PLATECLIMATOLOGYTHEORYby

JamesEdwardKamis10-7-2014

OVERVIEWTheSun,quiteobviously,isthefirstorderdriverofearth’sclimate,butamuchneglectedsecondorderdrivercancontributesignificantlytonaturalvariations.Theoveralltheorycontendsthatperiodsofactiveearthtectonicsandvolcanismcanbecorrelatedtoperiodsofactiveclimatechangeandclimaterelatedevents.Todescribethisnewtheory,thetermPlateClimatologyisdesignated.ThetheorywasfirstformallyintroducedonOctober7,2014,after10yearsofresearch.Ingeneral,increasedtectonicactivity,eitherlocallyorglobally,equatestomorefaultingandvolcanicactivity,whichleadstomoreheatandfluidreleasefromtheseactivegeologicalfeaturesintoboththeoceansandatmosphere.Alteredheatandfluidinputequatestoclimatechange.Thiseffecthasbeenlargelyhiddenfromscientificinvestigationbecausetheheatandfluidreleaseisprimarilyfromtwounderexplored/undermonitoredregions.First,earth’sDeepOceans,whichcontainmajorgeologicalfeaturessuchasDivergentPlateBoundaries(tectonicplatepull-apartboundaries),TransformPlateBoundaries(tectonicplatesideslidingboundaries),ConvergentPlateBoundaries(SubductionandObductionZones),andHighHeatFlowVolcanicregions.Theassociatedheatandfluidreleasefromthesegeologicalfeaturesactstoalteroceantemperatures,densities,andchemicalcompositions.The“AlteredOceans”theninfluenceordriveclimatechangesandclimaterelatedevents.Secondly,earth’sPolarIceCapswhichcontainmajorgeologicalfeaturessuchas:Divergent(tectonicplatepull-apartboundaries),TransformPlateBoundaries(tectonicplatesideslidingboundaries),andHighHeatFlowVolcanicregions.Theassociatedheatandfluidreleasefromthesegeologicalfeaturesactstoaltersub-icesheettemperatures.ThealteredSub-GlacialIceSheetstheninfluenceordriveclimatechangesandclimaterelatedevents.ManyconnectionsbetweenGeologyandClimateareexploredandexplainedinthistheory.Thetechnicalportionofthewebsitehasbeendividedintothreebasiccategories:

1. HowGeologicalForcesAffectOceans2. HowGeologicalForcesAffectPolarRegions3. HowGeologicalForcesAffectAtmosphere

Individualarticleswithinthesecategoriesprovidemoredetailofgeologicalforcesaffectonclimateandclimate-relatedeventsrelatedtothatcategory.SuchasHowGeologicalForces:

• GenerateElNino's/LaNina's• MelttheBaseofSelectedAntarcticGlaciers• MelttheBaseoftheArcticSeaIce• SlowedDowntheGulfStreamOceanCurrent• EmitSignificantAmountsofMethaneandCO2intotheAtmosphere• ActLikeDeepOcean"ForestFires"toDiversifyandSpreadCoralReefs• SignificantlyInfluencePlanktonBloomswithControlEarth'sAtmosphericOxygenContent• SignificantlyInfluencetheTemperatureandChemistryoftheOceans• ActinConcertwithNormalAtmosphericProcessestoControlEarth'sClimate

Itmakescommonsensethatifmajorgeologicalplateboundarygeologicalphenomenonhavethepowertomovecontinents2-3centimetersperyear,frequentlycreatelargetsunamisthatmixthousandsoffeetofoceancolumn,supportvastchemosyntheticcommunities,andcontain90%oftheplanetsknownactivevolcanoesthattheycancertainly/easilyinfluenceourclimateinadramaticfashion.Ourplanetisbestdescribedas"watercovered"because71%ofthesurfaceareaisocean.Astoundingly,wehaveonlyexplored3%ofEarth'soceanseafloors.Conversely,wehavestudiednearlyeveryaspectoftheatmosphere.Asaresult,climatescientistsincorrectlyassumedthatclimatewasexclusivelydrivenbyatmosphere,heretermedAtmosphericBias.TheintroductionofthePlateClimatologyTheoryopenedaneweraofhowweinterpretourclimate,amorebalancedapproachwithincludestheimpactofgeologicalforces.Itishopedthatthisnewandcomprehensivetheorywouldbeacatalystforfutureresearchandprovideaplatformtojoinwhatarenowseveralindependentlyresearchedbranchesofscience:Geology,Climatology,Meteorology,Oceanography,andBiology.ThescienceofClimateisextremelycomplexandnecessitatesamulti-disciplineapproach.

EFFECTOFSUB-OCEANTECTONISMANDVOLCANISMONCLIMATEIntroductionThistheoryproposesthatsub-oceanictectonism,volcanism,heatflow,andfluidexpulsionhaveastronginfluenceonworldwideclimates.Severalprominentexamplesare;ElNiño’s,LaNiña’s,therecentCaliforniadrought,icemassreductioninsouthernGreenland,icemassreductionintheArctic,andselectiveicemassreductioninAntarctica.Thiseffecthasbeenlargelyhiddenfromscientificinvestigationbecausetheprimaryheatreleaseiswithinunderexplored/monitoreddeepoceanregions;RiftSystems(tectonicplatepull-apartboundaries),TraverseFaultSystems(tectonicplatesideslidingboundaries),SubductionZones(tectonicplateconvergingboundaries),andHighHeatFlowVolcanicRegions.Oceantemperatures,densities,andchemicalcompositionsarealteredbythisvaryingtectonicactivity.The“AlteredOceans”theninfluenceordriveclimatechangesandclimaterelatedevents.SeveralspecificexamplesofthisaspectthePlateClimatologyTheoryarelistedbelow.

ElNino

ElNino’soriginateasdeepoceanhightemperatureanomaliesata“Point”*sourceinthewesternPacific,thenmigrateeast,becomeprogressivelyshallower,andfanout.Thiscanbeinterpretedasstrongevidencethatthecontrol/originofElNino’sisheatfromaspecificdeepseafloorgeologicallycontrolledlocation,almostcertainlyadeepseafloorvolcano,vent,ormajorplateboundaryfaultintersection.Inessence,asuddenincreaseinsub-oceaniccrustalplatemovement,orincreaseinsub-oceanicvolcanisminasmallorreasonablysmallareawithinthewesternPacificleadstoreleaseoflargeamountsofheatandfluids,generatinganElNino.HistoricallyothergeologistshavealsoarguedthatElNino’sarelikelygeologicallydriven.NewresearchdonebyKessleretalasreferencedbelowcanbeinterpretedtoshowthatadeepoceangeologicalheat“PointSource”forElNiño’shasbeenlocatedeastofPapuaNewGuinea.Thenotionofafixed“point”sourcefitsperfectlywiththePlateClimatologyTheorybecausefixedpointsourceshaveproventoberelatedtoseafloorgeologicalphenomenon.Asanexample,“HotSpots”arefixedseafloorheatsources.ThespecificpointsourceidentifiedbyKessleretalisanareaofknownactiveoceanvolcanism,andatthejunctureofseveralmajorplateboundaries,whichalsofitswellwiththePlateClimatologyTheory.AnothermethodtodemonstratethattheprimarysourceofElNinoheatisadeepoceanfixedpointsourceistousepublishedoceantemperaturemapsofallpreviousElNino’s.ItispossibletodiscernthewesternmoststartingpointoftheseElNiño’sbydrawinglinesonthemapsthatframetheboundaryofheatedElNinoandnormalsurfaceoceanwater.Eachmaphasaresultingnorthernandsouthernboundingline.Oneverymaptheseboundinglinesconvergeononepoint,anareaeastofPapuaNewGuinea.Thiscoincides/matchesperfectlywiththenewlydefinedKesslerheatedoceanarea.

