plastic river

Professur Christophe Girot ILA ETHAssistants: Ilmar Hurkxkens, James Melsom, Magdalena Osinska, Philipp RW Urechwww.girot.arch.ethz.ch

DESIGNING THE PLASTIC RIVERModeling the Cali Ciliwung Park in Jakarta Spring semester 2013

DARCH

2

Institut für LandschaftsarchitekturProfessor Christophe Girot

HIL H 55.3ETH HönggerbergCH-8093 ZürichT +41 (44) 633 29 87X +41 (44) 633 12 08

Office:Claudia Knecht

Design assistants:Ilmar HurkxkensJames MelsomMagdalena OsinskaPhilipp RW UrechHil H 55.3T +41 (44) 633 21 71

[email protected]@arch.ethz.ch

www.girot.arch.ethz.ch

Batavia 1840

3

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

METHODOLOGY AND PROGRAMME

SCHEDULE

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

MAPS URBAN DEVELOPMENT

CILIWUNG WATERSHED

VOCABULARY

STUDIO RULES

READINGS

4

6

8

11

13

15

16

17

23

26

28

4

INTRODUCTION

THE KAmPunG And THE PLAsTIC RIvER ETH Design Research Studio on the Cali Ciliwung in Jakarta

The Design Research Studio on the Ciliwung River in Jakarta is part of the ETH Future Cities Laboratory in Singapore and will involve architecture students for one semester on one of the most challenging sites in Jakarta: the Kampung Melayu. During the course of the semester one workshop will be taught in March jointly with NUS, UI and IPB students in Jakarta and Singapore. The operational framework and methodology of the studio will involve landscape, architecture as well as urban design thinking and will follow the precepts of a site-specific topological approach. Emphasis of the design work will be on the role of landscape and dwelling structures as they interact with the adjacent river in the flood prone neighbourhoods of Kampung Melayu and Bukit Duri in Jakarta. Can the widening of the Ciliwung river corridor become an incentive to doubling the population density in the remainder of the kampong? This would avoid the problem of population displacement, but would require a clear strategy in terms of landscape and architecture. The studio will operate at three distinct scales, the scale of the unit, the scale of the urban block and the scale of the kampung. Students will be asked to develop prototypes on given cross sections of the river to be widened. This will enable advanced design experimentation and transformation of the sections under study. The goal of this studio, with the help of design tools is to develop methodologies capable of dealing with the physical and spatial complexity of this highly urbanized “natural” environment. The underlying thesis is that landscape and architecture can be worked-out together, to bring forth solutions that can help restore the quality and purpose of the river withinits degraded context while allowing for higher living densities. With a healthy dose of heuristic terrain analysis, prospection and design vision, students will be asked to develop a new positive foothold on the landscape and architectural challenges posed by the Ciliwung River. The studio results will serve as example towards a new combined approach to urban landscape and architecture in Southeast Asian cities. The goal is to set some clear topological rules that can help define generative principles for both landscape and architecture as a way of restructuring urban river profiles in response to flooding, overcrowding and insalubrious conditions. The studio will result in a set of comprehensive architectural and landscape design proposals that will serve towards the melioration of rivers in Jakarta.

Kampung Melayu, orthophoto

5

6

3 SCALES: THE UNIT, THE BLOCK, THE KAMPUNG

The studio will begin in reverse scale, moving from the object scale of the unit, through the scale of the block, to the scale of the entire kampung. In doing so, degrees of precision with terrain at each scale will change as well as the direct topological relationship to the river dynamics. The goal of this studio is indeed, to give more room to the river for flooding purposes, and to double the density of the present kampung to 500 units per hectare to limit in part population displacement. Three key issues will be incorporated at each scale: that of rain water collection and storage, that of grey and black water treatment, and that of garbage collection and recycling. These key issues should enable the river to recover some of its cleanliness, dignity and identity for the ecological benefit of all.

METHODOLOGY AND PROGRAMME

THE unIT: the kampung at present is structured in terms of roughly 250 living units per hectare. Can the footprint of the kampung unit dwelling be further developed to attain a higher density or must it be fundamentally transformed? What is the minimal unit size, and how can it be combined into larger units? Part of the tectonic constraints of the unit will in fact be dictated by the river landscape and its varying flood levels. Students will be asked to consider three unit conditions: normal flooding, high flooding and extreme flooding. Depending on the location and level under study, the approach to designing each unit may change. The goal of unit design is to find a means of integrating the flood as a natural phenomenon within the city fabric. The unit will also inform strategies to improve the adjacent landscape, to adapt it and make it evolve into a new and productive environmental paradigm. Different unit scenarios and typologies will emerge from studio depending on their specific location and the way dynamic forces such as water, vegetation and location are worked-through together and interact with each other. The unit design will require several tectonic and topological guidelines following:

- Landscape: topography, water and gardens;- Dwelling density, tectonics and typology; - Common spaces and connections;- Collection, sanitation and services.

7

THE BLoCK: The condition of the kampung in response to the river edge is defined by the kampong block, which itself consists of a combination and assemblage of many individual units. Each block represents roughly one hectare of surface area that could house up to 500 units instead of the 250 units currently in use. This is the scale at which students must master the systemic organization of the city, whether for rainwater collection and storage as for water treatment and garbage. Each student team will be asked to reflect on the kampung block as a key to environmental sanitation and sustainability. The place and role given to the river at the scale of the block will be of critical importance in applying and consolidating these remedial measures over time. The understanding of local terrain in terms of water and topography will in turn inform the design of the block. This is first and foremost an exercise in the modulation of architecture principles and site planning, through the understanding of terrain, water and vegetation. Community gardens and ponds (wadoks) will be linked to specific blocks, depending on the location and the quality of the terrain. In order to work on new block typologies for the Kampung, students will need to transform the existing footprint depending on the conditions and location. There will also be the question of levels and circulation patterns to solve. The block will take into consideration both the adaptation of innovative architectural solutions and prototypes with the given cultural and “natural” situation of the river with its unpredictable temperament. In turn the block will also need to respond to its specific urban location in terms of services, continuities and connections. The block study will require architectonic and topological guidelines following:

- Landscape: topology, the river system and its vegetation;- Building densities and typologies;- Rainwater collection, wadoks and communal gardens;- Infrastructure: transport, recycling and services.

THE KAmPunG: The kampung ties the studio back to the scale of the entire city and gives us the true measure and character of the place. The kampung consists at present of a combination of blocks of different sizes, populations and densities. The goal is to double the overall density of the Kampung in order to free some space given to the Ciliwung river. How do the different blocks combine to define a clear urban edge towards the river at the scale of the whole neighbourhood? The Kampung Melayu could become the first neighbourhood to propose the river as a landscape for the city - a landscape that can create much higher value and quality of living for its inhabitants while still being allowed to flood. The design scale of the Kampung ranges from the human dimension defined by the block to the scale of the entire neighbourhood. Students will propose a landscape strategy at the kampung scale integrating elements of local block design into a coherent urban whole. The perimeter defined by the Kampung should allow students to respond to greater urban connections and to make a clear landscape design that responds to the architectural choices that have been developed. Students will ascertain the scale of the site by assessing various edge conditions that reveal a variety of landscape elements in relation to the river. A critical assessment of these edges will lead to a better understanding of the site and its possible future orientations and potential. What are their qualities, permeability (visual and physical), and degree of resistance to flooding and water dynamics? By means of significant modifications along the river corridor, some edges will have the potential of being reconfigured to bring radical changes. The goal of this studio is to fundamentally change the way the river landscape is perceived and experienced by its inhabitants. Working at the scale of the entire Kampung will raise issues of materials, construction, separation and recycling. To do so it will need to define the kind of landscape space that needs to be developed in relation to the city. The kampung study will require several urban and topological guidelines following:

