plate tectonics
DESCRIPTION
Ch. 16. Plate Tectonics. Layers of the Earth. Thickness: 5 – 40 km Composition: Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Calcium, Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium Temperature: Up to 1,600 degrees F. Crust. Thickness: 2,900 km - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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PLATE TECTONICS
Ch. 16
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LAYERS OF THE EARTH
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CRUST Thickness: 5 – 40 km
Composition: Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum,
Calcium, Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium
Temperature: Up to 1,600 degrees F
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MANTLE Thickness: 2,900 km
Composition: Silicon, Oxygen, Iron, Magnesium
Temperature: 1,600 F to 8,000 F
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The uppermost part of the mantle is the lithosphere.
Lithos means “stone”.
The soft layer of the mantle, beneath the lithosphere, is the asthenosphere. Asthenes means “weak”.
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OUTER CORE Thickness: 2,250 km
Composition: Iron, Nickel
Temperature: 2,200 F to 11,000 F
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INNER CORE Thickness: 1,200 km
Composition: Iron, Nickel
Temperature: 9,032 F to 13,000 F
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LAYERS OF THE EARTH
Skin of the peach is the crust
Meat of the peach is the mantle
Pit of the peach is the core
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TYPES OF ROCKS Igneous
Sedimentary Metamorphic
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IGNEOUS ROCKS Formed from
molten material including volcanic lava, ash, or bombs as well as magma below Earth’s surface.
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TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
GRANITE BASALT
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Made of layers
that have been pressed or cemented together
Pebbles, sand, silt, or clay are sediments
Shells and bones can also be sediments
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TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SHALE LIMESTONE
COAL
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METAMORPHIC ROCKS Rocks that are
changed by intense heat and pressure while inside Earth’s surface
Igneous, sedimentary, and even metamorphic rocks can be changed into different metamorphic rocks.
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TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
SLATE MARBLE
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ROCK CYCLE
The rock cycle is a never-ending process of rocks forming, weathering, and changing into other rocks
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ROCK CYCLE
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FAULTS OCCUR BECAUSE FORCES INSIDE EARTH CAUSE EARTH’S PLATES TO MOVE, PLACING STRESS ON OR NEAR THE PLATE EDGE.
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WHEN ROCKS BREAK, THEY MOVE ALONG FAULTS.
Applied forces cause rocks to undergo elastic deformation.
When elastic limits are passed, rocks break.
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•Rocks on one side of a fault can move up, down, or sideways in relation to the rocks around them.
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Rocks will bend, compress, stretch, and possibly break.
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EARTHQUAKE - VIBRATIONS PRODUCED BY BREAKING ROCK. Rocks break, move along the fault, return to original shapes.
Rock on one side of a fault can move over, under, or past each other along fault lines.
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SEISMIC WAVES
Are waves generated by an earthquake; can move the ground forward, backward, up & down, side to side.
Focus - an earthquake’s point of energy release.
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A seismic wave’s speed and direction change as the wave moves through different layers with changes in densities.
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SEISMOGRAPH - MEASURES SEISMIC WAVES.
Consists of a rotating drum of paper + a pendulum with an attached pen.
Makes a paper record of a seismic event called a seismogram.
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Shadow zones do not receive seismic waves because the waves are bent or stopped by materials of different density.
Density Generally increases with depth as pressure increases.
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CHANGES IN SEISMIC WAVE SPEED ALLOWED DETECTION OF BOUNDARIES BETWEEN EARTH’S LAYERS.
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ALTHOUGH EARTHQUAKES ARE NATURAL EVENTS, THEY KILL MANY PEOPLE AND CAUSE A LOT OF DAMAGE.
Seismologists are scientists who study earthquakes.
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•Most earthquakes are of a magnitude too low to be felt by humans - 3.0 to 4.9 on the scale.
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DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY
A place where two plates move apart, or diverge
Most occur along the mid-ocean ridge where sea-floor spreading occurs.
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MID-OCEAN RIDGE
Mountains that lie mostly hidden under the ocean
Iceland is a part of the mid-ocean ridge that rises above the surface.
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MID-OCEAN RIDGE
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SEA FLOOR SPREADING
The sea floor spreads apart along both sides of a mid-ocean ridge as new crust is added.
As a result, the ocean floors move like conveyor belts, carrying the continents along with them.
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SEA FLOOR SPREADING
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RIFT VALLEY
Forms along the divergent boundary, only it forms on land
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RIFT VALLEY
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CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY
The place where two plates come together, or converge
When two plates collide, the density of the plates determines which one comes out on top.
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TRANSFORM BOUNDARY
A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions
Earthquakes often occur along these boundaries.
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TRANSFORM BOUNDARY
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SUBDUCTION
A process in which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle.
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SUBDUCTION