OthergeologistshavepreviouslyproposedthissameareaasthegeneratingpointofElNinooccurrences(seeMandevillereferencebelow).InfairnesstoKessleretal,itisimportanttonotethattheydonotinterprettheresultsoftheirresearchaswedo.Theirworkiscomprehensiveanddocumentsthedistributionofheatedoceanwaterbyasystemofcomplexoceancurrents.Itisbestthatreaderstakeamomenttostudybothofthereferencestotheirworklistedbelow.Itisobviouslyexcellentwork.However,wehaveabasicdisagreementwiththeirconclusion,whichimpliesthatitisultimatelyallabouttheatmosphere.Webelieveitisallaboutthegeologicalheatinginfluenceatdeepoceanplateboundariesandassociatedvolcanism.ClimateScientistscurrentlymaintainthatElNino’sarefueled/initiatedbysolarenergythatissomehowfocusedintothedeepocean,andthenmodifiedandconcentratedbycomplexoceancurrents.Therearemanyproblemswiththistheory.First,whydoallElNino’soriginateatthesamepoint?It’sverydifficulttobelievethattheywouldnotoccurinotherareasofthewesternPacificwherethesolarenergyisjustasstrong.Secondly,itisverydifficulttobelievethattherearenototherareasofthePacificwherecomplexoceancurrentswouldn’tformtemperaturepatternsthatresembleElNino’s.ElNinoseasurfacetemperaturemappatternsaretypicallyunique.ThisisreadilyapparentbycombiningthedailyorevenmonthlyseasurfacetemperaturemapsforanindividualElNino.TheresultingmaphasadistinctfunnelshapewithprominentnorthandsouthtemperatureboundinglineslimitsthatconvergewesttoasinglepointeastofPapuaNewGuinea.Lastly,LaNina’salsoformatapointsource,thesamepointsourceasElNino’s.WeconcludethatthepointsourceoriginofElNino’sisclearevidencethattheyarenotformedbycurrentmodifiedsolarenergybutratheritstronglyindicatesthattheyareformedbyadeepoceangeologicalphenomenon.OnceformedElNino’smigrateeast,becomeprogressivelyshallower,andfanout.Duringthisprogressiontheymaintainastrong,clearanddefinabletemperaturepattern.Thispattern/progressionisuniqueandunlikeanyothertemperaturepatterninthePacific.Thiscanalsobeinterpretedasstrongevidencethatthecontrol/originofElNino’sareauniqueevent,specificallyheatfromadeepseafloorgeologicallycontrolledphenomenon.ElNino’softenoccurin“bundles”.MultipleElNino’soccurinashorttimespan,groupedtogether.TypicallythefirstElNinoinabundleisoflowerintensity,subsequentElNino’sareprogressivelymoreintense,oftenendingwithafinalmaximum/highintensityElNino.ThisElNinobundlepatternisverysimilartotheprogressionofwellmonitoredandwell-understoodlandbasedvolcanicandtectonicevents.Whichtypicallybuildthroughtimetoafinallargevolcaniceruptionortectonicevent.ClimateScientistshavestruggledtopredictwhenElNino’swilloccur.Why?Ibelieveitisduetoabasicflawintheirmodels.Theyaremodelingtheeffects,notthecauseofElNino’s.Intheirmodelstheyloadatmosphericdata;winddirections,airtemperatures,andstormcycles.Theyarenotmodelingthechangeinthegeologicalevents.AsaresulttheiratmosphericmodelsarelimitedinscopeandthereforestruggletopredictElNinooccurrences.InfairnesstotheClimateScientists,predictingvolcanic/tectonicheatflowisnosimpletaskeither.Itisnotpossibletosimplymodelseismicityandrelateittoheatandfluidflow.Nonetheless,modelingthegeologicalheatflowisthecorrectwaytoheadwithfutureElNinopredictionmodeling.ThetemperatureboundariesofElNino’swithnormalseawaterarerelativelysharp.ThisimpliesthattheenergysourcethatgeneratestheElNinoisverystrong/intense.Ibelievethebestcandidatetocreatesuchsharpboundariesisanextremelyhightemperatureseawaterpulsefromageologicalpointsource.Conversely,thesharpboundarycontrastdoesnotmatchupwellwithasolar/atmosphericorigin.Informationonselectedgeologicallymonitoreddeep-seavents/fumarolesshowthattheyareperfectanalogiestothemuchlargerElNino’s.Thesegeologicallydrivenvents/fumarolestypicallyoccuratmajordeepcontinentalriftboundariesoratmajorfaultsegmentsassociatedwiththeplatemovements.Thesepointsourcevents/fumarolesemitextremelyhotchemicallychargedwaterformingplumesofhotwaterthatmigrateeast,becomeprogressivelyshallower,andfanout.Thisprogression,theresharptemperatureboundary,andpropensitytoturnonandoffisaverygoodmatchtothelargerElNinoevents.

1997ElNino

1997ElNinowithDefiningLines

2002ElNino 2002ElNinowithdefininglines

2009ElNino 2009ElNinowithdefininglines

2010LaNina 2010LaNinawithdefininglines

2012ElNino 2012ElNinowithdefininglines

AnothergeologicalpatternthatlookssimilartotheoriginandprogressionofElNino’sislargelandbasedvolcaniceruptions.Heretheanalogyisnotasstrongasthevent/fumarolesanalogyforobviousreasons;differentfluidsairvs.water,non-heatvs.ash,moredirectinfluenceofthesun.Havingnotedthesedifferences,Ibelievebotheventshavesimilaritiesworthnoting.Theland-basederuptionsemitashfromapointsource,whichspreadseast,fansout,andprogressivelybecomeshigherintheatmosphereasitbreaksthroughdensitylayers.Theselargevolcaniceruptionshaveimmediateandlastingchangesonclimate.Theextentoftheclimatechangefromthesevolcaniceruptionsisrelatedto;eruptionintensity,eruptionduration,atmosphericdensitylayersandatmospherictradewinds.Oceanplantlifesuchasphytoplanktoncannowbegloballymappedbysatellite.Onesuchmapisshownbelow.ThismapishereinterpretedtoshowthatthephytoplanktonspreadsoutfromapointsourceeastofPapuaNewGuinea;thelikelygeologicallyinducedheatpointsourceofallElNino’s.

TheMODISinstrumentonNASA’sAquasatellitecompiledthisglobalviewoftheamountoffluorescentlightemittedbyphytoplanktonintheocean.Theamountoffluorescentlightisnotconstant;itchangeswiththehealthoftheplantlife.Credit:MikeBehrenfeld,OregonStateUniversityThisphytoplanktonbloommayberespondingtogeologicallyinducedincreasedoceantemperatures,associatedoceanwaterchemistrychanges,orboth.

Candeepoceangeologicaleventsgenerateenoughenergy/heattocreateanElNino?Webelievetheanswerisyes.Weofferseveralknown/measuredgeologicaleventsasproofthatitiswellwithintherealmofpossibility.ThefirstexampleistheMountPinatuboeruption.Itreleasedapproximately5.9times10tothe12thBTUsduringitsshorteruptiveperiod.Thisisenoughenergytoheata50mileby50mileby2.5mileportionoftheocean1degreeCelsiusinjust

ashorttimeperiod.AnotherexampleistheYellowstoneVolcanicPlateau(50mileby50milearea),whichreleases27times10tothe10thBTUsperday.Thesetwo“known”geologicalheatreleaseexamplesseemevenmorecompellingwhentheyarecomparedtodeepoceanriftsandsubductionzones.Riftsandsubductionzonesarealmostcertainlythelargestenergyreleasepointsontheplanet.Addtothisthattheyhavebeenvirtuallyunmonitored,andwecontendthatitisverypossible,infactlikelythatdeepgeologicaleventsaredrivingmanyclimatechanges.ElNino’shaveastronganddirecteffectonclimate,anditisthereforeimportantthatweunderstandthem.Wetheorizethattheiroriginhasbeenincorrectlyattributedtoatmosphericconditions.Ibelievethereisstrongevidencetoshowtheyaregeologicallydriven.Ifcorrect,itstandstoreasonthatmanyotherheatedareaswithintheoceanarealsoaffectingmodernclimate.

LaNinaLaNina’soriginateasdeepoceanlowtemperatureanomaliesata“point”sourceinthewesternPacific,thenmigrateeast,becomeprogressivelyshallower,andoftenfanout.WebelievethatthesourcepointforElNino’sandLaNina’sisthesame.ThoughnotaswellunderstoodasElNino’s,wetheorizethatLaNina’saretheresultofmuchcoolerwaterbeingemittedfromthesamegeologicallycontrolledlocation.Theheatisturnedoff,butwaterstillcontinuestoflowfromthedeep-sealocation.Thisphenomenonhasbeenobservedandhasbeentermed“ColdSeeps”.TheseColdSeepshaveacoolingeffectonthepreviousElNinooceanwaters.LaNinawaterisnotextremelycold,justlessheatedthantheElNinowater,sotheeffectisnotasdramaticastheElNinoeffect.StillthereisanoverallcoolingeffectoftheElNinowater.

CaliforniaDroughtAnotherspecificexampleofgeologicalphenomenoninfluencingclimateisthemostrecentCaliforniadrought.Earlyoninthe California Drought CycleMeteorologists published information that an unusually persistentwintertime atmospherichigh-pressure ridge in theGulf of Alaskawas affectingNorthAmerican storm tracks. This persistent high-pressure ridgedivertedmuchneededrainbearingstormsawayfromCalifornia.Follow-uppublishedreports indicatedthatthewater inthefarwesternGulfofAlaskawasmuchwarmerthannormal,andthatunusual fishspecieshadbeennoted intheGulf.Additionally published maps indicated that through time the geographic position of this unusually warm water didn’tchange.Thiswas interpreted to imply that thesourceof theheatwas fromaone location,a“PointSource”.Fixedheatpoint sources imply that the origin of the heat is likely a fixed deep geological area such as a plate juncture or activevolcanicarea.Giventheinformationatthistimeitwastheorizedthatthisunusuallypersistenthighpressureridgeandassociatedwarmsurfaceoceanwaterwereboth in factrelatedtoageologicalphenomenon,specifically increasedvolcanicorgeothermalactivityassociatedwiththePacificPlateSubductionZoneintheareaoftheGulfofAlaska.Deepheatedoceanwaterfromapointsourcemade itswaytoshallowportionsoftheoceanandtherebyaffectedthesurfaceweatherpatterns;pressureridges,winddirections,airtemperatures,etc.Meteorologists had an entirely different interpretation. They theorized that the high-pressure ridge was the result ofatmosphericconditions,andthereforeitwasimpliedthatunusualatmosphericconditionscausedtheCaliforniaDrought.NewinformationstronglyindicatesthatunusualatmosphericconditionswerenotthecauseoftheCaliforniadrought.The results of a just released NOAA sponsored Assessment Report “Causes and Predictability of the 2014-14 CaliforniaDrought”byleadauthorRichardSeagerofColumbiaUniversity’sLamontDohertyEarthObservatorywassummarizedinaUSATodayarticle(December8,2014)asfollows:

“Naturalweatherpatterns,notman-madeglobalwarming,arecausingthehistoricdroughtthat'sparchingCalifornia,saysastudyoutMondayfromfederalscientists.”

