops and okay for crops above the ground and flowers.
GEMINI (arms): Airy, dry and barren. Destroy weeds, kill trees and prepare soil.
~ 16 ~
CANCER (breast): Watery and very fruitful. Plant here to withstand a drought. Excellent for above and below-ground crops. Time to graft.
LEO (head): Fiery, dry and barren. Never plant; destroy weeds, kill trees and prepare soil.
VIRGO (bowels): Earthy, dry and barren. Destroy weeds, kill trees and prepare soil.
LIBRA (balance): Airy, moist and semi fruitful. Excellent for flowers (beauty) and okay for above-ground crops.
SCORPIO (loins): Watery and fruitful. Excellent for above ground crops and flowers. Okay for below-ground crops. Time to graft.
SAGITTARIUS (thighs): Fiery, dry, and barren. Destroy weeds and kill trees.
CAPRICORN (knees): Earthy, moist and productive. Good for root crops and okay for above ground crops. Root cuttings and make grafts.
AQUARIUS (legs): Airy, dry and barren. Destroy weeds and kill trees.
PISCES (feet): Watery and fruitful. Plant here to withstand a drought. Excellent for below ground crops and okay for above ground crops. Root cuttings and make grafts.
Gemini
Leo
Libra
Sagittarius
AquariusPisces
Capricorn
Scorpio
Virgo
Cancer
Taurus
Aries
~ 17 ~
Duration & Frequency of Heat in Farm Animals in Regular Condition
If not pregnantIn heat for heat will recur inMares.......4-5 days* ...............3 to 6 weeksCows........12-24 hours* ................3 weeks*Ewes ........1-2 days ...............17 to 28 daysSows ........3-4 days ........................21 days*Subject to variation
INCUBATION AND GESTATION PERIODS
IncubationChickens ........................................21 DaysDucks.............................................30 DaysGuineas .........................................28 DaysGeese ............................................30 DaysPheasants......................................25 DaysPigeons..........................................21 DaysSwans ............................................42 DaysTurkeys ..........................................28 Days
GestationBear ............................................. 6 MonthsBitch.............................................. 9 WeeksCow ............................................. 9 MonthsCat ................................................ 8 WeeksDeer ............................................. 8 MonthsDormouse ......................................31 DaysGoat ............................................. 5 MonthsGuinea Pig .....................................21 DaysMare ...........................................11 MonthsMule ........................................... 12 MonthsOpossum .......................................26 DaysRabbit ............................................30 DaysSheep .......................................... 5 MonthsSow............................................. 16 WeeksSquirrels & Rats..............................28 daysWolf & Fox .....................................62 Days
Nov. 7 Oct. 13 Aug. 17 Apr. 6 Mar. 1
Nov. 17 Oct. 23 Aug. 27 Apr. 16 Mar. 11
Nov. 27 Nov. 2 Sept. 6 Apr. 26 Mar. 21
Dec. 7 Nov. 12 Sept. 16 May 6 Mar. 31
Dec. 17 Nov. 22 Sept. 26 May 16 Apr. 10
Dec. 27 Dec. 2 Oct. 6 May 26 Apr. 20
~ 14 ~
Gestation TableAverage Gestation Period
Weeks or Days Extremes (days)Sow .......16 .........112....................109 to 120Ewe........22 .........150 ...................146 to 157Cow ......40½ ......283 ................... 240 to 311Mare ......48½ ......340 ...................307 to 412
Date of Service
Date Animal Due to Give Birth
Mare Cow Ewe Sow
Jan. 1 Dec. 7 Oct. 11 May 31 Apr. 25
Jan. 11 Dec. 17 Oct. 21 June 10 May 5
Jan. 21 Dec. 27 Oct. 31 June 20 May 15
Jan. 31 Jan. 6 Nov. 10 June 30 May 25
Feb. 10 Jan. 16 Nov. 20 July 10 June 4
Feb. 20 Jan. 26 Nov. 30 July 20 June 14
Mar. 2 Feb. 5 Dec. 10 July 30 June 24
Mar. 12 Feb. 15 Dec. 20 Aug. 9 July 4
Mar. 22 Feb. 25 Dec. 30 Aug. 19 July 14
Apr. 1 Mar. 7 Jan. 9 Aug. 29 July 24
Apr. 11 Mar. 17 Jan. 19 Sept. 8 Aug. 3
Apr. 21 Mar. 27 Jan. 29 Sept. 18 Aug. 13
May 1 Apr. 6 Feb. 8 Sept. 28 Aug. 23
May 11 Apr. 16 Feb. 18 Oct. 8 Sept. 2
May 21 Apr. 26 Feb. 28 Oct. 18 Sept. 12
May 31 May 6 Mar. 10 Oct. 28 Sept. 22
June 10 May 16 Mar. 20 Nov. 7 Oct. 2
June 20 May 26 Mar. 30 Nov. 17 Oct. 12
June 30 June 5 Apr. 9 Nov. 27 Oct. 22
July 10 June 15 Apr. 19 Dec. 7 Nov. 1
July 20 June 25 Apr. 29 Dec. 17 Nov. 11
July 30 July 5 May 9 Dec. 27 Nov. 21
Aug. 9 July 15 May 19 Jan. 6 Dec. 1
Aug. 19 July 25 May 29 Jan. 16 Dec. 11
Aug. 29 Aug. 4 June 8 Jan. 26 Dec. 21
Sept. 8 Aug. 14 June 18 Feb. 5 Dec. 31
Sept. 18 Aug. 24 June 28 Feb. 15 Jan. 10
Sept. 28 Sept. 3 July 8 Feb. 25 Jan. 20
Oct. 8 Sept. 13 July 18 Mar. 7 Jan. 30
Oct. 18 Sept. 23 July 28 Mar. 17 Feb. 9
Oct. 28 Oct. 3 Aug. 7 Mar. 27 Feb. 19
~ 13 ~
WEIGHTS & MEASURES
