plate 84 viral diseases of the digestive and lymphoid organs
TRANSCRIPT
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Plate 84
Viral Diseases of the Digestive and Lymphoid Organs
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Viral Gastroenteritis
• Viral gastroenteritis: inflammation of stomach and intestines
• Often called “stomach flu”, although it is not caused by the influenza virus
• Symptoms: primarily diarrhea and vomiting, but also headaches, fever, and stomach-ache
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Yellow fever
• Sometimes known as “yellow jack” or “black vomit”
• Called “yellow fever” because of the jaundice that it causes
• RNA icosahedral (Flaviviridae family) virus
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Symptoms• 3-6 days of incubation, then
3-4 days of fever and muscle pain
• Most patients improve and symptoms disappear
• 15% of patients enter a 2nd toxic phase:– Bleeding from mouth, nose,
eyes, and/or stomach– Kidney failure– Jaundice– 50% mortality in 14 days
• No cure, just treatment for symptoms
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Symptoms
• Jaundice – “yellowing” of skin and eyes
• Bile passes from the gallbladder and/or liver into the bloodstream
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Transmission
• The virus is transmitted via mosquito bites
• Virus passes from the mosquito’s saliva to the human bloodstream
• Can also pass from monkeys to mosquitoes to humans
Aedes aegypti mosquito
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Transmission• Estimated 200,000
cases and 30,000 deaths per year worldwide
• Vaccine is very effective
• Cases have increased over the past 20 years due to urbanization, deforestation, and climate change
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Philadelphia• Summer 1793, French refugees (some who had
Yellow Fever) fled the Haitian Revolution and came to Philadelphia
• By November 1793, about 5,000 Philadelphians had died (more than 10% of population)
• Summer 1794, Yellow Fever returned, but not as severely, and also in 1796 and 1797
• Another severe epidemic came in 1798, killing 1,292 Philadelphians
• At the peak of the 1798 epidemic, all but 7,000 residents had left the city
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Dengue Fever
• Also known as “break-bone” fever
• RNA icosahedral (Flaviviridae family) virus
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DF - Symptoms• Dengue fever has symptoms
which can be very similar initially to flu
• Most people suffer from headaches and fever, some get muscle and bone pains
• An infected person can feel tired for up to three months, but will not usually need treatment
• May lead to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), which is potentially lethal
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DF - Symptoms (continued)
Itchy rash. Everywhere I had ever been injured hurt again. Achy like the flu but worse. Exhausted. Literally took months to regain full energy and stamina.
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DF - History
• Dengue fever originated in primates and “jumped” to humans 100-800 years ago
• Because of disruption from WWII and international trading of cargo, the Aedes mosquito has spread to tropical regions around the world
• Not until 1981 that the disease became problematic in Latin America and the Caribbean
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DF - Location
• 40% of the world’s population live in areas where they are at risk for dengue transmission
• WHO estimates that there are 50-100 million infections a year and 22,000 deaths
• http://www.healthmap.org/dengue/index.php
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DF - Treatment
• There is no cure for dengue fever nor is there specific medication for it
• Patients should rest, take pain-relievers, and drink plenty of fluids
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DF - Transmission
• Dengue viruses are mainly transmitted by the bite of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
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Mononucleosis
• The “kissing disease”• Epstein-Barr virus
(human herpesvirus 4)
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Mono - Symptoms
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Mono - Symptoms
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Mono Symptoms - Swollen Tonsils
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Mono - Transmission
• Virus spread through salivary drops
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Hepatitis A
• RNA enterovirus (hepatitis A virus – HAV)
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HAV - Symptoms
• Can cause:– Swelling of the liver– Jaundice– Fatigue– Loss of appetite– Diarrhea
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HAV - Transmission
• Spread primarily by food or water contaminated by stool from an infected person
• Eating food prepared by someone with HAV who did not wash their hands after using the bathroom
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Hepatitis B
• Hepadnavirus (hepatitis B virus – HBV)
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HBV - Symptoms
• Short-term HBV resembles symptoms of the flu
• Possible symptoms include fever, dark urine, vomiting, and jaundice
• Long-term HBV (chronic HBV) lasts a lifetime and can lead to scarring of the liver, liver failure, and liver cancer
• Interferon can be used to slow the virus from damaging the liver
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HBV - Transmission
• HBV is spread through contact with blood, semen, or other body fluids of an infected person
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Hepatitis C
Symptomsjaundice, fatigue, dark urine, nausea
Long terminfections (55-85%), leading indication for transplant,
Info.No vaccine, interferon, do not share personal items, rarely STD
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Hepatitis D
Symptomsjaundice, fatigue, tea-colored urine joint pain
Long Termmore sever acute disease & risk of failure
Info.acquires along with HBV
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Hepatitis E
SymptomsJaundice, dark urine, loss appetite, fatigue
Long Termno long term often seen in pregnancy
Info.highest among 15-40 yo, contaminated water