TheNOAAreportgoesontosaythatanunusuallypersistent(threeyear)wintertimeatmospherichighpressureridgehasdiverted/blockedrainbearingstormsfromreachingCalifornia,andthatunusuallyelevatedoceansurfacetemperaturesinthefarwesternGulfofAlaskaareaidingthisprocess.This isaverysignificantconclusion,becausethestudy impliesthatatmosphericconditionsarebeingdrivenbywarmoceanwater,NOTtheotherwayaround.

Climatescientistshaveformanyyearscontendedthattheatmosphereisthesoledriverofclimate,andthatitalsowarmsthe oceans. Their atmospherically basedClimateModels supposedly support this contention. So increasedCO2 leads toincreasedworldtemperatures,andimportantlywarmedoceans.The Plate Climatology Theory contends that many, not all, but many unusual natural climate variations are related togeologicallyinducedincreasedheatflowoftenfromdeepoceanfaultsandtectonicplatejunctures.The California drought certainly qualifies as an unusual climate variation, and recent reports / publications support thenotionthatsomethingotherthantheatmosphereisdrivingthisweatherpattern.Itseemslogicaltoatleastconsiderthatdeep geologically inducedoceanheatinghasmade itsway to shallowerdepths in the far portionsof theGulf ofAlaskatherebydirectlycontributingtotheCaliforniaDrought.IheretheorizethattheCaliforniadroughtwastheresultofgeologicallyinducedgeothermalheatflowfromadeepoceanplatejuncture.Twopossiblesourcesforthisheatedwaterare;

1.) Thesub-ductionzoneontheeastsideoftheGulfofAlaska.2.) TheSameheatsourceaselNino,deepoceaneastofPapuaNewGuinea

Inorder for theGulfofAlaska sub-duction zonecase tobe theheat source, itnecessary to invoke strong surfacewaterdownwellingalongthewestcoastofAlaska.It could work as follows. Geothermally warmed surface water in the far western Gulf of Alaska is wind driven to thenortheast.Asthewarmwater isdrivenprogressivelyfarthernortheast itcools,becomesdenserand“downwells”/sinksintothedeepocean.Hereitcomesincontactwiththeheatingsourcesubductionzone.Thewaterisheatedandstaysnearbottomas itbeginstoflowsouthwestandprogressivelybecomeshallower.Thiswholesystemisenvisionedtobeaverylargecirculationpattern.

One result of this type of large circulation pattern would be shallow ocean water temperature maps that show cooltemperaturesnearthecoastoftheGulfofAlaskaandwarmtemperaturesinthefarwesternGulfofAlaska.ThisiswhattheNOAAshallowoceantemperaturemapsindicate.This is a highly theoretical and non-unique solution, however I believe it is at least a plausible explanation of how togenerateafixedandpersistentshallowoceanwaterhightemperatureanomalyinthefarwesternGulfofAlaska.Thealternativeheatsource,eastofPapuaNewGuinea,isanequallylikely.Thiswouldentailalongdistancenortheast,andprogressiveswallowingofdeepheatedwater.Thisisamorefavoredexplanationbyclimatescientists.

Mid-AtlanticRiftSystemAnotherexampleofgeologicallycontrolleddeepoceanclimatechangecanbegleanedfromapublicationinNaturebyLietal(seereferencebelow).ThispublicationcontendsthatrecentunusuallyhighNorthAtlanticOceannearsurfacetemperaturesarethecauseofincreasedicemassinAntarctica.Li’stheoryessentiallyinvokesaDominolikeeffectfromtheseanomalousNorthAtlanticseatemperaturestoinducechangesin;atmosphericwinddirections,windtemperatures,andweatherpatterns.ThesechangedweatherpatternsarethentheorizedtoberesponsibleforincreasedicemassinAntarcticaUponreviewingLi’sNorthAtlantictemperatureanomalymap,andthenoverlayingthetraceoftheMidAtlanticRidge/Rift,wediscoveredthatthereisaveryclosematchbetweenthetwomaps.Webelievethismatchstronglyindicatesacauseandeffectrelationship,betweentheMid–AtlanticRiftandelevatedtemperaturesintheoverlyingocean.TheMid–AtlanticRiftcrestandmajoroffsettingfaultsaremarkedasblacklinesontheaccompanyingmap.

InfairnesstoLIetalcurrents,suchastheGulfStream,havealteredtheSSTtemperaturemap,butnotenoughtoerasethetelltaleinfluenceoftheMid-AtlanticRift.Thereisamoredirect,andIbelievemorelogicalinterpretationofLi’spublishedNorthAtlantictemperaturemaps.IheretheorizethatthehighnearsurfacetemperaturesintheNorthAtlanticarecausedbyheatreleasefromtheMid-AtlanticRift.Theseheatedwaters,andassociatedelevatedlocalairtemperaturesarethenresponsibleformeltingofthesouthern

GreenlandIceSheetandmeltingofatleastpartoftheArcticPolarIceSheet.FurthermorewebelievethatthesewarmedNorthAtlanticwatershavelittleifanythingtodowithincreasedIceMassintheAntarctica.

CO2“Lag”Worldwide deep ocean tectonic activity and associated heat and fluid release have a much greater effect on CO2concentrationsthanpreviouslythought.Manyscientistshavenotedthathistorically,atmosphericCO2concentrationsareactuallylowatthebeginningofextendedwarmingperiodsand thatatmosphericCO2concentrations riseafteratmosphericwarming starts. This is called theCO2“Lag”.Ithasbeenwelldocumentedintheliterature.Climatescientistshavehadaverydifficulttimeexplainingthereasonforthislag.SkepticshaveoffereditasproofthatCO2cannotbethecauseoftheatmosphericwarming.Weagreewiththeskepticscontention.We theorize that during geologically inducedworldwide oceanwarming periods, the heated oceans lose their ability toretain/absorbCO2. Instead, theybegintoprogressivelyemitmoreCO2 intotheatmospherebecausewarmerseawaterholdslessCO2.AnothercontributingfactortoincreasedCO2duringthesegeologicallyinducedoceanheatedperiodsisthereleaseofliquidCO2fromvents.VentsaremoreactiveandreleasemoreCO2.RelativelyrecentresearchshowsthatventsemitliquidCO2.The net effect of all this is that during periodswhen active geological events are progressively heating the oceans, theoceans progressively emit increasing amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. This progression creates a “lagged” CO2atmosphericresponse.ItisimportanttonotethatinthisscenarioincreasedatmosphericCO2isaneffectofthewarmingoceans,notacause.Concerningtheeffectofthiswholescenarioonplanktonblooms,WetheorizethatthemagnitudeandfrequencyofnearsurfacePlanktonBlooms is increased, however theseblooms arenot likely tobe large enough to consumea significantportionofCO2releasedfromtheheatedoceans.ThereforemostofthereleasedCO2makesitswayintotheatmosphere.Lastly,wepredictthatpresentatmosphericCO2concentrationswillnotcontinuetoriseastheyhaveduringthelastdecade.Rather,webelievetheywillleveloff/remainatpresentdayconcentrationsforseveralyears,andthenbegintofall.Why?Thecurrentglobaloceanwarmingperiodappearstobeendingasdemonstratedbyboththe18-yearatmospherictemperature“Pause”,andotherglobaloceantemperaturedata.TheconsequenceofaloweroveralloceantemperatureisthattheoceanwillhaveagreaterabilitytoretainCO2.ItwillthereforeemitlessCO2.TheresultwillbeloweratmosphericCO2levels.Thisresponsewill“Lag”thetemperature“pause”oftheatmosphere.

PlanktonBloomsWorldwidedeepoceantectonicactivityandassociatedheatandfluidreleasehaveamuchgreatereffectonplanktonlevelsthanpreviouslythought.Chemosynthesis is a fascinating new branch of biology. It is now well known that deep ocean vents have biologiccommunitiesassociatedwiththem.Theseventsreleasesignificantamountsofheatandchemicals,whichsupplyfoodfornumerousbiologicalcommunities.Thenumberofventsandtheiroveralleffectontheoceanislargelyunknown,saveafewisolated areas.Ongoing research shows that there is likely significantlymore heat and chemical release than previouslythought.TheimplicationsofChemosynthesishavenotbeenfullyappreciated.However,itisinessenceaconfirmationthatgeologicallydrivendeepoceangeologicaleventsarelikelytobesignificant.