Baking Powder1 cup ..........................................5½ ouncesCheese, American1 pound.................................2⅔ cup cubedCocoa1 pound................................ 4 cups groundCoffee1 pound................................ 5 cups groundCornmeal1 pound.............................................3 cupsCornstarch1 pound.............................................3 cupsCracker crumbs23 soda crackers ............................... 1 cup15 graham crackers .......................... 1 cupEggs1 egg........................... 4 tablespoons liquid4-5 whole ........................................... 1 cup7-9 whites .......................................... 1 cup12-14 yolks ........................................ 1 cupFlour1 pound all-purpose ..........................4 cups1 pound cake .................................4½ cups1 pound graham ............................3½ cupsLemons, juice1 medium ...........................2-3 tablespoons5-8 medium........................................ 1 cupLemons, rind1 lemon ....................... 1 tablespoon gratedOranges, juice1 medium ...........................2-3 tablespoons3-4 medium........................................ 1 cupOranges, rind1.................................. 2 tablespoon gratedGelatin3¼ ounce package, flavored ............ ½ cup¼ ounce package, unflavored ....................................................................1 tablespoonShortening or Butter1 pound.............................................2 cupsSugar1 pound brown ..............................2 ½ cups1 pound cube ........................ 96-160 cubes1 pound granulated...........................2 cups1 pound powdered .........................3½ cups
~ 18 ~
SELECTED WATER RELATIONSHIPS (APPROXIMATIONS)
1 gallon ................................... 8.34 pounds1 million gallons ....................3.07 acre-feet1 cubic foot .........................62.4 pounds or
7.48 gallons
1 acre-foot .........................325,851 gallons1 acre covered by 1 foot of water ..................43,560 cubic feet
1 cubic mile.................1.1 trillion gallons or3,379,200 acre-feet
1 inch of rain ......................17.4 gallons per square mile or
27,200 gallons per square acre or
100 tons per acre
QUANTITIES TO SERVE 100 PEOPLE
Coffee .......................................... 3 poundsLoaf Sugar ................................... 3 poundsCream ............................................ 3 quartsWhipping Cream ...............................4 pintsMilk ...............................................6 gallonsFruit Cocktail..............................2½ gallonsFruit Juice .........4 No. 10 cans (26 pounds) Tomato Juice ....4 No. 10 cans (26 pounds)Soup .............................................5 gallonsOysters ........................................ 18 quartsWieners ..................................... 25 poundsMeat Loaf................................... 24 poundsHam ........................................... 40 poundsBeef ........................................... 40 poundsRoast Pork ................................. 40 poundsHamburger............................ 30-36 poundsChicken for Chicken Pot Pie .......................................................................... 40 poundsPotatoes .................................... 35 poundsScalloped Potatoes.......................5 gallonsVegetables ........4 No. 10 cans (26 pounds)Baked Beans ................................5 gallonsBeets ......................................... 30 poundsCauliflower ................................. 18 poundsCabbage for Slaw ...................... 20 poundsCarrots ....................................... 33 pounds Bread ...........................................10 loavesRolls...................................................... 200 Butter ........................................... 3 poundsPotato Salad ................................ 12 quartsFruit Salad ................................... 20 quartsVegetable Salad .......................... 20 quarts
~ 19 ~
CRIB AND BIN CAPACITY
Shelled Corn FormulasRectangular BinBushels ....................0.8 x Length x Width x
Average Depth (all in feet)Round BinBushels ..... 0.6283 x Diameter x Diameter x
Average Depth (in feet)
Ear Corn FormulasRectangular CribBushels ....................0.4 x Length x Width x
Average Depth (in feet)Round CribBushels .....................0.31416 x Diameter x
Diameter x Average Depth (in feet)
Piled GrainShelled CornBushels ..........0.20944 x Height x Diameter
of base x Diameter of base (in feet)
Ear Corn (shelled basis)Bushels ........ 0.10472 X Height X Diameter
of base X Diameter of base (in feet)
Heart-girth
Weight
80 1,423
80½ 1,446
81 1,469
81½ 1,492
82 1,515
82½ 1,538
83 1,561
83½ 1,584
84 1,607
84½ 1,630
85 1,653
85½ 1,676
86 1,699
Heart-girth
Weight
86½ 1,722
87 1,745
87½ 1,768
88 1,791
88½ 1,814
89 1,837
89½ 1,860
90 1,883
90½ 1,906
91 1,929
91½ 1,952
92 1,975
~ 12 ~
Heart-girth
Weight
37½ 174
38 180
38½ 186
39 192
39½ 200
40 208
40½ 216
41 224
41½ 232
42 240
45 294
45½ 304
46 314
46½ 324
47 334
47½ 344
48 354
48½ 364
49 374
49½ 384
50 397
50½ 404
51 414
51½ 424
52 434
52½ 445
53 456
53½ 467
54 478
54½ 489
55 501
55½ 513
56 526
56½ 539
57 552
Heart-girth
Weight
57½ 565
58 579
58½ 593
59 607
62 700
62½ 716
63 732
63½ 749
64 766
64½ 783
65 800
65½ 817
66 835
66½ 853
67 871
67½ 889
68 908
68½ 927
69 947
69½ 967
70 987
70½ 1,007
71 1,027
71½ 1,048
72 1,069
72½ 1,090
73 1,111
73½ 1,132
74 1,153
74½ 1,175
75 1,197
75½ 1,219
76 1,241
79 1,377
79½ 1,400
Heart-Girth Measurements cont.