- Landscape: the river as park- Blocks, public buildings and space; - Differentiated edge conditions- Connections, recycling and services

8

SCHEDULE FS13CG Christophe Giro, IH Ilmar Hurkxkens, PU Philipp Urec, MO Magdalena Osinska, JM James Melsom

DATE THEMES TASKS PARTICIPANTS ROOMS

W1 FEB 18

19 Introduction 10:00, HIL H35.1 CG, IH, MO, PU HIL H35.1

20 "unit" design research and analysis IH, MO, PU Atelier

21

22

23

24

W2 25

26 "unit and block" schemes, sections IH, MO, PU Atelier

27 Introduction to Rhino IH, MO, PU LVML

28

MARCH 1

2

3

W3 4

5 Milling Workshop schemes, sections, models IH, MO, PU Raplab

6 design hypothesis IH, MO, PU Atelier

7

8

9

10

W4 11

12 IH, MO, PU Atelier

13 FIRST REVIEW design strategy CG, IH, MO, PU Foyer

14 Flight ZRH 15:15 - DOH 23:10

15 SEMINARWEEK Flight DOH 02:20 - CGK 15:15 CG, IH, MO, PU

16 Site visit

17 Site visit

W5 18 Site visit

19 SITE VISIT REVIEW (9-12) Flight CGK 17:40 - SIN 20:25

20 Workshop NUS

21 Workshop NUS

22 SEMINARWEEK REVIEW (17-20) NUS

23

24 Flight SIN 21:05 - DOH 23:59

W6 25 Flight DOH 01:30 - ZRH 06:30

26 Concluding Seminar Workshop unit, block, kanpung IH, MO, PU Atelier


28

29

30

31 [EASTER]

W7 APRIL 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PHAsE 1

PHAsE 2

9

W8 8

9 Introduction to visualisation project development JM Atelier

10 JM Atelier

11

12

13

14

W9 15

16 10:00 present visualisations project development IH, MO, PU Atelier


18

19

20

21

W10 22

23 MID TERM CRITIQUE unit, block and kampung CG, IH, MO, PU, Guests HIL H35.1

24 project development IH, MO, PU Atelier

25

26

27

28

W11 29


MAY 1 [LABOUR DAY]

2

3

4

5

W12 6



9 [ASCENSION]

10

11

12

W13 13

14 LAST REVIEW CG, IH, MO, PU Foyer


16

17

18

19

W14 20 [PENTECOST]


22 layout and text synthesis, communication, visualisation IH, MO, PU Atelier

23

24

25

26

W15 27

28 FINAL CRITIQUE CG, IH, MO, PU, Guests

29 data and document delivery HIL H 55.3 CG, IH, MO, PU, Guests

PHAsE 3

10

Batavia 1921Batavia 1910

11

PHASE 1

unIT REsEARCH, BLoCK sTRuCTuRE, sITE ConCEPT And IdEnTITy

Phase 1 is about generating an approach to the Kampung unit in term of tectonics and typology. A series of exercises is programmed to introduce the students to the typologies of the Kampung. This includes the ability to individuate and develop themes specific to the unit, its location and structure, and to develop prototypes capable of adapting to variable heights and water levels.

site River section

The following themes need to be defined for the unit and the block: - Defining a unit base structure - Defining the ratio of workspace to dwelling - Defining private and community spaces with circulation - Developing new housing typologies and higher living levels - Understanding river front sections and river levels - Re-qualifying edge conditions according to: 1. Permanently wet 2. Semi-wet 3. Dry zone

Each urban block will need to resolve autonomously the: - Garbage collection - Rainwater collection - Sewage water collection

The river block segment needs to define: - Community gardens and fishponds (wadoks) - Meeting places and markets - Circulation and Networks - Natural habitat

19 FEBRuARy : InTRoduCTIon

5-6 mARCH : mILLInG WoRKsHoP

13 mARCH : REvIEW And TRIP PREPARATIonDocuments required: Project statement Housing typologies 1:20- 1/50 Block configuration River Sections Milled concept model Schemes & Diagrams

12

Batavia 1940

13

PHASE 2

FIELd TRIP To JAKARTA And sInGAPoREsite reading, architecture, landscape and urban design - developing a design hypothesis

Students will develop a preliminary design hypothesis over the course of their field trip. The goal is to confirm or question certain architectural and landscape design ideas that appeared in phase 1. The proposed hypothesis must work at all 3 scales combined and needs to define a clear spatial and developmental organization for the kampung and its relationship to the city and river.During the field trip and workshop, students will come together with students of the MLA programme at NUS, students of Architecture at U.I. Depok and students of landscape architecture at IPB Bogor. They will be asked together to think about the unit, the block and the overall river landscape site, to determine a clear spatial hierarchy between them. The main question will be how to “invert” the relationship of the kampung to the river? The inversion of the status of the river from garbage disposer and cloaca to that of landscape riverfront will become a key element to the solution of the block, its common public spaces and units. It is, therefore, important that students constantly work their ideas through at different scales and imagine how some of these ideas may translate from the housing scale to the entire river scale. During the field trip students will be asked to concentrate their design on specific sections of Kanpung Melayu, Bukit Duri and Kampung Pulo.

Each student group during the workshop will be asked to present a clear design statement and formulate a future vision on: - The Kampung unit and its combinatory potential - The Kampung block and its specific answer to river edge conditions - Widening of the river with volume shifting and carving - Water collection systems (wadoks and cisterns) - Flood risks and levels - The new edge condition between River Park and City - Landscape vegetation strategies, such as urban forestry, habitat and urban farming

All these aspects are to be addressed by the kampong design project: - Water types, systems and surfaces - Vegetation, types, design and structures - Spatial qualities and ambiances - Urban uses and program - Architectural edges (water/land, open/built) - Maintenance and recycling(control/freedom) - Accessibility and circulation(facilities/restrictions)

15-24 mARCH : sEmInAR WEEK

PlaneThursday 14.3.2013, check-in 13:3014 MARCH: ZRH 1515 - 2310 DOH15 MARCH: DOH 0220 - 1515 CGK

Bus transfer to the hotel in Jakarta:

Aston at Kuningan Suites HotelJl. Setiabudi Utara, KuninganJakarta Capital Region 12920, Indonesia+62-21 526 0260Taxi transfer to the Airport CGK

PlaneTuesday 19.3.2013, check-in 16:0019 MARCH: CGK 17:40 - SIN 20:25

Taxi transfer to the hotel in Singapore:

Santa Grand Hotel West Coast428 Pasir Panjang RoadSingapore 118769+65 6778 6788

Workshop NUS address:Create WayCreate Tower, University Town NUSSingapore

PlaneSunday 24.3.2013, check-in 19:3024 MARCH: SIN 21:05 – 23:59 DOH15 MARCH: DOH 01:30 – 06:30 ZRH

Note that technical and IT equipment in Jakarta will be limited to an A4 printer, a video projector and Internet connection. Bringing your own laptop and camera will be necessary, but physical models, sketches and drawing are a welcome as well.

14

Batavia 1780

15

PHASE 3

THE KAmPunG unIT, BLoCK And sITE.

This part of the studio will be devoted to developing unit types. Students will be asked to specify their approach to tectonics, block structure and density, site planning and river landscape.

