planting under trees - university of minnesota
TRANSCRIPT
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Planting Under TreesKelsey Sparks & Mary Meyer
University of Minnesota
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What we want….
Healthy plants under trees. Here is an example of
an ideal planting under trees.
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Challenge: tree roots
Examples of trees with surface roots:
maple
spruce
Examples of trees with few surface roots:
oak
ash
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Tree roots: spruce with surface roots
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Tree roots: silver maple surface roots
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Tree roots: boxelder with surface roots
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Tree roots
This illustration
shows an
incorrect image
of tree roots.
It’s a common
misconception
that tree roots
mirror the branch
structure.
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Tree roots
This illustration is a much more realistic image of tree roots
90% of tree roots are in the top 3 feet of soil
50-75% of feeder roots are in the top 1foot of soil
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Tree roots
Adding soil on
top of tree roots
can kill trees.
This is an
example of
what NOT to
do.
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Choices for planting under trees:
Keep it natural
Mulch
Plant perennials
Plant annuals
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Choices: keep it natural
Leaves can provide a natural mulch
Don’t rake them up!
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Choices: mulch
Mulches offer many advantages:
control weeds
conserve moisture
moderate soil temperature
reduce erosion
add organic matter
look tidy
can add concept or bed lines to enhance
landscape design
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Choices: organic mulchShredded bark
apply 2-4” deep
add every 2-3 years
may require additional nitrogen if worked into soil
Compostadds structure and improves soil tilth
inexpensive and easy to obtain from a home compost site
Shredded leavesinexpensive
easy to obtain
Cocoa shellschocolate aroma
may become matted and mildew
requires annual application
Pine needlescan last 2-3 years
harder to find in Minnesota
Wood chipsmay require additional nitrogen if worked into soil
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Choices: mulch
Apply mulch undertrees
Use organic mulch
2-4” thick
Use permeablematerials thatallow water topenetrate and reachthe roots
Avoid plastics thatlimit water and airexchange
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Choices: mulch or plants
Mulched amur maple, Acer ginnala, background
Boxelder, Acer negundo, with perennials, foreground
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Choices: plant under trees
Shade trials at the University of Minnesota-Morris with dripirrigation
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Choices: how to plant under trees
Consider pruning lower limbs to allow more light.
Remove turfgrass, weeds, or existing plantsmanually or chemically (RoundUp®), followinglabel directions.
Avoid changing the grade so water and air are notlimited for the tree roots. Do NOT change gradeby adding soil on top of roots.
Purchase smaller plants for ease of planting.
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Choices: how to plant under trees
Carefully dig holes for the individual new plantsbetween tree roots.
Add organic matter such as compost to individualplanting holes.
Apply 2-4 inches of organic mulch between newplants. Do NOT apply more than 4” of mulch.
Water new plantings well especially the firstseason.
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Special sites: black walnut trees
Planting under black walnut, Juglans nigra,
and Butternut, Juglans cinerea, trees can be a
challenge to due a natural substance they
produce called juglone.
Many plants are sensitive to juglone and can be
injured or killed when grown under the these
trees.
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Special sites: black walnut trees
Examples of plants tolerant to juglone
daffodil (Narcissus spp.)
daylily (Hemerocallis spp.)
plantain lily (Hosta spp.)
Examples of plants sensitive to juglone
plants in the nightshade family (tomato, pepper,
eggplant, potato)
peony (Paeonia spp.)
wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis)
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Special sites: black walnut trees
For more information on juglone and individual plant sensitivity, see thesereferences:
Funt, R.C. and J. Martin. Undated. Black Walnut Toxicity to Plants,Humans, and Horses. HYG-1148-93Ohio State University Extension FactSheet. Accessed 29 December 2005. http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1148.html.
University of Minnesota Extension Service. 1999. H407B. Toxicity of BlackWalnuts Towards Other Plants. www.extension.umn.edu.
West Virginia University Extension Service. Undated. Black WalnutToxicity. http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/fruits/blkwalnt.htm.
accessed 29 December 2005.
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Good plants for under trees
Azaleas and rhododendron, shown here at the MinnesotaLandscape Arboretum, are examples of plants that naturallygrow as under-story plants beneath trees.
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Tiarella, tulips, and hosta planted under trees, also shown at
the Arboretum are other good choices for under trees.
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Hosta tolerates tree roots well
Planting
close to the
trunk reduces
mechanical
damage to trees.
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Hosta under trees
Mulch and stone edging with hosta creates a functional, butminimal design.
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Hosta under trees
This design is pleasing and shows a nice concept line while
still protecting the tree trunk.
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Native plant communities
Look locally to find plants that grow
naturally under trees.
Explore different plant communities.
Look for native plants that thrive in
conditions like your own!
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Native plant communities
Eastern deciduous woods: Eloise Butler
Wildflower Garden, Minneapolis, MN.
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Native plant communities
This public woodland garden varies from moist, heavyshade, to drier upland sites.
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Native plant communities
Here is an oak savannah near Waseca, MN. This is a transitionvegetative zone, usually a drier site that is found between the Easterndeciduous woods and the prairie.