Giventhatdeepoceanchemosynthesisexists, it isa logicalnextsteptotheorizethatgeologicallycontrolleddeepoceanheat and associated fluid releasemay alsohave aneffect on shallowplanktonblooms; alterationof upwelling currents,alteration of temperature boundaries, alteration of ocean nutrient content, and alteration of ocean chemical content(specificallyCO2,Nitrogen,andPhosphorous).Below find an image fromNASA of a Plankton bloom in the Ross Ice sheet area of Antarctica. The Ross Ice sheet is anisolatedareawheretheAntarcticIcesheetisactuallyretreating,notadvancing/growing.It’sveryinterestingtonotethatrecentlyithasbeendiscoveredthatoceantemperaturesbeneathandneartheRossIcesheetareunusuallywarmrelativeto other areas of the Antarctic.We theorize that this local ice retreat and the unusual plankton bloom are caused bygeologically inducedheat and fluid release froma relatively nearby deepocean vent or fault zone, almost certainly theWestAntarcticRiftSystem.

The reader is referred to the Antarctic Continent portion of this write-up for a more complete description of theoverwhelmingamountofevidencethatshowsthatselectiveAntarctic icesheetmeltingiscausedbygeologically inducedgeothermalheating.OtherrecentlyreleasedspaceimagesanddataalsoshowunusualplanktonbloomsintheNorthAtlantic.Againitispossiblethattheseunusualbloomsmaybeaffectedorevenindirectlycreatedbyheatingandfluidreleasefromdeepoceanvents,smallvolcanoes,orfaultedareas.AfascinatingnewdevelopmentisthediscoveryofPhytoplanktonbloomsundertheiceintheChukchiSeaareaoftheArcticOcean by Stanford University scientists. Their research showed that these blooms have likely existed in this area fordecades.Thediscoveryofwell-developedandaeriallyextensivebloomsbeneathiceareasthathavenotbeenmeltedhasforcedadramaticchangeinconsideringhowandwhereArcticbloomsoccur.Thisfascinatingnewdiscoveryhasnotyetledtoproofthatthereisadirectrelationshipofthesetypesofbloomswithgeologicallyinduceddeepoceanheat,howeverIwouldsuggestthatthisshouldbeconsidered.Theclimateprediction/modeling implicationsofestablishingabetterunderstandingofhowandwhenPlanktonBloomswillformareobvious;largebloomscanleadtomoreoxygenexpulsionandreducedCO2concentrations,especiallysinceithasnowbeendetermined thatmassiveplanktonbloomsexist beneath largeportionsof the arctic, beneathportionsofAntarcticicesheet,andinneverbeforelocationsabovedeepoceanriftsystems.AlthoughthescienceofPlanktonBloomsisextremelycomplexandthereforenoteasilyunderstood/explained,webelieveit is time to consider the possibility that geologic phenomenon may have a very strong influence on their frequency,locationandmagnitude.

MajorDeepOceanCurrentsMajorworldwidedeepoceancurrents,suchastheGulfStream,areaffectedbyvariationsinsub-seatectonism,volcanism,heatflow,andfluidrelease.Majorshiftsindeepoceancurrentshavelongbeenthoughttobeassociatedexclusivelywithchangesineithercontinentalfreshsurfacewaterdischargeorchangesatmosphericconditions.Althoughthesefactorsobviouslyhavehadinfluence,webelievethattheyarenottheonlyreasonforchangesinmajoroceancurrents.Webelievethatsignificanttimeperiodsofheatandfluidreleasefrommajordeepoceangeologicalcontrolledareassuchasplate junctures, plate spreading rifts, volcanic areas, or vents areas can significantly alter the temperature, density andchemistryoftheoverlyingocean.Thisinturnleadstochangesindeep-seacurrents.One recent example of a major geologically influenced current change is the Gulf Stream “Shutdown”. Below find apublishedmapofthenormalGulfStreamCurrent inDecember2009,followedbytwotemperaturemapsfromFeb2010andMay2010thatillustratetheGulfStream“Shutdown”.Uponreviewofthesemapsandmanyotherpublishedmapsitiscleartousthat;

1.) TheGulfStreamcurrentwas“normal”/unaffectedfromitsoriginpoint(northeastoftheYucatanPeninsula)toanareaeastofNewfoundlandintheNorthAtlanticOceanduringanytime/mappedperiod.

2.) Beginning at an area east of Newfoundland the Gulf Steam Current was degraded/changed beginning inFebruary2010.

3.) Degradation/alterationof theGulfSteamcontinued through theMay2010 timeperiod.Again fromapointeastofNewfoundland.

Basedon this informationwe conclude that theGulf StreamShutdownbeganat a specific point, and that thatpointofdisruption did not significantlymove. This has strong implications onwhat caused the disruption. It is also germane tomentionthattwootherphenomenonoccuratapproximatelyatthesamelocationandatapproximatelythesametimeasthe Gulf Stream Shutdown; unusually high North Atlantic SST temperatures (Li et al) and large plankton blooms (NASAsatelliteimages).We theorize that the same force causes all three of these events: Gulf Steam “Shutdown”, High North Atlantic SSTtemperatures,andNorthAtlanticplanktonblooms.ThatforcewasthereleaseofheatandfluidfromaportionoftheMidAtlanticRidgespreadingcenter.AstheGulfStreamCurrentcameincontactwiththiselevatedheatandfluiditdegradedandchanged.WeheretheorizethatageologicallycontrolledphenomenonisresponsiblefortheGulfSteamShutdown.

FormanydecadesClimatescientistshaveassertedthatunusualchangesinboththeGulfSteamCurrentandWesternEuropeanclimatecanbeattributedsolelytounusualchangesinatmosphericconditions.Wedisagreeandheretheorizethattheseunusualchangesaredrivenbyheatingandfluidreleasefromdeepseafloorgeologicalareas,primarilytheMidAtlanticRiftcomplex.Thechangesinatmosphericconditionsarean“effect”notthe“cause”.Itiseasytounderstandwhyclimatemodelshavehistoricallybeenbasedalmostsolelyonatmosphericobservations.Atmosphericdataismucheasiertoacquire,abundant,availabletoallscientists,recordedforthousandsofyearsandisgloballycomplete.Lastlywelivein,andbreathetheatmosphere.It’swhatweknow.Therehasalwaysbeenakindof,wellprejudice.Itmustbeaboutouratmosphereandus.Theinfluenceonclimateofdeepoceangeologicalphenomenoniseasilydismissedbecauseweknowverylittleaboutthem.Deepoceandataisnoteasytoobtained,notabundant,incomplete,notmeasuredacrosstheentireplanetanddoesnotaccuratelymeasuretheheatsource,justwaterabovetheheatsource.Itisthereforemorechallengingtoassess/interprettheinfluenceofthedeepgeologicalheatsources.Evengiventheserestrictionsthetelltalesignoftheirstronginfluenceonclimatecanberecognized.Lastlyitjustmakescommonsensethatifdeepoceangeologicalphenomenonhavethepowertomovecontinents2-3centimetersperyear,frequentlycreatelargetsunamisthatmixthousandsoffeetofocean,supportvastchemosyntheticcommunities,andcontain70%oftheplanetsknownactivevolcanoesthattheycancertainly/easilyinfluenceourclimateinadramaticfashion.Untilrecentlyverticalsegregationofthedeepoceansbydensityandtemperaturelayeringwasarguedasareasonfornotincluding thedeepoceans in climatemodels. This notionhas changed in the last fewyears asobservednatural climatevariationsweredifficulttoexplainbasedsolelyonatmosphericmodels.ThisessentiallyopenedupPandora’sBox.Itisnowfairgametoincludealldeepoceanphenomenonsinclimatemodels.Wecompletelyagreewiththischange,andbelieveitstrengthensourlong-standingcontentionthatdeepoceanseafloorgeological influencesshouldbeconsideredinclimatemodeling.Wehavecontendedformanyyearsthatcompleteverticalsegregationoftheoceanswasunlikelybecauseperiodsactivetectonismcanleadtomanyfactorsthatpromoteverticalmixingoftheoceans;increasednumbersofTsunami’s,majorheatandfluidreleases,andchemicalchangesintheoceanwater.

Insummarytheinfluenceonmajoroceancurrentsbydeepoceangeologicalphenomenonseemsobvioustous,andshouldattheveryleastbeconsideredbyclimatescientists.Currentresearchandmodelingisallcenteredonatmosphericsolutionstoobservednaturalvariationinmajoroceancurrents.It’stimetochangethatparadigm.