In the Final Studio, students are asked to Each student team will formulate an appropriate unit for the Kampung, and look at its combinatory potential with the rest of the block under study. The block presenting the unit will need to show possible phasing and construction schemes integrating the 3 priorities foreseen in addition to housing, i.e. rainwater collection, sewage and recycling. In turn students must show how this will contribute to the melioration of the landscape along the Ciliwung. Site work developed in phase 2 will become the basis of the designed “inversion” of the river. The overall landscape plan of the Kampung developed by each team should give a complete reading of the place.The goal of this final phase is to present a plausible vision for the future development of the kampong and its pertinence to other neighbourhoods of Jakarta. The aim of this studio is to develop answers to an acute environmental situation in Jakarta. The solution to this problem resides on the quality of the blocks to be developed and transformed. Students will learn site planning through architecture and landscape combined. They will also need to demonstrate a good level of site planning and topological modelling, and show how their designs can combine and accept natural processes within the city.

9-10 APRIL : vIsuALIZATIon WoRKsHoPAt the beginning of the final phase of the semester James Melsom will give a workshop on visualisation. It will allow students to deepen your design further and to test various aspects such as scale, scenography, spatial qualities and topological modulation. The goal of this third final phase is to develop, elaborate and visualize a plausible approach to the future of the site. The visualizations will be discussed on the 16th of April.

23 APRIL : mIdTERm CRITIQuEDocuments required: Title and Statement Plan with topographical indications Sections Diagrams on water level variation 2 Visualizations Milled Model

14 mAy : LAsT REvIEWStudents receive feedback on their design process.

28-29 mAy : FInAL CRITIQuEDocuments required: Title and statement Plans with contour lines Sections Diagrams on water level variation Diagrams on site organization 3 Visualizations Milled models

20 km

16

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Jakarta 1975

Jakarta 2000

Jakarta 1990

Jakarta 2010

from Taubenböck H, Esch T, Felbier A, Wiesner M, Roth A & Dech S (2012): Monitoring of mega cities from space. In: Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 117, pp. 162-176. Taubenböck H (2011): Diagnose aus dem All: Die gigantische Flächenexpansion von Megastädten. Geographische Rundschau. 3/2011, S. 62-65.

17

CILIWUNG WATERSHED

Ciliwung Watershed Perimeter, Ciliwung River - Jakarta

Kampung Melayu (South Jakarta)

Kali

Ciliw

ung

Tjisa

dane

Kali

Benk

asi

Ceng

kare

ng

Drai

n

Kali

Angk

e

Gambir (Central Jakarta)

Pancoran (South Jakarta)

Pondok Cina

Pejaten Timur

Gadog

Bogor

Semplak

Pademangan (North Jakarta)

18

Gadog

Bogor

19

Pondok Cina

Semplak

20

Pancoran (South Jakarta)

Pejaten Timur

21

Kampung Melayu (South Jakarta)

Gambir (Central Jakarta)

22

Pademangan (North Jakarta)

23

VOCABULARY

To participate in discussions about landscape architecture design and aesthetics, each student should understand the following terminology:

DESIGNMaking a set of specific topological decisions that affect spatial aesthetics, and modify positively natural processes and dwelling on a given site. Design brings a new identity to both city and nature, it is through the modification of our landscape that both balance and beauty can be found for times to come. Landscape design is particularly about adding value to urban planning and qualifying a broad variety of engineering and architectural concepts.

FRAMEA reference plane in which spatial and aesthetic relationships can be studied over time.A frame can be a structure that differentiates, combines, or partitions elements within a much broader milieu. It is also a point of view that encapsulates the overall spirit of a design project.

DEVICEA device is an instrument that can be used to produce landscape developments over time. It is about conditioning a site in such a manner that it engenders, produces and transforms landscape in a space/time relationship.

STRATEGYStrategy in the context of landscape design talks about the art and science of organizing forces on a territory to reach an aim. The science applied to the overall planning and conduct of large-scale operations.

TOPOGRAPHYTopography is the graphic representation of the surface features of a landscape through on a map, indicating existing positions and elevations of the terrain. It is also a tool of analysis and design for the landscape with a structured entity, showing the relations and topographic transformation of its components. Generally speaking a topographic map refers to the survey of a place or region, in design it signifies the representation of the entire ground structure of a project.

MORPHOLOGYThe branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of organisms.The study of the structure of a landscape which includes its modulations, inflections, natural systems and circulations.

TOPOLOGYTopology is the precise study of a place (topos) capable of defining its existing or evolving structural and morphological properties (i.e: the surface of the ground). It is also the study of complex surfaces and their dynamic deformations over space and time.

DYNAMICa process or system characterized by constant change, activity, or progress. A force that stimulates change or progress within a system or process.

SEDIMENTATIONParticulate matter that is carried by water or wind and deposited on the surface of the land or the bottom of a body of water.

BANKthe land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake

BOGwetland with acid, peaty soil, typically dominated by peat moss

CANALan artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey water for irrigation

DAMa barrier, typically of concrete, constructed to hold back water and raise its level, the resulting reservoir being used in the generation of electricity or as a water supply

24

DELTAa triangular tract of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river, typically where it diverges into several outlets

DIKE(construction) or levee: natural or artificial slope or wall to regulate water levels

DITCHa water filled drainage trench

DRAINa channel or pipe carrying off surplus liquid, esp. rainwater or liquid waste

ECOSYSTEMa biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Freshwater ecosystems are among the earth aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, and vegetation.

EROSIONthe process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents

ESTUARYthe tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream

FERRY, FERRYBOATa boat or ship for conveying passengers and goods, esp. over a relatively short distance and as a regular service.

FLOODan overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines, esp. over what is normally dry land

FLOOD BARRIERA flood barrier, surge barrier of storm surge barrier is a specific type of floodgate, designed to prevent a storm surge or spring tide from flooding the protected area behind the barrier

KAMPUNGa kampung is defined today as a village in Brunei, Indonesia,

Singapore, and Malaysia. In Malaysia, a kampung is determined as a locality with 10,000 or fewer people. Malay and Indonesian villagers practice the culture of helping one another as a community, which is better known as "joint bearing of burdens" (gotong royong), as well as being family-oriented (especially the concept of respecting one's family), courtesy and believing in God ("Tuhan") as paramount to everything else. It is common to see a cemetery near the mosque, as all Muslims in the Malay or Indonesian village want to be prayed for, and to receive Allah's blessings in the afterlife. Locally, the term is frequently used to refer to one's hometown.

LAGOONa stretch of salt water separated from the sea by a low sandbank or coral reef. The enclosed water of an atoll. A small freshwater lake near a larger lake or river. An artificial pool for the treatment of effluent or to accommodate surface water that overflows drains during heavy rain.

LOCKshort confined section of a canal or other waterway in which the water level can be changed by the use of gates and sluices, used for raising and lowering vessels between two gates

MARSHan area of low-lying land that is flooded in wet seasons or at high tide, and typically remains waterlogged at all times.

… TIDAL MARSHa type of marsh that is found along coasts and estuaries of which the flooding characteristics are determined by the tidal movement of the adjacent estuary, sea or ocean. According to the salinity of the flooding water, freshwater, brackish and saline tidal marshes are distinguished. Respectively, they may be classified into coastal marshes and estuarine marshes.

POLDERa piece of low-lying land reclaimed from the sea or a river and protected by dikes, esp. in the Netherlands

PONDa small body of still water formed naturally or by hollowing or embanking.

SEDIMENTparticulate matter that is carried by water or wind and deposited on the surface of the land or the bottom of a body of water

25

SLUICE, SLUICE GATEsliding gate or other device for controlling the flow of water, esp. one in a lock gate

STORM SURGEa rising of the sea as a result of atmospheric pressure changes and wind associated with a storm

SOILthe upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles.