~ 11 ~
Lettuce ......................................... 20 headsSalad Dressing .............................. 3 quartsPies ........................................................ 18Cakes ....................................................... 8Ice Cream .....................................4 gallonsCheese ........................................ 3 poundsOlives........................................ 1¾ poundsPickles ........................................... 2 quartsNuts ................................. 3 pounds, sorted
To serve 50 people, divide by 2To serve 25 people, divide by 4
ONE INGREDIENT FOR ANOTHER
For these:
1 whole egg for thickening or baking
You may use these:
2 egg yolks or 2 tablespoons dried wholeegg plus 2½ tablespoons water.
cup lard, or rendered fat, with ½ teaspoon salt or 1 cup hydrogenated fat (cooking fat sold under brand name) with ½ teaspoon salt.
3 or 4 tablespoons cocoa plus ½ tablespoon fat.
1½ teaspoons phosphate baking powder or 2 teaspoons tartrate baking powder.
Equal amount of sour milk plus ½ teaspoon soda per cup. (Each half teaspoon soda with 1 cup sour milk takes the place of 2 teaspoons baking powder and 1 cup sweet milk.)
1 cup sweet milk mixed with one of the following: 1 tablespoon vinegar, 1 tablespoon lemon juice or 1¾ teaspoons cream of tarter.
1 cup butter or margarine for shortening
1 square (ounce) chocolate
1 teaspoon double-acting baking powder
Sweet milk and baking powder, for baking
1 cup sour milk, for baking
~ 20 ~
78
1 cup whole milk ½ cup evaporated milk plus ½ cup water or 4 tablespoons dry whole milk plus 1 cup wateror 4 tablespoonsnonfat dry milk plus 2 teaspoons table fat and 1 cup water.
4 tablespoons nonfat dry milk plus 1 cup water.
½ tablespoon cornstarch, potato starch, rice starch, or arrowroot starch or 1 tablespoon granulated tapioca.
cup all-purpose flour.
Up to ½ cup bran, whole-wheat flour, or cornmeal plus enough all-purpose flour to fill cup.
1 cup skim milk
1 tablespoon flour, for thickening
1 cup cake flour, for baking
1 cup all-purpose flour, for baking breads
PLANTING & PLOWING AN ACRE
Miles Traveled in Planting an Acre 3’6” Rows1-Row Planter .............................2.34 miles2-Row Planter .............................1.17 miles4-Row Planter .............................0.58 miles
Acres Planted in Traveling One Mile 3’6” Rows1-Row Planter .............................. 0.42 acre2-Row Planter .............................. 0.84 acre4-Row Planter ............................ 1.68 acres
• There are 10,677 stalks in an acre plantedin 3’6” rows, 3 stalks to the hill, hills 3’6” apart,or drilled 1 stalk every 14 inches.• There are 3,556 hills in an acre planted in3’6” rows, hills 3’6” apart.
Miles Traveled in Plowing an AcreWidth of Furrow Miles10 inches .............................................. 9 11 inches .................................................. 912 inches ............................................... 8¼ 13 inches ............................................... 7½
~ 21 ~
78
9 10
Hundred Weight-Bushel Conversion
Pounds Bushels* 500 .................. 8.921.000............... 17.851,500............... 26.782,000............... 35 712,500............... 44.643,000............... 53.573,500............... 62.504,000............... 71.424,500............... 80.355,000............... 89.285,100............... 91.075,200............... 92.855,300............... 94.645,400............... 96.425,500............... 98.215,600............. 100.005,700............. 101.785,800............. 103.575,900............. 105.356,000............. 107.146,100............. 108.926,200............. 110.716,300............. 112.506,400............. 114.286,500............. 116.076,600............. 117.856,700............. 119.646,800............. 121.426,900............. 123.217,000............. 125.00
Pounds Bushels*7,100............. 126.787,200............. 128.577,300............. 130.357,400............. 132.147,500............. 133.927,600............. 135.717,700............. 137.507,800............. 139.287,900............. 141.078,000............. 142.858,100............. 144.648,200............. 146.428,300............. 148.218,400............. 150.008,500............. 151.788,600............. 153.578,700............. 155.358,800............. 157.148,900............. 158.929,000............. 160.719,100............. 162.509,200............. 164.289,300............. 166.079,400............. 167.859,500............. 169.649,600............. 171.429,700............. 173.219,800............. 175.009,900............. 176.7810,000........... 178.57
*Based on 56 lb. bushel
Estimating Weights of Dairy Cows from Heart-Girth Measurements
Heart-girth
Weight
28½ 92
29 95
29½ 98
30 101
30½ 104
31 108
31½ 113
32 118
32½ 123
Heart-girth
Weight
33 128
33½ 133
34 138
34½ 143
35 148
35½ 153
36 158
36½ 163
37 168
~ 10 ~
Fluid Ounces (fl. oz.) ..................... 30 .............. Milliliters (ml.)Cups (c.) .............. 0.24 ................... Liters (l.)Pints (pt.) ............. 0.47 ................... Liters (l.)Quarts (qt.) .......... 0.95 ................... Liters (l.)Gallons (gal.) ....... 3.8 ..................... Liters (l.)
