How to Create aParadigm

Shift

Snider-Pellegrini, 1858

Alfred Wegener(1880-1930)

Continental Drift, 1912

Matthew Fontaine Maury, 1854

Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen, early 1950s

USS Nautilus

Paleomagnetism, late 1950s

Seismology, 1920s - 1930s

Seismology, early 1960sNuclear detonations since 1945

Plate Tectonics, late 1960s - early 1970s

ParadigmShift!!

TECTONIC PLATES

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

Rift Zone

Mid-Ocean Ridge

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARYMid-Atlantic Ridge

D. Hardin

Krafla, 1980

Thingvellir

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Hekla, 2000

Eyjafjallajökull, 2010

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARYMid-Atlantic Ridge

Iceland

Geysir(Strokkur)

Blue Lagoon

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CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARYContinent vs. Continent

Mt. Everest

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CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARYContinent vs. Continent

Himalayas

Mt. BlancEiger Monch Jungfrau

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CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARYContinent vs. Continent

Alps

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Subduction Zone

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARYContinent vs. Oceanic crust

Accretion/CrumpleZone

Mt. St. Helens

Mt. Hood

Three Sisters

Mt. Shasta Crater Lake

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CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARYContinent vs. Oceanic crust

Cascade Range

Olympic Range Mt. RainierViews from Seattle

IMPORTANT TOREMEMBER!

Palouse biome

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Subduction Zone

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARYOceanic vs. Oceanic crust

Japanese

Philippine

Indonesian

Aleutian

D. Hardin

Caribbean

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARYOceanic vs. Oceanic crust

Island arcs

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CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARYOceanic vs. Oceanic crust

Island arcsJapan

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TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY

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SanFrancisco

LosAngeles

TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARYSan Andreas Fault

1974

1993Carrizo Plain

PacificPlate

NorthAmericanPlate

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PacificPlate

NorthAmericanPlate

Plate movem

ent

PacificPlate

NorthAmericanPlate

TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARYSan Andreas Fault

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TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARYNorth Anatolian Fault

Izmit, Turkey earthquakeNovember 12, 1999

Magnitude 7.2

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TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARYNorth Anatolian Fault

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HOT SPOTHOT SPOT

Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Maui

Hawaii

Loihiseamount

4.5-5.6 million YBP

3.0-4.0 million YBP

2.7-3.3 million YBP

2.2-2.5 million YBP

1.8 million YBP

1.2-1.3 million YBP

0.4-0.8 million YBP

0.2-0.7 million YBP

Plate movem

ent

Recentvolcanism

Activevolcano

N

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HOT SPOTHOT SPOTHawaiian Islands

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Previous map area

1,577 milesorFarmville, VA to Albuquerque, NM

Kure Atoll

Midway Atoll

28 million YBP

HOT SPOTHOT SPOTHawaiian Island Chain

HOT SPOTHOT SPOTYellowstone Caldera Chain

Idaho

Wyoming

UtahNevada

MontanaOregon Yellowstone geothermal features

Craters of the Moon

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Plate movement

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RIFT ZONEGreat Rift Valley

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RIFT ZONEGreat Rift ValleyHuman evolution

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NEXT:AGENTS OF EROSION

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