… PEAT, OR TURFaccumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp forests. Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world.

… CLAYsediment with particles smaller than silt, typically less than 0.004 mm. Thick clay deposits usually are formed as the result of a secondary sedimentary deposition process after they have been eroded and transported from their original location of formation.

… SANDa loose granular substance, typically pale yellowish brown, resulting from the erosion of siliceous and other rocks and forming a major constituent of beaches, riverbeds, the seabed, and deserts

SWAMPan area of low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects; a bog or marsh.

TIDEthe alternate rising and falling of the sea, usually twice in each lunar day at a particular place, due to the attraction of the moon and sun

TRIBUTARY, AFFLUENTa stream or river which flows into a main stem (or parent) river. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea, ocean, or lake. Tributaries and the mainstem river serve to drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater by leading the water out into an ocean or some other large body of water.

… GROUNDWATERwater held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock.brackish water: water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers.

… FRESH WATERwater naturally occurring water on the Earth's surface in bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water although it does include mineral rich waters such as chalybeate springs.

… BRACKISH WATERwater that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. The word comes from the Middle Dutch root "brak," meaning "salten" or "salty"

WATERSHED OR DRAINAGE BASINan area or region drained by a river, river system, or other body of water/an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas

sources: wikipedia, apple english dictionnary, Thesaurus

26

This studio deals with a complex site at various scales and we re-quire that students work in groups of two.

The site visit is part of the process and mandatory for everyone.

The official „Design Studio“ days are Tuesdays and Wednesdays and we expect you to be present in the Studio from 10am to 6pm. This allows us to give short-notice inputs and/or program modifications.

After the final critique, all students have to give a CD-Rom of their final documents ( layout, plans and photos of models) in order to receive their grade. The file format will be announced later.

Uncompleted or late pin ups will not be acceptable and will not receive any final critique.

On critique and reviews days, it is mandatory to be present all day long.

Please check the ETH-homepage regurarely for the latest informa-tion. www.girot.arch.ethz.ch

STUDIO RULES

28

‘Topology’ (Introduction)Christophe Girot

‘daring down the Plastic River in Jakarta’Christophe Girot, Jörg Rekittke

‘Rivers in Future Cities: The case of Ciliwung, Jakarta, Indonesia’FCL Gazette: Module VII, Landscape Ecology

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi

‘das Territorium als Palimpsest’ Andre Corboz

‘Earth moves’Bernard Cache

‘Topographical stories’David Leatherbarrow

‘Walkscapes’Francesco Careri

READINGS

29

Topology (Introduction) - Christophe Girot

30

Topology (Introduction) - Christophe Girot

31

from Topos 77 “Making Space“

‘Daring down the Plastic River in Jakarta’ - Christophe Girot, Jörg Rekittke

32


33


34


35

Issue

12 Date

12/0

3/20

12

Fold

, Pun

ch, F

ile

FCL –

Futu

re C

ities

Labo

rato

ry

Tags Ci

liwun

g Rive

r, Wat

ersh

ed M

odell

ing,

Eco-

hydr

aulic

s, W

ater

Qua

lity,

Land

scap

e Eco

logy

, Eco

syst

em Se

rvice

s, La

ndsc

ape A

rchite

ctur

e

Edito

rial T

eam

Exec

utive

Edito

r: St

ephe

n Ca

irns

Edito

rs: Se

nthi

l Gur

usam

y, M

ichae

la Pr

esco

tt, N

ikos T

heod

orat

os

Publ

ished

by

FCL –

Futu

re C

ities

Labo

rato

rySin

gapo

re ET

H Ce

ntre

for G

loba

l Env

ironm

enta

l Sus

tain

abili

ty (S

EC)

1 Cre

ate W

ay, #

06-0

1 CRE

ATE T

ower

, Sin

gapo

re 13

8602

gaze

tte @

fcl.a

rch.et

h.ch

GA

ZETT

E

Mod

ule

VII:

Land

scap

e Ec

olog

yR

apid

urb

anis

atio

n in

dev

elop

ing

coun

tries

brin

gs

abou

t no

t on

ly e

cono

mic

gro

wth

of

citie

s, b

ut a

lso

criti

cally

impa

cts

soci

ety

and

envi

ronm

ents

.

SIN

GA

PO

RE

– J

akar

ta,

the

Indo

nesi

an c

apita

l, is

am

ongs

t citi

es w

hich

nee

d gr

eat a

ttent

ion.

Urb

anis

a-tio

n ha

s pr

ogre

ssiv

ely

wat

erpr

oofe

d th

e su

rface

of

incr

ease

d ru

noff

to ri

vers

. Unc

ontro

lled

extra

ctio

n of

gr

ound

wat

er h

as le

d to

land

sub

side

nce

in th

e re

gion

.Th

e C

iliw

ung,

is a

maj

or r

iver

of

Jaka

rta. T

he

river

is b

eing

use

d fo

r dai

ly a

ctiv

ities

suc

h as

bat

hing

an

d w

ashi

ng,

as w

ell a

s th

e du

mpi

ng o

f ga

rbag

e.

wid

th a

nd re

duce

d th

e riv

er’s

cap

acity

.M

odul

e V

II La

ndsc

ape

Eco

logy

, is

an in

terd

isci

-pl

inar

y te

am o

f res

earc

hers

from

div

erse

aca

dem

ic

back

grou

nds

who

sha

re a

com

mon

inte

rest

in s

tudy

ing

the

com

pone

nts

of w

ater

, ec

olog

y an

d la

ndsc

ape,

an

d th

eir i

nter

actio

n ac

ross

bot

h sp

ace

and

time.

The

info

rmat

ion

to th

e pr

ojec

t tha

t can

be

used

for

the

adva

ncem

ent o

f the

join

t goa

ls.

The

proj

ect i

s le

d by

Pro

fess

or C

hris

toph

e G

irot,

Rive

rs in

Fut

ure

Citi

es:

The

Case

of

Ciliw

ung,

Ja

kart

a, In

done

sia

The

Ciliw

ung

Expe

rim

ent

Can

a gr

oup

of d

octo

ral r

esea

rche

rs a

nd s

tude

nts

in

land

scap

e de

sign

, pla

nnin

g an

d en

viro

nmen

tal

en-

gine

erin

g he

lp d

efine

a n

ew t

opol

ogic

al a

ppro

ach

to

rive

r res

tora

tion

, des

ign

and

man

agem

ent i

n Ja

kart

a?

SIN

GAP

ORE

– T

he L

ands

cape

Eco

logy

mod

ule

enga

ges

in a

vit

al p

lan

of a

ctio

n fo

r th

e Ka

li (r

iver

) Cili

wun

g.

Thro

ugh

adva

nced

rem

ote

sens

ing,

hyd

rolo

gica

l mod

-el

ling

and

land

scap

e vi

sual

isin

g, th

e Ka

li Ci

liwun

g ca

n be

rest

ored

as

an e

nvir

onm

enta

l cor

rido

r for

Jaka

rta.