BUSHEL WEIGHTS OF COMMON WEST VIRGINIA COMMODITIES (In Pounds)
Grains Barley ..................48 Corn (ear) ............72 Corn (shelled) ......56Oats .....................32Rye .....................56 Sorghum ..............57 Soybean ..............58 Wheat ..................60Fruits & VegetablesApple Seed ..........40Apples..................44Beans (dried, shelled) .......60Beans, Castor ......46Beans (unshelled) ...........38Beans (stringed) .............24Beans (lima) ........56Beans, Scarlet Pole .........50Beets ...................56 Blackberries .........48 Blueberries ..........42Cabbage ..............50Carrots .................50Cucumbers ..........50Onions .................55Onions (bottom sets)........32Onions (top sets)..............28Peaches...............44Pears ...................50Peas (dry) ............60Peas (green shelled).....50Potatoes (Irish) ....60Potatoes (sweet) ...50Spinach................15Strawberries ........42
Tomatoes .............56Turnips .................55 GrassesBluegrass.............14 Bluegrass, English .....................22Clover Seed .........60Herds Grass ........45Hungarian Grass .50Orchard Grass .....14Redtop (unhulled) ...............14Timothy ................45MiscellaneousAlfalfa...................60 Bran .....................20 Buckwheat ...........48 Canary Seed........60 Cement ..............100 Charcoal ..............20 Chestnuts ............50 Coal (contents for 80 lbs.) ................80 Cornmeal .............48 Cottonseed ..........32 Flaxseed ..............56 Gooseberris .........40 Hickory Nuts ........50 Hominy ................60 Horseradish .........50 Huckleberries.......52 Millet ....................50 Millet (Japan) .......35 Oats .....................32 Osage Orange Seed ....................33 Parsnips...............42 Peanuts ...............23 Quinces ...............48 Rape Seed...........50 Rye .....................56 Walnuts ................50
~ 9 ~
14 inches .................................................. 715 inches ............................................... 6½ 16 inches ............................................... 6
Recommended Garden Planting Distances* Distance betweenPlant plants in inchesBeans, bush Lima ................................. 6-8Beans, bush Snap ................................. 3-4Beans, pole Snap .................................. 6-8Beets ..................................................... 2-3Carrots ................................................... 1-2Chard ................................................... 8-12Cucumbers ........................................ 10-12Kohlrabi ................................................. 3-6Lettuce, leaf ........................................... 3-4Muskmelons ...................................... 10-12Onions ................................................... 2-4Parsnips................................................. 3-6Peas ...................................................... 1-2Pumpkin............................................. 15-18Radishes............................................. 1-1½Rutabagas ............................................. 6-8Spinach.................................................. 2-3Squash .............................................. 15-18Sweet Corn ........................................ 10-12Turnips ................................................... 3-4Watermelon ....................................... 24-36Varies in locations*
Time Needed For Garden Seeds To Germinate* Seed DaysBean ....................................................5-15Beet .....................................................4-10Cabbage ..............................................4-10Carrot...................................................6-10Cauliflower ...........................................5-10Celery ................................................10-20Corn .....................................................4-12Lettuce ...................................................2-8Onion .................................................... .4-7Pea .....................................................6-10Parsnip ................................................5-20Pepper .................................................9-25Radish ...................................................3-6Tomato .................................................6-14Turnip ....................................................2-5*Planted in shallow depth
~ 22 ~
16
MISCELLANEOUS EQUIVALENTS1 pint .....1 pound (approx.) of water, wheat,
butter, sugar, or blackberries196 pounds of flour .........................1 barrel200 pounds of beef or pork.............1 barrel165 pounds of potatoes ..................1 barrel135 pounds of apples .....................1 barrel280 pounds of salt ..........................1 barrel1 barrel of fish .......................... 200 pounds1 gallon of water ............. about 8⅓ pounds1 gallon of milk................ about 8.6 pounds1 gallon of cream ............ about 8.4 pounds46½ quarts of milk ................... 100 pounds1 cubic foot of water ........ 62½ pounds and
contains 7½ gallons1 gallon of kerosene ....... about 6½ pounds1 barrel of cement..................3.8 cubic foot1 barrel of oil ...............................42 gallons1 barrel of dry commodities ......7,065 cubic
inches or 105 dry quarts1 standard bale of cotton ......... 480 pounds1 keg of nails ........................... 100 pounds1 keg of powder ......................... 25 pounds1 stone or lead of iron ............... 14 pounds1 pig of lead or iron ..................21½ stones1 cubic foot of Anthracite broken coal......... ......................................... about 54 pounds1 cubic foot Bituminous broken coal ........... ......................................... about 49 pounds1 ton of loose Anthracite ....40-43 cubic feet1 ton of loose Bituminous ..40-48 cubic feet1 horsepower .................... 33,000 pounds,
1 foot per minute⅓ inch ............one size in measuring shoes4 inches ..........1 hand in measuring horses9 inches ........................................... 1 span6 feet............................................. 1 fathom6,080 feet............................. 1 nautical mile1 board foot ..................... 144 cubic inches1 cylindrical foot .........................5⅞ gallons1 cubic foot .................................0.8 bushel12 dozen ......................................... 1 gross
Size Product Cups Servings (approx.)
No. 2 Fruits, vegetables & juices 2½ 4-6
No. 2½ Fruits & vegetables 3½ 6-8
46 ounces Juices 5¾ 6-8
No. 10 Fruits, vegetables & juices 13 18-25
CAN SIZES
~ 23 ~
CapacityLiter ......................... 61.0250 Cubic InchesLiter ...............................0.0353 Cubic FootLiter ........................... 0.2652 Gallon (U.S.)Liter ...........................0.0284 Bushel (U.S.)Cubic Inch................................ 0.0164 LiterCubic Foot ........................... 28.3162 LitersGallon .................................... 3.7853 LitersBushel.................................. 35.2383 Liters
WeightGram ...................................15.4324 GrainsGram ...................................0.0353 OuncesKilogram .............................2.2046 PoundsKilogram ..................................0.0011 TonsTon (met.) ................................1.1023 TonsTon (met.) ...................... 0.9842 Ton (large)Grain .................................... 0.0648 GramsOunce ................................ 28.3495 GramsPound ............................. 0.4536 KilogramsTon .............................. 907.1848 KilogramsTon .........................................0.9072 (met.)Ton (large) .................... 1.0160 Tons (met.)
