plastics in the ocean - envcan biodegradables reduce litter impacts? resource in waste out...
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Plastics in the ocean: are there solutions to this global environmental problem?
Richard Thompson, Plymouth University, UK
Image credit B. Frymire
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Great Garbage patch, floating debris. Photo Source: flyaddicts
Marine litter
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Mediterranean Sea, 1000m
F. Galgani
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Slovenia
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OSPAR, 2007 Proportion of marine debris found on reference beaches (2001-2006)
Mostly plastic
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R. C. Thompson
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Economic consequences
England
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A B
C D
Effects on human wellbeing?
Wyles, Pahl and Thompson 2015
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Hazard to mariners
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Ocean conservancy
Consequences for
wildlife
Encounters:
> 300 papers
~ 700 Species
17 % threatened
or near threatened
IUCN status
microplastic
~ 10% of species
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Debris Categories 76% of reports, 92% of individual
encounters
relate to plastic debris
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Microplastic
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Distribution: global sea surface, intertidal, deep sea
Browne et al 2011, Woodall et al 2014
Van Sebille 2015, Cozar et al2015
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Distribution: global sea surface, intertidal, deep sea
Browne et al 2011, Woodall et al 2014
Van Sebille 2015, Cozar et al2015
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Key research: van Franeker IMARES
Sea birds:
21% of species ‘entangled’
38% of species ‘ingest’
Northern Fulmar
95% of population
contain ingested debris
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Microplastics: numerous species ingest some
retain, ~ 10% of published reports
Key research: Thompson / Browne / Murray /Cowie
Scotland
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PCB
DDTs
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Rate of release of POPs increases in gut conditions
Bakir et all., Environmental Pollution, 2014
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Uptake of additive chemicals by birds
Tankaka et al. (2013) Marine Pollution Bulletin
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Physical effects (independent of any chemical effects)
1% PVC significantly reduced energy reserves by 30%
5% PVC significantly reduced energy reserves by 50%
Wright et al. (2013) Current Biology
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Jambeck et al. 2015
Plastic debris
cumulative
Oceans
could contain
250 million tonnes
by 2025
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Enough about problems
what can be done?
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Keep the benefits – without the debris
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Approx 40%
Packaging mostly
single use
Plastics Europe,
Plastics – the Facts 2014/2015
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60 years of research and development
60 years of behavioural training - to throw away
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Décharge Plage, Albanie. Photo:
©© Antoine Giret / Un2Vue
There is no ‘away’ this is not sustainable
A. Giret
Albania
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Sources of debris Around 50% is single-use items
(plastic packaging, convenience)
Together with Rope and netting,
Cigarette buts
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Photo sources:
Success hacker, jschneid,
Clean-up
Block the holes
Redirect the flow
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Conflicting
drivers
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Potentially conflicting drivers Will bioplastics reduce litter / waste?
Resource IN Waste OUT
‘This new packaging is fully recyclable, and is said to
reduce carbon emissions by as much as 25% over the
product lifecycle.’
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Can biodegradables reduce litter impacts?
Resource IN Waste OUT
‘Biodegradables ?’ (EN 13432, ASTM D6400-99) = pre shredded plastic
degrades in commercial composting plant in 180 days, 56
– 71 ºC, 50-60% humidity, aerobic, pH 7-8
Potentially conflicting drivers
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Microbeads in cosmetics
150 ml bottle can contain 2.8 million plastic particles
Consider end-of-life at product design stage Napper, Bakir, Rowland & Thompson 2015
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Design for
product life
and end-of-life
Napper & Thompson 2016
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Towards a more circular economy
Resource IN Waste OUT
1) Design for product life, and end-of-life 2) label accordingly
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Marine Debris:
1) is a symptom of inefficient outdated business model
2) is not directly coupled to societal benefits
3) damages resources (economy, wildlife, services)
4) Synergistic benefits (resource efficiency / waste reduction)
achieved by product re-design
5) Solutions exist – but there is no single solution
6) is a highly visible, accessible, emotive problem – harness this
interest and focus it on better product design and waste
management
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Richard Thompson - Thank you