Fr

om it

s so

urce

on

the

Mou

nt G

ede

volc

ano,

the

Ka

li Ci

liwun

g ru

ns o

ne h

undr

ed k

ilom

etre

s th

roug

h a

500

km2 c

atch

men

t cov

erin

g ar

eas

of B

ogor

, Dep

ok

and

Jaka

rta

befo

re m

ergi

ng w

ith

the

Java

Sea

.H

ow c

an a

mod

est

rive

r ca

use

such

hav

oc in

thi

s ov

erpo

pula

ted

city

? W

hy h

as it

bec

ome

the

cruc

ible

of

unim

agin

able

env

ironm

enta

l thr

eats

and

woe

s? P

rone

to

rep

etit

ive

flash

floo

ds o

f ca

tacl

ysm

ic p

ropo

rtio

ns,

the

prob

lem

of

the

Kali

Ciliw

ung

orig

inat

es in

Dut

ch

colo

nial

tim

es w

hen

vast

qua

ntit

ies

of s

ugar

can

e re

fuse

obs

truc

ted

its co

urse

. Fur

ther

mor

e, th

e in

cess

ant

disp

osal

of

solid

was

te d

irect

ly in

to t

he r

iver

doe

sn’t

help

the

situ

atio

n to

day.

Pol

luti

on o

f the

Kal

i Cili

wun

g ha

s re

ache

d a

poin

t of

no

retu

rn; a

nd a

ltho

ugh

kids

fr

om t

he k

ampu

ngs

still

div

e an

d sw

im in

its

mur

ky

wat

ers,

the

pre

senc

e of

unc

ontr

olle

d ag

ricu

ltur

al

runo

ff,

raw

ind

ustr

ial

pollu

tion

, un

trea

ted

urba

n ru

n-of

f, do

mes

tic

hous

ehol

d ef

fluen

t and

sus

pend

ed

feca

l m

atte

r in

its

wat

ers,

pos

es s

ever

e he

alth

and

en

viro

nmen

tal p

robl

ems

for

Jaka

rta.

Cili

wun

g m

eans

tu

rbid

wat

er in

loca

l Sun

dane

se la

ngua

ge; w

ith

dreg

s an

d se

dim

ents

of

all

sort

s, o

ne r

egre

ttab

ly n

otes

th

at t

he r

iver

liv

es-u

p to

its

nam

e. S

ome

call

the

Kali

Ciliw

ung

the

“pla

stic

riv

er”;

its

bed

and

ban

ks

now

con

sist

of

a th

ick

“las

agna

” of

pla

stic

s, r

efus

e an

d ur

ban

muc

k m

ixed

-in

wit

h se

dim

ent.

The

goal

of

this

stu

dy is

to

rest

ore

ecol

ogic

al e

quili

briu

m in

thi

s su

llied

riv

er t

hrou

gh a

str

ong

land

scap

e vi

sion

and

co

ncer

ted

plan

of a

ctio

n.

CH

RIST

OPH

E G

IRO

T

Mod

ule

VII:

Land

scap

e Ec

olog

y

Reha

bilit

atio

n of

a R

iver

Co

rrid

orZU

RIC

H –

Riv

er c

orrid

ors

are

an im

porta

nt e

lem

ent o

f bot

h na

tura

l and

ur

ban

land

scap

es. T

he in

tens

ive

expl

oita

tion

of la

nd r

esou

rces

clo

se to

riv

ers

has

prog

ress

ivel

y re

duce

d th

em to

nar

row

stri

ps, w

hich

are

ofte

n

exce

ptio

n, p

artic

ular

ly d

ue to

the r

apid

gro

wth

of J

akar

ta in

rece

nt d

ecad

es.

The

proj

ect a

ims

at d

emon

stra

ting

that

a c

hang

e of

par

adig

m in

rive

r re

habi

litat

ion

is p

ossi

ble.

By

mea

ns o

f an

inte

rdis

cipl

inar

y an

d ite

rativ

e ap

proa

ch st

rong

ly b

ased

on

conc

eptu

aliz

atio

n an

d m

athe

mat

ical

mod

ellin

g,

we

inte

nd to

iden

tify,

at s

elec

ted

spot

s al

ong

the

river

, loc

al la

ndsc

ape

and

grou

ndw

ater

pro

cess

es, w

hich

the

river

cor

ridor

is p

rese

ntly

cap

able

of

. The

resu

lt w

ill th

en g

uide

the

desi

gn o

f alte

rnat

ive

river

cor

ridor

loca

l la

ndsc

apes

that

can

lead

to a

statu

s of r

esto

red

dyna

mic

equi

libriu

m b

etw

een

the

ecol

ogic

al fu

nctio

ning

of t

he ri

ver,

whi

le m

aint

aini

ng th

e ac

cess

ibili

ty

to w

ater

.

PA

OLO

BU

RLA

ND

O

and

co-le

d by

Pro

fess

ors

Pao

lo B

urla

ndo,

Adr

ienn

e G

rêt-R

egam

ey,

Lion

g S

hie-

Yui,

and

Jörg

Rek

ittke

. C

once

rnin

g w

ater

, N

ikos

The

odor

atos

stu

dies

the

riv

er’s

hyd

rolo

gy a

t th

e ca

tchm

ent

scal

e. K

ashi

f S

haad

, Dio

go D

a C

osta

and

Dr

Sen

thil

Gur

usam

y,

eco-

hydr

aulic

s an

d w

ater

-qua

lity

rese

arch

ers,

dev

elop

de

taile

d nu

mer

ical

mod

els

at th

e riv

er s

cale

to s

hed

light

on

the

prob

lem

s of

wat

er q

uant

ity a

nd q

ualit

y.

In th

e so

cial

asp

ect,

Der

ek V

ollm

er, w

orki

ng o

n ec

o-sy

stem

ser

vice

s, e

valu

ates

the

trade

-offs

mad

e an

d ac

cept

ed w

hen

usin

g th

e riv

er. M

icha

ela

Pre

scot

t, as

a

rese

arch

er in

land

scap

e ar

chite

ctur

e, in

vest

igat

es

and

adva

nce

rem

edia

tion.

Stu

dent

s of

the

Mas

ter o

f La

ndsc

ape

Arc

hite

ctur

e pr

ogra

mm

e, o

f the

Nat

iona

l U

nive

rsity

of S

inga

pore

, are

invo

lved

in d

evel

opin

g a

new

set

of d

esig

n to

ols

for u

rban

land

scap

e en

viro

n-m

ents

with

in a

Des

ign

Res

earc

h S

tudi

o.

site

s al

ong

the

Cili

wun

g riv

er n

amel

y, K

ampu

ng

Mel

ayu

- do

wns

tream

, urb

an, T

anju

ng B

arat

- m

id-

stre

am, s

ubur

ban,

and

Cia

wi -

ups

tream

, rur

al (F

ig.3

). Th

e up

stre

am a

rea

is h

illy

and

mou

ntai

nous

whi

le th

e

the

hydr

olog

ic m

odel

ling

will

be

used

by

envi

ronm

enta

l pl

anne

rs a

nd la

ndsc

ape

arch

itect

s to

pro

vide

futu

re

scen

ario

s and

land

scap

e des

ign.

This

criti

cal in

form

atio

n w

ill h

elp

hydr

olog

ists

to s

imul

ate

futu

re s

cena

rios

to

impr

ove

the

hydr

olog

ic s

ituat

ion

of th

e riv

er.

S

EN

THIL

GU

RU

SA

MY

The

Hyd

rolo

gic

Stud

y:U

nder

stan

ding

the

Rive

r’s C

hara

cter

How

can o

ur inte

rdis

cip

linary team

work togeth

er in a

mean-

ing

ful

wa

y?

Ho

w c

an

we e

xch

an

ge i

np

uts

an

d o

utp

uts

an

d

work a

s a

sin

gle

unit

?