METRIC CONVERSION CHART - Approximations -
LengthWhen You Know: Multiply By: To Find:
Inches (in.) ........... 2.54 .... Centimeters (cm.)Feet (ft.) ............... 30 ....... Centimeters (cm.)Yards (yd.) ........... 0.9 .................Meters (m.)Miles (mi.) ............ 1.6 .........Kilometers (km.)Millimeters (mm.) .... 0.04 ............... Inches (in.)Centimeters (cm.) ... 0.4 ................. Inches (in.)Meters (m.) .......... 3.3 ..................... Feet (ft.)Meters (m.) .......... 1.1 ..................Yards (yd.)Kilometers (km.) .. 0.6 .................. Miles (mi.)
WeightOunces (oz.) ........ 18 ...................Grams (g.)Pounds (lb.) ......... 0.45 .........Kilograms (kg.)Short Tons (2,000 lb.) ............ 0.9 .................. Tonnes (t.)Grams (g.) ........... 0.035 .......... Ounces (oz.)Kilograms (kg.) .... 2.2 ................Pounds (lb.)
Liquid MeasureMilliliters (ml.) ....... 0.03 ..Fluid Ounces (fl. oz.)Liters (l.) ............... 2.1 ....................Pints (pt.)Liters (l.) ............... 1.06 ...............Quarts (qt.)Liters (l.) ............... 0.26 ............Gallons (gal.)Teaspoon (tsp.) .... 5 ................ Milliliters (ml.)Tablespoon (tbsp.)..16 .............. Milliliters (ml.)
~ 8 ~
Metric MultiplesPrefix Factor SymbolMega....................1,000,000 ................... MKilo .....................1,000 ........................... kHecto ...................100 .............................. hDeca ....................10 .............................. daThe Unit ...............1 .............. m, g, l, s, or ADeci .....................0.1 ............................... dCenti ....................0.01 ............................. cMilli .....................0.001 .......................... mMicro ....................0.000001 ..................... u
LengthCentimeter ............................0.3937 InchesMeter .......................................3.2808 Feet Meter ..................................... 1.0936 YardsKilometer ................................0.6214 Miles Inch .............................2.5400 CentimetersFoot ..................................... 0.3048 MetersYard ..................................... 0.9144 MetersMile ............................... 1.6093 KilometersRod ....................................... 5.029 Meters
AreaSquare Centimeter ..............0.1550 Square
InchesSquare Meter ............ 10.7639 Square FeetSquare Meter ............ 1.1960 Square YardsHectare .................................. 2.4710 AcresSquare Kilometer ....... 0.3861 Square MilesSquare Inch .........................6.4516 Square
CentimetersSquare Foot ............ 0.0929 Square MetersSquare Yard .............0.8361 Square MetersAcre ..................................0.4047 HectaresSquare Mile .......2.5900 Square Kilometers
VolumeCubic Centimeter ....... 0.0610 Cubic InchesCubic Meter .................35.3145 Cubic FootCubic Meter ...................1.3079 Cubic Yard Cubic Inch......... 16.3872 Cubic CentimeterCubic Foot ...................0.0283 Cubic MeterCubic Yard ...................0.7646 Cubic Meter
Temperature °C °F
100............ 212 90 ............. 194 80 ............. 176 70 ............. 158 60 ............. 140 50 ............. 122 40 ............. 104 37 ............ 96.6 30 ............... 86
20 ............... 68 10 ............... 50 5 ............... 41 0 ............... 32-5 ............... 23
-10 .............. 14 -20 ...............-4 -30 .............-22 -40 .............-40
~ 7 ~
Size Length Inches
Wire Gage
Approx. No./Lb.
Approx. StrengthPounds
Pull Lateral
Common Nails (1) (2)
2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9d10d12d16d20d30d40d50d60d
11¼1½1¾2
2¼2½2¾3
3¼3½4
4½5
5½6
1514
12½12½11½11½10¼10¼
99865432
847543294254167150101926963493124181411
Spikes
10d12d16d20d30d40d50d60d5 163 8
33¼3½4
4½5
5½67
8-12
66543211
5 163 8
3231241914121096
5-3
49495358636873738096
139139155176202223248248289380
Hardened Threaded Nails
6d8d10d12d16d20d30d40d50d60d
22½3
3¼3½4
4½5
5½6
12111010977777
1901177873573631272318
8090
100100110135135135135135
69829494
107139139139139139
Douglas Fir, Larch or Southern Pine
29
34
3838424953586368
63
78
9494107139154176202223
NAILS
(1) Per inch penetration of point(2) For penetration of 11 diameters
~ 24 ~
Siz
eLe
ngth
in F
eet
Nom
.A
ctua
l8
1012
1416
1820
Boa
rd F
eet
1x2
1x3
1x4
1x6
1x8
1x10
1x12
1x14
1x16
25/3
2x1⅝
25/3
2x2⅝
25/3
2x3⅝
25/3
2x5⅝
25/3
2x7½
25/3
2x9½
25/3
2x11
½25
/32x
13½
25/3
2x15
½
1⅓ 2 2 ⅔
4 5⅓ 6⅔ 8 9⅓ 10⅔
1⅔ 2½ 3⅓ 5 6⅔ 8⅓ 10 11⅔
13⅓
2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
2⅓ 3½ 4⅔ 7 9⅓ 11⅔
14 16⅓
18⅔
2⅔ 4 5⅓ 8 10⅔
13⅓
16 18⅔
21⅓
3 4½ 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
3⅓ 5 6⅔ 10 13⅓
16⅔
20 23⅓
26⅔
BOARD MEASURES
~ 25 ~
•
↑
↓
Area of an Octagon (8 equal sides) Length of one side Squared x 4.838.
Area of a Trapezoid(a + b)
2x h
A
B
H
Volume of a Cube or Rectangular Box Length x width x height.
Volume of a cylinder Radius squared x 3.1416 x length of cylinder.
Volume of a Sphere Radius cubed x 4.1888.
