players in coastal hazard management session name: players in coastal hazards management coastal...
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![Page 1: Players in Coastal Hazard Management Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Government Federal State Local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d5e5503460f94a3e8fb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Players in Coastal Hazard Management
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Government• Federal
• State
• Local
• Regional
• Private Landowners and Investors
• Non-Government Organizations
Slide 26.1
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Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Rights
• Privileges
• Restrictions
• Duties
Slide 26.2
Land Ownership: The Bundle of Sticks
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Rights of Ownership
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• The right of possession
• The right to control
• The right of enjoyment
•The right of disposition
Slide 26.3
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Limits on Ownership
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Common law restrictions on property uses
• The police power
• Eminent domain
• Property taxation
Slide 26.4
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Factors in Coastal Development Decisions
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Demand
• Risk
• Hazards
• Regulation
• Infrastructure
• Time Value of Money
Slide 26.5
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Ways to Affect Private Sector Development Decisions
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Public information programs
• Control infrastructure extensions into hazardous areas
• Policies that require hazard mitigation
• Impact fees for services in hazardous areas
• Density bonuses for projects outside
• Low-cost loans for mitigation
• Subsidies for relocation out of hazardous areas
• Streamlined permitting in hazard-free areas
• Differential loan rates for hazard areasSlide 26.6
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Non-Governmental Organizations
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Natural Resources Defense Council
• Sierra Club
• Center for Marine Conservation
• other environmental and public interest groups
Slide 26.7
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Non-Governmental Organizations:Land Trusts
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• The Nature Conservancy
• Local groups
Slide 26.8
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Non-Governmental Organizations:Private Interest Groups
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Investment organizations
• Energy organizations
• Development organizations
Slide 26.9
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Non-Governmental Organizations: Professional Associations
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• floodplain managers
• emergency managers
• planners/architects
• engineers
• builders
• bankers/insurers
• landscapers
Slide 26.10
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Government Coalitions
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• chambers of commerce
• leagues of municipalities
• county government leagues
• regional councils of government
Slide 26.11
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Third Sector Capabilities
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• mobilize public and political support
• shape public opinion
• attract diverse funding
• leverage scarce resources
Slide 26.12
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Approaches to Government Regulation of Coastal Development
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Withhold government subsidies for development
• Land use planning
• Restrict/prohibit structures
Slide 26.13
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Ad Hoc Federal Response to Early Disasters
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• New Madrid, Missouri Earthquakes of 1811-1812
• Chicago Fire of 1873
• Johnstown, Pennsylvania Dam Break in 1889
• Galveston Hurricane of 1900
• San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906
•Miami Hurricane of 1926
•Lower Mississippi Flood of 1927
•New England Hurricane of 1938
Slide 26.14
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Federal Disaster Response in the 1930s
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Disaster loans made available for public facilities
• Flood Control Act of 1934: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
•Zoning becomes judicially accepted, but is not used to limit building in hazard areas
Slide 26.15
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Federal Disaster Response in the 1950s
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• The Cold War presents the principal disaster risk
• More ad hoc disaster legislation for natural disasters
• Hurricane Hazel, 1954
• Hurricane Diana, 1955
• Hurricane Audrey, 1957
Slide 26.16
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Federal Disaster Response in the 1960s
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Office of Emergency Preparedness, 1961
• Natural Disasters:
•Ash Wednesday Storm
•Prince William Sound earthquake/tsunami
•Hurricane Betsy
•Hurricane Camille
•National Flood Insurance Program enacted, 1968
Slide 26.17
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Federal Disaster Response in the 1970s
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• 100+ federal agencies with responsibility for risk and disasters
• Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1979
Slide 26.18
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Federal Disaster Response during the 1980s and 1990s
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• The role of the federal government/FEMA is called into question.
• The emergency management system fails to respond adequately to major disasters:
•Hurricane Hugo, 1989
•Loma Prieta earthquake, 1989
•Hurricane Andrew, 1992
•Hurricane Iniki, 1992
Slide 26.19
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A Change in Focus for Post-Disaster Recovery
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• James Lee Witt named Director of FEMA
• FEMA responds successfully to Midwest Floods of 1993
• Largest voluntary buyout and relocation program moves people and property out of the floodplain
Slide 26.20
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Federal Disaster Response in the late 1990s
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Directorship of FEMA elevated to cabinet level
• FEMA increases emphasis on disaster mitigation
• FEMA encourages disaster-resistant communities
Slide 26.21
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Post September 11th
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Department of Homeland Security created
• FEMA housed in the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate
Slide 26.22
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Federal Disaster Assistance: A Moral Hazard?
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
The availability of federal disaster assistance, flood insurance and other benefits inadvertently contributes to a false sense of security and removes incentives to reduce personal and local hazards.
Slide 26.23
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State Regulatory Tools for Hazard Areas
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.24
• Direct regulation of environmentally sensitive areas
• Coastal setbacks
• Limit public provision of infrastructure
• Mandatory building codes
• Mandate local planning
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Local Land Use Management Tools
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.25
• comprehensive land use plans
• zoning/subdivision ordinances
• capital improvement programs
• historic district regulations
• land acquisition programs
• targeted taxation assessments
• impact fees
• annexation programs
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Disaster Resilient Local Communities
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.26
• Property tax base located in safe areas
• Property built to withstand natural hazards
• Economically secure
• Financially stable
• Sustainable
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Issues of Regional Concern
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.27
• public policy
• administration
• resource management
• pollution control
• economic development
• other social, political, or environmental concerns
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Forms of Regional Governance
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.28
• regulatory (with or without enforcement powers)
• administrative
• advisory
• voluntary councils/federations
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Elements of Success in Regional Governance
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.29
• authority for implementation
• fiscal autonomy
• legal flexibility in interpreting mandates
• professionalism among staff
• clear goals
• proper mix of political, organizational, and environmental conditions