SIN

GA

POR

E - A

n im

porta

nt p

art o

f the

dev

elop

men

t of

our

appr

oach

will

be t

he st

udy

of C

iliw

ung’

s hyd

rolo

gy. W

e will

de

velo

p a

mat

hem

atic

al h

ydro

logi

c co

mpu

ter

mod

el o

f th

e riv

er’s

catc

hmen

t. It

will

hel

p us

und

erst

and

the r

iver

’s p

rese

nt

char

acte

r and

pre

dict

how

futu

re c

hang

es m

ay a

ffect

it.

Floo

ding

will

be g

iven

spec

ial a

ttent

ion.

How

‘im

puls

ive’

slow

ly? O

nce i

t has

inun

date

d th

e city

, how

soon

doe

s it ‘

calm

do

wn’

? Our

mod

el ca

n he

lp u

s rea

d th

e riv

er’s

‘tem

pera

men

t’

The

hydr

olog

ic s

tudy

will

con

side

r th

e en

tire

Cili

wun

g ca

tchm

ent.

We w

ill u

se a

varie

ty o

f dat

a to

deve

lop

the m

odel

in

clud

ing s

atel

lite t

opog

raph

y, la

nd-u

se m

aps,

vege

tatio

n cov

er

and

soil

prop

ertie

s. In

put o

f pas

t rai

nfal

l and

rive

r dis

char

ge

will

be

used

to te

st a

nd a

djus

t the

mod

el to

ens

ure

its c

lose

re

pres

ents

atio

n of

Cili

wun

g’s h

ydro

logy

. Onc

e ad

just

ed, t

he

mod

el ca

n be

appl

ied

to p

redi

ct fu

ture

chan

ges a

nd sc

enar

ios.

The

base

mod

el f

or t

he s

tudy

is

TOPK

API

-ETH

, a

dist

ribut

ed m

odel

. Dis

tribu

ted

mea

ns th

at it

wor

ks o

n th

e sc

ale

of th

e w

hole

cat

chm

ent,

yet i

s st

ill a

ble

to p

rodu

ce

resu

lts fo

r any

giv

en p

oint

with

in th

e cat

chm

ent.

Thes

e res

ults

ca

n in

form

stu

dies

of t

he te

am a

t sm

alle

r sca

les

such

as

the

river

cor

ridor

or t

he th

ree

focu

s si

tes.

Sim

ilarly

, inp

uts

that

soils

, lan

d-us

e, et

c. ac

ross

the c

atch

men

t, m

ay b

e use

d by

the

dist

ribut

ed m

odel

. Thi

s will

allo

w u

s to

inco

rpor

ate

the

loca

l st

udie

s’ re

sults

pro

duce

d by

the

team

. For

exa

mpl

e w

e ca

n te

st h

ow a

land

scap

e de

sign

scen

ario

or a

cha

nge

in la

nd-u

se

may

impa

ct th

e riv

er’s

hyd

rolo

gy.

In th

is w

ay an

exam

ple o

f an i

nter

disc

iplin

ary m

etho

dolo

gy

is e

xplo

red.

N

IKO

S TH

EOD

OR

ATO

S

KAM

PUN

G M

ELAY

U

TAN

JUN

G B

ARAT

CIAW

I

JAKA

RTA

DEPO

K

BOG

OR

Figu

res

1 an

d 2,

Enc

roac

hmen

t and

gar

bage

dis

posa

l (S

enth

il G

urus

amy,

201

2)Fi

gure

3, M

odel

of t

he K

ali C

iliw

ung

wat

ersh

ed s

how

ing

thre

e fo

cus

site

s (©

LV

ML)

Fram

ewor

k fo

r Su

stai

nabl

e La

ndsc

ape

Plan

ning

the

serv

ices

resi

dent

s de

man

d.C

hang

es a

t one

poi

nt a

long

the

river

, suc

h as

con

verti

ng a

gric

ultu

ral l

and

to u

rban

set

tlem

ents

(Fi

g. 5

), fre

quen

tly tr

igge

r a c

hang

e in

ser

vice

s av

aila

ble

at th

at a

nd o

ther

site

s. D

ecis

ions

on

thes

e tra

de-o

ffs a

re c

urre

ntly

be

ing

mad

e w

ith lit

tle in

form

atio

n on

thei

r con

sequ

ence

s, le

adin

g to

a n

on-o

ptim

al s

uppl

y of

ser

vice

s, p

artic

ular

ly

river

cou

ld h

elp

plan

ners

dev

elop

stra

tegi

es fo

r lan

d an

d re

sour

ce u

se, a

nd c

ould

als

o in

form

rem

edia

l pol

icie

s an

d la

ndsc

ape

desi

gns

to e

nhan

ce th

e so

ciet

al v

alue

of t

he ri

ver.

AD

RIE

NN

E G

RÊ

T-R

EG

AM

EY

36

Inte

grat

ing

Scie

nce,

D

esig

n, a

nd L

ocal

Pr

efer

ence

s fo

r Ch

ange

s to

the

Env

iron

men

tSI

NG

APO

RE

- En

visi

onin

g a

sust

aina

ble

futu

re f

or th

e C

iliw

ung

wat

ersh

ed a

nd it

s

know

ledg

e, d

etai

led

land

scap

e de

sign

, and

sta

keho

lder

feed

back

. For

exam

ple,

info

rma-

tion

on th

e in

tera

ctio

n of

the

wat

ersh

ed’s

bi

ophy

sica

l com

pone

nts

(land

, wat

er, a

nd

need

s an

d de

sire

s of

thos

e af

fect

ed b

y th

e in

terv

entio

n. In

tegr

atin

g th

ese t

hree

fact

ors

into

an

itera

tive

proc

ess i

s no

smal

l tas

k.Fo

r the

pur

pose

s of o

ur re

sear

ch, a

choi

ce

expe

rimen

t will

be

cond

ucte

d, a

s a

way

to

anal

yze

resi

dent

s’ p

refe

renc

es f

or p

oten

tial

desi

gn in

terv

entio

ns b

ased

on

our b

est u

nder

-sta

ndin

g of

the n

atur

al b

ound

ary

cond

ition

s of

the r

iver

. We a

re p

artic

ular

ly in

tere

sted

in th

e va

lue

resi

dent

s as

sign

to th

e riv

er c

orrid

or’s

ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

s an

d th

e tra

de-o

ffs

they

ar

e w

illin

g to

mak

e to

obt

ain

a gi

ven

leve

l of

serv

ices

.C

hoic

e ex

perim

ents

sim

ulat

e a

real

istic

de

cisi

on-m

akin

g co

ntex

t, to

elic

it da

ta a

bout

re

lativ

e pre

fere

nces

for a

ttrib

utes

of a

com

plex

go

od, i

n th

is c

ase,

a la

ndsc

ape.

