plasmonics - merging photonics with nanotechnology –
TRANSCRIPT
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Plasmonics
- Merging Photonics with Nanotechnology –
ASEPS 2013, Chiba
Stefan Maier
Experimental Solid State Group / Centre for Plasmonics & Metamaterials
Physics Department, Imperial College London
http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/s.maier http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/plasmonmeta
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Imperial College London
2
Academic FacultiesNatural Sciences
Engineering
Medicine
Business School
established in 1907via merger of Royal School of Mines,
Royal College of Science, and
City and Guilds College
Astrophysics Photonics
Condensed Matter Theory Plasma Physics
Experimental Solid State Physics Quantum Optics & Laser Science
High Energy Physics Space and Atmospheric Physics
Theoretical Physics
The Great Exhibition 1851
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Nanotechnology
3
Planet
Care
Composites
Characterisation
Eco-processing
Catalysts
Fuel
Cells
Manufacturing
Methods
Photovoltaics
& Solar Cells
Simulation
Materials
Detectors
Information
Technology
MEMS &
Vacuum
Electronics
Materials Growth
and Synthesis
Spintronics &
Superconductors
Optoelectronics
Photonics
Devices and
Sensors
Quantum Computing
and Cryptography
Modelling &
Simulation
Scan-probes
Novel
Magnetic &
Diamond
Materials
Bio-nano
Sensors
Bio-compatible
Nanomaterials
Advanced
Medical Imaging
Bio-Nano
Particles
Technologies
for Diagnosis
Self-assembled
Bio-structures
Drug Screening
Technologies
Molecular
Simulation
Lab-on-a-chip
& Screening
Degenerative
Disease
Studies
Healthcare
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Size in photonics: macroscopic, microscopic
4
Photonics is all
around us)
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Controlling light below the wavelength scale
5
CMOS Nanoelectronics
Light difficult to control below
the wavelength scale
sub-50 nm lengthscale
hitting interconnect bottleneck
Integrated Photonics
D
fq
λ22.1Airy =
M. Brongersma et al, Science 2010
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From bulk to nanosized metals
6
bulk and thin film nanostructures
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Plasmonics in a nutshell
7
10 nm
5 µm
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Nanoplasmonics: the new science of light
8
Fundamentals of Light/Matter Coupling
New Toolkit for Scientific Investigations
Technologies involving Light: smaller, faster,
cheaper
New horizons:quantum effects
active nanodevicesmulti-spectral response
Optics meets Nanotechnology
50 nm
100nm
NanofabricationNanofabrication
Nanostructured metalsNanostructured metals
Nanostructured light fieldsNanostructured light fields
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Nanoplasmonic probes
9
Optical readout
Light concentration
Nano Letters 12, 780 (2012)
Optics Letters 35, 3988 (2010)
ACS Nano 6, 3537 (2012) Small 6, 2498 (2010)
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Investigating dimer modes via graphene
10
Utilize local strain in graphene for hot spot characterization
via concofal Raman measurements:
graphene as a local near-field probe linking near-field with
topography
Heeg et al, Nano Letters 13, 301 (2013)
Red-shifts + peak splitting of 2D peak: hydrostatic strain (~0.8%)
corresponding to single hotspots
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Current research strands in plasmonics
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Active nanophotonics
Transformation OpticsNanoantennas Quantum Plasmonics
THz plasmonic sensorsEmission engineering
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Nanoantenna fundamentals and applications
12
Nanoantennas
Plasmonic nanoantennasDesigner properties via Fano, log periodic and
hybrid photonic resonances, mode investigation,
applications in sensing, metrology and energy
ACS Nano 7, 669 (2013)
Nano Letters 13, 301 (2013)
Nature Communications 3, 1108 (2012)
Nano Letters 12, 4997 (2012)
Nano Letters 12, 2101 (2012)
ACS Nano 6, 1830 (2012)
Nano Letters 12, 1683 (2012)
Antonio Fernández-DomínguezHeykel Aouani Miguel Navarro-Cía Themis Sidiropoulos Dangyuan Lei Markus Schmidt
Roberto Fernández-García Aeneas WienerNic Hylton Vincenzo GianniniYannick Sonnefraud Yan Francescato
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Hot spot imaging
13
Nano Letters 12, 1683 (2012)
Nano Letters 11, 1323 (2011)
STEM
EELS
EDS
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Nanoantenna scattering vs absorption
14
Absorption losses: Drude relaxation
and interband transitions
Radiative losses: optical nanoantenna
Plasmon decay channels:
Giannini et al, Chemical Reviews 111, 3888 (2011)
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Plasmonics for improved photovoltaics
15
Atwater and Polman, Nature Materials 9, 205 (2010)
Ferry et al, Advanced Materials 22, 4794 (2010)
Opportunities arising from plasmonic light concentration: thinner cells (> 100 µm to ~ 1µm)
reduced cost
less depletion of naturally occurring stocks
use of materials with low minority carrier
diffusion lengths
more efficient // higher open-circuit voltage
ease of integration into processing work
flows
optically thick, physically thin
Yu et al, PNAS 107, 17491 (2010)
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Control over radiative properties (I): materials
16
Knight et al, Nano Letters 12, 6000 (2012)
Majority of nanoantenna work: Au, Ag
More recent: Al, tunability UV to visible
Trade-off far-field scattering
vs absorption favourable for Al!