AntarcticContinent

IcesheetandclimatevariationsontheAntarcticContinentduringthelastthirtyyearscannotbeeasilyexplainedutilizingcurrentatmosphericbasedclimatemodels.Alistoftheseicesheetandclimatevariationsisasfollows;

• Theoverallextentoftheicesheethassteadilyexpandedforthelastthirtyyearsincludingthoseportionsthat

extendoutontotheocean.• AtmosphericCO2contenthassteadilyincreasedforthelastthirtyyears.• Selectiveportionsoftheicesheetareretreating/melting,someatveryhighrates.• Meltingoftheicesheetisfrombeneath,notfromabove.• Therearesubtlebutmeasurabledifferencesinatmospherictemperaturesbetweeneasternandwestern

Antarctica.• ThereareunusualplanktonbloomsintheRossIceSheetarea.• ThereisthinningandsaggingofthecontinentalportionoftheIceSheetalongtheWestAntarcticRift• Thepresenceoftwo“modern”sub-glacialvolcaniceruptions(updated12-18-2014)

ThePlateClimatologyTheorycanexplainasignificantnumberofthesevariations.TheRossIceSheetismelting/retreatingatagreaterratethanothericesheetsthatdonotextendontotheocean.Why?Theauthorhastheorizedfornearlytenyearsthatheatflowfromageologicalfeaturewasthelikelyreasonforthislocalicesheetmelting.Recentpublicationsstronglysupport,ifnotprovethatthisisinfactthecase.ThesepublicationsshowthatheatreleasefromtheactiveWestAntarcticRiftsystemisindeedhappeningpresentday.RefertothemapbelowthatillustratesthepositionoftheWesternAntarcticRift/TransAntarcticMountains.ThisnotionisalsosupportedbytheknowledgefromrecentpublicationsthattheRossIcesheetismeltingfrombeneath,notfromabove.ThisisduetoheatcirculationfromtheWestAntarcticRiftSystem,whichextendsbeneaththeicesheet.

Sub-GlacialFreshwaterlakeshavelongbeenknowntoexistbeneathareasofthecontinentalicesheetsinAntarctica.Priortotheiractualdiscovery,RussianGlaciologistshadtheorizedtheycouldexistbasedonpressureloadingoftheoverlyingicesheetandresultingtemperatureincreasesatthebaseoftheglaciers.Oncethepresenceofthesesub-glaciallakeswasconfirmedscientistslackedacredibleexplanationfortheirexistence.AtthedawnoftheManmadeGlobalWarmingTheorymanyclimatescientistscontendedthattheselakeswereproofthatatmosphericallyheatedoceanwatersomehowseepedupundertheglacierstherebymeltingthebaseoftheglaciers.Eventodaymanyclimatescientists,includingthoseatNASA,stillclingtothistheoryeveninthefaceofhugeamountsofresearchthatdonotsupportthistheory.SignificantamountsofresearchfromnumerousuniversitiesandorganizationssuchastheUniversityofTexas,AberdeenUniversity,andothersclearlyshowsthattheWestAntarcticRiftSystemaveryactive.Thisactivityisexpressedgeologicallyashighriftspreadingrates,presenceofanactivevolcano(MountErebus),andmostimportantlyveryhighgeothermalflux.Theselakesandassociatedstreamsareclearlyrelatedtomeltingfromgeologicallygeneratedgeothermalheatsources;eitherheattransmittedbyfaultsrelatedtotheWestAntarcticRift,orfromVolcanic-likefeaturesthatarealsoassociatedwiththeWestAntarcticRift.Thishasbeendefinitivelyprovenbysignificantamountsofnewresearchcitedinourlistofreferences.Thisnewresearchhasmeasured/documentedelevatedheatflow,unusualmineralcontent,andunusualbiotainthesub-glacierlakesandstreams.Allstrongindicatorsofgeothermalheatflow.Itisimportanttonotethattheconfirmationofthisgeothermalheatflowwasnotcompletelyconfirmeduntilscientistsdrilledintothelakesandtooktemperaturereadings.Iheretheorize,andagreewithmanyotherswhohavetheorized,thatamoreplausibleexplanationforthepresenceofsub-glacialAntarcticfreshwaterlakesisgeologicallyinducedgeothermalheatflow.ItisnowlikelythattheentireAntarcticContinenthasatleastsomelowlevelofheatflowthatiscausingminormeltingacrosstheentirecontinent.Itislikelythatavastnetworkofveryminorsub-glaciermeltingispresentacrosstheentirecontinent,butitisnotrecognizablewithcurrenttechnology.Currenttechnologyisonlyabletodetectfreshwaterlakesandstreamsatthecoastlinesandotherareaswithintheinteriorofthecontinentwheretheyaresubstantialenoughtodetect.Evenwiththeselimitationsaverylargenumberoflakesandconnectingstreamshavebeenidentified.Ibelieveasmoreinformationiscollected,andasdetectingtechniquesimproveitwillbefoundthattheaverylargeinterconnectedfreshwaterdrainagesystemexistsacrosstheentirecontinentwithlakes,streams,andauniquehydrologicsystemrelatedtothegeologyofthecontinent.Thisgeologyincludesfaulting,geothermalheatflow,fracturing,differentialsedimentation,etc.Soitwillprovetobeauniquenewtypeofhydrologicsystem.Amapofonesuchlakeandstreamsystemisshowninthemapbelow.Ihaveaddedfaultlinestothismapbasedontheverylinearnatureofthetopographyshownonthemapandtheknownoccurrenceoffaultinginthisgeneralarea.

Ihaveobservedoneveryinterestinglargevolcaniclikefeaturethattoourknowledgehasnotbeenmentionedinanyliteraturetodate.It’sverydistinctcircularshapeisdefinedbythecirculardistributionoffreshwaterlakesshownonthemapabove.Iherespeculatethatthislargecircularfeaturemaybealargerelativelyinactivevolcanicfeature,perhapsacollapsedcalderathatisresurgentonitsouteredgesasillustratedbelow.

AccordingtorecentlyreleasedstatementsbyNASAAntarcticGlaciersarerecedingatalarmingratesdotoatmosphericGlobalWarming.OneoftheirprimaryexamplesistheAmundsenEmbaymentArea.(seemapbelow)

NASAtheorizesthatslightlywarmseawaterisbeing“Channelized”fromtheoceanlaterallyunderneaththeglaciersalongarecentlydocumentedlongtopographicallylowvalleythatexistsbeneaththeice.Theycontendthatthislargelineardeepvalleyextendsontothecontinentandissomehowactingtoconductwarmseawatergreatdistancesontothecontinent.IthasbeennamedtheFerrignoValleybasedonresearchbyRobertBinghamofAberdeenUniversity.Partoftheresearchisshowninthediagrambelow.

RobertBingham’sresearchstatesthattheFerrignoRiftvalleywasformedinresponsetofaultingalongasignificantgeologicalriftsystem.ThisactivegeologicalriftispartofthelargerandverywellknownWestAntarcticRiftSystem.Asisshowninhisresearch,theFerrignoRiftishighlyfaulted,1.5kmdeep,10kmwide,extendingatleast100kmintotheAntarcticContinent.ThisisaveryimportantgeologicaldiscoverybecauseitfurtherdocumentstheregionalextentofthegreaterWestAntarcticRiftSystem.Likeallactiveriftsystems,theFerrignoRiftSystemshouldhavesignificantheatflow,asitisalsopartoftheWestAntarcticRiftsystem.Asstatedabove,manyrecentpublicationshaveshownthatgeothermalheatflowfromportionsoftheWestAntarcticRiftarethecauseofbottomsideandoverallicemeltingoftheRossIcesheet.ItisimportanttonotethatthediscoveryofheatemissionfromotherportionsofWestAntarcticRiftSystemwasonlyconfirmedbyactualdrillingintotherift.Tomy

knowledgeBingham’sgroupdidnotdrillintotheFerrignoRift,theyjustimageditfrommagneticsurveys.Sonaturallytheymightnotconsidergeothermalheatflowasameltingoption.Seemsabitshortsightedthattheywouldnotatleastmentionageothermalheatoptionformelting.Whyisthereaverylargeembayment(acoastalrecessformingabay)intheAmundsenarea?Theobviousansweristhattheriftvalleyextendsoutintotheoceanandformsthisalcoveasheatedwatergeneratedfromtheriftfaultsemptiesintoocean.Itisimportanttoemphasizethatthiswarmerwaterwouldnotbeduetoatmosphericwarming,butinsteadgeologicallyinducedwarmingfromriftfaults.AnotherveryimportantresearchprojectbytheUniversityofTexas,leadauthorDustinSchroeder,alsoconcludedthatglaciersintheAmundsenEmbaymentAreaweremeltinginresponsetogeothermalheatflow.(http://www.utexas.edu/news/2014/06/10/antarctic-glacier-melting/)Schroeder’sworkstatesthatgeothermalheatflowintheAmundsenEmbaymentareaisthelikelycauseofacceleratedglaciermelting.ItisimportanttonotethatthisworkwasdoneincooperationwithNASA.NASAalsostatesthatwarmoceanwaterextendsmilesoutintotheoceanfromAntarctica.Thisisnotatallsurprising,andinfactfitswellwiththePlateClimatologyTheory.ThegiantWestAntarcticRiftSystemextendswelloutintotheoceanandislikelyemittingheatintotheoceanaboveit,soofcoursetheoceaniswarmer.Thisisoneofthebasicpremisesofmytheory;deepoceanriftsreleaseheatandeffectearth’sclimateandclimaterelatedevents.ThemapbelowshowstheapproximatelocationoftheWestAntarcticRiftSystemandthecurrentlyactivevolcanoMountErebusthatispartoftheriftsystem.