Par

ticip

ants

- re

side

nts i

n an

d ar

ound

the K

ampu

ng M

elay

u

site

- w

ill b

e pr

esen

ted

a se

ries

of s

cena

rios

for t

he fu

ture

land

scap

e al

ong

the

river

. The

at

tribu

tes t

hat p

artic

ipan

ts w

ill b

e ra

ting

will

amen

ity e

nhan

cem

ents

. We

will

als

o in

clud

e in

form

atio

n ab

out u

pstre

am c

hang

es in

the

wat

ersh

ed, s

uch

as u

rban

gro

wth

bou

ndar

ies,

that

wou

ld b

e ne

cess

ary

to s

usta

in p

ropo

sed

cond

ition

s dow

nstre

am. T

he e

xper

imen

t will

be

pap

er-b

ased

but

will

inco

rpor

ate

deta

iled

visu

al c

ues s

uch

as 3

-D re

nder

ings

of t

he si

te -

tion

abou

t the

scen

ario

s. Th

ese s

cena

rios w

ill

pred

icte

d by

our

suite

of h

ydro

logi

c m

odel

s,

expe

rimen

t wor

ksho

p w

here

res

iden

ts c

an

prov

ide

initi

al in

put i

nto

futu

re v

isio

ns f

or

the

site

.D

ata c

olle

cted

thro

ugh

the c

hoic

e exp

eri-

men

t can

pro

vide

insi

ghts

into

loca

l pre

fer-

desig

ns an

d can

also

help

iden

tify i

ssue

s whe

re

mor

e det

aile

d hy

drol

ogic

mod

elin

g w

ould

be

need

ed. T

he q

uant

itativ

e dat

a will

incl

ude i

n-di

cato

rs o

f a

soci

etal

will

ingn

ess-

to-p

ay f

or

certa

in ch

ange

s to

the l

ands

cape

, whi

ch co

uld

anal

ysis

or us

ed to

help

deve

lop n

ew “m

arke

ts”

for e

cosy

stem

serv

ices

. The

latte

r opt

ion

will

be

cons

ider

ed in

a su

bseq

uent

rese

arch

task

, as

with

met

ropo

litan

Jak

arta

’s e

xist

ing

mar

ket-

led

appr

oach

to u

rban

dev

elop

men

t.

D

EREK

VO

LLM

ER

Hyd

raul

ics

in E

cosy

stem

san

d H

uman

Env

iron

men

ts

SIN

GAP

OR

E - T

he d

elic

ate

inte

rface

bet

wee

n fre

sh-

wat

er a

nd la

nd fo

rms

one

of th

e m

ost c

onte

sted

ar-

eas

of h

uman

hab

itatio

n. In

crea

sed

anth

ropo

logi

cal

forc

ing

in th

ese

area

s ha

s po

sed

serio

us q

uest

ions

ab

out t

he e

nviro

nmen

tal a

nd h

uman

risk

. A c

ase

in

grow

ing

met

ropo

litan

are

as, J

akar

ta a

nd B

ogor

. The

bu

rgeo

ning

pop

ulat

ion

on it

s ba

nks

and

stre

tchi

ng

of r

esou

rces

offe

red

by th

e riv

er in

a s

usta

inab

le

way

, has

tran

sfor

med

it fr

om a

hea

lthy

life

supp

ortin

g

on th

e en

viro

nmen

t alo

ng th

e riv

er, o

ne m

ust t

ake

into

acc

ount

the

inte

nse

expl

oita

tion

of t

he r

iver

an

d its

bas

in c

oupl

ed w

ith th

e ra

pid

chan

ge o

f its

su

rrou

ndin

gs. T

his

invo

lves

con

side

ring

not

just

th

e qu

antit

y an

d qu

ality

of w

ater

in th

e riv

er, b

ut th

e hy

drau

lic s

yste

m a

s a

who

le.

usua

lly o

verlo

oked

or

treat

ed s

epar

atel

y as

it is

play

s a

cruc

ial r

ole

in th

e w

ater

cyc

le b

eing

a re

adily

ex

ploi

tabl

e re

serv

e, r

egul

atin

g th

e ve

geta

tion

that

syst

em a

bove

it. I

nter

actio

ns, t

here

fore

, bet

wee

n th

e hy

drau

lics

on th

e su

rface

and

in th

e su

bsur

face

hav

e bo

th lo

ng a

nd sh

ort t

erm

impl

icat

ions

. Stri

des m

ade

in

com

puta

tiona

l sci

ence

s of

fer p

ossi

bilit

ies

of b

uild

ing

such

com

plex

ities

into

num

eric

al m

odel

s. T

he ab

ility

to

deve

lop

soph

istic

ated

met

hods

that

allo

w e

ngin

eers

, ar

chite

cts

and

desi

gner

s to

dea

l with

bot

h th

e su

rface

an

d su

b-su

rface

com

pone

nts

in a

com

preh

ensi

ve

yet d

etai

led

man

ner i

s es

sent

ial f

or u

nder

stan

ding

th

e sy

stem

as

one

who

le.

K

AS

HIF

SH

AA

D

Des

ign

Rese

arch

Stu

dio

on t

heKa

li Ci

liwun

g

SIN

GA

PORE

- T

he D

esig

n R

esea

rch

Stu

dio

on t

he K

ali

Cili

wun

g in

Jak

arta

invo

lves

a d

ozen

NU

S M

aste

r of L

ands

cape

dire

ctio

n of

NU

S P

rofe

ssor

Jör

g R

ekitt

ke a

nd E

TH P

rofe

ssor

C

hris

toph

e G

irot.

Thre

e in

tern

al w

orks

hops

taug

ht re

spec

tivel

y by

Ale

xand

re K

apel

los

from

the

ETH

in R

hino

mod

ellin

g an

d C

NC

mill

ing,

Jam

es M

elso

m f

rom

the

ETH

in

land

scap

e vi

sual

isin

g an

d dr

one

oper

atio

ns, a

nd P

hilip

Paa

r fro

m B

erlin

set t

he o

pera

tiona

l fra

mew

ork

and

met

hodo

logy

of t

he s

tudi

o.

Kam

pung

Mel

ayu

and

Buk

it D

uri n

eigh

bour

hood

s of

Jak

arta

.Th

e st

udio

has

so

far

yiel

ded

a se

t of e

xtre

mel

y pr

ecis

e G

IS-lo

cate

d cr

oss

sect

ions

of

the

river

. Thi

s ha

s en

able

d ex

perim

enta

tion

with

det

aile

d 3D

pho

to s

titch

ing

of c

erta

in

sect

ions

und

er s

tudy

. The

goa

l of

this

stu

dio

has

been

to

deve

lop

a ne

w s

et o

f des

ign

tool

s an

d m

etho

dolo

gies

cap

able

of

deal

ing

with

the

phys

ical

and

spa

tial c

ompl

exity

of s

uch

urba

n la

ndsc

ape

envi

ronm

ents

. It w

ill re

sult

in a

set

of c

ompr

ehen

sive

la

ndsc

ape

desi

gn g

uide

lines

for t

he m

elio

ratio

n of

the

river

in

Jaka

rta. T

he u

nder

lyin

g th

esis

is th

at la

ndsc

ape

arch

itect

ure

can

take

the

lead

in r

esto

ring

the

ecol

ogy

of t

his

river

in a

co

mpl

ex u

rban

con

text

.

foot

hold

on

the

Cili

wun

g R

iver

in th

e sl

ums

of J

akar

ta. F

urth

er

desi

gn r

esea

rch

stud

ios

coul

d se

rve

as a

n ex

ampl

e fo

r th

e de

sign

and

man

agem

ent o

f tro

pica

l wat

ersh

eds

with

in d

ense

ur

ban

aggl

omer

atio

ns in

– a

nd e

ven

beyo

nd –

the

tropi

cs. T

he

goal

is to

set

som

e cl

ear

topo

logi

cal r

ules

with

hyd

rolo

gist

s,

rest

ruct

urin

g th

e riv

er e

colo

gica

lly in

res

pons

e to

pre

dict

ion

JÖRG

REK

ITTK

E an

d CH

RIST

OPH

E G

IRO

T

Figu

re 4

, Kal

i Cili

wun

g at

Kam

pung

Mel

ayu

(Dio

go D

a Co

sta,

201

2)

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

s w

ithi

n Ka

mpu

ng M

elay

uTh

e im

age

abov

e sh

ows

a st

retc

h of

the

Cili

wun

g Ri

ver

in K

ampu

ng M

elay

u, J

akar

ta. T

he la

ck o

f ad

equa

te

wat

er s

uppl

y an

d w

aste

wat

er s

yste

ms

forc

es th

e po

pula

tion

to m

ake

dire

ct u

se o

f the

rive

r bot

h as

a s

ourc

e an

d a

disp

osal

sit

e. T

he a

ctiv

itie

s ta

ke p

lace

sid

e by

sid

e. T

he r

iver

is in

fac

t th

e pe

rfec

t ve

hicl

e fo

r di

seas

e pr

opag

atio

n in

the

se c

omm

unit

ies.