Volume of a Cone or Pyramid Area of base x ⅓ the height (e.g. square or round hopper bottom).
Volume Conversion FactorsCubic Foot x 0.8 ...................Bushels Grain or Shelled CornCubic Foot x 0.4 .............. Bushels Ear Corn Cubic Foot x 7.48 ...........................GallonsCubic Foot x 62.4 .................Pounds WaterGallons x 8.330.....................Pounds WaterGallons x 0.1337........................Cubic FeetCubic inches + 1,728 .................Cubic FeetCubic Yard x 27 .........................Cubic FeetCubic Foot ÷ 27 .......................Cubic Yards
METRIC EQUIVALENTS(Based on National Bureau of Standards)
The Six Basic Metric UnitsUnit MeasuresMeter (M) ......................................... LengthKilogram (kg) ...................................WeightLiter (L) ........................................... VolumeSecond (S).......................................... TimeCelsius (˚C) .............................TemperatureAmpere (A) ..................................Electricity
r
•
~ 6 ~
↑
↓
← →
H
← →
↑
↓
↑
↓
Water Requirements of AnimalsHorse ............................. 7-10 gallons daily, average about 8½ gallons.Cow………. .................... 6-10 gallons daily, average about 8½ gallons.Hog ................................. 2-3 gallons daily, average about 2½ gallons.Sheep .............................. 1-2 gallons daily, average about 1½ gallons.100 Chickens ..... 40 pounds of water a day; 5½ gallons.
HANDY FORMULAS
• To find circumference of a circle when diameter is known, multiply diameter by 3.1416 (approx. 3 ).• To find diameter when circumference is known, divide circumference by 3.1416 or multiply by 0.3183.
Area of a CircleRadius squared x 3.1416 or diameter squared x 0.7854.
r•
L
W
W
L
Area of a Rectangle or SquareLength x Width
Area of a Right TriangleLength x Width 2
Area of Other Triangles Base x height at right angle to base
Area of a Parallelogram Length x Width
Area of a Pentagon (5 equal sides) Length of one side squared x 1.720.
Area of a Hexagon(6 equal sides) Length of one side squared x 2.598.
~ 5 ~
1 7
2
Siz
eLe
ngth
in F
eet
Nom
.A
ctua
l8
1012
1416
1820
Boa
rd F
eet
2x2
2x3
2x4
2x6
2x8
2x10
2x12
2x14
2x16
1⅝x1
⅝1⅝
x2⅝
1⅝x3
⅝1⅝
x5⅝
1⅝x7
½1⅝
x9½
1⅝x1
1½1⅝
x13½
1⅝x1
5½
2⅔ 4 5⅓ 8 10⅔
13⅓
16 18⅔
21⅓
3⅓ 5 6⅔ 10 13⅓
16⅔
20 23⅓
26⅔
4 6 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
4⅔ 7 9⅓ 14 18⅔
23⅓
28 32⅔
37⅓
5⅓ 8 10⅔
16 21⅓
26⅔
32 37⅓
42⅔
6 9 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
6⅔ 10 13⅓
20 26⅔
33⅓
40 46⅔
53⅓
~ 26 ~
3x3
3x4
3x6
3x8
3x10
3x12
3x14
3x16
2⅝x2
⅝2⅝
x3⅝
2⅝x5
⅝2⅝
x7½
2⅝x9
½2⅝
x11½
2⅝x1
3½2⅝
x15½
6 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
7½ 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
9 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
10½
14 21 28 35 42 49 56
12 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
13½
18 27 36 45 54 63 72
15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
4x4
4x6
4x8
4x10
4x12
4x14
4x16
3⅝x3
⅝3⅝
x5⅝
3⅝x7
½3⅝
x9½
3⅝x1
1½3⅝
x13½
3⅝x1
5½
10⅔
16 21⅓
26⅔
32 37⅓
42⅔
13⅓
20 26⅔
33⅓
40 46⅔
53⅓
16 24 32 40 48 56 64
18⅔
28 37⅓
46⅔
56 65⅓
74⅔
21⅓
32 42⅔
53⅓
64 74⅔
85⅓
24 36 48 60 72 84 96
26⅔
40 53⅓
66⅔
80 93⅓
106⅔
Siz
eLe
ngth
in F
eet
Nom
.A
ctua
l8
1012
1416
1820
Boa
rd F
eet
BOARD MEASURES, cont.,
~ 27 ~
Table of Live & Dressed Weights For Hogs & Cattle Dressing PercentagesCattle PercentageThin cattle (dairy cows)......................40-50Barely warmed steers ........................50-55Good conditioned steers....................55-60Prime cattle – long fed steers ............ 60 upAverage for cattle ................................... 55Hogs (Chilled Carcass-Head Removed)Extremely heavy butchers ..........280-350 lbs..........71-73 Heavy butchers ..........230-280 lbs..........69-71Desirable butchers ..........190-230 lbs.......68.5-70Light butchers ..........170-190 lbs.....67.5-68.5Heavy packing sows ................350-500 lbs.......70.5-72Medium packing sows ................300-350 lbs.... 68.5-70.5Light packing sows ................under 300 lbs....67.5-69SheepWide range ........................................40-65Average lambs ...................................48-52
Average Dressing 1,200 lb. SteerLive weight........... 1,200 lbs.Carcass ............... 700 lbs. .................. 58.3Hide ..................... 75 lbs. ...................... 6.2Head, feet, knees .............. 45 lbs. ...................... 3.7Oleo fat ................ 80 lbs. ...................... 6.6Liver ..................... 12 lbs. ...................... 1.0Heart .................... 3 lbs. ...................... 0.25Lungs ................... 20 lbs. ...................... 1.6Tongue ................. 5 lbs. ...................... 0.41Cheek meat .........5 lbs. ....................... 0.41Rough tallow & entrails .............84 lbs. ....................... 7.0Liquid blood .........46 lbs. ....................... 3.8Paunch & contents ...........106 lbs. ..................... 8.8Lips & weasand meat ................4 lbs. ......................... 0.3Tail, bung, casings ............15 lbs. ....................... 1.2