UnusualplanktonbloomssuchasintheRossicesheetareaarealsotheresultofcirculationofdeepgeologicallyalteredoceanwaterwhichlikelychangesthenearbydeepoceanupwellingcurrents.IftruetheywouldacttosupplyneededCO2,Phosphorous,andNitrogentostartabloom.OtherrecentpublicationsindicatethatRossIceSheetisanchoredtotheseabottomalongitsentirelength,saveafewrecentlydefinedpointswherecontinentalwaterappearstobeflowingundertheicesheetintotheRossSea.Webelieveitwillbefoundthatthesourceofthiswaterwillbefromtherift,likelyanactivelyheatedandfluidemittingpartoftheRift.SubtlebutmeasurabledifferencesinatmospherictemperaturesbetweeneasternandwesternAntarcticaarelikelytheresultof,andinresponsetolocaltemperaturevariationsinproximaloceanwater,andpossiblysubtleincreasedheatflowfromcontinentalportionsoftherift.Warmerproximaloceanwaterleadstowarmerlocalatmospherictemperatures.

ThemajorityoftheAntarcticIcesheetisgrowing.InfactoveralliceextentinAntarcticahasbeenincreasingformorethan30years,primarilyinareasthatarenotinproximitytotheWestAntarcticRiftSystem.ThisfactinitselfisstrongevidencethatatmosphericglobalwarmingisnothavingameasurableeffectontheAntarcticIceSheets.Yahoonewshasjustreleasednewsofresearchthatindicatesthattwomodernsub-glacialeruptionsoccurredinmoderntimes,23,000and45,000yearsago.Thisisimmenselysignificantinmanyways.Itshowsthatgeologicallyinducedvolcanic/geothermalactivityhasbeenoccurringcontinuouslyontheAntarcticContinentandassociatedoffshoreregionsformanyyears.Mostimportantlyitstronglyindicatesthatthisgeologicalsystemhasenoughpowertomelthugeamountsofglacialice.Thisfitwellwithobservedpresentdaygeologicallydrivensub-glacialgeothermalheatandfluidflowasdescribedinthetextabove.IherepostulatethatifthispowerfulAntarcticRiftSystemcanmeltsignificantamountsoftheAntarcticGlacialIceSheetinarelativelyshorttimeperiod,itcertainlyhaveaverystrongeffectontheAntarcticClimate.EvenmoreinterestingisthepossibilitythatthissystemcouldhaveadirecteffectonseveralmajoraspectsoftheEarth’sClimate;

1. WorldwideSeaLevelrise2. Alterationofselecteddeepoceancurrents3. Alterationofsignificantportionsofworldwideclimatepatterns

http://news.yahoo.com/violent-volcanic-blasts-ripped-antarctic-ice-sheet-twice-115608903.html

Mid-ArcticOceanRiftSystemTheflooroftheArcticOceaniscomprisedofseveralsignificantgeologicalfeatures,mostnotablythegiantMid-ArcticRiftandassociatedRiftSystem.Thesystemis1100mileslong/120mileswideandtopographicallyexpressedashighmountainsandGrandCanyonscaletrenches.Ingeologicaltermsthisisamajorriftsystem,formingtheboundarybetweentwotectonicplates.Givenitsmagnitudeonewouldexpectthatithasbeencompletelyresearchedandisthoroughlyunderstood.Quitethecontraryscientistsknowverylittleaboutitsgeologyduetoitsremotelocation,thickicecover,andperceivedgeologicalinactivity.Itisunderstandablethattodateonlylimitedamountsofdatahavebeengatheredconcerningitsheatflowandfluidexpulsion.However,relativelynewresearchhasindicatedthatthisgiantriftsystemmaynotbesoinactiveafterall.GiventhatoverwhelmingamountsofdatanowvirtuallyproveselectivemeltingoftheAntarcticIceSheetiscausedbygeologicallyinducedgeothermalheatflowfromtheWestAntarcticRiftSystem,itonlyseemsreasonabletoreevaluatethelimitedamountofdataavailableontheMid-ArcticRiftSystem.

TheMid-ArcticRiftSystemhaslongbeenconsideredgeologically“inactive”,andpresumedtobeoflittleconsequencerelativetogeothermalheatandfluidexpulsionintotheoverlyingArcticOcean.ThisassumptionwasprimarilybasedontheRift’sveryslow“spreadingrate”,0.05centimetersperyearanditstypicallylowseismicity.Th=

Documentationandreinterpretationofthisrelativelyrecentresearchisasfollows.Firstandmosttellingarecent4.5earthquakealongtheGakkelRidgeRiftclearlyshowsthatthislargefaultsystemisactive.AlthoughthiswasonlyamoderatesizeearthquakeitwasassociatedwithanextremelyextensivereleaseofmethaneintotheatmosphereasillustratedonthemapsbelowfromtheArcticNewsBlog(March2014).

Giventhatthefaultinducedmethanereleasewasthisextensive,itisveryreasonabletoconcludethattheeffectofthefaultmovementwasnotlimitedtojusttheepicenter,ratheritaffectedtheentireGakkelRidgeRift.ThepresenceofcurrentlyactivedeepGakkelRidgehydrothermalventshasbeenwelldocumented,howeverwhatwasnotwellknownwasthenumberanddistributionofthesevents.Themethanereleasemapislikelyanexcellentproxyoftheactiveventsystemsarealdistribution.ClearlyactiveventsexistalonganabsolutelyhugeportionoftheRidgeandthatthisisalargeandpowerfulsourceofheatandfluidrelease,onethatcouldeasilyinfluenceArcticclimateandicesheetmelting.Scientistshaveforyearsassumedthatso-called“ColdSeep”ventswhichemitmethaneandcoolerseawaterwherelimitedtomoderateoceandepthsalongcontinentalshelfregions.ResearchfundedbytheNationalScienceFoundationpublishedinMarchof2012showedthatthiswasanincorrectassumption.TheirresearchprovedthatindeepoffshoreregionsofCostaRicabothColdSeepsandHydrothermalVentsexistincloseproximity.ThisobservationisimportantrelativetotheobservedmethanereleasefromtheArcticGakkelRift.Firstitshowsthatscientistshavemuchtolearnaboutventsystemsingeneral.Sotheirheatflow,chemicalemission,gasemission,andheatemissionarenotwellunderstood.SecondlythisobservationhelpssupportthenotionthatfaultsandassociatedventsalongtheGakkelRidgearethelikelycauseofmethanerelease.NotdocumentedinanyknownpublishedresearchisthecompositionoftheothergasesreleasedbythislatestfaultinducedGakkelRift“methane”pulse.Ventstypicallyreleaseotherassociatedgases,mostnotablyCO2.Anotherveryimportantquestioniswhatamountofheatwasreleasedfromthislatestmildtectonicactivity?OtherresearchthatshowstheArcticRiftSystemisactiveisasfollows.In1999researchersinanuclearsubmarinedocumentedthepresenceofactivevolcanoesalongtheriftsystemspreadingcenterridge.In2001researchersutilizedicebreakervesselstocollectdeepoceanrocksamplesalongtheGakkelRidgeportionoftheriftsystem.Theyobservednumerousactivehydrothermalvents.TheWoodsHoleOceanographicInstitute’s2007AGAVEexpeditiondiscoveredunconsolidatedpyroclasticvolcanicdeposits.Thesedepositsindicatethataveryrecentandstrongsub-oceanvolcaniceruptionoccurredalongasignificantportionoftheGakkelRidge.Additionallythechemicalmake-upofthesedepositsindicateshighvolatility,upwardsoftentimesmorevolatilethanvolcanicbedsresearchedtodatealongothermajordeepoceanriftsystems.TheWoodsHoleexpeditionalsofoundevidenceofchemosyntheticmicrobialmats.Thistypeofchemosyntheticlifeisknowntobeassociatedwithhydrothermalvents.Secondlyandmoreimportantly,areinterpretationofthisrelativelynewinformationshowsthatspreadingratesandseismicactivitydonotnecessarilycorrelatetoheatflowfrequencyorintensity.TheMid-ArcticRiftSystemobviouslyhassomeseismicityassociatedwithitandlowamountsofplatespreading,howevertheamountofhydrothermicventactivityandvolcanicactivityappeartobemuchgreaterthanwouldbeprojectedbasedsolelyonseismicityorriftspreadingrate.Thishassignificantimplicationsconcerningallotherlargedeepoceanriftsystems.Previouslyassumedinactiveportionsofothermajorworldwideriftsystemsthatarenotseismicallyveryactivecannolongerbepresumedtobeemittingsmallamountsofheatandchemicallychargedfluids.Theymayinfactbeemittingsignificantamountsofheatandfluid.Lowamountsofseismicactivityandriftspreadratecannolongerbeconfidentlyusedasdirectmeasuresofgeologicallyinducedheatflowandfluidrelease.Otherinformationshowsthatthecrest/spreadingcenteroftheMid-ArcticRiftSystemhasinpastactivelyemittedheatintotheoverlyingArcticOcean.ThemapbelowisfromastudybyH.DowsettetaloftheUSGS2-2009,“GettingWarmer?PrehistoricClimateCanHelpForecastFutureChanges”.Theauthorsusedfossilsofplants,animals,andpollentoreconstructamapofelevatedseasurfacetemperaturesduringtheMid-Pliocenegeologicaltimeperiod.Thistimeperiodwas3millionyearsago.ThetraceoftheMid-ArcticOceanRiftSystemhasbeenmarkedinorangeonthemap.Darkershadedareasonthemapshowwherethesurfaceoceantemperaturesweremuchwarmerduringthisancienttimeperiod.TheexactmatchoftheRiftwithwarmoceantemperaturesstronglyimpliesacauseandeffectrelationship.