Man

y ri

vers

aro

und

the

wor

ld e

xper

ienc

e qu

alit

y pr

oble

ms

due

to n

atur

al c

ause

s bu

t m

any

mor

e ha

ve

thei

r co

ndit

ions

deg

rade

d du

e to

hum

an a

ctiv

itie

s. T

his

is d

efini

tely

the

cas

e of

the

Cili

wun

g Ri

ver.

The

com

bina

tion

of

rich

org

anic

loa

ding

s an

d na

tura

l tr

opic

al c

ondi

tion

s, s

uch

as h

igh

tem

pera

ture

s, i

s th

e pe

rfec

t co

ndit

ion

for

inte

nse

bact

erio

logi

cal

acti

vity

. Thi

s le

ads

to o

xyge

n de

plet

ion

affe

ctin

g th

e w

hole

tr

ophi

c ch

ain.

Con

sequ

entl

y th

e ec

osys

tem

is u

nbal

ance

d as

spe

cific

spe

cies

ten

d to

dom

inat

e.M

odel

ling

the

wat

er q

ualit

y in

the

riv

er a

nd it

s in

tera

ctio

ns w

ith

grou

ndw

ater

will

hel

p us

und

erst

and

the

fate

and

tra

nspo

rt o

f con

tam

inan

ts t

hrou

ghou

t th

is w

ater

bod

y an

d pr

ovid

e a

plat

form

for f

orec

asti

ng

conc

entr

atio

ns in

the

riv

er u

nder

dif

fere

nt f

utur

e de

velo

pmen

t sc

enar

ios.

DIO

GO

DA

COST

A

The

Kam

pung

wit

hin

the

Kali

Ciliw

ung

SIN

GAP

ORE

- K

ampu

ng M

elay

u-Bu

kit D

uri i

s an

urba

n vi

llage

wit

hin

a ri

ver.

The

rive

r cor

rido

r, as

defi

ned

by th

e lim

it o

f the

maj

or fl

ood

of 2

007,

fac

es in

crea

sing

ly d

ense

set

tlem

ent

and

infr

astr

uctu

ral

deve

lopm

ent,

and

suf

fers

ext

rem

e en

viro

nmen

tal

degr

adat

ion.

Th

e si

te’s

eco

logy

is n

o lo

nger

pri

mar

ily n

atur

al; i

t is

now

hea

vily

ch

arac

teri

sed

by it

s an

thro

poge

nic

infl

uenc

es.

Burg

eoni

ng u

rban

isat

ion

of t

he r

iver

’s b

anks

, w

hich

are

at

tim

es b

arel

y di

scer

nibl

e be

neat

h th

e va

ried

arc

hite

ctur

es o

f th

e ka

mpu

ng (F

ig. 1

), de

crea

ses

the

capa

city

of

the

rive

r an

d re

duce

s su

rfac

e pe

rmea

bilit

y af

fect

ing

grou

ndw

ater

rech

arge

. The

ter

rain

of

the

ban

ks is

a c

ompl

ex o

f la

yere

d pl

asti

cs, o

rgan

ic m

atte

r an

d ea

rth,

pun

ctua

ted

by u

nreg

ulat

ed s

ewag

e ou

tlet

s di

scha

rgin

g di

rect

ly in

to t

he K

ali C

iliw

ung.

Dra

inag

e in

fras

tuct

ure

wit

hin

the

urba

n en

viro

nmen

t is

inad

equa

te. I

t off

ers

too

littl

e ca

paci

ty w

ith

insu

ffici

ent

grad

ing

caus

ing

bloc

kage

and

sta

gnan

cy, i

ncre

asin

g di

seas

e, m

alod

or a

nd g

ener

al r

isk

of fl

oodi

ng.

The

rive

r its

elf i

s th

e ba

cksi

de o

f the

urb

an v

illag

e, s

uffe

ring

a

lack

of

publ

ic a

cces

s an

d op

port

unit

y fo

r m

eani

ngfu

l int

erac

tion

, ap

art f

rom

key

cro

ssin

g po

ints

(Fig

. 6),

toile

ting

bar

ges

(Fig

. 4),

and

a nu

mbe

r of s

pace

s th

at a

re a

vaila

ble

for c

omm

unit

y us

e. It

can

not

be c

laim

ed t

hat

‘land

scap

e’ h

as n

o va

lue

wit

hin

the

kam

pung

, in

fact

, if

tie

d in

to a

n ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

s pe

rspe

ctiv

e it

s fu

ncti

on

is c

lear

ly v

alue

d. T

he l

ands

cape

of

the

terr

ain

and

the

rive

r is

co

nsid

ered

as

a se

rvic

e –

and

expl

oite

d as

suc

h. T

erra

in b

ecom

es

publ

ic s

pace

for

rec

reat

iona

l an

d co

mm

unit

y us

e. T

his

incl

udes

pr

ivat

e st

oops

and

fro

ntag

es f

or m

eeti

ng,

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of

in

form

al g

arde

ns, a

nd in

term

itte

nt p

lant

ings

of

prod

ucti

ve t

rees

ha

rves

ted

for

edib

le a

nd c

onst

ruct

ion

need

s. T

he r

iver

is u

sed

as

a sp

ace

for

recr

eati

on a

nd t

rans

port

, but

is v

alue

d m

ore

grea

tly

as a

bat

hroo

m a

nd la

undr

y an

d a

dist

ribu

tor

of w

aste

, inc

ludi

ng

sew

age

and

garb

age

(Fig

s 2

and

4).

This

pro

ject

cal

ls f

or t

he d

evel

opm

ent

of a

n un

ders

tand

ing

of t

he c

urre

nt a

nd f

utur

e pl

ace

of t

he k

ampu

ng w

ithi

n th

e ri

ver.

M

ICH

AELA

PRE

SCOT

T

Figu

re 6

, Boa

t do

ck f

or r

iver

cro

ssin

g w

ithi

n Ka

mpu

ng M

elay

u-Bu

kit

Dur

i(M

icha

ela

Pres

cott

, 201

2)Fi

gure

7, M

LA s

tude

nts

wit

hin

Kam

pung

Mel

ayu

(Sen

thil

Gur

usam

y, 2

012)

Figu

re 5

, The

ups

trea

m s

ite

of C

iaw

i, ey

ed f

or d

evel

opm

ent

(Kas

hif

Shaa

d, 2

012)

37

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ - Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi

38


39


40


41


42


43


44


45


46


47


48

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz

49


50


51


52


53


54


55


56


57


58


59


60 ‘Earth moves’ - Bernard Cache

61‘Earth moves’ - Bernard Cache

66 ‘Topographical Stories’ - David Leatherbarrow

67‘Topographical Stories’ - David Leatherbarrow

68 ‘Topographical Stories’ - David Leatherbarrow

69‘Topographical Stories’ - David Leatherbarrow

70 ‘Walkscapes’ - Francesco Careri

71‘Walkscapes’ - Francesco Careri

73‘Walkscapes’ - Francesco Careri