~ 4 ~
99.57
Liquid Measure2 Cups ...............................................1 Pint4 Gills.................................................1 Pint16 Fluid Ounces ................................1 Pint2 Pints............................................. 1 Quart4 Quarts .........................................1 Gallon31½ Gallons ...................................1 Barrel2 Barrels ..................................1 Hogshead1 Gallon .......................... 231 Cubic Inches1 Cubic Foot ...........................7.48 Gallons1 Teaspoon ..................... .17 Fluid Ounces
( ounce) 3 Teaspoons (level) .................. 1 Tablespoon
(½ ounce)2 Tablespoons ......................1 Fluid Ounce1 Cup (liquid) ........................ 16 Tablespoons
(8 ounce)1 Teaspoon ............... 5-6 Cubic Centimeters1 Tablespoon .......... 5-16 Cubic Centimeters1 Fluid Ounce ...........29.57 Cubic Centimeters
Apothecaries’ Weight20 Grains .....................................1 Scruple3 Scruples....................................... 1 Dram8 Drams .........................................1 Ounce12 Ounces .....................................1 Pound27 Grains ..................................... 1Dram16 Drams .......................................1 Ounce16 Ounces .....................................1 Pound2,000 Pounds ..............................1 Ton (short)2,240 Pounds .......................... 1 Ton (long)
DRESSED WEIGHTS OF SLAUGHTERED ANIMALS
Cattle PercentageDairy Cows ........................................40-50Prime Cattle ....................................... 60 upAverage for Cattle ................................... 55
HogsPrime Heavy ......................................82-84Medium Butchers...............................78-80Shipper Hogs .....................................72-76
SheepWide Range .......................................40-65Average Lamb ...................................48-52
ChickensCocks...................................................... 76Hens ....................................................... 76Pullets ..................................................... 74
~ 3 ~
1 6
1132
6x6
6x8
6x10
6x12
6x14
6x16
5½x5
½5½
x7½
5½x9
½5½
x11½
5½x1
3½5½
x15½
24 32 40 48 56 64
30 40 50 60 70 80
36 48 60 72 84 96
42 56 70 84 98 112
48 64 80 96 112
128
54 72 90 108
126
144
60 80 100
120
140
160
8x8
8x10
8x12
8x14
8x16
7½x7
½7½
x9½
7½x1
1½7½
x13½
7½x1
5½
42⅔
53⅓
64 74⅔
85⅓
53⅓
66⅔
80 93⅓
106⅔
64 80 96 112
128
74⅔
93⅓
112
130⅔
149⅓
85⅓
106⅔
128
149⅓
170⅔
96 120
144
168
192
106⅔
133⅓
160
186⅔
213⅓
10x1
010
x12
10x1
410
x16
9½x9
½9½
x11½
9½x1
3½9½
x15½
66⅔
80 93⅓
106⅔
83⅓
100
116⅔
133⅓
100
120
140
160
116⅔
140
163⅓
186⅔
133⅓
160
186⅔
213⅓
150
180
210
240
166⅔
200
233⅓
266⅔
Siz
eLe
ngth
in F
eet
Nom
.A
ctua
l8
1012
1416
1820
Boa
rd F
eet
~ 28 ~
Com
mod
ityFr
eezi
ng
Poin
tPl
ace
to S
tore
Stor
age
Con
ditio
nsLe
ngth
of
Stor
age
Perio
dTe
mpe
ratu
reH
umid
ity
Vege
tabl
es:
Dry
bea
ns a
nd p
eas
Late
cab
bage
Cau
liflow
er
Late
Cel
ery
End
ive
Oni
ons
Par
snip
s
Pep
pers
Pot
atoe
s
˚F 30.4
30.4
30.3
31.6
31.9
30.6
30.4
30.7
30.9
Any
coo
l, dr
y pl
ace.
Pit,
tren
ch, o
r out
door
cel
lar.
Sto
rage
cel
lar.
Pit o
r tre
nch;
root
s in
soi
l in
stor
age
cella
r.
Roo
ts in
soi
l in
stor
age
cella
r.
Any
coo
l, dr
y pl
ace.
Whe
re th
ey g
rew
, or i
n st
orag
e ce
llar.
Unh
eate
d ba
sem
ent o
r roo
m.
Pit
or in
sto
rage
cel
lar.
˚F 32-4
0
Nea
r 32
as p
ossi
ble.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
45-5
0
35-4
0
Dry
Mod
erat
ely
moi
st.
Do
Do
Do
Dry
Moi
st
Mod
erat
ely
moi
st.
Do
As
long
as
desi
red.
Thro
ugh
late
fall
& w
inte
r.
6-8
wee
ks.
Thro
ugh
late
fall
& w
inte
r.
2-3
mon
ths.
Thro
ugh
fall
& w
inte
r.
Do
2-3
wee
ks.
Thro
ugh
fall
& w
inte
r.
FREEZING POINTS, RECOMMENDED STORAGE CONDITIONS, & LENGTH OF STORAGE PERIOD OF VEGETABLES & FRUITS
~ 29 ~
Cubic Measure1,728 Cubic Inches .................1 Cubic Foot27 Cubic Feet .........................1 Cubic Yard144 Cubic Inches ................... 1 Board Foot128 Cubic Feet ................................ 1 Cord
Weights and Volumes of Water– One cubic inch of water weighs .03617 pounds. – One cubic foot weighs 62.5 pounds. – One cubic foot equals 7.48052 gallons. – One pint (liquid) weighs 1.044375 pounds.– One pint (liquid) weighs 1.044375 pounds.– One gallon weighs 8.355 pounds.– One liquid quart equals 57.75 cubic inches.