AfascinatingnewdevelopmentisthediscoveryofPhytoplanktonbloomsundertheiceintheChukchiSeaareaoftheArcticOcean by Stanford University scientists. Their research showed that these blooms have likely existed in this area fordecades.Thediscoveryofwelldevelopedandaeriallyextensivebloomsbeneathlargeiceareasthathavenotbeenmeltedinknownhumantimeshasforcedadramaticchange inconsideringhowandwhereArcticbloomsoccur.Thisfascinatingnewdiscoveryhasnotyetledtoproofthatthereisadirectrelationshipofthesetypesofbloomswithgeologicallyinduceddeepoceanheatflow,howeverIwouldsuggestthatthisshouldbeconsidered.Theimplicationsofthisnewinformationarepowerful.Firstandmostobviously,whatifanyeffecthasthishydrothermalventheatflowandfluidexpulsionhadontheoverlyingicesheet.IsthisgeothermalheatflowthecauseofArcticIcesheetmelting?HastheheatandassociatedfluidreleasealtereddeepArcticOceancurrents?Bothcasesarecertainlyworthconsidering.Insummary,theMid-ArcticRifthasemittedsignificantamountsofheatinancienttimes,currentlyhasactivedeepoceangeothermalvents,hasveryrecentlyemplacedvolcanicrocksatitscrest,andhasbeenshowntohavearegionallyextensiveventsystem.AllofthisevidencestronglysuggeststhatattheveryleastclimatescientistsshouldconsidergeologicallyinducedheatandassociatedfluidflowfromtheMid-ArcticriftasapossibleexplanationforArcticOceanSeaicemeltingandassociatedclimatechange.ThisnotionfitswellwiththePlateClimatologyTheory.

GreenlandIceSheet

PreviousClimateChangeDispatchpostshavedocumentedtheaffectofgeologicallyinducedgeothermalheatflowontheAntarcticContinentandArcticOceanIceSheets.Inbothcasesrelativelyrecentresearchwasusedtoreinterpretobservednaturalvariationsinclimate,climaterelatedevents,andwarmedoceansina“PlateClimatologyTheory”context.EspeciallycompellingistheamountandqualityofresearchconfirmingthepresenceofsignificantAntarcticGeothermalHeatFlow.ThisfaultfocusedheatflowandbottommeltingofglaciersoverlyingthefaultsisclearevidencethatstronggeothermalforcesareatworkinAntarctica.ManyscientistsarenowconvincedthatManmadeAtmosphericGlobalWarmingcannolongerbeevokedasthecauseofthislimitedAntarcticglacialmelting.IntheArcticOceanregionareinterpretationofresearchandinformation,includingveryrecentfaultingalongtheMidArcticRiftSystem,hasshownthaticesheetmeltingmayalsoberelatedtogeologicallyinducedgeothermalheatflow.Admittedlythisreinterpretationislessproven;howeveritisstillwellwithintherealmofpossibilityanddeservesstrongconsiderationbyClimateScientists.Newlyreleasedresearch,primarilyfromNASAandtheGFZGermanResearchCenterforGeosciences,canbeinterpretedtoindicatethatmeltingofselectiveGreenlandGlaciersisalsorelatedtogeologicallyinducedheatflow,andnotManmade

AtmosphericGlobalWarming.(http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hidden-movements-of-greenland-ice-sheet-runoff-revealed/)http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v6/n9/full/ngeo1898.htmlAsummaryoftheveryextensiveNASAGreenlandIceSheetStudyisasfollows.GreenlandGlacierdynamicsisverycomplex.Certainglaciersareretreating,othersareunchanged,andstillothersareexpanding.Additionally,individualglacierdynamicschangewithtime,forinstanceadvancingforyearsthensuddenlychangingtoaretreatingmode.Insomecasestheretreatingratesareastounding.NASAalsonotedthatglaciersmeltfrombothbeneath(bottommelting)andontop(surfacemelting).Extensivebottommeltingisthoughttobelubricatingseveralglaciersandtherebygreatlyincreasingsurfacevelocityrate.Inotherwordstheyflowmuchfaster,inseveralcasesextremelyfast.TheareaofgreatestandmostrecentglacierretreatislocatedinthenortheasternportionofGreenlandandisassociatedwithaverylinearNNEtrendingbedrockvalleytermedtheJacobshavnGlacialValley(seelocatormapabove).AnewlypublishedbedrocktopographymapofGreenland(seemapbelow)showstheprominentJacobshavnvalleytopographiclow.ThisvalleyextendsmilesintotheGreenlandcontinentandishereinterpretedasafaultcontrolledvalleydueinlargeparttoitsverynarrowandlineargeometry.AdditionallytheNNEtrendofthisvalleymimicstheNNEtrendofknownGreenlandfaulttendssuchasthoseshownintheNuukRegion.ThenortheasternquadrantofGreenland,andmostimportantlytheJacobshavnValleyareincloseproximitytothesouthernterminusoftheMidArcticRiftSystem(seeLocatorMap).OtherscientistshavetakenthisasstrongevidencethatthispartofGreenlandisfaultedandmoretectonicallyactivethanmostotherportionsofGreenland.Recentseismicactivityinthisregionsupportsthisnotion.

ThemovementoftheGlacierwithintheJacobshavnValley,JacobshavnGlacier,isofgreatinterest.NASA’sStudyshowsthatthisglacierwasflowingveryslowlydownthevalleyandatthesametimeslowlygainingicemassuntil1998.Atthatpointintimeitverysuddenlystartedtorapidlyflowdownthevalleyandatthesametimeloselargeamountsoficemass.

ThisrapidchangeinJacobshavnGlacierflowrateisillustratedontheNASAmapaboveasauniqueandverylineartrendthatfitsthetopographicexpressionoftheJacobshavnValley.ItisheretheorizedthattheJacobshavnValleyisgeologicallyfaultbounded,andhasrecentlybecomegeothermallyactive.Allthedataandobservationsfitthiscontention,soasuddenincreaseinfaultrelatedheatflowcausedbottommeltingoftheglacier.Inadditiontobottomshrinkingtheglacierandtherebydownfaultingitintothevalley,thisbottommeltingalsogeneratedabasallayerofliquidwaterthatactedasalubricanttospeeduptheglacialflow.AlsoofsignificancerelativetothegeologicallyinducedgeothermalheatflowofGreenlandisarecentlypublishedresearchprojectbytheGFZGermanResearchCenterforGeosciences.

“AttheEarth’ssurface,heatfluxesfromtheinterior1aregenerallyinsignificantcomparedwiththosefromtheSunandatmosphere2,exceptinareaspermanentlyblanketedbyice.Modellingstudiesshowthatgeothermalheatfluxinfluencestheinternalthermalstructureoficesheetsandthedistributionofbasalmeltwater3,anditshouldbetakenintoaccountinplanningdeepicedrillingcampaignsandclimatereconstructions4.Hereweuseacoupledice–lithospheremodeldrivenbyclimateandshowthattheoldestandthickestpartoftheGreenlandIceSheetisstronglyinfluencedbyheatflowfromthedeepEarth.WefindthatthegeothermalheatfluxincentralGreenlandincreasesfromwesttoeastduetothinningofthelithosphere,whichisonlyabout25–66%asthickasistypicalforterrainsofearlyProterozoicage5.Complexinteractionsbetweengeothermalheatflowandglaciation-inducedthermalperturbationsintheuppercrustoverglacialcyclesleadtostrongregionalvariationsinbasaliceconditions,withareasofrapidbasalmeltingadjoiningareasofextremelycoldbasalice.OurfindingsdemonstratetherolethatthestructureofthesolidEarthplaysinthedynamicsofsurfaceprocesses.”

TherecentdiscoveryoftwoSub-GlacialFreshwaterLakesbeneaththeGreenlandContinentalIceSheetissignificant.

Althoughnotinterpretedasbeingrelatedtogeothermalheatbytheauthors,itisherecontendedthatgeothermalheatisthemorelikelycause.ThetwolakesarelocatedinthenorthcentralportionofGreenlandbeneath1500feetoficeand30milesfromtheice-freeedge.Theyeachcoveranareaoffivesquaremiles,andmostimportantlyareorientedintheNNElineartrend.FaultRelated?InsummarytheevidenceforgeologicallyinducedgeothermalheatflowontheGreenlandContinentissufficienttowarrantconsiderationbyClimateScientists.

