plants - taxonomy, structure, and physiology
TRANSCRIPT
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TAXONOMYPLANT STRUCTURE
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 11. Pest Biology
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Classifying & Naming Living Things
Pest Biology
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What is Taxonomy? Taxonomy is the science of naming living
things Taxonomy involves using Latin names and
sometimes Greek words in naming organisms
Each known organism is given a two part scientific name
Common names for organisms are used by non-scientists. These names can vary from one place to another
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What is Taxonomy? The modern classification system involves
organizing all living organisms into seven different groups.
The Kingdom is the first group into which organisms are classified
The categories become more specific with each move to the next category
The Phylum is more specific than the Kingdom
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What is Taxonomy? The Phylum is followed by Class,
Order, Family, Genus, and Species
The Species is the most specific name for each organism
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Further Division of a Species A Variety is a group of related organisms
in a species (The difference is not enough to merit another species name)
A Cultivar (cultivated variety) is a plant selection cultivated by people, that will retain its features when reproduced
A Breed describes animals of the same species that have definite identifying characteristics and a common origin
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Why is the classification system important?
People around the world use the same name for each organism
Relationships between organisms are evident in their names
Differences between organisms are obvious from their names
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The 7 Categories: Kingdom Phylum (or Division) Class Order Family Genus Species
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The 5 Kingdoms Monera: One celled organisms, including
bacteria Protista: One celled, or collections of cells,
that may look like plants, including algae Fungi: Tiny yeasts to large mushrooms Plantae: Includes over 350,000 organisms,
made of many cells, and capable of making their own food through photosynthesis
Animalia: Made up of many one celled organisms that can move about and get their food by eating (ingestion)
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Example: Cabbage Kingdom: Plantae (Plants) Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering) Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) Order: Capparales (of Capers) Family: Brassicaceae (Mustard family) Genus Brassica L. Species: Brassica oleracea Variety: capitata Cultivar: ‘Savoy King’
Name: Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, ‘Savoy King’ (Genus) (species) (variety) (cultivar)
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PLANTS & NON-PLANTS
Chapter 11, Pest Biology
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What is Not a Plant?Pest Biology
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Fungi Are plant-like Don’t photosynthesize
(are not autotrophic) Have different
structures, biochemical pathways, than plants
Include molds, yeasts, and organisms that produce “mushrooms”
Cause many plant diseases
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Lichens Are actually a
type of fungi Enjoy mutually
beneficial (symbiotic) relationship with alga
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What is a plant?Plants
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Plants:Any of various photosynthetic, eukaryotic, multi-cellular organisms of the Kingdom Plantae.Photosynthetic: convert light to chemical energy in the form of a sugar moleculeEukaryotic: cells contain a nucleusMulti-cellular: organisms having more than one cell
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Major parts of a plant, and their functions
Pest Biology
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Leaves – Photosynthesis, store food, transpiration
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Leaf Venation Patterns - ParallelVeins of a leaf where the secondary veins run parallel to each other off of a central, perpendicular primary vein.
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Leaf Venation Patterns - NettedPalmate Venation:
Veins radiating outward from the base of the leaf like fingers spread out from the palm of a hand.
Pinnate Venation:
Net-veined (as opposed to parallel veined) leaves with a prominent mid-rib with roughy parallel branches on both sides.
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Leaf TypesSimple leaf :The blade is completely undivided; leaves may also be formed of lobes where the gaps between lobes do not reach to the main vein.
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Leaf Types – Palmately lobed
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Leaf Types – Compound PalmateLeaflets are attached to the tip of the petiole.
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Leaf Types –Compound Pinnate
Leaflets are attached along an extension of the petiole called a rachis
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Leaf Arrangement - whorled
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Leaf Arrangement - Opposite
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Leaf Arrangement - Alternate
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Stems –Conduct water and manufactured food
May be vertical or horizontal May be modified to store water
and food Several important types
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Par
ts o
f a T
ypic
al S
tem
Internode
Axillary bud
Node
PetioleLeaf blade
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Vascular tissue
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Roots Roots are part of the plant that grow
into the soil or other media, anchoring the plant and providing it with water and minerals while storing food.
Root systems vary widely depending on the plant species. Overall, roots may be divided into two major types.
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Fibrous RootsFibrous root systems are made of many small roots, and spread throughout the soil.
(Monocots)
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Tap Roots
A taproot system is made up of one primary root with a number of small, secondary roots. (Dicots)
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Flower
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Modified Stems Rhizomes Tubers Tendrils Stolons Bulbs Corms
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Rhizomes
Underground stem that grows horizontally. It may grow adventitious roots and stems to develop a separate plantExample: German Iris
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TuberAn enlarged part of a stem that grows underground. It can develop into a separate plant
Example: Potatoes and yams
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TendrilTendrils are threadlike, leafless growths on stems. They attach themselves to other stems and objects, supporting the plant. Tendrils typically grow in a spiral shape.
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StolonA stolon is an aboveground stem that grows horizontally, and propagates new plants. Strawberries are well known as plants that multiply using stolons.
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BulbsBulbs are underground food storage organs, consisting of flattened, fleshy stem-like leaves with roots on the lower side. Examples include onions, and tulips.
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CormA corm is a food storage organ at the end of a vertical stem that grows underground. It is an enlarged or swollen stem base. Example: Crocus, Gladiolus
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Two Major Plant Groups:Angiosperms & Gymnosperms
Plant Biology
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Angiosperms (“Flowering Plants”) Mature seed is surrounded by the ovule
(think of an apple) Many angiosperms are deciduous; broad
leaved trees and woody shrubs, they drop their leaves in autumn
Are subdivided into two (2) groups:Monocotyledonous (one seed leaf)Dicotyledonous (two seed leaves)
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MonocotsAngiosperms: Monocots & Dicots
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DicotsAngiosperms: Monocots & Dicots
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Gymnosperms & othernon-flowering plants
Plant Biology
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Gymnosperms Seeds are not surrounded by an
ovule (gymnosperm means “naked seed”)
Includes cone bearing trees that usually have needles which persist year-round
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Mosses Primitive, non-vascular plants lacking vascular
tissue, which limits their size
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Ferns
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Plant Life Cycles
Monocarpic Polycarpic
Flower once in their life Generally, live only 1
(annual) or 2 (biennial) years
Die after flowering and fruiting
Life may be prolonged if plant is prevented from setting seed; varies with species
Examples: Rice, wheat, carrot, bamboo
Flower every year in a particular season
Are perennial; live more than 2 years
Do not die after flowering and fruiting
Examples: Apple, Mango, Grape, Spruce, Maple
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Plant Types
Woody Herbaceous
Stems & roots increase in diameter each year
Tissue is strong and tough
Cells have extra reinforcement from a secondary cell wall that contains lignin
Perennial; live year after year
Herbaceous; stems remain somewhat soft and flexible
Typically short lived; annual or biennial
Do not develop a secondary cell wall containing lignin