Circles and Globes – To find the circumference of a circle, multiply the diameter by 3.1416. – To find the area of a circle, multiply the square of the diameter by .7854. – To find the surface of a globe, multiply the square of the diameter by 3.1416. – To find the solidity of a globe, multiply the cube of the diameter by .5236.
STANDARD MEASURES
Measure of Length (linear measure)4 Inches ...........................................1 Hand9 Inches ..........................................1 Span12 Inches ..........................................1 Foot3 Feet ...............................................1 Yard6 Feet ..........................................1 Fathom5½ Yards - 16½ Feet....... 1 Rod or 11 Poles40 Poles.......................................1 Furlong8 Furlongs..........................................1 Mile5,280 Feet - 1,760 Yards ............320 Rods or 1 Mile3 Miles ......................................... 1 League
Measure of Surface (area)144 Square Inches .............. 1 Square Foot9 Square Feet ...................... 1 Square Yard30¼ Square Yards ................1 Square Rod40 Square Rods...............................1 Rood4 Square Roods................... 1 Square Area160 Square Rods..............................1 Acre43,560 Square Feet .........................1 Acre640 Square Acres .................1 Square Mile36 Square Miles........................ 1 Township
~ 2 ~
COMMON MEASURES
Long Measure12 Inches ..........................................1 Foot3 Feet ...............................................1 Yard5½ Yards ...........................................1 Rod320 Rods ...........................................1 Mile1 Mile .........................................5,280 Feet1 Hand ...........................................4 Inches(Used in measuring horse height)
Square Measure144 Square Inches .............. 1 Square Foot9 Square Feet ...................... 1 Square Yard43,560 Square Feet ..........................1 Acre30¼ Square Yards ................1 Square Rod160 Square Rods..............................1 Acre640 Acres..............................1 Square Mile• An acre is equal to a square whose side is 208.71 feet.
Surveyor’s Square Measure 10,000 Square Links.......... 1 Square Chain10 Square Chains .............................1 Acre10 Chains Square ......................... 10 Acres
Surveyor’s Linear Measure7.92 Inches ........................................1 Link100 Links ........................................1 Chain80 Chains ..........................................1 Mile• Gunter’s Chain is the unit and is 66 feet long.
Dry Measure2 Pints............................................. 1 Quart8 Quarts ........................................... 1 Peck4 Pecks ......................................... 1 Bushel• 1 Bushel contains 2150.42 cubic inches or approximately 1¼ cubic feet.
Liquid Measure4 Gills.................................................1 Pint2 Pints............................................. 1 Quart4 Quarts……..................................1 Gallon• 1 gallon contains 231 cubic inches • 1 cubic foot equals 7½ gallons
Weights & Measures
~ 1 ~
Com
mod
ityFr
eezi
ng
Poin
tPl
ace
to S
tore
Stor
age
Con
ditio
nsLe
ngth
of
Stor
age
Perio
dTe
mpe
ratu
reH
umid
ity
Pum
pkin
s an
d sq
uash
es
Roo
t cro
ps (m
isce
llane
ous)
Sw
eet p
otat
oes
Tom
atoe
s (m
atur
e gr
een)
Frui
ts:
App
les
Gra
pefru
it
Gra
pes
Ora
nges
Pea
rs
˚F 30.5
----
-
29.7
31.0
29.0
29.8
28.1
30.5
29.2
Hom
e ce
llar o
r bas
emen
t.
Pit
or in
sto
rage
cel
lar.
Hom
e ce
llar o
r bas
emen
t.
Do
Frui
t sto
rage
cel
lar.
Do
Do
Do
Do
˚F 55 Nea
r 32
as p
ossi
ble.
55-6
0
55-7
0
Nea
r 32
as p
ossi
ble.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Mod
erat
ely
dry.
Moi
st
Mod
erat
ely
dry.
Do
Mod
erat
ely
moi
st.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
4-6
wee
ks.
Thro
ugh
fall
& w
inte
r.
4-6
wee
ks.
1-2
mon
ths.
4-6
wee
ks.
~ 30 ~
INDEX
Weights & Measures .................. 1Common Measures ................... 1Standard Measures ................... 2
Dressed Weights of Slaughtered Animals ............ 3Table of live & dressed weights for hogs & cattle ..................... 4
Handy Formulas ......................... 5
Metric Equivalents ...................... 6Metric Conversion Chart ............ 8
Bushel Weights of Common Commodities ........................ 9
Estimating Weights of Dairy Cows ......................... 10
Crib and Bin Capacity ............... 12
Gestation Table ......................... 13
Incubation & Gestation Periods ............................... 14
Planting By The Signs .............. 15
Weights and Measures ............. 18Selected Water Relationships .... 19 Quantities to Serve 100 People ...............................19
One Ingredient for Another ....... 20
Planting & Plowing an Acre ...... 21
Miscellaneous Equivalents ....... 23 Can Sizes ................................23
Nails .........................................24 Board Measures ...................... 25 Freezing Vegetables & Fruits ....................................29
Contact Information
Animal Health DivisionPhone: 558-2214
Fax: 558-2231
Communications DivisionMarket BulletinPhone: 558-3708
Fax: [email protected]
Executive DivisionPhone: 558-3200
Fax: 558-2203www.wvagriculture.org
Marketing & Development Division Phone: 558-2210
Fax: 558-2270
Meat & Poultry DivisionPhone: 558-2206
Fax: 558-1882
Plant Industries DivisionPhone: 558-2212
Fax: 558-2435
Kent A Leonhardt, Commissioner
Kent A. Leonhardt, Commissioner of Agriculture
Useful Information for farm & home