Glaciersdonotmeltuniformlyaswouldbeexpectedfromatmosphericglobalwarming,ratherthemeltingandadvancingoftheglacialiscomplexandthereforemorelikelyassociatedwithgeologicalforces.Themostsignificantandmostrecentglacialmeltingoccursinwhatislikelyageologicallyfaultedlinearvalleythatistheorizedtohaveincreasedheatflow.Sub-glacialfreshwaterlakeshavebeenidentified.NewlyreleasedresearchbyotherscientistsagreethatgeothermalforcesareactiveinGreenland

TyphoonsandHurricanesIhereproposethatmoreresearchbededicatedtoexaminingthepossibilitythatgeologymayahavedirectorstrongindirectinfluenceonTyphoonandHurricanelocation,frequencyandintensity.Thisisclearlythemostspeculativeandunder-researchedaspectoftheoverallPlateClimatologyTheory.HoweveritseemsatleastpossiblethatifcertainoceanregionsareconsistentlywarmerduetoheatfromlargedeepoceanplateboundariesorareasofincreasedvolcanicactivitytheymayaneffectonTyphoonsandHurricanes.Thiswarmedoceanwatermayacttoenhancestormsorinsomenotyetdefiedwaycapturethem.Insummaryofthisportionofthewrite-up,IcontendthatthebasicpremisesofthePlateClimatologyTheoryprovideanexcellentbasisforexplaininglongtermclimatepatterns,climaterelatedevents,andatleastsomeoftheatmosphericvariationsontheAntarcticContinent.

EFFECTOFCONTINENTALTECTONISMANDVOLCANISMONCLIMATE

IntroductionContinentaltectonism,volcanism,andheatflowarethoughttohaveamoderateinfluenceonworldwideclimate,howeverlocallytheeffectcanbestrong.Theconnection/influenceoftectonicallygeneratedheat/chemical/gas/fluidreleasebeneathContinentalGlacialIceMasses,ortheinfluenceofheat/chemical/gas/fluidreleasefrommajorcontinentalriftsystemshasnotbeenadequatelystudiedorconsideredintermsofitspossibleinfluenceonclimate.

AlpineGlaciersConsiderthealpineglaciersofatopMountKilimanjaro.Recentresearchindicatesthattheglaciersaremelting/retreatingatanunusuallyhighrate.ClimateScientistshaveusedthisasevidencethatatmosphericglobalwarmingisthecause.ItseemslogicaltomethatpartoftheclimateresearchshouldincludeanalysisoftheheatflowfromtheEastAfricanRift,orattheleasttheMountKilimanjarovolcanoitself.Toourknowledgenosuchanalysishasbeencompleted.Why?MountKilimanjaroisexistsbecauseitispartofthegiantEastAfricanRiftSystem.Thisisaveryactiveriftsystem,withnumerousverywelldocumentedgeothermalandvolcanicphenomenonsalongitsentirelength.

LocationEastAfricanRiftSystem/MountKilimanjaro

GeneralHeatFlowModelEastAfricanRiftSystem

DetailedGeologicalofMountKilimanjaroEASTWEST

IheretheorizethattheincreasedratemeltingoftheMountKilimanjaroglacierwillbefoundtorelatealmostentirelytooincreasedheatflowalongthisportionoftheEastAfricanRift.Thismayormaynotbedirectlyrelatedtoincreasedseismicity.ItmayjustbeincreasedheatflowalongthisportionoftheRift.Highmountainregionsandassociatedglaciersarethereforareason,significantgeologicalfaulting.Oftenthesefaultsareconduitsforfluidandheatmigration.Itseemsverylogicaltoatleastconsiderthatthegeologyofhighmountainglacierscouldplayaroleinicemelting.Alsoifgeothermalheatflowishighandmeltingalpineglaciersthenitstandstoreasonthatthehydrologyandecosystemswillalsobeaffected.

DeepContinentalHeatFlowForyearsthescientificestablishmenthasbeenunabletoexplainwhyspecificwesternAntarcticglacierswereretreating/meltingatunusuallyhighratesrelativetothemajorityofotherAntarcticglaciers.Nearlytenyearsagotheauthorstartedarguingthattheunusualretreatoftheselocalglacierswasrelatedtolocalgeologicalfaultheat.Recentlyscientistshaveindeedmeasuredincreasedoceantemperatureregionsproximaltotheseretreatingglacialareas.Theseelevatedoceantemperaturesmayberelatedtomajorcontinentalfaultzonesorheatreleasefromnearbydeepoceanplatejunctures.MoreconsiderationshouldbegiventopossiblegeologicalcontrolsoficechangesinAntarctica.

VolcanicEruptionsWealsobelievethatcontinentallandbasedheatandfluidreleasealongfaultzonescanhavealimitedeffectonlocalweatherpatterns.SuchastheactivevolcanoesalongtheCascadeRange,whichemitvaryingamountsof;heat,particulatematter,andchemicalsintothelocalatmosphere.Weareallveryawareoftheweatherandclimatologicaleffectlarge-scaleeruptionshaveonlocalandworldwideweather.Howevertodatenoonehasconsideredthatlesservolcaniceventscanhaveaninfluenceonlocalweatherpatterns.Thisisverylikelyhappening.

LighteningStrikesAnotherfascinatingrelationshipbetweenGeologyandClimateisLighteningStrikes.ResearchbyAAPGmemberH.RoiceNelsonetalthatwaspublishedintheAAPGExplorersowsthatlighteningdoesstriketwiceinthesameplace.Theirworkshowsthat“cloud-to-groundlighteningstrikesappeartobecontrolledmorebyvariationsintelluriccurrentsthantopographyorinfrastructure”.Telluriccurrentsareprimarilygeo-magneticallyinducedcurrents,whichareinducedbychangesintheouterpartoftheEarth'smagneticfield.AnothernoteworthypartofthisworkisthatitwasacooperativeeffortbetweenaGeologistH.R.NelsonandaMeteorologistJimSiebert.

SUMMARYTheoveralltheorycontendsthatperiodsofactiveEarthtectonicsandvolcanismcanbecorrelatedtoperiodsofactiveclimatechangeandclimaterelatedevents.Todescribethisnewtheory,theterm“PlateClimatology”isproposed.RecentpublicationscanbeinterpretedtohavestrengthenedmanyaspectsthePlateClimatologyTheory,stillitremainsjustthataTheory.HoweveritisnowabundantlyclearthatClimateScientistsarestrugglingtoexplainobserved“NaturalVariations”inrecentClimatePatterns.Todatethestronginfluenceonclimateofmanygeologicalphenomenonincludingbutnotlimitedtoare,deepoceanplateboundaries,sub-polaricecapmajorriftsystems,activehydrothermalventregions,mantlehotspots,activecontinentalvolcanicregions,andactivecontinentalriftsystemshavebeenunderappreciatedandundermonitoredbytheclimatesciencecommunity.ImportantheatandchemicalemissiondatafromdeepoceanandSub-PolarIceCapdataisnoteasilyobtained,notabundant,notcomplete,notmeasuredacrosstheentireplanet.Asaresulttheimportanceandstrengthofthesesystemshasnotbeenaccuratelymeasured.Todateonlymiddlewatercolumnandshallowcolumndatahasbeencollectedinabundanceandonatightspatialgrid.Itisthereforemorechallengingtoassess/interprettheinfluenceofthedeepgeologicalheatsources.Evengiventheserestrictionsthetelltalesignoftheirstronginfluenceonclimatecanberecognized.ItjustmakescommonsensethatifdeepoceanorSub-PolarIceCapmajorgeologicalphenomenonhavethepowertomovecontinents2-3centimetersperyear,frequentlycreatelargetsunamisthatmixthousandsoffeetofoceancolumn,supportvastchemosyntheticcommunities,andcontain70%oftheplanetsknownactivevolcanoesthattheycancertainly/easilyinfluenceourclimateinadramaticfashion.Thisshortpaperwillhopefullyspawnaneweraofjointresearchbetweengeologists,climatologists,andmeteorologists.Fordecadesmanygeologistshavecitedtheconnectionbetweencertainspecificgeologicalphenomenonandspecificclimateevents.ThetimeislongoverdueforscientiststojoinforcesinanefforttomoreaccuratelydescribewhatdrivesclimateoverandabovetheSun.IcontinuetobelievethatGeologicalPhenomenon,especiallythoseinthedeepoceanfloors,arestrongcandidatestoexplainnaturalvariationinourclimate.ADDENDUMJamesEdwardKamisisaworkingprofessionalGeologistwithanMSinGeologyfromIdahoStateUniversity,BSinGeologyfromNorthernIllinoisUniversity,andAAPGmemberof40years.Hehasalwaysbeenfascinatedbytheprobableconnectionbetween Geology and Climate. Years of casual research / observation have convinced him that the Earth’s Heat FlowEngine,whichdrivestheoutercrustalplates,isalsoanimportantsecondorderdriveroftheEarth’sclimate..

DEFINITIONSThe term”PlateClimatology” isherecoined todescribe the theorizedstrongconnectionbetweenGeologyandClimate.(ThewordPlatefromPlateTectonics).Theterm“Point”sourceisheredefinedasarelativelysmallarea,ontheorderof50milesby50milesby2.5milesdeep.Itis not meant to imply one single sub-ocean volcano or plate juncture; rather a relatively small area that may includemultiplevolcanicvents,volcano’sorplatejunctures.AnareaofthissizeisverysmallincomparisontothelargeextentofthePacificOcean.50milesby50milesiscomparableinsizetotheYellowstoneVolcanicPlateau.

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