Mie theory: Absorption/Scattering (R, λ)
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Application in plasmon-enhanced PV
17
Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 21, 109 (2013)
Optics Express 19, A888 (2011)
GaAs Cell
R = 80 nm and Ʌ = 400 nm
Photocurrent map
Particle absorption map
Linking full-field EM simulations with charge
carrier diffusion modelling
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Plasmon-enhanced thin-film GaAs photodiodes
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200 nm pitch
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Control over radiative properties (II): Fano modes
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Sub/super radiance Fano modes
Giannini et al, Small 6, 2498 (2010)
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Highly directed scattering via a Fano resonance
20
Optical Yagi Uda anteannas
Curto et al, Science 329, 930 (2010)
V antenna for side scattering
100 nm
Single particle forward scattering via
electric/magnetic dipole interferences:
Miroshnichenko, ACS Nano 6, 5489 (2012)
Side scattering in bimetallic antennas:
Shegai, Nat Comm 2, 481 (2011)
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Directional scattering at the Fano resonance
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Explanation via a dipolar model
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cos((∆ϕ-kd)/2) cos((∆ϕ+kd)/2)
650nm 730nm
dd
dipoles of equal strength,
π phase difference
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Antennas for surface enhanced spectroscopies
23
Small 6, 2498 (2010)
Fluorescence enhancement
Change in decay rates
Enhanced absorption
Improved directionality
Enhancement factors between 10
and 1000
SERS and SEIRA
SERS electromagnetic
enhancement ~ Eloc4, between
105 and 1010
SEIRA electromagnetic
enhancement ~ Eloc2, between
104 and 105
PRL 101, 157403 (2008)J Phys Cond Matter 14, R597 (2002)
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Towards a common sensing platform
24
Challenge:
Narrow plasmonic resonances
Development of a suitable platform for
multispectral surface-enhanced sensing of
trace molecules on the same chip:
fluorescent, SERS, SEIRA, THz (?)
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Broadband response via log periodic design
25ACS Nano 6, 3537 (2012)
1
2
3
5
4
Connection between teeth
provides central hotspot for
all resonance frequencies
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A multi-sensing platform
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Surface enhanced fluorescence
27
Gold film
reference
x cut
x
y
� x5 fluorescence gain (670 nm)
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Surface enhanced Raman
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� 104 SERS gain (780 nm)
SERS spectrum
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Surface enhanced infrared absorption
29
� 1.1 x 104 inf. absorption gain (3000 nm)
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Nanoantenna fundamentals and applications
30
Nanoantennas
ACS Nano 7, 669 (2013)
Nano Letters 13, 301 (2013)
Nature Communications 3, 1108 (2012)
Nano Letters 12, 4997 (2012)
Nano Letters 12, 2101 (2012)
ACS Nano 6, 1830 (2012)
Nano Letters 12, 1683 (2012)
Electron energy loss spectroscopy for
high resolution spatial mode imaging
Fano resonances and directional
scattering
Logperidic design and broadband
surface enhanced spectroscopies and
nonlinear nanophotonics
Field is spanning physics, materials
science, and electrical engineering:
fruitful breaking of boundaries
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Outline
31
Transformation Optics
Transformation Optics Singularities and non-localities
Science 337, 1072 (2012)
Science 337, 549 (2012)
Advanced Materials 24, OP226 (2012)
PRL 108, 023901 (2012)
PRL 108, 106802 (2012)
Nano Letters 12, 5946 (2012) Antonio Fernández-Domínguez Stephen HanhamDangyuan Lei
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Cavity design using transformation optics
32
Challenge: Nanoscale superfocusing
structure with a broadband response
Problem: Small plasmonic cavities
are usually inherently narrow-band
But: Planar interfaces supporting
propagating SPPs show a
broadband response
Aubry et al, Nano Letters 10, 2574 (2010)
Energy density scales
as square of compression!
Singularity removes quantization
of resonance frequencies
0 20 40 60 80 1000
2
4
6
8ω=c k
x
λ=337 nm ; ε1= -1
ω (
10
15 s
-1)
kx (µm
-1)
JB Pendry et al, Science 312 1780-2 (2006)
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A powerful approach giving physical insight
33
PRL 105, 233901 (2010)ACS Nano 5, 3293 (2011)
PRB 82, 205109 (2010) ACS Nano 5, 597 (2011)
PRL 105, 266807 (2010) PRL 108, 023901 (2012) PRL 108, 106802 (2012)
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Broadband light harvesters
34
Science 337, 549 (2012)
increasing
overlap
Advanced Materials 24, OP226 (2012)
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Particle-on-film gap modes: nonlocal effects
35
Science 337, 1072 (2012)
NJP 12, 093030 (2010)
see Science paper supplementary information
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Outline
36
Transformation Optics
Science 337, 1072 (2012)
Science 337, 549 (2012)
Advanced Materials 24, OP226 (2012)
PRL 108, 023901 (2012)
PRL 108, 106802 (2012)
Nano Letters 12, 5946 (2012)
Analytical formulas for relevant
2D and 3D geometries of touching
or closely separated wires and
particles
Study of nonlocal effects
Transformation optics
as a framework for
broadband cavity design
Singularities are the
key to broadband
superfocusing
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Collaborators
37
Joel Yang
Michel Bosman
Boris Luk’yanchuk
Jinghua Teng
Anatoly Zayats
Jiri Homola Lothar Wondraczek
Virginie Nazabal
Stephanie Reich
David Smith
Ned Ekins-Daukes
Paul Stavrinou
Donal Bradley
Lesley Cohen
Minghui Hong
Shuang Zhang
Richard Haglund
Francisco García-Vidal
Juan José Sáenz
Pol Van Dorpe
Javier Aizpurua
Dang Yuan Lei
Peter Nordlander
Naomi Halas
Weili Zhang
Markus Schmidt
Joshua Caldwell
John Pendry
Ortwin Hess
Rupert Oulton
Myungshik Kim
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Nanoplasmonics @ Imperial College London
38
Active nanophotonics
Transformation OpticsNanoantennas Quantum Plasmonics
THz plasmonic sensorsEmission engineering