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Native Plants:There are many good choices for planting under trees
In the background Aquilegia canadensis wild columbine
Foreground Hydrophyllum virginianum water leaf
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Native plants
Anemone canadensis Canada anemone
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Native plants
Anemone canadensis Canada anemone
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Native plants
Asarum canadense wild ginger
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Native plants
Aster macrophyllus large-leafed aster
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Native plants
Carex spp. sedges
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Native plants
Carex spp. sedges shown growing in shade
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Native plants
Carex muskingumensis palm sedge
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Native plants
Cornus canadensis bunchberry
Clintonia borealis bluebead
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Native plants
Cornus
canadensis
bunchberry
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Native plants
Deschampsia caespitosa ‘Bronzeschleier’ bronze veiltufted hairgrass
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Native plants
Erythronium spp. trout lily
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Native plants
Geum triflorum prairie smoke
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Native plants
Geum triflorum prairie smoke
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Native plants
Geranium maculatum wild geranium
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Native plants
Hydrophyllum virginianum water leaf
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Native plants
Hydrophyllum virginianum water leaf
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Native plants
Phlox divaricata woods phlox
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Native plants
Tiarella cordifolia foam flower
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Native plants
Thalictrum spp. meadow rue
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Native plants
Polygonatum biflorum ‘Variegatum’ variegated Solomon’sseal
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Native plants
Podophyllum peltatum mayapple
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Native plants
Trillium grandiflorum large-flowered trillium
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Native plants
Tradescantia ohiensis spiderwort
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Native plants
Tradescantia ‘Snowcap’ spiderwort
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Native plants
Viola spp. violets
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Native plants
Osmunda claytoniana interrupted fern
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Native plants: ferns
Adiantum pedatum maidenhair fern
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Native plants: ferns
Osmunda claytoniana
interrupted fern
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Native plants: ferns
Pteridium aquilinum bracken fern
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Native plants: ferns
Pteridium aquilinum bracken fern
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Non-native plants
Ajuga reptans bugleweed
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Non-native plants
Brunnera macrophylla Siberian bugloss
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Non-native plants
Convallaria majalis lily-of-the-valley
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Non-native plants
Chasmanthium latifolium northern seaoats
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Non-native plants
Chasmanthium latifolium northern seaoats
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Non-native plants
Dianthus barbatus sweet William
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Non-native plants
Epimedium xrubrum barrenwort
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Non-native plants
Galium odoratum sweet woodruff
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Non-native plants
Glechoma hederacea ground ivy (considered a weed
by many, but easily grows in shady tough sites).
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Non-native plants
Glechoma hederacea ground ivy
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Non-native plants
Hosta spp. plantain lily
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Non-native plants
Lamiastrum galeobdolon yellow archangel
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Non-native plants
Lamium maculatum dead nettle, lamium
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Non-native plants
Narcissus spp. daffodils
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Non-native plants
Pachysandra terminalis pachysandra, requires winter
protection or snow cover
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Non-native plants
Phalaris arundinacea ‘Feesey’s Form’ ribbon grass
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Non-native plants
Vinca minor periwinkle
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Grasses: recreational
Recreational use may be a requirement when
children need play areas. None of the plants
previously listed can tolerate foot traffic.
Turfgrasses are still the best choice where there will
be foot traffic.
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Grasses:
The fine fescues, Festuca spp., such as red fescue, chewings fescue,and creeping red fescue are good choices for shady sites. Fescuestolerate shade, drought, and low fertility. This photo shows howfine fescues look when they are cut only 1-2 times a year.
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Planting under trees: annuals
Yes, you can plant shade tolerant annuals under a spruce
tree; don’t forget to water them regularly.
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Planting under trees: perennials and
annuals
A combination of annuals and perennials can
make an attractive shade garden.
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Planting under trees: perennials
Select from the many
plants previously
shown, such as
spiderwort
(Tradescantia spp.)
with hosta, northern
seaoats, sweet
woodruff, and sweet
William.
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Final tips for planting under trees:
Avoid damaging tree roots
do not add soil on top of tree roots
gently plant between roots
do not cut into roots 2” or larger
use a layer of mulch no deeper than 2-4” thick
Look to nature for inspiration in plant selection
Be prepared to water the first year or two until
plants are established
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References
1. Barrott, Susan. 1999. Mulching the Home Landscape. H139M. University ofMinnesota Extension Service Yard and Garden Brief. www.extension. umn.edu.
2. Brown, Deborah. 1998. Gardening in the Shade. FS-1428-GO. University ofMinnesota Extension Service Fact Sheet. www.extension.umn.edu.
3. Dimond, D. 1977. All About Ground Covers. Ortho Books, San Francisco, CA.
4. Funt, R.C. and J. Martin. Undated. Black Walnut Toxicity to Plants, Humans, andHorses. HYG-1148-93Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet. Accessed 29December 2005. http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1148.html.
Meyer, M. H. and R. Robison, D.B. White. 1995. Plants in PrairieCommunities. North Central Regional Pub. AG-BU-3238-C. MinnesotaExtension Service. www.extension.umn.edu.
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References
Meyer, M. H. and Zins, M. 1998. Ground Covers for Rough Sites. FS-1114-A. University ofMinnesota Extension Service. www.extension.umn.edu.
Miller, N., D. Rathke, and G. Johnson. 1995. Protecting Trees from Construction Damage: AHomeowner's Guide. FO-6135-S. University of Minnesota Extension Service.www.extension.umn.edu.
Ripke, K. Undated. Planting Under Existing Trees. University of Minnesota Dept. ofHorticultural Science. http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/planting.html
accessed 29 December 2005.
University of Minnesota Extension Service. 1999. H407B. Toxicity of Black Walnuts TowardsOther Plants. www.extension.umn.edu.
Voigt, T.B., B.Hamilton, F.Giles. 1983. Ground Covers for the Midwest. North CentralRegional Publication 400. University of Illinois. Available from U of MN Extension Service,www.extension.umn.edu.
West Virginia University Extension Service. Undated. Black Walnut Toxicity.http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/fruits/blkwalnt.htm.
accessed 29 December 2005.
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Author Credits
Kelsey Sparks is a student in environmental horticulture.
She prepared this slide presentation as part of an Extension
practicum class at the University of Minnesota.
Mary Meyer is an Extension Horticulturist and Associate
Professor in the Department of Horticultural Science at the
University of Minnesota.
January 2006