plants in a warmer world the good, the bad and the ugly · •~24,000 ft of copper power cable...
TRANSCRIPT
Plants in a warmer world – The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
Dr. Rebecca Montgomery Associate professor
Artur Stefanski Research fellow
Department of Forest Resources
University of Minnesota
Collaborative effort
Funded by: Department of Energy, Hubachek Wilderness Research Foundation, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, USDA-AFRI, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences
Forest imageWhat happens
when we turn up
the heat?
Boreal Forest
Warming at an
Ecotone in Danger
Northern, boreal species
Abies balsamea Betulapapyrifera
Pinusbanksiana
Picea glauca Populustremuloides
Acer rubrum Quercusmacrocarpa
Pinus strobusAcer saccharum Quercus rubra
Southern, temperate species
Northern, boreal species
Balsam fir Paper birchJack pineWhite spruce Trembling aspen
Red mapleBur oak
White pineSugar maple Red oak
Southern, temperate species
buried cables
ceramic heaters
Real time data
2009
ambient, + 1.7 and +3.4 °C
Time of day
Soil
tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
some facts & figures
• two sites
• 11 tree species, 72 plots, ~8,000 tree seedlings
• two canopy treatments (open and closed)
• no winter warming
• warmed 208 to 244 days per year ≈ 8 months
• volumetric water content reduced by
– 10.6% in +1.7 ˚C
– 18.2% in +3.4 ˚C
• 40% of rainfall reduced throughout the growing season
The Good
Acclimation of respiration and photosynthesis
physiological response to
temperature
Growing in +3.4°C
conditions
Res
pir
atio
n r
ate
Growing in ambient
conditions
10 20 30Leaf measurement temperature °C
Reich et al. 2016
Temperature (°C)
Net
ph
oto
syn
thes
is
26 29 temperature optima
Growing in +3.4 C
conditions
Growing in ambient
conditions
10 20 30 40
Tem
pera
ture
optim
a °
C
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28 ambient
warmed (+3.4 °C)
Populus
trem
uloide
s
Betula
papy
rifer
a
Acer r
ubru
m
Que
rcus
mac
roca
rpa
Rha
mnu
s ca
thar
tica
Acer s
acch
arum
Que
rcus
rubr
a
BOREALTEMPERATE
Sendall et al. 2015
The Bad• Increased soil
respiration
• Change in wood properties
• Change in mycorrhizae abundance
Soil
resp
irat
ion
(µ
mo
lCO
2m
-2s-1
)
Increase in soil respiration
Change in wood properties
Change in mycorrhizae composition
The Ugly
• Effects of soil moisture
• Phenology
Open Canopy Closed Canopy
Ambient
+3.4
Quercus rubra – April 27, 2010
Open Closed
Ambient
+3.4
Quercus rubra – May 4, 2010
Open Closed
Ambient
+3.4
Quercus rubra – May 11, 2010
Open Closed
Ambient
+3.4
Quercus rubra– May 18, 2010
Betula papyrifera
Populus tremuloides
Acer rubrum
Acer saccharum
Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus rubra
Bo
real
Tem
per
ate
Ap
ril 3
0
May
10
May
20
May
30
Sep
t 7
Sep
t 1
7
Sep
t 2
7
Oct
7
Oct
17
…Day of year…
Extended growing season
+3.4⁰ C
ambient
phenology of shoot growth
earlier shoot growth
VWC = 0.09 VWC = 0.21
June, 2009VERY DRY
August, 2009WET
ambient +3.4 ambient +3.4 ambient +3.4 ambient +3.4
Ph
oto
syn
thet
ic r
ate
(um
olm
-2s-1
)
Ph
oto
syn
thet
ic r
ate
(um
olm
-2s-1
)
Perc
en
t (%
) in
crea
se in
p
ho
tosy
nth
esis
wit
h w
arm
ing
Reich, Montgomery et al. 2015
Northern,
boreal species
Southern,
temperate species
Reich, Montgomery et al. 2015
Northern,
boreal species
Southern,
temperate species
Reich, Montgomery et al. 2015
Species at WARM
range limit will do poorly
Species at COOL range
limit will thrive
View from Oberg Mountain, MN, Duluth News Tribune
http://forestecology.cfans.umn.edu/Research/B4WARMED/index.htm
Thanks
Acknowledgements:Co-PIs: Reich, Montgomery, Hobbie, Rich, & OleksynThanks to many researchers and staff at UMN campus and Cloquet Forestry Center who supported this project in various ways:, Wythers, Li, Pinahs, Eddy, Sendall, Fisichelli, Wright, Buyarski, Buschena, Barrott, Pike, Severs, Blanchard, Gill.
Special thanks to the Karen Rice & Rai Bermudez who help run the show, working long hours to troubleshoot, supervise, organize, collect data, feed, console and in all ways make this work possible.
Special thanks to the many B4Warmed interns who tirelessly collected data over the years and make this work possible.
Other Collaborators: Zhao, Hou, Wei, Liao (China); Pierce (MN DNR); Brzostek/Finzi (Boston Univ); Bradford (USFS); Eisenhauer/Thakur/Ferlian (Germany); Zhou (U Oklahoma); Coyle/Raffa/Lindroth/Jamieson (UW-Madison)
Funding provided by: U.S. Department of Energy Program on Ecological Research; University of Minnesota, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resources Sciences; Wilderness Research Foundation and Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
B4WARMED in numbers
• ~30,000 trees planted another ~4.3 k to be planted this year
• ~400,000 seeds sown • ~ over 4,000 temperature response curves
measured• ~24,000 net photosynthesis survey
measurements• ~800 Aci response curves• ~ Up to date 1,200,000 of biological
measurements data points
Facts 2009 - 2011
B4WARMED in numbers cont…
• ~12,000 ft thermocouple cable
• ~7,200 ft of warming cable
• ~5,000 ft of twisted pair communication cable
• ~24,000 ft of copper power cable
• ~2,000 ft of aluminum power cable
• ~ 360,000 miles driven – 15 times around the globe
• ~ 90,000 person hours rough estimate
• ~ 120 billion datalogger measurements
Facts 2009 - 2011
* Department of Energy
